People's Republic of China with Respect to Environmental Protection

PEOPLE'SREPUBLIC OF CHINA CHONGQINGMUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT CHONGQING URBANENVIRONMENT PROJECT MANAGEMENT OFFICE Public Disclosure Authorized E-289 VOL.2 CHONGQING URBANENVIRONMENT PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT

FINAL REPORT

100709. R6 October 1999 Public Disclosure Authorized With the assistance of CHONGQlNG ENVIIRONMENTAL MONITORING RESEARCH "SOGREAH INSTITUTE

CEMRi/SOGREAH i Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall Environmentalimpoct AssesmentReport

'tOGREAH CONSULTANTS Overall EnvironmentalImpact AssessmentReport

Final Report

This report has been edited by SOGREAHConsultonts, on behalf of Chongqing Environmental Monitoring Researchinstitute (CEMRI), as part of the Design Reviewand Advisory(DRA) Servicesfor the project preparation of the Phase3A of the Chongqing Urban Environment Project,Chiina (Job Number 100709)

This report has been prepared by the projectteam under the supervisionof Magnus HOLMER (ProjectManager) foliowing the proceduresdetailed in the AssuranceQuality Mahual ond Codes of SOGREAHConsulants (SYSAQUAL/MAQet CAQ) in compliancewith iS09001. The compilation of the EAhas followed the guidelinesof the World Bank(OD 4.0) ond those of the State EnvironmentalProtection Agency of the People'sRepublic of China.

The report is based on the Chinese Overall EAsubmitted to SEPAby CEMRI. However,in order to comply with OD 4.0 certainadditions/explanations have been made to the original text. Furthermore,certain chapters have been re-organised to follow more closelythe requirementsof the World Bank(as requestedin July 1999).

AssuranceQuality Name and Function Date Signature

ReportPrepared by: Pierre Demenet/JohnSmithson

ReportChecked by: Gary Moys,Team Leader

ReportApproved by: Magnus Holmer, ProjectManager

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L ~~~TABLEOF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 1-1 1.1.Bcickground 1-1 1.2. Brief Introductionto the EIA 1-2 1.2.1. Principle and Methodology of EIA 1-3 1.2.2. Classification of EIA 1-4 1.3. Need for Project_ 1-4 1.:3.1. Chongqing Wastewater Component 1-4 1.3.2. Fuling Wastewater Componen_t 1-5 1.3.3. Municipal Solid Waste Component 1-6 1.3.4. Urban Water Supply Components 1-6 1.4. Assessment Objectives 1-6

1.5. Bosis of the Environmental Assessment 1-7 1.5.1. General 1-7 1.5.2. Waste water monagemrent projects 1-7 1.5.3. Water supply manogement projects 1-7 1.5.4. Municipal solid waste management 1-8 1.6. Criteria for the Environmental Assessment 1-8

1.6.1. Water quality and discharge standard 1-8 1.6.2. Noise standard 1-8 1.6.3. Air quality standard 1-8 1.6.4. Groundwater and solid waste standard 1-8 1.7. Assessment Scope and Parameters 1-8 1.7.1. Assessment Scope 1-8 1.7.2. Assessment Parameters 1-11 1.8. Layout of EA Report 1-1 2

2. POLICY; LEGALAND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 2-1

2.1. China's Policies and Targets . 2-1

2.1. 1. National Policies and Targets 2-1 2.1.2. International Co-operation 2-5 2.2. Laws and Regulations 2-10

2.3. Instiitutional Framework 2-10 2.3.1. General National Framework 2-11 2.3.2. Institutional Framework in Chongqing Municipolity 2-13 3. DESCRIPTIONOF PROPOSEDPROJECT 3-1 3.1. Overall ProjectDescription 3-1

3.2. CUEP in Chongqing 33

3.2.1. Chongqing Wastewater Component 3-4

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3.2.2. ChongqingSolid Waste Component 3-14 3.3. CUEPin Fuling 3-22 3.3.1. Fuling Water Supply Component 3-23 3.3.2. FulingWostewater Component 3-26 3.4. CUEPin Wanzhou 3-29 3.4.1. Wanzhou Water Supply Component 3-29 3.5. CUEP in Nanbin ____ 3-32 3.5.1. Nanbin Water Supply Component 3-32 3.6. CUEPin Qionjiang 3.34 3.6.1. QionjiongWater Supply Component_ 335 4. BASEUNECONDIMTONS OF CHONGCQINGMUNICIPAUTY AND AFFECrED AREAS 4-1 4.1 . Physical geographical conditions 4-1 4.1.1. GeographicPosition 4-1 4.1.2.Terrain, Geomorphology and Geology 4-2 4.1.3. Climateand Weather - 4.5 4.1.4. Hydrology ___ 4-7 4.2. Ecologicalconditions 4-10 4.2.1. TerrestriolEcosystem_ 4.10 4.2.2.Fluvial ecosystem _ 4-13 4.2.3.Soil and MineralResources 4-13 4.3. Socio-economicconditions 4-15 4.3.1. Populationand SocialEconomy 4-15 4.3.2. BasicInfrastructure ,__ 4-16 4.3.3. Publicsanitation and cuaureeducation -_ _ 4-17 4.3.4. CulturalRelics, Historic Sites and Touriic Sites. 4-18 4.4. SurfaceWater Quality Conditions 4-21 4.4.1. Overallwater quality environmfent of ChongqingMunicipality___ 4-21 4.4.2.Surfoce water quality of ChongqingMain Urban Area _ 4-23 4.4.3. Fulingwoter quality _ 4-28 4.4.4. Wanzhouwater quality 4-29 4.4.5.'Qianiaong water quality 4-31 4.4.6. Non bin waterquality _ 4-32 4.5. Air Quality 4-33 4.5.1. Air qualitystandards and objective 4-33 4.5.2. ChongqingAir Quality 4.33 4.5.3. FulingAir Quolity 4-34 4.5.4. WanzhouAir Quality 4.35 4.5.5. QianiiangAir Quality 4-35 4.5.6. NonbinAir Quality___ 4-36 4.6. Ambient Noise levels - 4-37 4.6.1. Noisestandards and objedive 4-37 4.6.2. ChongqingNoise levels 4-37 4.6.3. FulingNoise levels_ 437 4.6.4. WanzhouNoise levels 4-38 4.6.5. QianjiangNoise levels 4-38 4.6.6.Nan bin area 4-38 4.7. FutureStatus 4-39

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4.7.1. Economic development 4-39 4.7.2. The Three Gorges Project 4-40

5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 5-1 5.1. Goneral 5-1 5.1.1. Wastewoter Components 5.1 5.1.2. Municipal Solid Waste Component 5-1 5.1.3. Water Supply Components 5-2 5.2. Impact on receiving water quality 5-3 5.2.1. Impact of Chongqing Wastewater Component_ 53 5.2.2. Impact of Fuling Wastewater Component 5-25 5.2.3. Municipal solid waste (ChangshengqiooSanitary Landfill ) Componen1 5-26 5.2.4. Water Supply components 5-29 5.3. Impact of noise 5-32 5.3.1. Noise impact during construdion 5-32 5.3.2. Noise impact during operation 5-33 5.4. Impact on air quality 5-36

5.4.1. Impact on Air quality during Construction 5-36 5.4.2. Air and Noise Environmental Impoct during Operations 5-36 5.4.3. Environmental Air Impact Assessment of MSW Component 5-36 5.5. Impact of solid waste 5-40 5.5.1. Impact of spoil during construction 5-40 5.5.2. Impact of solid wcste during operation 5-41 5.6. Impacts on Natural and Ecological Environment 5-42 5i6.1. Target System of Ecological Environmental Impoct 5-42 5.6.2. Ecological Impact Analysis when Construction and alleviating Measures 5-43 5.6e.3. Ecological Environment Impact when Operation and Alleviating Measures 5-43 5.6.4. Brief Summary 5-44 5.7. Impact of The project on Social and Economical Environment 5-46 5.7.1. Benefits _ 5-46 5.7.2. Impacts on Social Environment _ 5-47 5.7.3. Impacits on Tronsportation, Electric Power and Communication Lines 5-51 5.7.4. Anolysis of economic benefit 5-51 5.8. Risk Assessment 5-54

5.8.1. Chongqing and Fuling WW Components 5-54 5.8.2. Fuling WS Component 5-59 5.8.3. Wanzhou wsmp 5-60 5.8.4. Nanbin and Qionjiang WS 5-61

6. ANALYSS OF ALTERNATIVES 6-1

6.1. Chongqing waste water 6-1

6.1.1. Selection of an overall network configuration 6-1 6.1.2. Basescheme and sub options 6-2 6.1.3. Totol project scenarios 6-4 6.1.4. Seledion of a least cost waste water treatment plant process 6-8 6.1.5. Position and configuration of wastewater treatment plant outlets. 6-16 6.2. Fuling WW Component 6-16

6.3. Chongqing MSW Component 6-17 6.4. Municipal Water Supply 6-18

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6.4.1. Municipal water supply in Wanzhoudistrict 6-18 6.4.2. Watersupply in Fulingdistrict 6-18 6.4.3. Water supply in Qianjiang County 6-18 6.4.4.Water supply at Nonbin town in Shizhu County 6-18 7. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 7-1 7.1. Mitigating Measures 7-1 7.1.1. MitigationMeasures for Social impact 7-1 7.1.2. Mitigation Measuresfor Traffic Impact 7-2 7.1.3. Mitigation Measuresfor Impacton Farmland 7.2 7.1.4. Mitigation Measuresfor Impact on Water Environment_ 72 7.1.5. Mitigation Measuresfor Impacton ElectricPower Supply, Communications,-..._____ 7-3 7.1.6. ConstructionNoise Control 7-3 7.1.7. Dust reduction 7.4 7.1.8. Disposalof spoil and wastesfrom constructionsites 7.4 7.1.9. Mitigation Measuresfor Water SupplyIntakes 7-4 7.1.10.WS Componentsin general 7-5 7 1.1I. .Mitigation Measuresfor Sludge Disposol 7.5 7.2. Accomponying pollution control measures 7-9 7.3. Component Monitoring 7-10 7.3.1. Chongqing and Fuiing WW Monitoring Progrommme 7-10 7.3.2. The Changshengqioosanitary landfill site 7-12 7.3.3. Water SupplyComponents 7-12 7.4. Institutional Strengthening 7-13 7.5. Estimated Costs of EMP 7-13

8. PUBLICPARTICIPATION 8-1 8.1. Purposeand Method of Public Participation 8-1 8.1.1. Purposeof public participation 8-1 8.1.2. Method of Publicparticipation ___ 8-1 8.2. Willingness to Pay Surveys 8-2 8.3. The EA Surveys 8-3 8.3.1. The drainage engineering of the main city zone 8.3 8.3.2. Resultsof Fuling sewage plant and its piping engineering 8-4 8.3.3. Resultsof Changshengqioo landfillsite 8-5 8.3.4. Resultsof the water supply systemof Wanzhou 8-5 8.3.5. SurveyResults of Water Supply in Fuling 8-6 8.3.6. Resultsof Water Supplyof Qianjiang County 8-7 8.3.7. Resuhtsof Water Supplyof Nonbin Town in Shizhu County 8-8 8.4. Conclusion 8-8

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z ~~~~~LISTOF TABLES

Table 1.1 Quantity and Quality of DomesticWastewater - Urban Chongqing 1-5 Table 1.2 Scopeof CUEPEIA 1-9 Table 1.3 ExistingAnd PlannedWater PlantsInvolved in Subproject 1-10 Table 2.'1: IntemationalConventions to which China is adherent 2-6 Table 2.2: Co-operationbetween major funding agenciesand Chino 2-9 Table 3.1: Estimationof current (1995) waste water emissionsfrom Chongqing Main Urban Areao 3-4 Table 3.2: Estimationof future (2005) waste water emissionsfrom Chongqing Main Urban Areac 3-5 Table 3.3: Estimationof future (2010) waste water emissionsfrom Chongqing Main Urban Areo_ _ 3-5 Table 3.4: Estimationof future (2020) wastewater emissionsfrom ChongqingMain Urban Area 3-5 Table 3.5': Capital Costsof Chongqing WasteWater Component PhaseI (At December1998 prices) 3-9 Table 3.6 Sound Class of Moin Machines 3-11 Table3.7 'Three Waste' Quantity during Construction 3-12 Table 3.8 Wastewater Discharging Quality of Drainage Project 3-12 Table 3.9 Wastewater Pollution Load Change with and without the treatment 3-13 Table 3.10 Waste Gas Generation in Tongjiatuo and Jiguanshi Wastewater treatment Plant 3-14 Table 3.11 Composition of Chongqing MSW (1997 year,%) 3-14 Table 3.12 Basic Quality of Chongqing MSW 3-14 Table 3.13 Current Situation of Chongqing MSW Treatment 3-15 Table 3.' 4 Composition ond Concentration of Leochate_ 3-20 Table 3.1'5 Water Quality of Leachate in Changshengqiao Landfill 3-20 Table 3.16 Capital Costsof Chongqing Municipal Solid Waste Component (At December 1998 prices; adapted from f1551) 3-20 Table 3.17 Composition of Landfill Gas 3-22 Table 3.'18: Quality of leachate effluent after treatment (mg/)) 3-22 Table 3.19 Statistic of Pollutant Emission (t/d) 3-25 Table 3.20: Wastewater from Increasing Water Supply (t/d) 3-25 Table 3.21: Maximum Quantity of Sludge Generation (Dry)(t/d) 3-25 Table 3.22 Water Quality and Pollution Load of Fuling Wastewater Treatment Plont3-28 Table 3.23 Current Situation Of Water Plants in Wanzhou 3-30 Table 3.24 Statistic of Pollutant Emission (t/d) 3-32 Table 3.25: Wastewater from Increasing Water Supply (t/d) 3-32 Table 3.'26: Maximum Quantity of Sludge Generation (Dry)(t/d) 3-32 Table 3.27 Statistic of Pollutant Emission (It/d) 3-34 Table 3.28: Wastewater from Increasing Water Supply (t/d) 3-34 Table 3.'29: Maximum Quantity of Sludge Generation (Dry)(t/d) 3-34 Table 3.30: Quantity of Waste Earth (m3 ) 3-37 Table 3.'31 Statistic of Pollutant Emission (t/d) 3-37 Table 3.32: Wastewater from Increasing Water Supply (t/d) 3-38 Table 3.33: Maximum Quantity of Sludge Generation (Dry)(t/d) 3-38

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Table 4.1: Average annuol flow volume and discharge - Jialing Jiang , Chang Jiang and Wu Jiang 4-8 Table 4.2: Summaryof the overoll bio-diversityof China 4-10 Table 4.3 Distributionstatus of populotion of six main districtsof Chongqing city (1996)4-15 Table 4.4: Water Quality Standordsfor China relatedto the functionol use of the water body.4-21 Table 4.5 Urban Domestic Sewage in 1995 4-23 Toble 4.6: Stondardsfor air quality 4-33 Toble 4.7: Resultsof air quality monitoring in Chongqing urban area (in mg/Nm3) - overage results 4-34 Table 4.8 : Monitoring resultsnear the proposed WWTPsites 4-34 Table 4.9 Atmosphere quality of Fuling district in 1997 4-35 Table 4.10 Atmosphere quality of Qianjiang county in 1997 &1998 4-35 Table 4.11 Atmosphere condition from 1996 to 1998 4-36 Table 4.12: Standardsfor ambient noise in urban areas (in dB (A)) 4-37 Table 4.13: Noise measurementsat WTP3site 4-37 Table 4.14: Noise measurementsat WTP3site 4-38 Table 4.15: Simulatedwater levelswith and without the TGP (source{4]) 4-42 Table 5.1: Improvementin water quality in the vicinity of Chongqing Main Urban Area _ 5-5 Table 5.2: Water EnvironmentQuality of Important ProtectionTarget mean concentrationof section: mg/L, doliform-group bacteria :104/L, belt width :m. 5-9 Table 5.3 SchemeList 5-11 Table 5.4: FutureWoter Quality Classificationon the Jailing Jiang in the vicinity of Chongqing (assumingno improvementof wastewatercollection and treatment) 5-13 Table 5.5: FutureWater Quality Classificationon the Chang Jiang in the vicinity of Chongqing (assumingno improvementof wastewatercollection and treatment) 5-14 Table 5.6: Descriptionof modelled outfall configurations 5-15 Table 5.7 The Maximum Concentrationof Outlet for SupplementSchemes (mg/1) 5-20 Table 5.8 PollutionIndexes of The Maximum Concentration 5-21 Table 5.9 PollutionSource IntensityParameter unit: mg/I 5-25 Table 5.10 BackgroundConcentration unit mg/I 5-25 Table 5.1 1. AssessmentParameters of Surface Water Environment Quality 5-26 Table 5.12 Concentration Forecast of Pollutant in low reaches of Stream 5-27 Table 5.13 Impermeability of Rockin Chongshengqiao Landfill Site 5-27 Table 5.16 Impact on Qionjiang River for WastewaterInduce Discharge 5-31 Table 5.17 Noise Value of Main machine dB(A) 5-32 Tabie 5.18: The minimum distance between noise sources to sensitive point 5-32 Table 5.19: Control Value of Detonator Quantity for Explosion Construction (kg) 5-33 Table 5.20 Noise of Different Distance dB(A) 5-34 Table 5.21 :Noise Sourcesof Proposal Project 5-35 Table 5.22: Distribution of Noise Sources 5-35 Table 5.23 Noise Change with The Distance 5-35 Table 5.24 Generation Rate of Landfill Gas Calculation for Changshengqiao Station5-37 Table 5.25 Mean Ground Concentrationof AssessmentPoint within One-hour 5-39 Table 5.26 Daily Mean Concentration of AssessmentPoint 5-39 Table 5.27 Index Target SystemOf City EcologicalEnvironment 5-42 Table 5.28 EcologicalEnvironment Impact within Construction 543 Table 5.29 EcologicalEnvironment Impact when ProjectOperation 5-44 Tabie 5.30: Summaryof land requirementsand projectedaffected persons(PAPs) for each component of CUEP 5-47 Table 5.31: Overview of the impact dimension of the CUEP 5-48

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Table 5.32 AccidentDischarge volume and Main PollutionConcentration 5-56 Table 6.1 Summaryof Sub Options _ 6-3 Table 6.2: Pollutantremoval efficienciesassociated with wastewater treatment processes6-1 1 Table 6.3: Averageinvestment costs (expressedas a ratio of a secondarybiological treatment plant) and typical operational costs. 6-11 Table 6.4: CalculatedAIC (US$/ton of pollutant removed)for a range of waste water treatnnentprocesses ___ _ 6-11 Table 7.1: Negative impact & mitigating measuresof wastewater components 7-6 Table 7.2: Negative.impact and mitigating measure of solid waste component 7-7 Table7.3: Negative impact and mitigating measure of water supply project 7-8 Table 7.4: Monitoring items and planning _ 7-12 Table 7.5: Cost estimatesfor the EnvironmentalManagement Plan 7-13 Table8.1: Scopeof the WTPSurveys 8-2 Table8.2; Survey Resultsfor Chongqing WW Component 8-3 Table 8.3: Survey result of the Fuling WW Component 8-4 Table 8.4: Survey Resultfor Wanzhou WS Component 8-6 Table 8.5: Survey Resultfor Fuling WS Component 8-7

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LISTOF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Locationof Chongqing Municipalitywithin China 1-1 Figure 1.2: Organisationof EA Preparationfor CUEP 1-3 Figure2.1: Overviewof Chongqing Municipal Govemment and the Construction Comimission 2-13 Figure2.2: Overviewof WanzhouWSC 2-14 Figure2.3: Overview of the current institutionalarrangements for the managementof waste water in Chongqing 2-16 Figure 2.4: Overviewof Chongqing EPS 2-17 Figure 3.1: Locationof ProjectCities in Chongqing Municipality 3-1 Figure 3.2: TentativeOverall ProjectImplementation Plan for CUEP 3-2 Figure 3.3: Variationof flow and loading rates 1995-2020 3-6 Figure3.4: Overviewof the Chongqing WostewaterComponent 3-8 Figure3.5: ProposedProject Implementation Plan - ChongqingWastewater Component 3-10 Figure3.6: Overall Strategyfor MSW in Chongqing Main Urban Area _ 3-17 Figure3.7: Locationof existingand proposed water treatmentworks in Fuling 3-24 Figure3.8: Locationof existingand future WTW in Wonzhou 3-30 Figure 3.9: Locationof WTW in Nonbin 3-33 Figure 3.10: Locationof existingand future WTW in Qionjiang _ 3-36 Figure4.1: Locationof Chongqing Municipalityin the PRC 4-1 Figure4.2: Locationof ProjectCities _ 4-2 Figure4.3: Satelliteimage of Chongqing Main Urban Area 4-3 Figure4.4: Fuling Main Urban Area 4-4 Figure4.5: Sotelliteimage of WanzhouUrban Area 4-4 Figure 4.6: SatelliteImage of Qianjiang _ 4-5 Figure 4.7: Locationof rare plants in Chongqing Municipality (from Ref.159) 4-11 Figure 4.8: Locationof sitesof Historical/CulturalInterest in Chongqing Municipality (from Ref. 159) 4-20 Figure4.9: Current Water Quality Objectivesfor the major rivers in Chongqing Municipality, befonr implementationof TGP 4-22 Figure4. 10: Current Water Quality Classification, 1995 (from [12]) 4-23 Figure4.11: Locationof major industriesin Chongqing urban area - industrial suspended solid dischargesby size and location 4-24 Figure 4.12 : Locationof major industriesin Chongqing urban area - industrial COD dischargesby size andlocation _ 4-25 Figure4.13: Locationsof monitoring stations 4-28 Figure4.14: Location of Monitoring SitesFuling 4-29 Figure4.15: Wanzhou - Locationof Monitoring Sites 4-30 Figure4.16: Growth of Chongqing GDP compared to the whole Chineseeconomy (1993-97)4-39 Figure4.17: Diagram of the proposed annual variation in the TGP reservoir level 4-41 Figure5.1: Impoct of different decay rate coefficientson dissolvedoxygen concentrations for the Horizon 2020. __ 5-4 Figure5.2: Impact of wostewaterinterception on the water quality of the Chang Jiong _ 5-5 Figure5.3: Impact of wastewaterinterception on the water quality of the Jialing Jiang 5-6 Figure5.4: 2-D modelling resultsfor the base-line scenario ("without interception") 5-7

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Figure5.5: 2-D modelling resultsfor the situation with the projed ('with interception") 5-7 Figure5.6: Locationof public water supply plants in Chongqing Main Urban Area. 5-8 Figure 5.7: PredictedChange in BOD on the Jioling Jiang 2005-2020 5-13 Figure5.8: Impactof treatment on the water quality of the Chang Jiang 5-15 Figure5.9: Outfall Configurations(DHI [91]) 5-16 Figure5.10: Resultsof Outfall Modelling for the 5 Configurations initially tested 5-18 Figure5.11: Model resultswith two outfolls located in the Tongluo Gorge. 5-19 Figure5.12: Model resultswith Tangoiatuooutfall located in Tongluo Gorge 5-19 Figure5.13: Resultsof Scenario4 Simulationfor Oil 5-21 Figure5.14: Locationof water intakes downstreamof Wastewateroutfalls 5-22 Figure 6.1: PeninsulaArea BaseScheme 6-2 Figure 6.2 : Computed NPVCosts over 50 years for each PeninsulaSub-Option 6-3 Figure6.3: SelectedPeninsula Sub-Option (Sub-Option6b) 6-4 Figure6.4: Overall systemscenarios 6-6 Figure 6.5 :SchematicPresentation of Scenarios 6-7 Figure6.6: LeastCost (NPV)Analysis for the UpstreamConnection Scenarios 6-8 Figure 6.7: Variation of AIC for SuspendedSolids as a function of wastewater treatment processes 6-13 Figure 6.8 Variation of AIC for TOD as a function of waste water treatment processes 6-13 Figure 6.9: Variation of AIC for Phosphorusas a function of waste water treatment processes6-14 Figure6.10: NPV Cost Comparisonfor 3 possiblewaste water treatment plans for Chongqing. 6-15

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< ~~~~ANNEXES|

AnnexA Listof EA ReportContributors Annex B Bibliographyand AssociatedReports Annex C Meeting Record Annex D EnvironmentalQuality Standards Annex E SupportingMonitoring Results Annex F SupportingModelling Results

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i ~~ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ACRONYMS

CSCMEDI Centraland SouthemChina Municipal Engineeringand ResearchInstitute CEMRI Chongqing EnvironmentalMonitoring ResearchInstitute CEPB Chongqing EnvironmentProtection Bureau CESD Chongqing EnvironmentalSonitation Division CISDI Chongqing Iron and SteelDesigning Institute CJU Chongqing Jianzhu ConstructionUniversity CM Chongqing Municipality CMG Chongqing Municipal Government CUCB Chongqing Urban ConstructionBureau CUEP Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject DHI Danish HydraulicsInstitute EDRIQU EnvironmentalDesign and ResearchInstitute of Qinghuo University ERM EnvironmentalResources Management ESRI EnvironmentalScientific Research Institute of the PLALogistics Engineering NCMEDI North China Municipal Engineeringand ResearchInstitute PMO ProjectManagement Office SEPA State EnvironmentProtection Agency (former NEPA) SMEDI ShanghaiMunicipal EngineeringDesign Institute SPC State PlanningCommission WB World Bank WSC Water Supply Company

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ABBREVIATIONS

1-D One dimensional 2-D Two dimensionol ADWF Average Dry Weather Flow BOD BiochemicalOxygen Demand CES Coliform ExtractableSubstances COD Chemical Oxygen Demand DO DissolvedOxygen DRA DesignReview and AdvisoryServices EIA EnvironmentalImpact Assessment FOG Fat, Oil and Grease GDP GrossDomestic Product GVIO GrossValue of IndustrialOutput HHD Huang Hai (YellowSea) Datum IR InterceptionRatio masl metresover sea level MSW Municipal Solid Waste NOx Nitric oxide compounds RAP ResettlementAction Pian RELRCV RearEnd Loading RefuseCompacting Vehicule RMPR RevisedMaster Plon Report PAP ProjectAffected Person so2 Sulphur dioxide SOE StateOwned Enterprise SWM Solid WasteManagement TBM Tunnel Boring Machine TGP Three Gorges Project TSP Total SuspendedParticulates WQO Water Quality Objective WTW,WTFP Water TreatmentWorks/Plant WWTW,WWTP WastewaterTreeatment Works/Plant

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EXECUTIVESUMMARY

1. INTRODUCTION

I.i. Background

Chongqing Municipality, created out of Sichuan Province in May 1997, is the 4h Municipality under direct control by the Central Government in Beijing (Figure 1). The economy of Chongqing has traditionolly been centred on a strong industrial base (largely secondary industries, including steel works, manufacturing, chemicol industries, etc.). This economic development has been the focus for rapid urban growth, especially since the opening up of China from 1979. However, these rapid expansions hove not been accompanied by adequate environmental infrastructure, porticularly in the fields of waste control and treatment (air, water and solid wastes).

The Three Gorges Project situated downstreom of the Chongqing Municipclity odds an additional dimension to the difficulties facing Chongqing. The project itself will provide a dir-ect economic benefit to the municipality facilitating the transport of industrial goods downstream to the Eastern Yangtze Delta Region (Shonghoi ond elsewhere) ond beyond. However, the social (resettlement) ond environmental (waterquality) impcacts of the project present the Municipality of Chongqing with a series of moajor challenges.

It is wvithin this context that Chongqing Municipal Government, with assistance from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bankl, has emborked or an ambitious programme, the Chongqing Urbon Environment Project (CUEP), of which the initial investment is in the order of 500 million US S.

Figure 1: Location of Chongqing Municipality within China

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100709/R6/drochopO.doc August 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH xv Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overall Environmentol Impoct Assessment Report

I.ii. The CUEPand Environmental Assessment

CUEP is presently drowing to the end of the project preparation phase with implementation scheduled in the year 2000 as part of the World Bonk Lending Programme.

The project preparation, largely carried out by Chinese (largely local) orgonisations has been supported by various sources of international assistance to CUEP. The overall environmental assessment for CUEP has been carried out by the Chongqing Environmental Monitoring Research Institute (CEMRI) with assistance by the international consultants SOGREAH; this overall assessment is based on the ElAs for the individual components of the project (in particular instonces, most notably for the Chongqing Wastewater and Solid Waste Components, national institutes have also been assisted by international consultants).

Work on the ElAs for the individual sub-components began soon ofier the establishment of the mosterplan for water supply, seweroge and solid waste; in this way, the findings of the draft reports completed towards the end of 1 998 were available to the engineering design consultants. The ElAs themselves have been further odapted in the light of the amended designs and comments from the World Bank and the State Environmental Protection Agency.

The overall framework of the EA and the interactions between the various actors is summorised in the following diagram (see Figure 2).

Figure 2 Organisation of EA Preparation for CUEP

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11. POLITICAL, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVEFRAMEWORK

Since 1979 with the introduction of the EnvironmentalProtection Law, China has implemented a comprehensivelegal and administrativeframework aimed at protecting the environment. Central to this fromework is the policy of the "3 at one time" environmentalimpact assessmentwhich should be developed,constructed (mitigation measures,etc.) and implementedconcurrently with the planning, constructionand implementationof the physicalinfrastructure.

At the Statelevel, the StateEnvironmental Protection Agency is responsiblefor promulgating the laws and regulations of the People's Republic of China with respect to environmental protection. These responsibilities are delegated at provincial and municipality level to the Environmental Protection Bureau who are also responsible for organising regulor monitoring exercisesthrough the laboratories under their tutelage.

Integ ral parts of this environmental protection are the environmentol standards that are used to assessthe level of pollution originating from pollution sources ond the ombieni air and water quality. Key standards used in this report are:

ThreSurface Water Quality Stondards (GB3838-88) * The Ground Water Quality Stondords (GB/T14848-93) TFhe Environmentol Air Quality Standord (GB3095-96) TFheUrbon Area Environmental Noise Stondords (GB3096-95) * TrheQuality Standords of Potable Water Supply (GJ3020-93)

Subsidiary stondards such as the Woste Woter Comprehensive Emission Stondards (GB8978-96) are also referred to; however, the primary focus of the wastewatel- components of CUEP has been to control totol loads with respect to ambient water quality rather than respecting strictly in the short term emission standards.

Related to the water quality standards are the Water Quolity Objectives which describe the desired quality of the watercourse as a function of its moajor uses. In China t.hese WQO are divided into 5 mojor classes as indicoted in Table 1. Table 1 Woter Qualitj Standards for China related to the functional use of the water body Water Quolity Desired use of water body Class .__ Class I River hecdviaters, and notional nolure L______protection zones Class 11 Drinktng watet-, protection and breeding zones Class Ill Drinking water, second class protection

______zones, fishery and bathing waters Class IV Industrial use and non-direct contact recreation Class V Agricultural use and general scenery ______requirements

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The WQOs for each moajorriver are decided by the Ministry of Water Resources ; more detailed WQOs are generally stipuloted at the provincial/prefecture or city level. These local WQOs moy be stricter thon the notionally decided values. Such local WQOs have been fixed previously by the 'old' prefecture of Chongqing ; these ore currently in the process of revision. Often these local WQOs reflect the actual class of the river, rather than its functional use.

This lotter use of WQOs hinders their application for the use of water pollution control, especially in the case of the tributories of the moin rivers, which generolly possess WQO lower thon the main rivers.

IlI. PROJECTDESCRIPTION

A comprehensive pockage of investments ore proposed for the cities of Chongqing, Fuling, Wanzhou, Nanbin and Qianjiang under the Chongqing Urban Environment Project. They include: Water Supply and Wastewater SystemsDevelopment, Municipal Solid Waste Manogement, Urban Management Information System, Cultural Heritage, Environmentol Monitoring ond Institutionol Strengthening and Training; the project cost inclusive of contingencies is estimoted at about Y 5865.3 million (5707 million).

The physical components for which on EIA has been estoblished are summorised below.

Figure 3: Location of Project Cities in Chongqing Municipality

0 50 100 150 200 km

i V\b~~~~~~~~~~~nzhL

- I

an.).n

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IlI.i. Chongqing Wastewater Component

Existing Situation. Chongqing consists of 11 Districts, 3 cities and 7 counties. It is located ot the confluence of two rivers, Chang Jiang and Jioling Jiang, and the prefecture covers 23,114 km2 with a population of 15,297,100 (Statistical Yeorbook, 1997). The city of Chongqing itself comprises six urban Districts with o population totalling nearly 3 million people of which almost 2.4 million are found in the main urban area.

Chongqing is locoted in a strategic region (the Tail of the Dragon) for the general development of China. Not only does Chongqing areo horbour both agricultural and heavy industrial production units, but the proximity of the Three Gorges Dom and the increosing number of infrastructure projects in the surrounding hinterland (expressways and roods, power plants, dikes...) should provide new opportunities for business ond employment. Chongqing' s urban population should grow rapidly until 2020 due in parlicular to the rapid expected economic growth (industrialisation, services) and to the influx of rural population from mony ports of the WYR (Western Yongtze Region).

The city is facing mojor pollution of its rivers, particularly the Jioling Jiong, a principle source of potable water. Almost all of the municipal wastewater and a large proportion of industrial wastewater enter the river system without treatment, causing significant pollution within the city. The Jialing Jiang with a water quality objective of Class l1l, is in its lower reaches octuolly clossified as Class IV. Notoble pollutonts passing the Closs Ill. level are oils and phenols (largely of industrial origin) and ammonia and foecal coliforms (indicative of contamination with urban wastewater). Without the project organic pollution levels will rise dromatically, further endangering the olready precarious potable water supplies.

At present, only 50,000 m2/d of the estimoted 850,000 m2/d of wastewoter produced in Chcngqing are treated ot the existing Tang jiaqioo works, which serves a small catchment in the Jiangbei District (to the north of the central district).

Wastewater production is projected to increose in line with economic development and populotion, reaching approximately 1.5 million mr/d by 2020.

Proposed Wastewater Component (Y 2508.0 million; $302.2 million). The proposed component will comprise the following works

* An entire primory sewerage network (length of 78 kmi comprising a series of interceptors ronging in size from 1.5x1 .5m to 3.5x3.5m, constructed eithel by cut- and-cover or by tunnelling methods;

* An inverted siphon of external diameter of approximately 4m together with an upstreom pre-treatment and pumping stotion conveying wastewater under the Yangtze river from the centrol business district of Chongqing;

* The Tang jiatuo wastewater treotment works (pre-treatment) with an initiol capacity of 300,000 m3/d and an ossociated 2200 mm outfall 2 km from the works to the outfoll at Tongluo Gorge on the Yangtze river;

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* The Jiguanshiwastewater treatment works (pre-treatment)with an initial capacity of 600,000 m3/d and an associated4000 mm outfall 220m long situated approximately1 km from the works to the nearby Yangtzeriver; and * A program of secondarysewer construction, including link sewerstotalling approximately200km

The waste water component of CUEPwill representthe first phase of a waste water project totalling three phases: phase 11999-2003; phase 112004-2008; phase IIl 2009-2013.

IlI.ii.Chongqing Solid Waste Component

Existing Situation. Percapita waste generation has beenassumed to rise from 0.95 kg/capita/day in 1996 to 1.22 kg/capita/day in 2020. Thesegeneration figures exclude up to 10%which is already recycledat the household level. This gives estimates for total wastesgenerated rising from the 1996 level of 3 000 tpd to 6 700 tpd in 2020. By 2020 it is anticipatedthat about 20% of the estimatedwastes generated will be recoveredfor recycling,leaving the remainder requiring treatmentand disposal.. The collection of the MSW is carried out in two stages:primary collection removesMSW from householdsand depositsit at a central point or collectionstation within the locality; secondarycollection takes the wastefrom the collectionstations for disposal at one of the nine existingtreatment and disposalfacilities. Primary collection is generally arranged by resident'scommittees or social units and secondarycollection is primarily the responsibilityof the district environmentalsanitation management agencies (DESMAs).

Disposal is achievedby open dumping at eight sitescurrently operated by the DESMAs. Thesedumps have little in the way of leachateor gas controls, although six have rudimentary leachatetreatment facilities. Wasteis generallytipped and allowed to tumble down o tipping face which can be as steep as 60% Until recentlyno compaction or grading was used at flte sitesalthough such approachesnow appear to have been introduced at some of the sites. Waste pickersare presentat all of the sites,working in hazardous and dangerous conditions,and removing itemsfor recycling. The ninth is operated by the Chongqing EnvironmentalSanitary Research Institute and is located at Liujiaolanya. The facilities feature a combination of mechanisedand hand sorting of materials for recycling,incineration at sevenof the facilities and, in two cases, composting. None of these facilities operateseffectively and their contribution to recycling is not significant.

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Most sewage is dealt with through the use of septic tanks. The DESMAs presently provide a septic tank emptying service using a smoll fleet of 24 five ton capocity suction tonkers. About a third of these suction tonkers hove been identified as needing replacement by 2000. These suction tankers currently discharge ot eight smoll anoerobic digestion focilities. These focilities appear to be too small to cope with the required throughput and do not work effectively, foiling to meet current discharge standards. Alter-notive disposal meons are therefore required until the new seweroge system is oper-ational. After that, there will continue to be a need for a service for emptying public toilets and the septic tonks of buildings outside of the main area served by the new system.

Proposed Solid Waste Management Component (Y 485 million; S59.1 million). The proposed component will comprise the following works: * o fleet of 8 and 10 ton copocity RELRCVs for use in six of the city's nine districts where they con be used to greatest effect;

* new storage bins ranging in size from 0.66 to 1.1 rn capacity for use with the new REL RCVs;

* A new sonitary landfill with a first phose to provide disposal capocity for up to 15 years. The site has been designed to accept 1 500 tpd of MSW and will incorporate a composite liner of cloy and HDPE fabric, oppropriately protected by geotextile membrones ond sand layers. A leachate droinage system and landfill . gas venting system have been included

Ill.iii. Fuling Water Supply Component

Existing Situation. Fuling is situated on the confluence of twoo-rivers,tne Chong Jaony and 'he Wu Jiang. It is an important transport hub in Chongqlng Municipa ity, connected to Chongqing itself by a new highway and serving os a port. The urban population is projected to grow from the current 200,000 to 500,000 by 2020. This however includes a number of new towns ossocioted with the Three Gorges Project; in the project ar-ea population growth is more moderate, rising from a curr-ent 1 80000 to about 305,000 by 2020.

Fuling Water Supply Component: There ore currently thr-ee cic:te;treatmetit .;orks supplying the main urban ar-eo of Fuling. Of these, WTP1 will be Coonconed shortly due to its age, the pollution of the neor-bank source by upstream urbarn dischlrges and the need to construct a retaining embankment oround the centrol district of Fuling. The poor quality of potable water is confirmed by social surveys with 60qo of the sampled population dissotisfied with the overoll water quolity. Currently, WTP2 is undergoing extension from o current capocity of 30,000 m3/d to o total capacity of 60,000 m3/d.

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The water distribution system comprises about 23 km of mains of diameters and particularly in the old urban area is need of rehabilitation and strengthening; pipe failures are reported to be frequent with 30% of the population complaining of frequent interruptions to supply. There are two high-level reservoirs with a combined capacity of 2,500 cubic meters.

Present supplies are inadequate to meet present and future water demand and are endangered by nearby wastewater discharges. Water demand has been projected to rise to about 140,000 in 2010 and 180,000 in 2020. This implies a need for an additional supply of about 100,000 m3/d by the year 2010. The proposed option is to construct a new WTP upstream of the current (and future) main urban oreo, thus not affected by near-bonk pollution plumes. A first phase of 50,000 m3/d has been proposed for financing in this project

Proposed Water Supply Component (Y 96.6 million; S1 1.6 million). The first phase financed under the project will have a capacity of 50,000 m3/d. The component will comprise the following works:

* An intake from the Chang Jiang upstream of Fuling near to the Yangtze Bridge at Tionzidion of ultimate capacity 100,000 m3/d with on initiol 50,000 m3/d pumping capacity

* A 820 mm row water transmission main 0.7 km long, to the treatment plant;

* The water treatment plant upstream of Fuling with a capacity of 50,000 m¾ dc; * Treated water pumping station;

* A treated water transmission main comprising 2.7 km of pipes of 920 mm.

o New water distribution pipelines comprising 3.2 km of 600mm, 7.3km of 400mm and 5.3km of 300mm pipes; and - Distributio.n network improvements of existing networks

IlI.iv. Fuling Wastewater Component

Existing Situation. Curiently all wastewater fiom the central area of the city is conveyed in sewers discharging directly to the Chang Jiang and the VVu Jiang. The sewerage in tniemain uroan area is combined, with about 13 main outfalis to tahe Chang Jiang and 14 to the Wu Jiang. Currently, discharges in and upstream of tne harbour zone have a clear impact on water quaiity. The row water for Nr. 1 wTP is polluted by these discharges; secondly, the visual impact of the wastewater discharges is apparent especially in the harbour area where recirculating currents tend to trap floating matter.

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Before implementation of the Three Gorges Project, there is little necessity for providing any form of wastewater treatment for Fuling, other thon pre-treotment. Nevertheless, interception of the current wastewater systems with dischorge downstream of the confluence of the Wu Jiong with the Chang Jiong will protect the current water intokes and olso improve the visual aspect of Fuling harbour. The project would be implemented in co-ordination with the new embankment projea. In a second stoge, treatment will be provided. The total average wastewater flows are projected at 110,000 m3/d in 2010, ond 123,700 m3/d in 2020.

Proposed Wastewater Component (Y 147.0 million; $17.7 million). The proposed works would comprise the following: lo Reinforced concrete pipe interceptors 4.5 km in length running along the south bonk of the Chang Jiang, of diameters ranging from 800 mm to 1,200 mm;

t Reinforced concrete pipe interceptors 1.6 km in length running along the west bonk of the Wu Jiang, of diometers ranging from 600 mm to 1,200 mm;

t A pre-treatment and pumping station upstreom of the Wu Jiang siphon;

0 A siphon consisting of two 1100 mm steel 500m in length under the Wu Jiong;

O A reinforced concrete box culvert (1500x1 500 mm) 2.5km in length conveying flows from the inverted siphon to the future treatment plant site;

O) A 200m long steel outfoll of diameter 1500mm with 4 risers;

]* Link sewers and missing connections

Ill.v.Wanzhou Water Supply Component

Existing Situation. Wonzhou situated some 320 km downstream of Chongqlilg on the Chang Jiang has a current population of 280,000, expected to grow rapidly to 900,000 by 2020, partly as a result of resettlement due to the Three Gorges Project. Known as the "Gateway to Sichuan", Wanzhou is the second largest port, ofter Chongqing on the upper Chang Jiang. Dominont industries include food pr ocessing ond light industry. It is the town the most affected by the Three Gorges Prolect, v.ith around 2/3 of the existing urbon area to be submerged by the backwater f1 oimthe dam in the long term.

The total population served by the current water supply service area is estinmateda 265,000, -epresenting a 95%ocoveroge of the populotion of the urbon area. The urbani area of Wonzhou is divided into three separate demond zones served by three seporate systems. On the west bank of the Chang Jiong, are found the areas of Longboo and Tian Cheng; on the east bank is found the area of Wu Qiao, location of one of the major Three Gorges Resettlement Areas.

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The Longbaoi demand zone has three treatment works with total capacity of 10,000 m3 /d. The intakes of these three treatment works are currently affected by upstreom pollution sources; furthermore these intokes are likely to be flooded as part of TGP; WTP Nr. 2 is old on currently needs replacing. The existing works for both the Tian Cheng and Wu Qiao demond areas ore small, 12,000 and 5,000 m3/d respectively and are seriously affected by pollution. Both plants will also be flooded by TGP. Water demand in Wanzhou as a whole is predicted to rise from a current 94,000 m3/d to 244,000' m3/d in 2010 and 365,000 m3/d in 2020.

Proposed Water Supply Component (Y 139.9 million; $16.8 million). The proposed water supply component comprises the following works:

* Construction of a new water intoke of overoll capacity 100,000 m2/d upstream of the main urbon area of Wanzhou to supply the new WTP;

* Construction of a new water treatment works with an initial capocity of 50,000 m3/d supplying both the Longboo and Tian Cheng demand areos;

* Construction of o new intoke of 1 00,000 m3/d supplying row water to the existing VWTWNrs. 1 and 3, upstream of the existing intakes; * Reinforcement and replacement of the existing water distribution systems.

Ill.vi. Nanbin Water Supply Component

Existing Situation. Nonbin is the odministrative centre of Shi Zhu county o- Cnonaarn Municipolity. It lies on the Long He river about 40 km from the right bank of the Choana Jiong. The current population of 30,000 is projected to rise to 56,500 in 2010 ond over 70,000 in 2020.

The total population served by the cur-ent water supply service area is estimnted at 20,000. There is an oid existing WTW of capacity 10,000 m;/d wnose intoke is ot I islk from pollution. Water demond is projected to rise to over 15,000 m2/d in 2010 and approximately 30,0000 m2/d by 2020.

Proposed Nanbin Component (Y 36 million; S4.3 million). The p' ,_C',-I; comprise the following:

2 * Construction of a new water intoke of capacity 30,000 mr /d upstream D' ne main urban area of Nanbin to supply the new WTW;

* Construction of a new water treatment works with an initial capocity of 18,000 m3/d;

* New transmission lines from the new WTW to the town of Nonbin;

* Reinforcement and replocement of the existing water distribution systems.

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IlI.vii. Qianjiang Water Supply Component

Existing Situation. Qianjiong county town is located in the Qianljiong autonomous region, in the south-eost of Chongqing Municipality. 11is the economic ond administrationol centre of the region, with tobacco and tourism os the moajor industries. The urban population has been growing rapidly over recent years (ot greater than 8%/0); this populotion growth is projected to continue from the present day volue of 78,000 to 56,000 in 2010 and 73,000 in 2020.

There ore three existing WTWs serving the project area as follows.(see The Old Area wTw (5000 m3 /d), intended to abstract water from the Qian Jiang. However, because of increasing pollution and chonging river flow patterns (a minimunm flow of 36 I/s, perhaps linked to upstream deforestation), the WTW has been out of operation for five years. Sheng Yang Gong WTW olso serving the Old Urboan Area, constructed in 1992 with a capocity of 20,000 m/d. It uses raw water from Xiao Non Hol reservoir supplied by an aqueduct about 32 km long. Feng Jia Zheng WTW extracts water from the Zhe He. It has o design capacity of 400 m3 /d but becouse of lower water levels at the intoke site, its present capocity is only 100 m3/'d.

The present system suffers from mony problems. The aqueduct from Xico Non Hoi reservoir supplying Sheng Jio Zheng WTW foils each yeor becouse of lond slips, some serious. The Qion Jiong is polluted and con no longer provide G continuous supply o; water to the Old Area WTW. Feng Jia Zheng WTW is smoll, old and dilapidoted; it Is on o very restricted site, with no possibility for extensions. Less than 30°o of domestic use's are satisfied by the water supply service, 10%/ use water cieaner- and 40%c buy purire. wCater for drinking. Less than 10°o of domestic users reported interr-uptions in wotei supply.

Water demand for Qioniiang as a whole is projected to rise to about 74,000 m ci 2010 and 126,000 m3/d in 2020.

Proposed Water Supply Component (Y 61.2 million; S7.4 million). The proposed scheme will comprise the following:

* Rehabilitation of the existing 32km oqueduct from Xiao Nan Hoi reservoir to the Sheng Jio Zheng VvTW;

* Extension of the Sneng Jia Zheng WTW by 30,000 m d;

* Construction of a ne\i WTW of 30,000 mi/d at Boolavon served by the Donat,.ncj reservoir;

* Rehabilitation of the Chengbei canal supplying the Baijowan WTW;

* Extension and rehabilitation of the existing distribution network (by the oadition of 27.5 km of pipe network).

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Ill.viii. Overall project costs and implementation schedule

The overall project costsincluding contingencies,construction supervision and managementhove been estimatedat 5900 million Yuan (710 million USS). The breakdown per componentis provided in Table 2. Clearly the investmentin the Chongqing Wastewotercomponent predominates representing almost 70%/oof the total base cost of CUEP.

Table 2: Overall Project Costs ProjectComponents Totol (million % of Total Yuon RMB) BaseCost A Urban Environment Infrastructure 1 Chongqing Wostewater 2508.0 670/0 Chongqing Solid WasteManagement 485.0 13%ao Sub-totalChongqing City 2993.0 2 WanzhouWater Supply 139.9 4% 3 Fuling Water Supply 96.6 3%O Fuling Wastewater 147.0 4°o Sub-totalFuling city 243.6 4 Qionjiang Water Supply 61.2 2%

5 Nanbin Water Supply | 36.0 1 1°o B Environmental Water Quality Monitoring 24.4 I 1°% C Urban Information Management System 40.2 1OI

D Cultural Heritage j 81.0 20° E IST j 129.0 30%0 Total Base Cost 1 3748.3 100l PhysicolContingencies (15%) 562.2 ConstructionSupervision and Project 449.8 Managementf 12%o)40 Sub-totol 4760.3__j PriceContingencies (24%) 11 42.5 TOTAL PROJECTCOST 5902.81

Projectimplementotion is planned to commenceat the beginning of 2000 with c number of retro-actively financed contracts, notobly for the Choncqing and Fuling wastewatercomponents where certain interceptor contracts are planned to be implemented concurrently with the construction of the embankments/bund roads. Figure 4 provides an overview of the current Project Implementation Plan.

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Figure 4: Overall Project Implementation Plan for CUEP

1999 2000 CO 2OO; 20O3

A CIIONGO,.3 WASTEWATEC

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1 00709/R6'/drachapO.doc August 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH xxvi Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overoll Environmentol impact Assessment Report

IV. BASELINEDATA IV.i. General Introduction to Chongqing Municipality

Chongqing Municipality with a population of approximately 30 million people was seporoted from Sichuan Province in March 1997. Chongqing ranges among the five biggest cities of China. The following volues indicate the breakdown of the GDP (gross domestic production) inside the Municipality in 1 996. Table 3: Chongqing Municipality -Gross Domestic Product Primary sector - agriculture 285 billion Yuan RMB Secondary sector - industry 493 billion Yuan RMB Tertiary sector - services 401 billion Yuan RMB

Total GDP 1179 billion Yuan RMB

Chongqing like other areos in China hos shown a strong economic growth in recent yeors., mirroring or even exceeding that of the Chinese economy as o whole (see Figure 5). This high economic growth is expected to continue in the next decade. Figure 5: Growth of Chongqing GDP compared to the whole Chinese economy (1 993-97)

Ik2

C. I

Year

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This strong growth has created lorge demands for new infrastructures services. Growth rates (excluding inflation) over the period 1993-7 , for basic infrostructure such as eleciricity generotion and supply, telecommunications and transportation were extremely high: 58%, 1 1 6% and 38 % respectively. These growth rates were to a certain extent mirrDred by those in the water supply industry which showed a 29% increose in investment over the period. However, investment in pollution treatment os o whole (air, water and solid wastes) logged dromaticolly behind with an overage annuol growth of 5% in real terms. Obviously, the investment as part of CUEP needs to redress this imbaiance.

IV.ii. Socio-economicconditions

The economic development of central Chino (WYR or Western Yangtze Region), in particular in the new Chongqing province hos o dramatic impact on the daily life of people of the region. The role played by infrastructure in this development is of primary importance; examples include the Chongqing/Chengdu expressway and the future increased capocity of Chongqing to accept lorge vessels (10,000 tons) compored to the present limitation of 3,000 tons, While the share of heavy industry and ogriculture in the locol output value is decreosing, the shore of services and more generally production with o higher added volue is growing. Correlated to this trend is the continuing urbanisation with the urban population of Chongqing Moin Urban Areo protected to grow to about 3.3 million by 2020. Productivity gains in ogriculture should allow greater availobility of rural labour force, to which should be added aspirations of newv rural generation for a more urbonised life. Non ogriculturol populotion increased shorply between 1990 and 1994 in all areas of the Municipolity. In the prefecture of Qian Jiang, Fuling and Wanzhou the increose was 30.3%/o,20.5i/% and 1 4.4%o respectively.

The trend towards urbanisation and increased stondords of living will go "hand-in- hand" with new expectations regording consumption, quality of life, poverty olleviation and sustoinable development. Recent surveys on willingness to poy in Chongqino clearly suggest a generol ospiration of people for o higher quality water supply (only 26,9°o satisfied or very satisfied by the existing system in Chongqing ond 33,5%° in Wanzhou). Although indirectly, the survey also points out the importance of health problems resulting from the lack of sanitary infrastructures.

If environmental projects are not carried out on time, there is o noticeable risk To destroying the human, sociol and economic environment of people moving irom cne social/professionol cotegory to another. This move is psychologically difficult, espec!:liy for the eldest people who may accompany their younger relatives in their move tzovvad a more urbon life . Projects should also strengthen the awareness of ordinal-y people toword the value of their environment; an environmental policy cannot succeed without an active participation of people themselves (e.g. the case of domestic waste).

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The rapid economicgrowth of Chongqing has seriouslyendongered health conditions. In porticulor the poor quolity of water and waste removal undoubtedly explainsthe high incidenceof hepatitis(34 casesper 1000 inh.) and dysentery(157 casesper 1000 inh.). In a period during which people will hove unequal accessto the benefits of the growth, it is important to allow the poorest, the eldest and the youngestaccess to bosic collective equipment suchas water supply, sanitation or solid woste collection.

IV.iii. Air Quality

Ambient air quality in the projectcities, and porticulorlyin Chongqing, is poor. With respectto ChineseAir Quality Stondards,the objective for air quolity in the region is 3 Class II indicating threshold values of SO2, NO. and TSP of 60 ptg/m , 50 pig/m' and 200 pg/m3 respectively.

Needlessto say, annual averoge values for Chongqing exceedthese limits, most notably in the case of SO2, where average annual values of about 200 Lug/m' are currently measured (1997 values). This compares to the 1994 values of about 300 ag/m2, indicating a marked reduction in ambient levels. Nevertheless, daily values in excess of 900 jLg/m3 are still being recorded (6 times the daily limit). The situotion with regord to1NO, and TSP is less dramatic only exceeding slightly (if at all) the Class II limits.

The situation in other project cities is varied. According to recent dota, the air quality of Fuling is as bad (if not worse) thon Chongqing with average annuol SO, values of 300 ug/m2 and daily maximum values exceeding 1000 ug/m~ . In Wonzhou, only TSP seems to be a problem perhaps reflecting the high level of building activities curiently underway. In Nanbin and Qian jiang doily average values only exceed the doily limits by a small omount.

IV.iv. Water Resources

The region is dominated by the Chang Jiang system that originates from the soutnel-e sides of the Tanggula Mountain Chain on the Qinghoi-Xizang (Tibet) Plateou and runs eastward through different China's provinces or autonomous regions or municipalities. Most mojor tributaries (Dadu, Min, Tuo, Fu, Jioling) enter from the north, i.e. on the le't bank the Wu Jiang, confluent with the Chang Jiang at Fuling, is a right bank tributory.

River flows: The flows in oll the mnajorriver-s (Chong Jiang, Joaling Jiang and VuvLiiJinig vary seasonally. The lowest flows occur during Februoa-yor March each yeam n both rivers. The highest flows occuI each yeor during the surnmer months of July, August or September.

Table 4 shows the overage yeorly dischorges ond the overoge onnuol runoff for the major rivers in the study area.

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Table 4: Average annual flow volume and discharge - Jialing Jiang, Chang Jiang and Wu Jiang

Averoge annual flow volume Average discharge 3 3 Gouging stotion 1 0E m m /s Zhu Tuo (Chang Jiong) 2600 8,450

Bei Pei (Jialing Jiang) 689 2,220 Cun Ton (Chang Jiang) 3420 11,102

Chang Jiang u/s of Fultng __12,200 Appen Jiang ot QoianJiang 100

Wu Jiang at Fuling .1560 Chong Jiang ot Wonzhou 4238 13,415

The yearly variation in dischorge is extreme. During high flow season, the lorgest flow meosured ot Cun Ton downstream of Chongqing on the Chong Jiong approached 85,700 m 3 /s;on the Jioling Jiang, the largest flow recorded is 44,800 m3/s

With respect to water quality, the lowest discharges ore the most important. The following table summorises relevant values for the rivers in the project areo.

Table 5: Low Flows for the main rivers in the Study Area - Jialing Jiang, Chang Jiang, Appen Jiang and Wu Jiang.

Station Minimum overage monthiy discharge . ______(m 2/S l Bei Pei (itoling Jiang) 285 Cun Tan (Chang Jiong) 2,540 -Chang Jiang u/s of Fuiing 2,870 Appen Jiong of Qion Jiang 6 WuJiong ot Fuling 310 Chong Jiong ot Wonzhgu 2,770

Frorn a purely quantitotive point of view, the water resources (Jioling Jiang and Chang Jiang) are sufficient for the domestic, industriol and agricultural supply of their immediate hinterlands. The total current demand (1995) upstream of Wonzhou represerits opproximotely 1 7%0 of the average flow of the Chang Jiong in March (this value hos been estimated to rise to 19% by 2010).

IV.v.Wcter Quality

At present the analysis of monitored dato is hompered by the lock of coherence in the datc furnished by the voa-ious EPB of the different towns and cities concerned by the project. In part, this is due to certain problems associated with the anolysis of these datci. Until recently, each EPB sent dato directly to NEPA (now SEPA) for collotion and analysis; no real onalysis was performed at a local or regional level. This situation is currently chonging so that regionol monitoring centres such os CEMRI will also perform a dato processing and analysis role for all reoches of the Chang Jiang within Chongqing Municipality.

100709/R6/drachapO.doc August1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH xxxI Chongqing Urbon Environmen'Project Overoll EnvlronmentolImpoct AssessmentReport

The two following figures (Figure 6 and Figure 7), compare the current water quality objectives of major rivers in Chongqing with their actual water quolity as reported in 1 995. It is clear that the woter quality of the major rivers in Chongqing do not comply with their Water Quality Objectives . This is especially the case of the Jialing Jiang and the Wu Jiang (the latter opporently due primarily to high mercury levels). Nevertheless, recent information would tend to indicate thot the compliance of the Chang Jiang, at least immediately downstream of Chongqing, is not achieved, especially in terms of phosphorus with concentrations now often higher than the 0.1 mg/l Class III/IV limit, as evidenced by the results of the Nutrient Monitoring Exercise.

IV.vi. Ecologicalenvironment

Chongqing possessesa diverse fauna ana f o-cl. Known invertebrates totol 369 species, divided into 85 species of mammal, 237 biids, 27 lizards and 20 amphibians. Fish inhabiting the major rivers are of the cyprinid var-iety such as carp, ch-uband grass fish. Reflecting the deteriorating environmentao conditions, the fishery cotch on the Chong Jiong has decreosed dramatically in recent years.

Plant life is abundant in Chongqing refiecting the hot monsoonol climate, with over 2,800 species of higher plant. Again, plant life especially agricultur-al cl-ops) is deteriorating in the municipality as a result o high levels of ocid rain associated with the continu ng high levels of otmospheric pollution.

100709/R6/drachapO.doc August 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH xxxii Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overoll Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Figure 6: Current Water Quality Objectivesfor the major rivers in Chongqing Municipality

WO Objectives Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 I/ Class 4 /V Class 5

Figure 7: Current Water Quality Classification, 1995 (from [69])

~ _

( ~~~~j ~~WO Classes Not Analysed

1 Closs 1 Class 2 ;Cbass 3

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IV.vii. Water Supply

Table 6 summorises existing WSC infrastructure in the project cities. A common feature of many of the towns is that often the ma jor industries and public institutions provide domestic water for their employees. In Chongqing and Fuling for example up to 30 % of the domestic supply is obtoined from self-supply. In the future with the reform of the State Owned Enterprises (SOEs' this situation is planned to change, with the municipalities taking over their service-provider role. Table 6 : Summary of existing WSC infrastructure

| Chongqing Wanzhou Fuiing__ Qianiiang __Nonbin Nr. of Municipal VTP 16 51 3 313 __ Totol Production 955 000 127000j 800001 25400 10000 Copocity (m3/doy) l Population served 1 652 000 265 000 150000 78 000 20 000 iServed Area lkM2 219 20 5i nc 1.1 Distribution network 87 22.5 length(km) I I

Existing levels of service: Official statistics concerning water supply obtained from the WSC are difficult to interpret due to the incomplete coveroge and responsibility vis-o- vis the distribution networks. A better picture of the current situation is provided by the surveys conducted by CMG during 1 998 as summarised in the following tables. Table 7: Domestic Water Consumption in Chongqing Municipality Chongqing Wanzhou Fuling Qioanjiong Shizhu I l _ _ | County I Average consumption 8.69 7.45 8.79 9.31 6. per household (tm /ronth)l Nr. of people per 3.34 3.26| 3.21 3_._38 3.317 household 3 3 Average consumption 86 75 901 91 60 per person (I/c /d)l fromsurvey i Average maximumr 12.0 10.55 13.57 12.3 8.65 consumption I !m!/month)l _ . Average maximum 120 108 141 121 86O consumption per i l ! person (I/c /d l l _ _ I l

These figures show an average consumption per capita which is relatively low, especially the values for Shizhu County (Nanbin and Xituo). Average consumption in the range of 1 30 - 170 I/c/d could be considered sufficient as a long term objective.

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The assertion that water is safe to drink (as indicated by official statistics) is not borne out by the surveys. Satisfaction with the water supply is generally low, between 25% and 33% (see Table 8). In general, the poor quality and visuol aspect of the water supply is perceived to be the major problem ond should be improved (as opposed to the amount and regularity of supply).

Apart from boiling water (o common practice in Chongqing), many families have bought water cleaners ond buy bottled water to ensure a supply of safe drinking water. Table 8: Overall satisfaction with water supply and public perception of key objectives for improvement Chongqing Wanzhou Fuling Qionjiang Shizhu Satisfiedor very 26.9% 33.5% 32.50/% 28.6% 21.3% satisfied with water supply (overall nature) Obvective clean 97.9% 97.5% 93% 98% 97.3%

Objective : 80.4% 87.5% 87% 72.7% 93.3% continuous supply

The stotistics of top water quality from Chongqing present o typicol illustration of the problems. Table 9: Statistical results of tap water quality sampling in Chongqing (number of samples exceeding the standard per year) Y'ear .P oromete; Turbtditty Colour pH Phenol Total Se Mn Cr Hc3 detecient

1001 3 1 ro7 I 3 1992 7 _ _ 17 T 13 17 2I 1993 13 2 5 24 1 1 9 - 1 _ _ _ 1994 1 7 1 5j _ 23 18 19 1 i 1995 2 _ 16 6 17 1 1 TOTAL 32 8 6 105 55 63 2 8 l _occ 3 _0.9 _ 7 12.3 6.5 74 02 0.1 | 06 0°c

Chlorine residuals are also high due to the need to treat the highly pollutant row water (large E-coii counts) and to maintoin reasonobly acceptable bocteriological levels in the distributed water. These residuals themselves will present probiems to human health, forming in combinotion with other organic compounds, complex toxic ogents (such as organochlorides). Other parameters such as: turbidity, colour, pH , Mn, Cr, detergent, do not comply with the Chinese standards for drinking water- on rare occosions.

IV.viii. Sewerage

Table 10 summorises the existing level of waste woter infrastructure in the Chongqing, Wonzhou and Fuling ; the towns covered by waste water investment under CUEP. Most premises are required to connect to a septic tank before connection to the waste water networks; centralised waste water treatment is extremely rare, limited only to the TangJioQiao catchment in Chongqing serving o population of approximately 74,000.

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Table 10 Summary of existing waste water infrastructure Chongqing Fuling Wanzhou Length of pipe 408 86 network Concrete Pipes 289 Stone Ditches 11 9 Nr. ofVWTP 1 0 0 Plants Served Area 152.6 10 13.8 Served 2005000 200000 Population

Existing levels of service: In generol in the study area approximotely 80% of the households ore connected directly to the sewerage, with also approximately 80% possessing their own toilet facilities. Households ore generally connected to septic tanks (or other at-sourcea )>treatment facilities). Except for the septic tanks serving public toilets, these focilities ore rarely emptied, thus creating o humon-health problem. In general, cleansing is carried out when the tanks overflow ; the retrieved night-soil is then often dumped on the neorest patch of uncovered ground.

IV.ix. Solid Waste Management

Generation. Per capito waste generation has been assumed to rise from 0.95 kg/capita/day in 1 996 to 1.22 kg/copito/doy in 2020. These generation figures exclude up to 10% which is already recycled at the household level. This gives estimotes for totol wastes generoted rising from the 1996 level of 3 000 tpd to 6 700 tpd in 2020. By 20.20 it is onticipated that about 20% of the estimated wastes generated will be recovered for recycling, leaving the remainder requiring treatment and disposal.

Collection. The collection of the MSW is corried out in two stages: primory collection removes MSW from households ond deposits it ot a central point or collection stotion within the locality; secondory collection takes the waste from the collection stotions for disposal at one of the nine existing treatment and disposal facilities. Primary collection is generolly arronged by resident's committees or social units ond secondary collection is primarily the responsibility of the district environmental sonitation management agencies (D ESMAs).

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Disposal. Disposalis achievedby open dumping at eight sitescurrently operated by the DESMAs.These dumps have little in the way of leachateor gas controls, althouch six hove rudimentaryleachate treatment focilities. Wasteis generollytipped and allowed to tumble down a tipping face which can be as steep as 60% Until recentlyno compaction or grading was usedat the sitesalthough such approachesnow oppeor to have been introducedat some of the sites. Wastepickers are presentat oll of the sites, working in hazardousand dangerousconditions, and removing itemsfor recycling. The ninth is operated by the Chongqing EnvironmentalSanitary Research Institute and is located at Liujiaolanya. The facilitiesfeature a combination of mechanisedand hand sorting of materialsfor recycling,incineration ot sevenof the facilitiesand, in two cases, corrmposting.None of thesefacilities operateseffectively and their contribution to recyclingis not significant.

V. ANALYSISOF ALTERNATIVES

Throughoutthe project preparation process,a number of alternotiveshove been onalysedfor eoch of the components. Due its size and importonce,much of the option analysishas focussedon the Chongqing WastewaterComponent, which is summarised below. Option analysisof the remaining componentsis summorisedin the Overall EA report ; further details may be found in the individual EIA reportsand in the Feasibility Studies. Vi. Chongqing Wastewater Component

Overall form of the component. Without the CUEPinvestment, the poor water quolity of the Jioling Jiang will deteriorotefurther (the resourcewill no longer be suitable for supplyingpotoble water); furthermore, it would seemthot the Chang Jiang would also significantlydeteriorate. This is due to two factors:

* First,the increasingflows and loods associatedwith the increasingpopulotion of Chongqing.

* Secondly, the impact of the Three Gorges Project (TGP). After the construction of the TGP scheduled for 2009, the flow and water levels in the Chang Jiong upstream of the dam and especially in the Chongqing area will be affected significontly. Based on the assumed operation of the domn, model simulations hove been corried out ( Figure 8 shows graphically the impact of TGP on water levels at Chongqing for 1993). As can be seen, the impact of the TGP is only significant during the dry season. The simulated increase in water level is approx. 1 8 m in January and December leading to a significant decreose in flow velocity (from 3 m/s to around 0.4 m/s) and the assimilotive capacity of the river.

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Figure 8 : Comparison of water levels at Chongqing with and without the TGP for 1993 flow conditions [91].

180

175 -MhoutTGD

N N =- V\fth TGD

.170

93-1-2 93-3-3 93-5-2 93-7-1 93-8-30 93-10-29 93-12-28

Modelling studiesillustrate "without" the project how the water quality of the Jialing Jiang ad Chang Jiang will deteriorate in relation to these two factors. Figure9 illustratesthe magnitudeof these changesfor the lower reachesof the Jialing Jiang and the Chang Jiang after its confluencewith the Jialing Jiang. It can be seenthat the most serious impacts are on the Jialing; it is only in the long term that the water quality of the Chang Jiang startsto deteriorate noticeably(in terms of its water quality class).

Figure 9: Predicted Change in BOD on the Jialing Jiang 2005-2020

Average concentiuons BOD- Witt1ut Projec 2005-2020

.-Jialing 7 E '-2020

- 6 - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~-Ck., iV

SO -2010 3_=

2 -

5-s1

2310 2320 2330 2340 2350 2360 2370

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Analyses of the results for a range of pollutants leads to the motrices of woter quality classes at different future horizons in the following tables. Pollutants which exceed the water quality objective are marked in bold. Clearly in the short term the Jioling is at mos-; risk and requires immediate action to protect water supplies; in the long term the Chong Jiong, which is o mojor water resource downstreom of Chongqing is also at risk. Table 1 1: Future Water Quality Classification on the Jailing Jiang in the vicinity of Chongqing (assuming no improvement of wastewater collection and treatment) Horizon

_ 2005 2010 2020 DO I 11 11 11 BOD 1I III IV Ammonia IV IV IV Phosphorus NC NC NC FHecol NC NC NC Coliforms

Table 1 2: Future Water Quality Classification on the Chang Jiang in the vicinity of Chongqing (assuming no improvement of wastewater collection and treatment) r______H orizon - 1 2005 2010 2020 DO BOD Ammianm on1 I Phosphorus I IV IV Fciecol NC NC NC ClColiforms

A lorcgerange of olternative schemes were considered in the early stages of project prepciration for the Chongqing Wastewoter component to resolve these problelmis The initiol scheme consisted of 21 wastewater treatnmentplants; reduced subsequently iC 16, distributed throuchout the urbon orea . This scheme was rejected for o numbel of reasons:

* the scheme does not present the overoll least-cost solution to wostewater collection ond treotment on a long term basis;

* the location of wastewater treatment plants in an urban environment presents considerable environmental impacts (odour and noise impacts) requiring expensive mitigation measures;

* this scheme to o certoin extent represents a continuation of the existing situation 1 WWTPcreated in 10 years ...)

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After consideroble study, on alternative scheme consisting of c small number of treatment plants located largely downstream of the existing (and future) water supply plants was favoured. This scheme presented the distinct advantage to lend itself to phasing, whereby the immediote problems of poor quolity water supply in Chongqing ore tackled initially; the problems of downstream water quolity exacerbated by the Three Gorges Project would be dealt with at a later date by the implementation of wastewater treatment.

Discharge configuration: The initial phase of the Chongqing Wastewater Component involves only pre-treatment. In order to reduce the local impact of the discharge of untreoted wastewater on the Chang jlang, complete mixing of the effluent should be facilitated as quickly as possible. Various configurations of diffuser ond locations of diffuser have been studied using a two-dimensional model of the Changjiang close to the discharge points. This suggested a number of alternatives which have been studied from on economical standpoint and with respect to the imPoct on other river uses, most notably navigation. The final configuration consists of two outiet diffusers consisting of 4 risers, one located close to the Jiguionshi plant, the other located approximotely 2 km downstream of the Tang jiatuo plant (to avoid disrupting navigation).

VI. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

CUEP is aimed at improving the urban environmental services to the population of Chongqing Municipolity; as such, the project has a clear environmentol and socio- economic benefit. Where impacts lead to potentiol dis-benefits, appropriote mitigation meosures have been proposed (see the Environmental Management Plan, belovw!.

This project should also be viewed as the first phase of continuinc effor1 by Chongqing Municiplaity and more broadly the People's Republic of China to tackle the environmental problems of the Municipality. Subsequent phases of CUEP, will undoubtedly address the issue of wastewater treatment (not included for finoncing in this fir't phose) as dictoted by water quality objectives.

VI.i. Impacts during construction

Impacts during constr-uction consist lorgely of

* Spoil from earth works;

* Noise from machinery, in porticulor tunnel excavation (drill and blast techniques);

* Dust generation;

* Traffic disruption.

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The impact of the former will be mitigated generally by the re-use of spoil either for the component itself (earthworks for the treatment plant sites) or as port of the various embankment projects.

The impacts in the lotter three categories will be minimised as illustrated in the Environmentol Manogement Plan, summorised below, by appropriate restrictions on working hours and operotional working procedures. In particular, it is recommended in dense urban areas to explore the use of olternotive tunnelling methods such as pipe- jacking and tunnel boring machines, to reduce the impact of blasting.

VI.ii. WVaterEnvironmental Impacts

The water supply and wastewater components proposed as part of CUEP will hove cleor benefits for water supply. In general, the underlying principle with these projects has been to protect potable water intakes by moving intakes upstream of pollutant sources and collecting pollutant flows and discharging downstream of water intakes. The waste woter components of CUEP ot Chongqing and Fuling have this as their mojor objective.

Moclelling studies conducted as part of the individual EIA studies clearly show the water quality benefits accruing from the Chongqing and Fuling waste water components. As an example, Figure 10 illustrates the impact of the interception of wastewater on the water quality of the Jialing Jiang at the horizon 2005. "Without" the project the overoge water quality will no longer be in Class Ill in the urban area in Chongqing; therefore the raw water is unsuitable as a potable water supply without extensive water treatment. "With" the project the water quality is at Class 11.

Figure 110: Impact of Chongqing Wastewater Component on the water quality of the Jialing Jiang

Impact of the project on BOD Jiuaing Jiang: Horizon 2005

64 E .. o

O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- I

4 ....I ...... _...... @Fb@**b II b:

2310 2320 2330 2340 2350 2360 2370 Chainage

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Such an improvementobviously has marked benefitsfor the population of Chongqing. Clearly, allied with improved wastewaterand solid waste collection, the incidenceof hydric diseasesshould decrease; water treatment costsshould also decreasein line with reduced bacterial contamination of the raw water resource.

On a longer term, with the introduction of wastewatertreatment facilities in the major project cities(currently not funded), the overallwater quality of the major rivers in the municipalitywill improve. Preliminarysimulations conducted as part of this projectfor the Chang Jiang indicatesthat treatment (eitherphysico-chemical or biological)will preventthe passageof the Chang Jiang to Class III/IV, allowing it to attain its future Class11 Water Quality Objective (seeFigure 11).

Figure 11: Impactof treatment on the water quality of the ChangJiang

MmMtr Plan Sean-rb 2020

/. A5 j - ,_C III

o l,

2150 7200 7250 2300 2350 2400 2450 2500

In the short term howeverespecially for the Chongqing component,there will be certain impacts on the small water intakes immediatelydownstream of the proposed outlets. Theseimpacts will be reduced by the use of diffuser outlets located as indicated in Figure 12.

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Figure 12: Impactof dischargesfrom Jiguanshi and TangjiatuoWWTW

L~~~~~~~~~ I -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Q-[--C--______, VL - 5C

In thhelonger term tljnacts wili be further reduced by the treatmentof wastewater at tre two proposedWWIWw

VI.iii. Air, Noise and Solid Waste Impacts

The irnpactof the componentsduring their operation on the surroundinghinterland in terms of air and noise pollution has been minimisedgenerally by locating the various plants well away from present (and future) urban areas.

Exceptionsto this rule are the pre-treatmentstations proposed for the Chongqingand Fuling wastewatercomponents upstream of the invertedsiphons under the Chang Jiang and Wu Jiang. In both instancesit will be necessaryto ensurethat specific mitigation measujres(low noise machinery,odour control, etc.) are included in the detailed design of each component.

Solid wastegeneration from the treatment plants will generally be disposedof at the landfill site; liquid sludge from the water supply plants will be either dischargedto the drainage systemor dischargeddirectly to the river after a delay to reducethe instantaneousimpact.

VI.iv. Socio-Economic Impacts

The project as a whole will have distinctsocio-economic benefits improving distinctly sewerage,water supply and solid waste servicesfor the population of Chongqing Municipality. In the ethnic minority regions of Nanbin and Qianjiang, the two water supply projectsshould improve both the quantity and quality of the water supply, which in the former has previouslybeen subjectto contamination.

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Implementationof the various physicalcomponents of CUEPwill involveland acquisition,removal of buildings and resettlementof ProjectAffected Peoplesas detailed in the ResettlementAction Plan.Total land acquisition will be approximately 320 hectares(4809 mu) which includesboth land to be occupiedby the projectsand the land for resettlementof PAPs; the total numberof PAPsis currentlyestimated at about 17,250 persons(almost 4,000 households), although this figure is likely to be reduced as a result of certain minimisationmeasures currently being undertakenfor the detailed design of Chongqing Wastewatercomponent. Details by component are provided in Table 13.

Table 13: Socialimpact of the projectcomponents

Land(ha) Households EstimatedCost ProjectComponent Resettled/PAPs (Million Yuan) Chongqing Wastewater 217.6 3329/14255 638.27 Fuling Wastewater 0.5 257/1696 12.36 Fuling Water Supply 4.9 51/225 2.39 WanzhouWater Supply 4.4 22/81 2.18 Qianjiang Water Supply 0 0/0 0.0 Nanbin Water Supply 1.9 36/153 0.52 Chongqing Municipal Solid Waste 91.3 283/853 92.59 Management Total CUEP 320.6 3978/ 17263 748.30

The total costfor the RAPhas been estimatedat 748.30 million Yuan; this includes RAP preparation, monitoring and evaluation,administrative costs, and contingencies.

Of the total number of ProjectedAffected People (1 7,263) approximately4% have been categorisedas falling within a 'Vulnerable Group" (the poor, the disabled, households headed by a woman, the aged and ethnic minorities). The low number of ethnic minoritiesreflects the small amount of resettlementfor componentssuch as the Nanbin and Qianjiang Water SupplyComponents, where ethnic minorities are predominant. Specialmeasures have been proposedto ensurethe successfulrehabilitation of living standards of the vulnerable groups after resettlement.

Compensationfor all affectedstructures would be paid at the replacementcost. Affected housesand enterpriseswould be providedwith alternativeplots of land for construction of structures.All affectedlabour would be re-employedin the same enterprisesafter reconstructionand would be paid a subsistenceallowance for the duration of temporary unemployment.Compensation for land acquisitionwould be paid to the collectives, which would be responsiblefor redistributionof land among affectedfamilies. Temporary land acquisition would be compensatedat rates equivalentto the productive value of affected land. Allowancewould be paid to the affected people for moving to resettlementsites, and for facilitation transition to new housesand jobs.

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The lead group on land acquisitionand resettlementin each project city would co- orclinatethe resettlementprogram. Eachcity would establishits own land acquisition and resettlementoffices. Internal monitoring and evaluationwould be done by the municipal project offices. Separatemonitoring institutionswould carry out independent monitoring and evaluation.

The?detailed implementationschedule for the resettlementprogram has been drawn up. The specific compensationand relocation-relatedactivities, which need to be completed before constructioncan commenceon a given component, have been clearly listed in the ResettlementAction Plan (RAP).

The entire processof resettlementplanning has been participatory. Censusand socio- economic surveyswere conductedwith the full participation of affected persons.The municipal governmentswere fully involvedin the processof RAPpreparation. Implementationwould involvemunicipal-level institutions and the representativesof the affected peoples. In order to ensurethat each affected householdis fully informed about the resettlementprogram, the municipal projectoffices would distribute resettlement information booklets.

Vl. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

VIIJi. Mitigation Measures

The following tables associatethe potential negativeimpacts summarisedabove with suggestedmitigation measures.

Of note is a particular mitigation measurefor the WanzhouWater SupplyComponent. In the short term, it is proposed to maintain the use of the water supply plants 1 and 3. However,the new water plant supplyingwill engender increasedwaste water discharges upstream of the new intake. It is therefore proposedto constructa wastewater interceptor along the left bank of the Chang Jiang to divert this wastewaterand other pollution sourcesdownstream of the new intake. This overall solution has proven to be the least-costsolution to improving water supply and wastewater managementfor Wanzhou.

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Table 14 Negative impact & mitigating measures of wastewater components

nvironmental Negative impac Mitigating measures xecuting actor ______meosures_|Jinstitution 1. Carry out trectment, enhonce equipment Waste woter dischorge management of sewage plont; of sewage plant con 2. Extend the outlet of sewage plant of directly affect inlet water Jiguanshi quality of Dongfeng 3. Extend the outlet of Tongliatuo to the bootyord, Tongjiatuo lower reach of the Tongliotuo bockwater town, Doxinchang town areo; and Wangjiong town 4. Movethe inlet of Dongfeng bootyard, Tonguiotuo waterworks and so on. 1. Remove oll overflow outlet between the urfoce water Overflow outlet might upper reach1 000m! ond the lower bring about the reach(1 00rm) contomination of the 2. During operation of the overflow, stop lower reach during the operation of the offected WVTW/enhonce roinstorm treotment capabilities.

Waste water produced by construction, vehicle Sedimentation ofter collecting, making Institution of woshing, domestic methane from domestic sewage. protect sewage designing & 1. Prohibit blasting ot night, and control. ~~~construction,Druinoge the quantity of dynomite 2. Logically orrange construction time, componies Exhaoustgos, noese shorten the construction period vibration, dust generated 3. Promptly cleon the ground, periodicial tmosphere & sprinkling oise 4. Choose advonced equipment, adopt noise eliminotion ond sound insulotion j Gases emitted during the a operationoperation of sewagesew 2.I. ReusePlonting of trees methone, combustion of

station methone. Discarded spotl from 1. Use as bockfill construction 2. Set-up doms to ovoid water and soil isposol of solid running off. oste .Refuseond sludge generated from the 1. Consider use os fertiliser after onalysis of sewage plant and sludge composition. Oumrinn stotion

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Table 15 Negative impact and mitigating measure of solid waste component

Environmen-ital Negative impact Mitigating measures Executng factor IInitution 1. Construct and operate leochote treatment works; 2. Strictly abide by operating stipulation of Dlschorge of londfill, employing sub orea operotion method leochote and timely covering it by soil. Minimise the areo

Surface water exposed to air in order to control the production of leochate 1. Increose the capocity of adjusting pond, buila Overflow of accumulating facility odjustinge pond 2 Building flood barrier to prevent overland . leo-hote flow from entering I Strictiy meet the requirement of the base and the underloy. 2. Construct ground water by-passing system to Pollution coused prevent erosion of substrote Ground water by leokoge via 3. Build sewage collecting pond to ensure the substrate control of pervasion of leoking liquid by ground Institution of woter project 4. Prevent bypass system from destroying, designing & .______periodically monitor ground water construction, Gas and dust ot Planting trees to isolate the landfil site Chongqing landfill site Sanitary 1. Form a complete vent system, keep it environment Atmosphere caused funconng stitution bxpmosion e 2. Promptly cover refuse, increase the height of by methane the vent-pipe, constwucrcollecting system to re- utilise methane. 1, Reserve the upper loyer of the londfill site, Altering retrieval after the occompiishment of Ecoiogy troditional' soil construction usage ond 2, The excovation should be bolcnced with the ecology covering, decrease additional deposil of soil and destroy of local ecologv. Noiseof machine Nois mahichidunegLogically arrange construction time; build and vehicle during Isolaihng wall around the construction site. construction Noise Noise of vehicle Logically arrange tronsporting time and line, during operation reduce disturbance. [Noise ofInfl mNoiheoflandfill Select low noise equlomen! mo.ohune

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Table 16 Negative impact and mitigating measure of water supply project

Environmentol N Executing Negotive impoct Miltigating measure isiLto facto r Institution Woste woter ond Collection sedimentation then vehicle generated discharge during construction Surface water Sludge generation during operation of Removal to londfill the waterworks Sewage generotion Dischorge the wostewater ofter storoage from woterworks to river or to wostewater net-work. A nt dischrge of Strengthen operoting management, set Atmosphere chlorine up olert equipment in chlorine dosing plant Machine noise and Logically arrange construction time, expiosive vibrotion abstain high noise or blosting during durina construction the resident's rest time. Noise Noise of pumping Selecting low noise equipment, setting station of water the noise source for away from the Institution of pumping , discharge concentration of resident, eliminoting prolect designing ond pressuring noise, insulating noise, Planting trees. and construction, I1. Pipe prolect should be diividied into water supply subsection, ofter excovating one I section, backfilling it, cleaning it, timely copes Disposal of solid Soil runoff of the carry away the discarded Soil, tne waste discarded soil during temporory deposit shouid be keep in construction simple barrier to prevent sliding into river- 2, Logically arronge construction time try to ovoid large scole excovating .______during rainfall. Planting trees, preventing watet ono soil runoff, (Boijiowan waterworks has Destruction . been orranged 16, 000 trees' the Destruction Otf ,, Ecology vegetation during percentoge of virescence in each construction woterworks should not below 30%0. Tree wall should also be set between the third Fuling waterworks and Fuling Yongtse Rive- bridge.

Vll.ii. Accompanying pollution control measures

Pollutionfrom domesticwastewater contributes 70% of the organic load and 35% of the phosphorus load discharged by point sources. For urban wastewater control to be effective, occompanyingpollution control measures are required especioliy for industrial point sources. A time-bound Action Plan for industricl sewage hos been developed by Chongqing EPBfor the Jialing Jiong based on analysis of dota concerning industrial effluents and hazardous waste of 246 major pollution sources covering 33 industrial sectors. This plan is divided into three major phases:

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*> Short term (Year 2000) - Stringent pollution concentration control - Factory closure/relocation/production line amendment (7 industries) - Wastewater treatment plants for 9 industries - Control of hazardous waste from 2 industries - Protection plan for drinking water sources

* Medium term (Year 2005) - Reinforcement of monitoring capabilities - Switching from Concentration-based controls to Load based assessments - Wastewater treatment plants for 14 industries

* Long term (Year 2010) - Complete Load based assessment - Wastewater treatment plonts for 7 industries

Associated meosures for implementing the plan are olso indicated, notobly:

* The reinforcement of environmentol supervision and monagement;

* Optimising industrial planning;

* Establishing wastewater plonts and sonitary londfills for the towns upstream of Chongqing on the Jioling Jiang;

m Encoraging industrial polluters to discharge to the municipal wastewater system (ofter suitoble pre-treotment);

* Reduction of nutrients in the Jialing Jiang basin covering ogricultural non-point sources of nutrients os well as the urban and ihdustrial point sources.

A totol investment of 139.1 million YUAN (16.7 million USS) has been estimated for the industrial pollutioh control program over the period 2000-2010..

Befor-e such a strategy could be proposed further information is requir-ed to support the decision making process; the improvements in environmental monitoring proposed as part of CUEP will oid in the collection of this data and thus contribute significontly to the lonp term gool of preserving and improving the water quality of the upstream Chang Jiang bosin.

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VII.iii. Monitoring

The CUEP Environmentol Monitoring Component comprises the following elements:

Laboratory and Equipment: The overcill ob jective is to increase the range and accurocy of sampling of both pollution sources and ambient water quolity. To achieve these objectives more precise and easier to use instruments are needed. The actuol building does not meet the standards needed to house the modern equipment; a new laboratory building is therefore needed .

Some instruments ore already being procured through the Industrial Reform Project, the Water Quality Monitoring Component study has therefore produced a complementary list of requirements.

Automatic monitoring stations: To provide further information concerning the variation of pollution, it is recommended to set up an outomatic monitoring network comprising 3 stations, which will monitor : temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, turbidity and total organic carbon. The stations are to be installed at the intakes of water plants to avoid the building of pumping systems, which in the case of the Chang Jiang and the Jialing Jiang ore complex due to the river level variations.

Information system CEMRI has started developing its information system, it is recommended that this is continued and enhanced with a Laboratot-y Information Monangement System.

VII.iv. Institutional Strengthening and Training

Specific technical assistonce programs are recommended for the vorious aspects of water quality monitoring and manogement: * Data collection co-ordination and data orgonisatior * Techrrical capacity of the laboratories . Waste water discharges control * Technical ond financial planning capacity

VII.v. Implementation Schedule and Cost Estimates

The phasing of the Environmental Action Plan follows the principies ot '3 at one time" of the EIA procedur-esof the People's Republic of China, mirroing tile Impiementation of the physicol components. An exception to this is the improvements in monitoring which are required immediately to aid in the quantification of project benefits.

Tentative cost estimates are outlined in Table 1 7.

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Table 17: Cost estimates for the Environmental Management Plan

Category 1 Cost (million l Yuan) A Industrial Pollution CokitrolAction Plan 139.1 funded by Industriol lReform l______Project B |Environmental Monitoring Component funded by fl ! ~ ~~~~~~~~~CUEP 1 ILaboratoryBuilding I 13.3 2 IEguipment 4.41 3 ilnformation System 2.21 4 11ST 2.0 5 Automatic Monitoring Network 2.5 !Sub-total 24.40 C lWanzhou wastewater interceptor 11.01fundedby * ICUEP

Total 174.5

VilI. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

Throughout the project preparation process the public have been consulted vio severol different approaches:

i In the case of the population at large influenced by the project vio two types of survey:

-- The Willingness to Pay surveys

-- The EA surveys

In the cose of the Project Affected People (PAPs)via socio-economic surveys

'I Vio consultotions with Project Monagement Offices and Stakeholde-s (Utility Companies)

IX. CONCLUSIONS

The Environmentol Analysis conducted as port of the project preparation of CUEP has been o significant determinant in the selection ond design of project components. Interaction between the teoms conducting these anolyses and the design institutes has fostered the development of environmentally acceptoble solutions.

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Evidently,on balance the componentsas defined will provide a distinct environmental and socio-economicbenefit to the Municipality of Chongqing. Furthermore,as external environmentalfactors such as the increasedpace of urbanisation and the Three Gorges Projectcome into ploy, the componentsas defined can be upgraded as necessaryto meetthe future more stringent requirements.

Appropriate physicaland institutionalmitigation measureshave been proposed enabling negativeimpacts of the projectsand industrialsector pollution to be tackled to ensurethe overall successof CUEP.

The quantification of this success,in terms of improvedenvironmentol conditions, has also been allowed for by the propositionfor improved environmentalmonitoring.

Specificrecommendations hove been modefor each component. The major recommendationsare summarisedbelow:

Chongqing Wastewater Component: The water quality modelling conductedas part of the EA supportsthe phasing of this componentas:

e Pihse 1:The creationof a main primary interceptionsystem together with pre- treatment and appropriate outfoll arrangements;

• Phase2: The implementationof wastewatertreatment for the removal in particular of BOD and Phosphorus.

The selectionof on appropriate wastewatertreatment process could be decided at a later date. The analysisconducted in the EA indicate that either enhancedprimary or secondarytreatment with nutrient removal are suitable processesto protect receiving water quality. The latter processhas the added advantageto comply with wastewater dischargestandards, albeit at a higher cost (investmentand operation).

Additional modelling of oil dischargesindicates that even with secondarytreatment, ClassIl/Ill water quality standardsare not attained in the Yangtse. It is recommended that Fat, Oil and Greaseremoval is included in the design of both Tangjiatuo and JiguanshiWWTW. Suchan inclusioncould be done at low costand could be implementedwith the pre-treatment(as part of aerated grit tanks).

Modelling of outfall locations and configurationssuggests:

* To use 4 risers located at 30 m intervals; * To locate the Jiguanshioutfoll close to the plant; to locate Tangjiatuo outfall some 2 km further downstreamto avoid Tongjiatuo water intake.

Chongqing MSWComponent: In conclusionalthough the leachateis treated there is a significant impact on the receivingwater course(although there will be little perceptibleimpact on the YangsteRiver). it would therefore seem advisableto selectan ahtemativedischarge point for the leachateWWTP effluent.

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Fuling WW Component: The water quality modelling cleary indicatesthat the initial solution proposed in the pre-feasibilitystudies (shortoutfall located near the confluence of the Wu Jiongh with the Yangtse)will not permit wastewoterto disperseadequately into the mainstreamof the Yongtse. Alternativesolutions have been proposed, namely:

* Extendingthe outfall by 600m * Relocatingthe outfoll further downstreamat the future WWTPsite.

Water Supply Components: In general a treatmentof sludge was into accountin order to meetthe ClassI dischargestandards GB 8978-96 after completion of TGP dam.,Tis sludgetreatment is not included in the feasibility studiesof the WTP.it is then recomnmendedto includethis treatmentinto the feasibilitystudy or to study a link with the waste water networkin order to dispose of the sludge into the networkrather than directly into the receivingwatercourse.

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100709\R?\dcrochcoO.doc Jdul 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH 1-1 Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overall Environmental Impact Assessment Report

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Bcackground

Chongqing Municipality,created out of SichuanProvince in May 1997, is the 4h Municipality underdirect control by the Central Governmentin Beijing(Figure 1.1). The economy of Chongqing has troditionally been centredon a strong industrialbase (lorgelysecondary industries,including steelworks, manufacturing, chemicalindustries, etc.). This economic developmenthas been the focus for rapid urban growth, especiallysince the opening up of China frorn 1979. However,these rapid exponsionshave not been accomponiedby adequate environmentalinfrastructure, particularly in the fields of waste control and treatment (air, water and solid wastes).

Figure 1.1: Location of Chongqing Municipality within China

zjJMl' - iangctw

-_EUING

- , . ~ snong-h .

,At.kfou

The Three Gorges Projectsituoted downstream of the Chongqing Municipalityadds an additional dimensionto the'difficultiesfacing Chongqing. The project itself will provide a direct economicbenefit to the municipalityfacilitating the transport of industrialgoods downstreamto the EasternYangtze Delta Region (Shanghaiand elsewhere)and beyond. However,the social (resettlement)and environmental(water quality) impacts of the project presentthe Municipality of Chongqing with a seriesof major challenges.

It is within this contextthat Chongqing Municipal Government,with assistancefrom the International Bankfor Reconstructionand Development(World Bank), has embarked on an ambitious programme, the Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject (CUEP) covering three major sectors:

1. WastewaterManagement Projects(WWMPs) for Chongqing ond Fuling urban areas; 2. Water SupplyManagement Projects(WSMPs) for Fuling, Wanzhou, Nanbin and Qianjiong; 3. Municipal Solid Waste Management(MSWM) for Chongqing.

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The total investmentis 3.991 billion yuan (RMB),of which, 0.211 billion USdollar is from World Bank (amountto 1.754 billion yuan), 1.439 billion is from the State Exploiting Bank, and 0.798 billion is from Chongqing municipality.These projects are categorisedinto new- built environmentalprotection components and urban infrastructurecomponents.

This urban environmentalproject will enhancegreatly the level of wastewatertreatment, MSW treatment and water supply in Chongqing, improvethe quality of water resources,protect drinking water resovrces,enhance tourism, and raise the quality of urban sanitary conditions. This project will play a significant role in the developmentand advance of new Chongqing.

1 .2. Brief Introduction to the EIA

CUEPis presentlydrawing to the end of the project preparation phase with implementation scheduledin the year 2000 as part of the World BankLending Programme.

The project preparation, largely carried out by Chinese(largely local) organisationshas been supported by various sourcesof international assistanceto CUEP.The responsibleinstitution is the Chongqing Municipal ManagementOffice of the World Bank'sCapital Utilisation (CPMO).

In accordingwith the Circular StrengtheningEnvironmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Managementfor the ConstructionProject Loaned by InternationalFinance Organisation ond the World BankOperational Guidance[4.01], Chongqing PMO,as the representotiveof all project units, has commissionedChongqing EnvironmentMonitoring ResearchInstitute (CEMRI)to superviseof the EIAfor all subprojects.

This overall environmentalassessment for CUEPhas thereforebeen carried out by the Chongqing EnvironmentalMonitoring ResearchInstitute (CEMRI) with assistanceby the international consultantsSOGREAH; the overall assessmentis based on the ElAsfor the individual componentsof the project (in particular instances,most notobly for the Chongqing Wastewaterand Solid WasteComponents, national instituteshave also been assistedby international consultants).

The overall framework of the EA and the interactionsbetween the various actors is .summorisedbelow and in the following diagram (seeFigure 1.2).

CEMRI: responsibleto organisation and correspondence,management, designing technical route, technicalconsult, compiling the outline of EIAfor subprojectsand overall project, investigationof pollution sources,environmental monitoring, compiling EIA reports for Chongqing urban drainage subproject, Fuling wastewatertreatment plant and pipeline subproject, gathering all moterialsto compile overall EIA reports, and appeal audit.

ESRI: responsiblefor EIAfor urban water supply (Wanzhou,Fuling, Qianjiang and Shizhu), including investigationof pollution sources,environmental monitoring, EIA, and compiling EIA reports.

EDRIQU: responsiblefor EIA for Changshengqiaolandfill, including investigationof pollution sources,environmental monitoring, EIA,and compiling EIA reports.

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CSIDRI: responsiblefor specialEIA for urban catching pipeline engineering, and compiling special EIAreport.

DHI: assistanceto CEMRISfor wastewatercomponents.

ERM: assistanceto EDRIQUfor landfill EIA.

Work on the ElAsfor the individual sub-componentsbegan soon after the establishmentof the masterplonfor water supply, sewerageand solid waste; in this way, the findings of the draft reports completedtowords the end of 1998 were available to the engineering design consultants.The ElAsthemselves have been further adapted in the light of the amended designsand commentsfrom the World Bankand the State EnvironmentolProtection Agency.

Figure 1.2: Organisaition of EA Preparation for CUEP

t ~~~~~~SEPA

_0 - . ..Bank:World

1 .2.1. Priinciple and Methodology of EIA

This EIA has been carried out strictlyin accordancewith the Stateand Chongqing laws, codes and criteria relating to environmentalprotection. It follows the Chinese EIA system,whilst ai the sametirne gives attention to the technicaldemands of international financial organisations. In practice this meansmeeting the requirementsof World Bank Operational Directive 4.01 for EIA.

The EIAis based on the collection and useof existingmaterials and data s'upplementing missing malterialby field investigations.

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1.2.2. Classification of EIA

CUEPis designatedas a new-built project in the urban infrastructureand environmental protection category.

The subprojectshave been classifiedaccording to their quality and the associated environmentalproblems.

Wastewater Management Projects

The urban drainage subproject mainly includes interceptor sewers in Chongqing and Fuling, and preliminary wastewater treatment at Tangjiatuo and Jiguanshi. These subprojects will bring great environmental benefit to residents in the project area.

Through discussion with previous working groups from World Bank the EA is classified as Class A; according to Technological Guidance of EIA (HJ/T2.1 pp2.3-93), air pollution is identified as Class Three, surfoce water as Class Two, and noise, solid waste and urban ecology are identified as Class Three.

MSW Subproject (Changshengqiao Landfill)

By discussion with World Bank previous working group, this subproject is identified as Class A. According to Technological Guidance of EIA (HJ/T2.1 pp2.3- 9 3), it is identified as a Class Two assessment.

Water Supply Management Projects (Wanzhou, Fuling, Qianjiing and Shizhu Nanbin town)

By discussion with World Bank previous working group, this subproject is identified as Class A. According to Technological Guidance of EIA (HJ/T2.1 pp2.3 to 93); it is identified as Class Two assessment.

1.3. Need for Project

1.3.1. Chongqing Wastewater Component

The Yangtze and Jialing Rivers are the sole water sources for Chongqing's domestic and industrial water use, and also the sole receiving water body for wastewater. At present, most water plant inlets along the urban section of the rivers are polluted to various extent (there are seven public water plants and thirty three self-own water plants along Yongtze river, seven public water plant and twenty self-own water plants along Jialing River). Wastewater flows and loads are predicted to increase in line with economic development. This together with the reduced assimilative capacity of the rivers downstream of Chongqing due to the Three Gorges Project will result in further deterioration of water quality. Table 1.1 shows the predicted quantity and quality of wastewater in the year 2000 and 2010.

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Table 1.1 Quantity and Quality of Domestic Wastewater - Urban Chongqing (Excludingthe population involvedwith Jingkou, Qiezixi, Baishubao,Zhongliongsgan, Lijiatuo and Tongjiatuowastewater treatment plants)

red waste r Euaewoterent Pollution lood kg/d Year rea option quantity eor7 t>°llc |L/vperson.day (coliforms No/d) - _ _ _ _ _ ~~~~~~M/d

Including infiltration CODcr oODs TN TP -NNH3 (1) coliforms 2000 131.33|1,985M 310 to 320 702,400 219037 14785 28615 3872 28718 99.18 2.0E16

11 L L8 4 800 ~~~~~~~18607 2010 168.74 2,345M 370 to 380 9 . 345569 4 43085 720 2840 6.65 2.4E16 (1) volatile hydroxybenzene

According to the Chongqing Master Plan, Chongqing drainage subprojectwill serve315 km2 and 3.30 million people by the year 2020. The total quantity of wastewaterwill reach 1,500,000 m3/d.

To reflect the existingsituation and financial affordability, the componentwill be implemented in three stages:

(1) The first stage (before 2003), will consist of constructing Tang jiatuo wastewater treatment plant (preliminarytreatment, capacity Q=300,000 m3/d), Jiguanshiwastewater treatment plant (preliminarytreatment, Q=600,000 m3/d), main interceptorsewers (81.16 km) and the renovation and improvement of some secondary sewers. (2) The sescondstage (before 2010) will complete Tongjiatuo wastewater treatment plant (secondary treatment Q=400,000 m3/d), Jiguanshi wastewater treatment plant (secondary treatment Q=800,000 m3/d). (3) The third stage (before 2020) will consist alternatively of either 3 - Constructing wastewater treatment plants at Zhongliong Mountain (70,000 m /d), Jingkou (30,000 m3/d), Qiezixi (90,000 m3/d), Lijiatuo (90,000 m3/d) etc, together with associated sewers; or - Linking these upstream areas into the main network and extending the wastewater treatment plants at Tangjiatuo and Jiguanshi.

After the subproject, the reduction in. pollutant quantity in the Chongqing section of the Yangtze and Jialing Rivers will reach (by year 2020): BOD5 = 192 t/d ; SS = 276 t/d; COD = 360t/d ; NH3-N = 18.0 t/d and P = 5.4 t/d. By that time, the water pollution of the two rivers will be controlled effectively, to the benefit of water quality in the downstream of Chongqing.

1.3.2. Fuling Wastewater Component

At present, all Fuling waste water is discharged to the nearest watercourse resulting in localised water pollution affecting water supply intakes and unsanitary conditions in the harbour area. The proposed embankment will disrupt the existing outfalls; the connection of these outfalis to a series of interceptors built in parallel with the embankment represents an opportunity to improve these existing conditions.

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This component includessewer and pre-treatmentstation in the long term (2020 year).The first stage comprisesinterceptor pipeline in old urban area, pre-treatmentstation ond discharge pipe after pre-treatmentstation. The JiangDong district interceptorpipeline will be connectedat a later date.

1.3.3. Municipal Solid Waste Component

In recentyears, along with the economicdevelopment and increasein population, the quantity of MSW has increasedrapidly. This quantity exceedsthe capacityof existingtreatment facilities. Some MSW is dumped directly onto the bank of rivers, resulting in "White Pollution" and contaminationof river water quality causedby MSW washed into the rivers. Changshengqiaolandfill, with a treatment capacityof 1500 t/d, will serveYuzhong, Non'an, Dadukou, Jiulongpo and Ba'nondistricts, with a totol population of 1,600,000 (1,900,000 population by 2005). The implementationof this project will greatly improvethe level of urban MSW collectionand treatment, resultingin more effectivecontrol of bacteria, mosquito, insects,rats etc, and improvethe environmentalsanitary conditionsof the whole urban area. This project also will contributeto water quality control of the two Rivers.

1.3.4. Urban Water Supply Components

The urban water supplysubproject includes four components:Wanzhou district, Fuling urban, Qianjiang downtown and ShizhuNanbin town. Along with the rapid economicdevelopment and enhancementof residentialliving standards,the demand for water supply has also increasedrapidly. The lack of adequote water supply focilitieshas deloyed the economic developmentof these areas.The existingfocilities are old and worn out with the resultthat the water quality of few water plants con meetthe standard for domesticdrinking water. Also existingdistribution systemsore inadequate(inadequate hydraulic capocity,leakage, bursting) limiting and causing interruptionsin water supply.

This project will strengthenthe urban water supply infrastructureguaranteeing domestic water supply and quality and facilitating the developmentof industries,especially for beverageand food industries. 1 .4. AssessmentObjectives

The EIA objectivesinclude the following * Assessingthe environmentolstatus in the project constructionoreas and surrounding areas, * Identifying and assessingthe potential impactsof the proposed projectsduring their constructionand later operation, * Analysing the impactsof the proposed projects on the social environment (in relation with these objectives, RAPswere prepared ; their conclusionsare presented in a separate volume (R7)), * Recommendingmeasures for mitigating potential adverseimpacts on the natural and social environment, * Preparing the required environmentalmanagement and monitoring plan and ensuring that the projects generatea net benefit.

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1.5. Basis of the Environmental Assessment 1.5.1. General

EnvironmentolProtection Low of the People'sRepublic of China(issued by the

11' Sessionof StandingCommittee of the 7 th NationalPeople's Congress, 26/12/89) o Guidelinesof EnvironmentalManagement of ConstructionProjects (No. (86)NE003)(issued by NotionalEnvironmental Protection Agency, 26 March1986) e Noticeabout Enforcing Management on EIA of ConstructionProject by InternotionalFinancial Organisotion Loan No. 324 (issuedby NEPA,1993) .) TechnicalGuidelines for EIA(issued by NEPA,HJ/T 2.1-2.3, September 1993) 4* TechnicalGuidelines for NoiseImpact Assessment (issued by NEPA,HT/J 2.4, 1995) e Guidelinesfor World Bank Loan EnvironmentalImpact Assessment (Version 4.01 ; July 1992) a' Documentconcerning the examinationand appraisal commentsof the CUEP contents,by the Chongqing PlanningCommittee (1998, n° 183) * Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject (CUEP) - Termsof Referencefor ConsultingServices (World Bank, 21 February1997) * Chongqing Urban Waste Water MasterPlan (CJU,July 1996) * Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject - Design Reviewand AdvisoryServices - RevisedMaster Plan Report(prepared by SOGREAH,CJU, SMEDI,February 1998, 108907 R3) - Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject (CUEP) - Water Quality and Waste- treatment Strategies(Aide Memoire n°2, World Bank, 24/04/98) - Documentsset up by the Chongqing Governmentconcerning regulationsto be applied to Chongqing surfacewater, air quality and protection against environmentalnoise impacts, as well as pollution preventionof Chongqing drinking water supply (documentsn°33, 40, 62, 112; 1989-1997)

1.5.2. Waste water management projects

* Feasibilitystudy of Chongqing waste water system(SMEDI and CJU, August 1998) * Feasibilitystudy of Fuling waste water system(SMEDI) * Appraisal Commentson the TOR for EIA of Chongqing waste water systemand letter in reply for the Appraisal Comments(by NEPA,1998, document n°211) * Appraisal Commentson the TOR for EIA of Fuling wastewater system(by CEPB, 1998, documentnD 386)

1.5.3. Water supply management projects

* Feasibilitystudy of Fuling WSMP(CSCMEDRI, October 1998) * Feasibilitystudy of Qionjiong WSMP(CISDI, October 1998) * Feasibilitystudies of Wanzhou and Non Bin WSMPs(SMEDI, November 1998) * Appraisal Commentson the TOR for EIA of Fuling, Wanzhou WSMPs(by NEPA EnvironmentalAssessment Centre, documentn°01 7, 1998) and letter in reply for the Appraisal Comments (by NEPA,document n°211, 1998)

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* Appraisal Commentson the TOR for EIA of Qionjiong and Non Bin WSMPs(by NEPA EnvironmentalAssessment Centre, document n°035, 1998) and letter in reply for the Appraisal Comments(by NEPA,document n°211,1998) 1.5.4. Municipal solid waste management

* Chongqing Municipal Government/ World Bank, CUEP Master Plan Reviewand Action Plan, ERM(Draft report,July1 998) * Chongqing Municipal Government/ World Bank, CUEP Chongqing ChangshengqiaoEnvironmentol Sanitary Landfill FeasibilityInvestigation and report on geological investigationsof Chongqing Changshengqioosanitary landfill site (Draft reports)

1 .6. Criteria for the Environmental Assessment

1.6.1. Water quality and discharge standard

* Standardfor EnvironmentalQuality of SurfaceWater (GB 3838 - 88) * Standardfor FishingWater Quality (GB 11607 - 89) * Standardfor IntegratedWastewater Discharge (GB 8978-96) - Standardfor DomesticDrinking Water (GB 5749 - 85)

1.6.2. Noise standard

* Standardfor Ambient Noisein Urban Areas (GB 3096 - 93) * Standardfor Ambient Noisein Industryand Factory( GB 12348 - 90) * Standardfor Ambient Noiseon ConstructionSite ( GB 12523 - 90) * Standardfor Vibration in Urban Areas (GB 10070 - 88)

1.6.3. Air quality standard

* Standordfor Air EnvironmentalQuality (GB 3095 - 96) * Standardfor ComprehensiveEmission of Air Pollutants(GB 16297 - 1996) * Standardfor Odour Emission(GB 14554 - 93) * Standardfor crop protection due to air pollution (GB 9713 - 88)

1.6.4. :Groundwater and solid waste standard

* Stondardfor groundwater quality (GB/T 14848 - 93) * Stondardfor municipal solid waste landfill pollution control (GB 16889 - 97)

1.7. AssessmentScope and Parameters

1.7.1. AssessmentScope

Toble 1.2 summorises the assessmentscope of the various subprojectsof CUEP.

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Table 1.2 Scope of CUEP EIA Statusquo of Ref Name Air Surfocewater Ground water Noise pollution sources Chongqing Urban 1 Drainoge subproject (1) interceptor Strip area JialtngRtver Strip areo along axis of from Ciqikou to olong axis of sewerpipe, Chootionmen, sewerpipe, 0.2 km wide. about 15.2 km about 200m Total areo is lo; wide. Totol about Yongtzeriver, area is 2 15.3km2. from Toohuoxi 15.3km . to Tongiiotuo, about 29km long (2) Jiguanshiand Within plont Riverreach Areo within Tangjiatuowaste area 20km 500m oround water preliminary downstream plont treaotmentplant from emission outletplont (3) Siphon Within plant Areo within p-eliminory area 500m around treotmentsite ._. plant 2 Drainoge pipeline Within plant From upper Within 100m prolectof Fuling areo reoch 1km to around plont district lower reach 13.5km of _ ,D~~~~~~~~~~lant. 3 Chongshengqtoo 8km2 of oreo Lowerreach 4km length Landfill oround site 5km from olong moin of landfill receivingwater streom of body (or into ground water YongtzeRiver) 4 Water supply 500m radius Upper reach Area oround Upper reach subproject of from the 1000m and water supply 2500m and Wanzhoudistrict Chlorine lowerreach . plant 800m lower intecting 300Dm from reach from point of drinking water inlet point water plant source 5 Water supply 500m radius Upper reach Area aropnd Upper reach subprolectof from the 1000m from water plont 5000m ond Fuling urban Chlorine inlet point and 300m lower injecting lower reach reachfrom point of 500m from inlet point water plant outlet of woste water 6 Woter supply 500m rodius Drinking woter Area around Qioniong subproject of from the sourceand woter plant downtown Qionjiang Chlorine Qionjiang Rover andwater downtown injecting sectionthrough resource point of downtown protecting waterplant zone 7 ZhgzhuNonbin 500m radius Upper reach Area around Upper reach woter Supply from the and lower water plant and lower Chlorine reoch 2000m reach 2000m injecting from inlet point from iniet point of in Longhe point of water woter plant plant ond Nonbing _ ~______.__ ~ ~ ~ ______town

1.7.1.1. Chongqing Wastewater Component

The scope is the assessmentof the impact of wastewateron the water environment in the Yangtze sectionthrough the Chongqing urban area downstreamto the Three Gorges dam.

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The environmentalprotecting targets are:

(1) Surfocewater 1 OOOmupstream and 1 OOmdownstream of the main drinking water sourcesin the urban section of YangtzeRiver and Jialing river. Table 1.3 details the location of the main drinking water sources. (2) Environmentalnoise and air quality assessmentfor schools,hotels, concentrated residentialareas and governmentalsites in the assessedarea. (3) The ecological environmentwithin an area of 1km radius from the sludge dumping site of Tongjiatuo, Jiguanshiand siphon preliminary treatment plants, inlets of water plants in lower reachesfrom the outlet of the preliminary treatment plants (e.g. Dongfeng Ship Making Plant,Tongjiatuo town, Doxingzhenand Wangjiang Machinery Factory).

Table 1.3 Existing And Planned Water Plants Involved in Subproject

Ref Source Water plants copacity Plannedcapacity Remarks nm3/d m3/d 1 Jioling River GooitohuayuonWater Plont 125,000 2 HauyuRoad Water Plont 50,000 to be abandoned 3 ______Jiongbei water Plant 60,000 4 DoxigouWater Plant 60,000 5 YongtzeRiver Wood Woving Plontwater plont 30,000 to be obondoned 6 Hydroulic TurbineFoctory water plant 10,000 to be abandoned 7 Huanggucpingwoter Piont 100,000 240,000 8 BoiyongtanWater Plant 300,000 Plannedbuilding 9 tHeshangshonwater Plant 100,000 300,000 10 He'ooyanwater Plont 30,000 I1 Huongguodu water Plant 100,000 240,000 12 ______Doqianbowoter Plant 40 000 XuantanmiaoWater Plant 15,000 to be abandoned 14 .Jiantbei MouthWater Pitan 15,000 to be abandoned

1 .7.1.2. Fuling WastewaterComponent

The scope is the assessmentof the impact of wastewater on the water environment downstrearrmfrom the outfall to the Yangtze.The improvementin urban residentialliving conditions,w6ter quality and visual impoct betweencentralised and decentralisedemission is stressed.

Environmentalprotection targets: water quality of potable water sourcesin the Fuling Urban area.

1.7.1.3. Chongqing Solid Waste Component

The scope is the assessmentof the water environment(surface water and ground water), selectionof site, pollution control measuresand benefit analysis.

Environmentalprotection targets: There are no key point of interest,historic sites, precious animal protectingzones or other sensitiveareas around the landfill site. The main environmentalprotection target is water quality and the residentialconditions in the 5 km lower reach of the receivingwater body.

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1.7.1.4. WAanzhouDistrict Water Supply Component

The scope is the protection of water quolity, and the control measuresrelating to pollution and ecologicol destruction.

Environmentalprotection targets: residentialconditions around plant ; water quulity 1,000 m upstreamand 100 m downstreamof inlet of water plant.

1.7.1.5. Fuling Urban Water Supply Component

The scope!is the protectionof water quality, and the control measuresrelating to pollution and ecologica6destruction.

Environmentalprotection targets: residentialconditions around plant; water quality 1,000 m upstreamand 100 m downstreamof inlet of water plant.

1.7.1.6. Qionjiang Downtown Water Supply Component

*Thescope is protectionmeasures for the drinking water source,pollution control measures, and slowing down and restoration of ecological destruction.

Environmentalprotecting targets: water quality 2,000 m upstream and 500 m downstreamof ArPengRiver drinking water source,XiaoNanhai Reservoir,aqueduct from XiaoNanhai to SanyanggongWater Plant, Dongtang Reservoirand Baijiawan water plant aqueduct.

1.7.1.7. Water Supply Component of Shizhu Nonbin Town

The scope is protectionmeasures for Long Riverwater quality, pollution control measures,and slowing down and restoration of ecological destruction.

Environmentalprotecting targets: Residentialconditions around water plants, 2,000 m upstream and downstreamfrom Drinking water inlet on Long River.

1.7.2. Assessment Parameters

1.7.2.1. WAlastewater management projects

The assessmentparameters are as follows * RiverSystem: the main parametersare pH , SS,BOD, COD, DO, Nitrogen Ammonia, Nitrates, NTK, Total Phosphorus,Total Coliforms, Oil, HeavyMetals (As, Hg, Cr, Pb, Cn, Cd) * Inland Environment: odour, noise (dB) * Social Environment: Land, farmers, buildings, residents,industrial and agricultural production

1.7.2.2. Water supply management projects

* RiverSystem: the main parametersare pH, SS, BOD, COD, DO, Chloride, Sulphotes, Nitrogen Ammonia, Nitrates, Total Phosphorus,Total Coli, Oil, Heavy Metals (Hg, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn) * Inland Environment: odour, noise (dB)

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* Social Environment: Lond, farmers, buildings, residents,industrial and agricultural production

1.7.2.3. Municipalsolid waste management

* Water System:the main parametersare BOD, COD, Nitrogen Ammonia, Non Ionic Ammonio, Oil, HeavyMetals ( Cr, Pb, Cd) for surfacewater and pH, BOD, COD, Nitrogen Ammonia, HeavyMetal for groundwater * Air Quality: the main parametersof landfill air pollutantsore CH,, NH3, CO2 * Inland Environmrrent:noise (dB) ; pH and HeavyMetals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, Sn)for soil environment * Social Environment: Land, farmers, buildings, residents,industrial and agricultural production

1.8. Layout of EA Report

The following chaptersof this report presentthe detailed analysesconducted as part of the Overall EnvironmentalAssessment.

Chapter 2 Discussesthe policy, legol and administrativeframework within which the EA has been conducteddescribing both the environmentalrequirements of the PRCand the World Bank Chopter 3 Providesa summary of the proposed project and its geographic, ecological, social and temporal context; Chapter 4 Describesthe background conditions(physical, biological and socio-economicconditions) within which the project components are situated; Chapter 5 Providespredictions and assessmentof likely positiveand negative impacts Chopter 6 Compares feasible alternativesto the proposed project components,including the ( without-project)) scenario; Chapter 7 Details the EnvironmentalManagement Plan (EMP)covering mitigation measures,monitoring and institutionalstrengthening Chapter 8 Describesthe public participation exercises Chapter 9 Providesa seriesof concluding remarks and recommendations.

The report is accompaniedby a seriesof annexescovering the following topics

Annex A Listof EA ReportContributors Annex B Bibliography and AssociatedReports Annex C Meeting Record Annex D EnvironmentalQuality Standards Annex E SupportingMonitoring Results Annex F Supporting Modelling Results

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2. POLICY,LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVEFRAMEWORK

Chino's vision for the future conditionsof the environmenthas been expressedby SEPA[156]: "The visionis that within the next decades,polluted and toxic rivers and waters will again be clear, the air will be clean and fresh to breathe,the soils will be fertile, the forestswill grow and be healthy, and the naturol resourcesshall be used in a way that ensuresthere is enough also for futuregenerations."

This vision concordswith that of the World Bank in their policy documentfor China's Environmiantin the next centuryentitled "Clear Water, BlueSkies" [69]. Both visionsembody the conceptsof "sustainabledevelopment" and "environmental regeneration"at the heart of the World Bank'sLending Policy in which sustainabledevelopment is a requirementthat all projectsmust meet [157].

2.1. China's Policiesand Targets

2.1 .1 . National Policiesand Targets

China has put the issueof environmentalprotection as one of its fundamental policiesto guaranteea sustainabledevelopment of the nation in the 21s'century. The Chinese government has drown up three main principlesfor pollution control:

- Prevention first and combining prevention with control, - Polluters poy, and * Strong environmental regulatory framework Preventionshould be achievedby the obligation to carry out environmentalimpact assessmertsfor oll new projectsand by the "three-at-a-some-time"system by which pollution preventionand control should be carried out simultaneouslywith the planning, the constructionand the putting into operation of new projects. A regulatory framework has been set up, including laws for environmentalprotection and preventionand control of water pollution, standardsfor emissionof pollutantsand regulations concerning environmentalfines for unitsthat exceedthe set limits.

The water pollution control issueshave been given attention in the Ninth Five-Year Plan. Particularconcern is given to the surfacewater quality, to the water shortagesand to the industrial pollution from large industriesas well as from TVEs:

"According to regular national monitoring of 110 river sections of seven key rivers and inland rivers, 39% fail to meet Grade /il levels within the Quality Standard for Surface Water. Severely polluted waters are located in close proximity of cities. In the seven river systems, Huaihe, Haihe, Liaohe and Songhuaiiong River are he most polluted where pollution accidents sometime occur."

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"More than 300 cities lack water and more than 100 suffer from poor water supply. Undergroundwater sourcesore overexploitedand many of the water sourcesore contaminated."

"Townand Villoge Enterprises(TVEs) discharged 30% of the total output of woste discharged.As a resultof the increasingnumbers of TVEs,pollution has spread from the urban to the rural areas.Across China, 2/3 of the riversand more than 10 million hectaresof land are polluted and in some areas additional pollutant contaminationwill result in unrecoverableecologicol damage."

The longterm targetsfor year2010 of the Plan,concerning water quality, are: . To maintain the total pollutant loads and the total industrial wastewaterdischarges to the yeor 1995 levelsor lower, . To improve the water quality in designatedkey areas, including the Huaihe river, the Haihe river, the Liaoheriver, the Dionchi lake and the Taihu lake, * The ambient surfacewater quality in urban areas should meet national standards. The Five-Yearplan detailsthese targets for the year2000:

* The wastewaterdischarge shall be controlled to a level of 48 billion m3/year, including 30 billion m3/year of industrialwastewater and 1 8 billion m3/year of domesticwastewater. 74% of industrialwastewater and 25% of domestic wastewaterwill be treated. The total COD load dischargedshall be reducedand maintained at a level of 22 million ton/year, including 6 million ton/year from domesticwastewater, 7.7 million ton/year from larger industriesand 8.3 million tons from TVEs, * Total load control will be adopted in order to control the quantitiesof key pollutants discharged, * An environmental managementsystem for TVEsshall be establishedin order to include the TVEsunder the pollution control and preventionregulations, . At least 95% of drinking water sourcesfor urban water supply shall comply with water quality standards, . Municipal governmentsshall be responsiblefor urban environmental quality, and should intensifyenvironmental managementand considerenvironmental improvementswhen assistinggovernment department achievements, . Wastewatertreatment plants shall be constructedin all citieswhere the population exceeds0.5 million. For realisingthe goalsand targetsoutlined in the NinthFive Year Plan, China hasformulated environmentalaction plans such as "NationalPlan for Total AmountControl of the Main PollutantsDischarge" and " China's Green EngineeringProgram Beyond the Century'.

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In the National Plan for Total AmountControl of the Main PollutantsDischarge In 2000 year, the total amount of discharged pollutantsin industrialwastewater and the total amount of industrialwaste discharged shall be lower than in 1995. Industrial emissionsof dust ,and dischargesof Chemicol Oxygen Demand (COD) and oil in wastewatershall be maintained at the some levelsas in 1995.The capacityof treating S02 emissionsshould be increasedsignificantly.

In 1998, the total amountsof sulphur dioxide, soot and COD emissionswere lower than the control targets set in the Ninth Five-yearPlan. Among 31 provinces,autonomous regions and provincial-levelmunicipalities, 19 provincial-levelgovernments hod approved or issuedan implementationplan for industriesto meet emissionstandards in 2000. Among the 47 key citiesfor environmentalprotection, 12 municipol governmentshad approved or issuedan implementationplan for meeting environmentalquality stondardsin 2000.

The Chiria Trans-Century Green Project is an important componentpart of the National Ninth Five-yeorPlan for EnvironmentProtection and the long-term Torget for the Yeor 2010. It is a concreteplan with specificprojects and key areas, designedto organisethe relevant departments,localities and enterprisesand pool financial and material resourcesin carrying out a seriesof project measureswith regard to some key regions,malor basins and vital environmentalproblems and in conformity with the implementationof international conventions,wages severalgreat campaigns ,promotethe work as a whole and declarewar on environmentalpollution and ecological destructionunder control by and large and improve the environmentalquality of some citiesand regions at the end of this centuryand gradually attain the general objectivesof environmentalprotection in China in 2010 (SEPA, 156).

The implementationof "China'sTrans-Century Green Project"is one of the major stepstaken in incorporating environmentalprotection into the national economic plans and in fulfilling national environmentalprotection goals set in the "Ninth Five Year Plan" and to the year 2010.

"Thegreen Project",spanning 15 years ,is divided into three phases. The first phase runs simultaneouslywith the "Ninth Five ", that is betweenthe year 1996 and 2000. The second and third Phasesfollow sequentially.Though the whole program is to be executedphase by phase,it will run in a coherent and co-ordinated manner.

The principlesfor compiling a project under of the "Green Project" are

* Specialattention is paid to major environmentalproblems; * Technologyand economy are both feasible; * Consideration must be given to environmental,social and economic benefits; * "Polluterpays for the pollution"; the capital input is to be borne mainly by the localitiesand the enterprises; * The implementation of every project will be regulated by the current investment managementsystem.

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After the implementationin 1997 of "China'sTrans-century Green ProjectPlan" (or 'Green ProjectPlan' for short),many different projects in the plan have since made progress. Up to 1998, 438 projectsof 'Green ProjectPlan' have been completed, accountingfor 30% of the total number of projects.23 billion RMBhad been invested,including a foreign investmentof 200 million USD.474 projectswere under construction,which was 33% of the total. 108.2 billion RMBwas planned for investment,including a foreign investmentof 2.25 billion USD. According to incompletestatistics, an investmentof 33.7 billion RMBhas been put in place for projectsunder construction.In total, 63% of the projectsin the Green ProjectPlan has been either completed or were under construction,and 56.7 billion RMB,or 31.5% of the total planned investment,had been put into projects.

The State Council promulgated in December 1997 Policies for the Water Sector Industry, developedby the State PlanningCommission and the Ministry of Water Resources. This documentaims to clarify the responsibilitiesfor investmentand funding, determinewater pricing policies and promote water saving, resourcesprotection, flood control and water shortage. The main points of the policy, related to the water supply and wastewatersub- sectors,are: * Comprehensive plans for water resources development shall be formulated for each river basin before year 2000, * The focal points of the policies shall include, among others, water supply, water resources protection and water pollution prevention. Domestic uses by urban and rural residents shall be satisfied. - Water projects shall be divided into two classes: Class A projects that accomplish social benefits, including flood protection, irrigation projects, soil and water conservation and water resources protection, and Class B projects that accomplish economic benefits, including urban and rural water supply, hydropower generation, reservoir breeding and aquatic recreation. The funds for Class A projects shall come primarily from central and local government budgets, funds for Class B projects shall be raised primarily through non-governmental financial channels. * A system for paying for the use of water resources and a system for water abstraction licenses shall be implemented. * The tariffs for water supply shall be determined so that the incomes could recover the costs of operation and maintenance, taxation, repayment of loan plus reasonable profit. After that the tariffs have been increased to a cost recovery level, the management agencies of Class B projects, e.g. water supply companies, shall be transformed into enterprises. * Water intensive industries shall not be allowed to establish in areas of scarce water resources.

There is also a Policyfor the Wastewater Industry,that was issued in 1991 by the Ministry of Construction.This policy is presentlyunder revision and an amended version expectedto be issuedsoon by the StateCouncil. The presentpolicy gives directivesfor the cost recoveryof wostewatersystems:

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* Costsfor wastewatercollection networks and pumping stationsshould be covered to a port by tariffs and to a part by governmentbudget, sincewastewater collectors also conveystormwater. * Costsfor wastewatertreatment should be entirely coveredby tariffs.

In November 1998, the StateCouncil issuedthe National EcologicalEnvironment ConstructionPlan. Basedon ecologicol environmentprotection and constructionin China, this new plan introducedsome important aspectsrelated to terrestrialecological environment construction.The main contentof the plan included the protectionof natural resourcessuch as natural forests,tree and grossplanting, water and soil conservation,desertification control, and praine

The overall targets of China'secological environmentconstruction for the next 50 years includes:enhancing the protectionof existingnatural forestsas well as wild animal and plant resources,vigorously carrying out tree and grass planting, controllingsoil erosion, preventing desertification,constructing ecological agriculture, improving production and living conditions, reinforcing comprehensivecontrol, completing a set of projectswith important impacts on national ecologicalenvironmental, and reversingthe trend of ecological environment deterioration.These activities should all be carried out with particularemphasis on public participation and the effectiveuse of scienceand technology.By the secondhalf of the 21st century,the control and reconstructionof soil erosion areas feasible for treating should be achieved;trees and grassesshould be planted on appropriate land; grasslandsthat have suffered from desertificationshould be recovered;a good systemfor ecological environment monitoring and protectionshould be set up; the environmentquality of the mojor areas should be improved, and ecosystemsappropriate to sustainabledevelopment should be established.

2.1.2. International Co-operation

Focusingon the global environmentalproblems of general interest,China is involved actively in multilatearalenvironmental co-operation. A summaryof the internationalconventions to which China is adherent is provided in Table 2.1.

More recently,The Joint Comnmuniqu6on the 21st Century EnvironmentalCo-operation betweenthe PRCand Japdn and the Proposalon Energyand EnvironmentalCo-operation betweenthe PRCand the U.S.A.was signed respectively.

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Table 2.1: International Conventions to which China is adherent

Dote Enteredinto Date of Signature Title Force Dote of______24-SEP-80 Internationol Conventionfor the Regulotionof Wholing 11-DEC-85 Aareed Measuresfor the Conservationof AntarcticFauna and Flora 24-MAY-90 Internotional Conventionrelating to Interventionon the High Seasin Casesof i4-MAY-90 Oil Pollution Casuolties 02 OCT 83 International Conventionfor the Preventionof Pollution from Ships as modified 2-OCT.83 by the Protocolof 1978 Protocolrelating to Interventionon the High Seasin Casesof Pollutionby 4-MAY-90 Substancesother than Oil 28-DEC-86 Protocolto the International Conventionon Civil Liabilityfor Oil Pollution Camage 29-APR-80 Internafional Conventionon Civil Liabilityfor Oil Pollution Damage 06-JUN-90 Plant Protection Agreement for the Asia and Pacific Region Conventionon the Preventionof Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastesand 14-DEC-85 Other Matter )8-JUN-83 The Antarctic Treoty 24-SEP-80 Protocolto the internotionalConvention for the Regulationof Whaling )B-APR-81 _ Conventionon InternationalTrade in EndangeredSpecies of Wild Faunoand 8-APR-81 b~~~Flra 5S-JAN-74 I nternational Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea 12-MAR-86 _ Convention concerningthe Protectionof the World Cultural and Natural 12-MAR-86 ~~~~Heritage 31-JUL-92 Convention on Wetlandsof InternationolImportance especially as Waterfowl ______~~abitat 07-SEP-96 10-DEC-82 United Nations Conventionon the Lawof the Sea Amendmentsto Annexesto the Convention on the Preventionof Marine 14-DEC-85 Pollution by Dumping of Wastesand Other Matter concerningIncineration at Sea

2-JUL-86 _nternationol Tropical Timber Agreement 10-DEC-89 Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 12-SEP-91 Protocol on Substances thot deplete the Ozone Layer 2 8-JUN-89 Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities nternationalConvention for the Preventionof Pollutionfrom Ships, 1973 13-DEC-94 MARPOL)Annex III (Optionol): Hazardoussubstances carried in packaged ______form 05-MAY-92 . 22-MAR-90 Convention on the Control of TransboundaryMovements of HazardousWastes 5nd their Disposal 10-AUG-92 Amendmentto the Montreal Protocolon Substancesthot depiete the Ozone _ .______yve Convention establishinga marine scientificorganisation for the North Pacific 0O-OCT-92 22-OCT-91 Region ( PICES) 111-JAN-90 Agreementfor the Establishmentof the Network of AquocultureCentres in Asia and the Pacific 0 4-OCT-91 Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty on Environmental Protection 21-MAR-94 11-JUN-92 Framework Convention on Climate Change 29-DEC-93 11-JUN-92 onvention on Biological Diversity 28-JUL-96 29-JUL-94 ~Agreement relating to the Implementationof Part XI of the United Nations 8-JUL-96 29-JUL4. Convention on the Law of the Seo of 10 December 1982 07-JAN-80 IConventionon the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sec 17-MAR|83 rotocol relating to the International Convention for the Safetyof Life at Sea 17-MAR-83 I SOLAS Prot.) 25-MAY-80 20-JUN-75 nternational Conventionfor the Safetyof Life at Sea ( SOLASl r01-OCT80 Convention placing the Internotional Poplar Commission within the Framework 1-OCT-80of the Food and AgricultureOrganisation of the United Nations 20-APR-21 Convention and Statuteon the Regimeof Navigable Waterwaysof International Concern

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Date Enteredinto ForEe Date of Signature Title

22-APR-87 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitrol Awards 12-DEC-88l Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space 27-JUN-57; Convention on Road Traffic D1-JUL-25 Treatyregulating the Statusof Spitsbergenond conferringthe Sovereigntyon ______Norway InternationolAgreement for the Creation of an InternationalOffice for dealing 18-FEB-92 vith ContagiousDiseases of Animolsat Paris 24-AUG-29 Protocolfor the Prohibitionof the Use in War of Asphyxiating,Poisonous or z4-AUG-29 Other Gases,and of BacteriologicolMethods of Warfare 15-MAY-8( 15-MAY-80 greementof the InternationalBank for Reconstructionond Development 39-FEB-89 onvention on the PhysicalProtection of Nuclear Material 03-JUL-87 Statute of The Hogue Conference on Private International Low 30-DECS8 reaty on PrinciplesGoverning the Activitiesof Statesin the Explorationand 7-MR-92.se of Outer Space,including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies 1_7-MAR-9__2 Treaty on the Non Proliferationof Nuclear Weapons 20-DEC BS) Agreementon the Rescueof Astronauts,the Returnof Astronautsond the 0-DEC-85 Returnof Objects launched into Outer Space Treatyon the Prohibitionof the Emplacementof NuclearWeapons and other 28-FEB-91 Weaponsof MassDestruction on the Sea Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil thereof 20-DEC-8E Convention on International Liability for Domage caused by SpaceObiects 115-NOV-84 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development,Production and Stockpiling 15-NOV-4 of Bacteriologicol( Biological ) and ToxinWeapons and on their Destruction Constitutionof the United Nations Educotional,Scientific and Cultural 04-NOV-46 16-NOV-45 Organisotion 01 -JAN-84 S__tute of the iniernational Atomic EnergyAgency 15-FEB-74 07-DEC-44 Convention on InternotionolCivil Aviotion Annex 16 Aircraft Noise 11-MAR-73 . .Convention of the World Meteorological Organisation 24-OCT-45 24-OCT-45 Charter of the United Nations 01-MAR-73 Conventionon the International Maritime Organisation 26-MAR-56 Agreementconcerning the organisationof a Joint Institutefor Nuclear Research 10-MAR-86 = Agreementestablishing the Asian DevelopmentBank D7-APR-48 22-JUL-46 Constitutionof the World Health Organisotion )1-APR-73 C onstitution of the Food and Agriculture Orgonisation of the United Nations 24-SEP-60 Articles of Agreement of the International Development Association 23-JUL-93 Agreement for the Establishment of the Asia Pacific Fishery Commission 15-MAY-80 15-MAY-80 RAgreementof the International Monetory Fund = 25-MAY-62 Convention on the Liability of Operators of Nuclear Ships 28-APR-BA 07-JUL-78 International Conventionon Stondardsof Training, Certificationand Watchkeepingfor Seafarers 23-SEP-81 = International Convention for Safe Contoiner (CSS) Amendmentsto the Annexesto the Convention on the Preventionof Marine 14-DEC-85 Pollution by Dumping of Wastesand Other Matter Protocolto amend the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil =5-MAY-84 Pollution Damage 11-OCT-87 26-SEP-86 Convention on EarlyNotification of a Nuclear Accident I -OCT-87 26-SEP-86 Convention on Assistancein the Caseof o Nuclear Accident or Rodiological Emergency 21-FEB-89 International Conventionfor the Preventionof Pollution from Ships ( MARPOL Annex V (Optional) = Garbage 14-MAR-84 ProtocolAdditionol to the Geneva Conventionsof 12 August 1949 ond relating ______~to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (ProtocolI) 14-MAR-84 ProtocolAdditional to the Geneva Conventionsreloting to the Protectionof Victims of Non InternationalArmed Conflicts (Protocol11) _IIN - Protocolrelating to the InternationalConvention for the Safety of Live (SOLAS 11-N9/R6drocoV- PROT1988) 14-JUL-96 ~~~~nternationalConvention on Salvage

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Date Enteredinto Date of Signature Title Force Amendmentto the Convention on InternationalTrade in EndangeredSpecies of Wild Founo ond Flora (Art.XXI) 13-JAN-93 Conventionon the Prohibition of the Development,Production, Stockpiling and .______.Use of Chemical Weapons ond their Destruction 21-JUN-85 06-SEP-79 Constitutionof the United Nations Industriol DeveiopmentOrganisation 01-JAN-97 I InternationolTropicol Timber Agreement 26-DEC-96 14-OCT-94 InternationolConvention to combat Desertificationin those Countries 6-DEC-96 ExperiencingSerious Drought and/or Desertification,particularly in Africa 12O-SEP-94 Conventionon Nuclear Safety

The following table providesa summaryof recent co-operation betweenthe World Bonk and other funding agencieswith China in the environment sector.

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Table 2.2: Co-operation between major funding agencies and China

Success of projects Sector issue Project

Bank Groiup-finonced

Urban Environment:Water, wastewater, China:YunnanUrban EnvironmentProject sanitation,solid waste,industrial pollution (Ln4055/Cr 2892)

Urban Environment:Water, wastewater, Guangxi Urban Project sonitation,solid waste,industrial pollution (Ln4348/Cr 3097)

Wastewater& tariff reform policy China: SecondShanghai Sewerage Project (Ln3987-CHA)

Formulatior of multicomponent China: ShandongEnvironment Project Eithersatisfoctory or highly interventionstrategy (Ln4237-CHA) satisfactory

Delivery,management and operationsof ShanghaiEnvironment Project large-scale urbon water and wastewater (Ln3711 -CHA) systems.Environmental pollution mitigation through time-boundoction plans Third RuralWater Supply& Sanitation Provisionand managementof basic Project servicesto low-incomecommunities (Cr.N0270) Other development agencies

The Asian DevelopmentBonk has Reportedto have been supporteda range of investmentprograms generallysuccessful in the urban sector of China, mainly investmentprograms. supporting urban environmentalservices, in provincesthat do not overlap with World Bank supportedprograms. Bilateral supportfrom a number of sources Theseinvestments have including KfW and the Governmentsof generally beensuccessfully Austria, Australia, Finland and Denmark, implemented,though has financed equipmentfor urban water attention has not been supply, wastewaterand industrialwaste paid to institutionaland treatment plants. financial matters.Finance has been available mainly to supportequipment sourced(restrictively) from the lending country.

The Departmentfor InternationalDevelop- Performancehas been ment-DFID (of the United Kingdom) has reportedto be satisfactory. focusedsupport on institutionalond financial developmentneeds of urban utilities, and on broad aspectsof environmental management.

The Governmentof Japan has financed Performanceis reported to equipmentfor urban water supply, be satisfactory.Financiol wastewaterond industrial wastetreotment policiesare not developed, plants . however.

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2.2. Laws and Regulations

The following laws relate to the water supply and wastewatersub-sectors:

* The Water Low of the People's Republic of China of 1988 * Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, 1989 * Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China, 1992 * Environmental Protection Management Ordinance for Construction Projects, November 1998 This ordinance establishes appropriate environmental management measures for construction projects in the socialist market economy. It includes some new issuessuch as clean production and total load control for wastes discharged and clorifies the corresponding legal duties. By the end of 1998, China had 361 national environmentalstandards and 34 sector standards. Amongstthe most important in the water sector are:

* National Surface Water Quality Standards (GB 3838-88) - National Drinking Water Quality Standards (GB 5749-85) * National Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standards (GB 8978-96) A summary of these standards and other standards referred to in the EA is provided in Annex D.

2.3. Institutional Framework

The effectivenessof the'laws, regulationsand standards in the environmentalsector is highly dependent on the institutionalframework implementingthem. From a general perspective the highly nationalised state of the Chineseeconomy is not conduciveto effective environmental control as the state is at the same time the main polluter and the main environmental watchdog.

However, changes are occurring in this framework. There is a move to opening up both the industrial and municipal sectors to private investment. This "privatisation" process, should enable the role of the government in environmental management to become clearer.

Furthermore, the need for tougher implementation of environmental regulations is appreciated. For example, in 1998 two firsts were achieved in environmental law enforcement and protection in China.

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* The first case that was taken to the court and tried for violating environmental resources protection law. On July 17, 1998, the YunchengCity People'sCourt in ShanxiProvince issued the first verdict in a caserelated to environmental pollution.The defendant was Yang Junwu, legally responsiblefor the YunchengTianma PaperFactory. He was sentencedto two years' imprisonmentand was fined 50,000 yuan RMB.This is the first time since changes were made to the Criminal Law, that someone was sentencedfor viola,ing the environmentalresources protection low

* The first administrative punishment implemented by SEPA. On January 26, 1998, SEPApunished Sichuan Polyester Limited Companyfor violations of the Three Synchronisationregulations. According to the low, the factorywas ordered to stop productionon June 30 and was fined 50,000 RMB.Upon the requestof the company, SEPAheld a hearing. This is the first time SEPAexercised its authorityto directly punish an enterprise.It is also the first time, following the implementationof the Administrotive PunishmentLaw, that representativesof the centralgovernment held an administrative punishmenthearing.

2.3.1. General National Framework

The institutionalframework for the water and wastewatersub-sectors includes o number of actors,that operate in variousfields and at various administrativelevels:

Ministry of Water Resources Responsibilities: * National water resources monagement * Development of major rivers * Planning of water resources for urban water supply * Construction of basic rural irrigation facilities * Implementation of soil and water conservation programs * Supply rural hydropower * Construction and management of medium and large reservoirs for flood control, irrigation, water supply, and rural hydropower Regionalentities: * River basin commissions * Provincial water resources bureaux * Municipal water resources bureaux * County water resources bureaux

Riverbasin commissionshave been created in order to manage the water resources.The following information was collectedduring a visit to the Hoihe RiverBasin Commissionin Tianjin and could be an example of the organisation and responsibilitiesof o river basin commission.

The Haihe basin covers318,000 kM2, has o population of 120,000,000 and includesthe entire Beijing and Tianjin citiesond Hebei province and parts of Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Hesnanand Shandong provinces.The Commissionemploys 400 staff in the Tionljin head office and a total of 5000 staff. Central governmentprovides for approx. 10%of the Commissionsbudget, the remaining 90% is covered by water chorges, design instituteservices and other (including hotels and restaurants).

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The Commissionapproves water licensingfor large projectsexceeding the limits of one provinceand operatesthe facilities constructedby the commission.The river basin commission has only power to act concerningprojects that coversmore than one province.A project carried out-withinand by only one province is managed by the province itself. The Commissionhas thus not the role to plan and manage the water resourcesin the basin, but mainly to operate large irrigation, water supply and flood protection structures.

The Hoihe RiverBasin Commissionoperates a surfacewater and groundwaterquality monitoring network.Another surfacewater quality monitoring network is operated by SEPA ond EPBs,Ministry of Geology and local geology bureaux operate another groundwater quality monitoring network. Very little exchangebetween the different monitoring networksis reported.

State EnvironmentalProtection Agency, SEPA Responsibilities: * Develop water pollution regulations to protect notional water resources * Monitor surface water quality * Enforce environment protection regulations Regionalentities: * Local environmentol protection bureaux

According to China EnvironmentYearbook 1997 [12], the total number of SEPAand EPBstaff in 1996 was 95,562, of which 10,293 on provincial level, 30,673 on district level and 53,710 on county level (seeAppendix E, Table 7).

Ministry of Construction Responsibilities: * Planning, construction and operation of urban water supply systems * Planning, construction and operation of urban wastewater . systems * Planning, construction and operation of municipal solid waste facilities Regionalentities: * Provincial construction commissions * Public utility bureaux * Municipal management bureaux * Water supply companies

Ministry of Geology Responsibilities: * Exploring groundwater resources Regionalentities: * Provincial geology bureaux

Ministry of Public Health Responsibilities: * Monitoring of drinking water * Monitoring of waterborne diseases

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2.3.2. Institutional Framework in Chongqing Municipality

Figure2.1 providesan overviewof the structureof the ChongqingMunicipal Government in relationto the projectstokeholders (wastewater, water supply and solidwaste companies). Simpleorganisations are foundin otherproject cities, albeit with a reducedhierarchy.

Figure 2.1 Overviewof ChongqingMunicipal Government and the Construction Commission

Chongqing Peoples~epubc of F|Municipal DistnctLevel Ch,ira Government

So.d W1..

541.- W- mo

LS2J I C-w I l eU_y I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.SIWPISwy

LJ M:P. . __C

a-W L:t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~P- l~Rod

Ovuw,e. ofChorgciNg Musvapai Goa.mm~ent

2.3.2.1. WaterSupply Sector In generalwater supply in all the projecttowns is underthe controlof separateWater Supply Companies,who are underthe responsibilityof the relevantConstruction Commission. In Chongqingitself there exists on intermediarytier of government:the PublicUtility Bureau. On a generalbasis the WSCare responsiblefor the wholewater supply service, from source to the customer.This means practically, in the caseof the ChongqingWSC, that theyare responsiblefor systemswhich cut across district boundaries.

The organisation of each WSCfollows a basic model as illustratedby that of Wanzhou (see Figure2.2).

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Figure 2.2: Overview of Wanzhou WSC ... . . ~~......

WanxianWater Supply Company

Managneent oTfi (moltonng 10)

Adtmtstrabveals; SeLanyDept Tedmoa a ic (40/50)

Ltpi ~~~~~~~~~~~PIJnetw00orthocel I (10)

ProoudjonDept IBsTa (300)

O.reaorCS eputy | Sea-etrnalDePt Maitennc

|Prodturbxctin, |fic

maosnery)

WMr1 20000 m3/6 (40/50)

20000 m3i0 (40)

l l ~~~~~WTPt

60000 m3idJ

(70)

Overviewof WanxianWater Supply Company

Laboratoryfacilities in the water supply sector are relativelywell equipped. This appears to be especiallythe case of Chongqing WSC which has a well equipped central laboratory. Raw water intake monitoring is limited to turbidity values, with chemical dosing rather haphordzly undertaken.

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It is understoodthat reportsof row water, produced water and in-network sampling are regularly undertakenand passedonto Chongqing EPB. It is unknownwhether these samples are validated by independentorgonisotions (e.g. CEPB).

In the caseof the new treatment plants currentlyunder constructionat Chongqing, automatic monitoring systemsare planned.

Fewtreatment plants possesseither inlet or outlet flow meters. Littleor no pressure measurernentsare made in the network. No condition surveysare made. It is therefore difficult to quantify actual physicallosses in the networks.

2.3.2.2. WostewaterSector

The institutionalarrangements for wastewaterare lesswell developedand unified than that presenteclpreviously for the water supply sector.

At present,separate wastewater companies are in the stage of being set-up in the Project towns and cities. In late 1997, for the towns of Fuling and Wanzhou, it was proposed to create a uniquewater and waste water entity. This decision has been revisedby CMG and the local district governments. It is now proposedto create separate entities.

The situation in Chongqing at present illustratesthe current state of developmentof wastewater institutions . Three distinctentities can be identified: s The Chongqing Drainage Company,newly created in December 1997, is currently responsiblefor the managementand implementationof the infrastructureto be funded under the World Bank loan. At presentthis company employsno more than 5 staff; it is planned to grow to 37 staff. It would seem that this entity is planned to be responsibleonly for the main or primary seweragenetwork and waste water treatment. * The Chongqing ManagementFacility Dept., which is part of the Municipal Managemeni Bureau,has the responsibilityto maintain the main existingsewers in the urban area and also the existingTangJiaQiao WWTP. This entity is therefore generally responsiblefor the secondarysewerage networks. * At the district level, there existwastewater agencies that are largely responsiblefor the maintenance and the connectionto the local, or tertiary level, networks.

As indicated in Figure 2.3, each.ofthese entities will relate functionally; however,in terms of financing, there are two chains of command, with the entities at the district level receivingtheir budget from the district level ConstructionCommission. At this level there is undoubtedly another form of functional relationship.

In the other towns the situation appears lesscomplicated with the existenceof a Municipal EngineeringDept. reporting directly to the ConstructionCommissions

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Figure 2.3: Overviewof the current institutionalarrangements for the managementof waste water in Chongqing

Chongqing Muniapal | DitsVct Level Govemnment

C- -' L

ISj IIMnrs e currenli milF741 1 p e i m n o

5~~~~~~~W , IUl e, RoeOb

Othr wastwae moitrig cosit of- | sptsape CundeCrtakenfor exml on @a_

biannual or quarterly basis at 5 points in Chongqing.

With respect to industrial discharges to the wastewater networks, these are monitored by a small section consisting of 3 people in the MFD of Chongqing. This unit is clearly inadequate to monitor the industrial enterprises connected to the wastewater systems.

2.3.2.3. Environmental Protection Sector

Chongqing EPBis responsible for environmental protection and enforcing national regulations Chongqing Municipality. It is under the authority of SEPA, State Environment Protection Agency, based in Beijing.

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Figure 2.4: Overviewof Chongqing EPB

State CHONGQING Environmental MUNICIPALITY ProtectionAgenc SEPA

YongChian CIES EnvironmentcI Environmental Laboratory Laboratory supervision Design Institut 30 people team 70 people 30 people

Newspaper environment Institution 30 people

There are severalorganisations under the authorityof the CEPB.These organisations help the CEPBin rneetingthe following objectives:

- Environmentmonitoring (laboratories) * Regulcitionsenforcement (Environmental supervisionteam) * Technicaldesign and control of industrial processesaimed to reduce pollution (EnvironmentalDesign Institute) * Raisepublic awarenessfor environmentalprotection (Newspaperenvironment Institution)

There is also an EPBbureau and an associatedmonitoring station (or laboratory) in eoch district or county.These local EPBsreport to CEPB.The local monitoring stationsreport to the local EPBfor administrativematters but also report to CEMRIfor technical matters.

CEMRIis the main laboratory for Chongqing province. Formerlymeasurements were made by district or county regardlessof the continuity of a river basin. The information was put together by each monitoring station . Now information is gathered by different monitoring stationsand classifiedby river basin. There is a group leader for each basin (line) , the leading group gathers the information of a part of the basin and sendsit to the central government.

CEMRIis the group leader for the Chang Jiang Basindown to Wuhan.

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In terms of water monitoring CEMRIhas the responsibilityto monitor surfacelevel water for the following entities: * 60 large industries(2 to 4 samplesper year) * 10 large hotels(2 to 4 samples per year) * 5 large urban sewagedischarges (2 to 4 samples per year) * 2 rivers 1. Chang Jiang: 240 Km, 5 sections,6 times a year (two samplesare taken during low (February),normal (Moy)and flood (August)terms respectively. 2. Jialing Jiong: 153 Km, 4 sections, - At 2 sections12 timesa year (two samples being taken at each of the following months: February,March, May, July, August, November). - At 2 sectionssamples are taken 6 times a year

The water monitoring is conductedby the water monitoring group and the instrumentation group. The water monitoring group has conventionalchemical and biological laboratory. The instrumentationgroup operatesthe large instrumentslike the Atomic absorptionspectrometer, the liquid chromatograph and the gas chromatograph.

As reported elsewhere(see the Water Quality Monitoring Component Report,[158]), the monitoring is generally carried out to a high standard, although some improvementscould be made in the preservotionsof samples. The cleor deficienciesare howeverin the scopeof the sampling both of pollutant sourcesand ambient environmentallevels .

Recommendationsfor improvementsin monitoring principally in relation to the Chongqing wastewatercomponent are included in the aforementionedreport and summorisedin Chapter 7.

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3. DESCRIPTIONOF PROPOSED PROJECT 3.1. Overall Project Description

A comprehensivepackage of investmentsis proposed for the citiesof Chongqing, Fuling, Wanzhou, Nonbin and Qianjiang underthe Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject. They include: Water Supplyand WastewaterSystems Development, Municipal SolidWaste Management, Urban ManagementInformation System,Cultural Heritage, Environmental Monitoring and InstitutionalStrengthening and Training; the projectcost inclusiveof contingenciesis estimatedat about Y 5865.3 million ($707 million).

Physicalcomponents include:

* Chongqing WastewaterComponent * Chongqing Solid Waste Component * Fuling Water SupplyComponent * Fuling WastewaterComponent * WanzhouWater Supply Component' * Nanbin Water Supply Component v Qianjiang Water SupplyComponent

The locationsof the physicalcomponents are illustratedin Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1: Location of Project Cities in Chongqing Municipality

0 50 100 150 200 km

[~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ SH nzf

Theproposed wastewater interceptor ot Wonzhouis consideredas o mitigationmeasure of thewater supplycomponent and is thereforenot consideredseporately.

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Figure3.2: Tentative Overall ProjectImplementation Plan for CUEP

@KOW"NO UmEAi .KWOMMIMENTPROACT DESO...11MX - -

pwoaeT,...~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. ~~~~~~~ --- . - s.,.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....

AHOP43O@N0 WASTOWATIR

FUWW~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... - ...... -...... _ *6 FULNO WASTRWATUR

* R'2 2.2 2It.Tf~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~V~~~.1EI0..C*.4S...... -...... ;UW.S_

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* .boSt 0 0* 3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,...C.lTI ....-...... I 2 t. 14.AtC.. - ...... -...... -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0

0 WANdIMOU WaYCr SUPPLY * ~~~~2.ElC~~~~~~~~23 T.Ss~~~~~~~~-.,.2.,.0Nt - - - - ...... ~~

* S 4.2 s,.,.:..3~.?c3*CFW.' ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......

ICNANAUNGWATER SUJP9Ly i ... ,. .

I) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~23IO~ ~ ~ 02 ~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......

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IS IIA~~~~2 M0lY4C30T&LAJO~~~~~~, I -~ ------F-. -.- I~~~~~~~~ ~ ~.$303'73 ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ...... ~ . .

H URBANINFMMAT3ES MANAGEMENTSYSTSA

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I, W"J~~~~~~~~ 202 A0....>.S1t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1N,...... t...... --.- -

A tentative overall procurementprogramme for CUEPis shownin Figure3.2. It is an ambitious programme that envisagesthe completion of the defined project by the end of 2003.

Thesecomponents are introduced below using the following format:

* ExistingConditions * Future demand/flows and pollutant loads * Long term strategy

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* The CUEPcomponent * ProjectCosts and ImplementationSchedule * Lond Acquisition * Pollutionand WosteGeneration

3.2. CUEPin Chongqing

Chongqing consistsof 11 Districts,3 citiesand 7 counties.It is located at the confluenceof two rivers, Chang Jiang and Jialing Jiang, and the prefecturecovers 23,114 km2 with a population of 15,297,100 (StatisticalYearbook, 1997). The city of Chongqing comprisessix urban Districts:Yuzhong (575,800inh., 22km2), Dadu Kou (202,400inh., 94 km2), Jiang Bei (442,800inh., 214km2), ShapingBa (633,200inh., 383km2), Jiu Long Po (676,100inh., 443km2), Non'an (428,500inh., 279 km2); totalling nearly 3 million peopleto which a significantfloating population (estimatedat 500,000) should be added. The presentarea of Chongqing covers6,076 km2.

The population of Chongqing is expectedto growth noticeablyin the following years (1.88% to 2010 and 1.34%to 2020), assumingsimultaneously a better optimisationof the population density (revisedMaster Plan, 1998). In particular,the main urban arec of Chongqing is expectedto develop dramatically (from 163 km2 in 1995 to 240 km2 in 2010, which should lead to o decreaseof existingfarmland.

Chongqing is located in a strategicregion (the Tail of the Dragon) for the general developmentof China. Non only Chongqing' s area harbours both agricultural and (heavy but increasinglylight) industrialproduction units, but the proximity of the Three Gorges Dam ond the increasingnumber of infrastructureprojects in the surroundinghinterland (expresswaysand roads framing corridors, power plants, dikes...)should provide new opportunities for businessand employment. Chongqing' s urban population should grow rapidly until 2020 due in particularto the rapid expectedeconomic growth (industrialisation, services)and to the affluence of rural population from many parts of the WYR(Western YangtzeRegion).

According to Chreod (1997), the yearly GDP per residentin Chongqing is estimatedat Rmb6,Q21in 1994 with noticeabledifferences from one area to another (Rmb8,041in the central District).Since many large heavy-and polluting- industrial units have been establishing in Chongqing for o long time, authoritiesnow seek encouraging industrialre-conversion and productions more suitable to market needs (professionalequipment, consumptiongoods...). As a result, the number of TVEstends to grow rapidly. In line with industrialand demographic development,CMG is attemptingto bridge the gap betweenexisting collectiveequipment and housing supply and demand. The square meter price (housingcost) in urban areas ranges from Rmbl,000 to Rmb3,000 in the downtown area.

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3.2.1. Chongqing Wastewater Component

3.2.1.1.Existing Situation. Thecity is facingmajor pollutionof its rivers,particularly the JialingJiang, a principlesource of potablewater. Almostall of the municipalwastewater and a largeproportion of industrial wastewaterenter the river systemwithout treatment, causing significant pollution within the city. The Jialing Jiang with a water quality objective of Class l1l, is in its lower reaches actually classified as Class IV. Notable pollutants passing the Class Ill level are oils and phenols (largely of industrial origin) and ammonia and faecal coliforms (indicative of contamination with urban wastewater). Without the project organic pollution levels will rise dramatically, further endangering the already precarious potable water supplies.

The total length of public sewer in the main urban area of Chongqing is about 400km. There are over 140 catchment areas demarcated by the natural topography with about 240' major wastewater outlets along the banks of the two rivers (of which 1 16 outlets are owned by industries). The drainage of the Yuzhong (Central) district is based on the combined system. Most of new-built drainage systems in Jiangbei, Non'on, Shopingba, Jiulongpo, Dodukou are notionally separate; however, a large proportion especiolly the older parts are in practice combined.

There are two wastewater treatment plonts at present: Tang jiaqiao wastewater treatment plant (secondary treatment) situated in the main urban area and in operation from June, 1997 with a capacity of 48,000 m3/d; Yubei Chengnan wastewater treatment plant (secondary treatment) situated to the north of the main urban area by the oirport in operation from December 1997 with capacity of 20,000 m3/d.

Existing wastewater discharges and loads are estimoted as follows:

Table 3.1: Estimation of current (1995) waste water emissions from Chongqing Main Urban Area

Source Q (t/y) E-Co;i SS(t/y) COD (t/y) BOD (t/y) |TotolN Ammonia JTotalP 1 (Counts (t/yl) (t/y) (t/y)

Domestic 139,605 3.E+ 151 39,089 69,723 34,861 5,952 4,6301 847 Know 44,642 j 6,874 7,002 2,570 1,095 787 282 industries _I 2 Other 92,358- 14,222 14,487 5,316 2,265 1,627 584 Industries ! I l Total T276,605 3.E+15 60,185 91,212j 42,748 9,312 7,0431 1,712

From this it can be deduced that the treatment currently covers only 6% of the total wastewater of Chongqing main urban area. It should be noted that these estimotions take into account the presence of septic tanks that reduce to a certain extent the suspended solids loading rates (and therefore the loading rates of associated pollutants such as BOD, COD and Total P).

I In fact, the surveysconducted as part of the PreliminaryEngineering Design hove identified 600 wastewateroutlets.

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3.2.1.2. Futureflows and pollution loads

The following tables summorisethe estimatedflows and pollution loads without centralised wostewater treatmentfor the main urban areoof Chongqing. The bosis of these estimatesis providedin Annex F.1. The tables for the horizons2010 and 2020 representthe total amount of pollutcnts to be treated after removalof septic tanks (which should take place as centralised wastewatertreatment is implemented).

Table 3.2: Estimation of future (2005) waste water emissions from Chongqing Main Urban Area

Source Q (t/y) E-Coli SS(t/y) COD (t/y) BOD (t/y) Total N Ammonia Total P (Counts (t/Y) (t/Y) (t/Y) I/Y) Domestic 183,488 6.E+ 15 55,375 87,949 43,974 7,736 5,700 1,173 Know 44,642 6,874 7,002 2,570 1,095 787 282 Industries I I I I_I Other 151,527 - 23,033 23,463 8,611 3,668 2,635 945 Industries Total 1379,6576.E+15 85,283 118,414 55,155 12,499 9,122 2,400

Table 3.3: Estimation of future (2010) waste water emissions from Chongqing Main Urban Area

Source Q (t/y) |E-Colj55 (t/y) COD (t/y) BOD (t/y) Total N Ammonia Totol P (Counts Wt/Y) (W!Y) WIy)

Dofnestic 229,703 1.E+16 86,425 129,638 64,819 10,803 8,8231 1 584 Know 16,294 2,509 2,556 938 400 287 103 lIndustries Other 184,322 . 27,917 28,438 10,436 4,446 3,194 1,146' Ind ustries Total 430,319 1.E+16 116,852 160,632 76,193 15,649 12,304( 2,833

Table 3.4: Estimation of future (2020) waste water emissions from Chongqing Main Urban Area

Source Q (t/y) E-Coli TSS(t/yl COD (t/y) BOD (t/y) Total N Ammonio Total P (Counts (t/Y) (t/Y) Yt/Y)

IDomestic 295,879| 2.E+16| 112,420 168,630 84,315 14,053 11,242 1,927 |Know 16,294 2,509 2,556 938 4001 287 103 Ilndustries__ Other 169,220 - 25,668 26,147 9,596 4,088 2,937 1,053 Industries j I I I I I_I_I Totol | 481,3931 2.E+16 140,597 197,333 94,849i 18,540 14,4 6 6 1 3,0841

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An appreciation of the general tendenciesis provided in Figure3.3.

Figure 3.3 Variation of flow and loading rates 1995-2020

Flow incrvse

1 400 000

1 200 D000Do_ _

I 00000

200000

2000000

BOD Loading

300000

250 000

N.. TK.,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.Tq _ / ,* _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Domst,c Lrod IonS/roy

200 000

50 C 0 0 0 0 0 00ODO

Y_r

3.2.1.3. Overall Strategy

In the development of an optimal masterplanfor the wastewaternetwork of Chongqing, a number of different typesof collection systemwere considered:

* Local collection systems * Collectionssystems integrated as strategyoreas

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* Collectionsystems based on interception along the river banks'

Around thesethemes a number of options were considered(for more details see. ). Four basicoptions can be identified:

1. A 21 WWTPoption;

2. A 1CVlVWTP option;

3. A 7 'MWTPoption;

4. A2WWTPoption.

It was concludedin the RevisedMaster Plan,that the latter option was the least costsolution to providing wastewatercollection and treatment serviceson a long term basis . Nevertheless,it was also concludedthat the 7 WWTPoption was also a feasible solution on a long term.

The long term option has thereforebeen phasedin the following manner:

Phase1: Developmentof the wastewaternetworks and preliminary treotment(screening and grit removal)for the Jiguanshiand Tangjiatuo catchments(representing the major part of the contributing catchments);

Phase2: Provisionof wastewatertreatment at Jiguanshiand Tongjiatuo;

Phase3: Eitherprovision of locol WWTPfor the upstream catchmentsor extensionof the main wastewaternetwork and existingWWTP.

Timing of this phasing would depend on both environmentaland financiol conditions;a tentative implementationschedule would be:

Phase1 2000 to 2003;

Phase2: 2004 to 2008 (incl. Preparation);

Phase3: 2003 to 2013

This current projectcovers the Phase1 of this overall investmentprogramme. This phose involvesin the urban area, to build new main interceptor pipeline, to renovateoutlets of secondarysewer and build part of new secondary pipeline to collect,to cotch and transport wastewaterto Tangjiatuo and Jiguanshiwastewater treatment plants to treat and discharge.

The existing combined systems (particularly in the Yuzhong district)will remain (it is clearly uneconomicto undertokean extensiveseparation exercisein this location). Existing "pseudo-separate" systemswill be gradually improved (rehabilitated)to form real separate systems.New areas will be constructedas totally separate systems.

Thislatter type could be consideredas a larger-scalevariant of the former.

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3.2.1.4. Proposed Wostewater Component (Y 2508.0 million; $302.2 million).

The proposed componentwill comprisethe following works (seeFigure 3.4):

Figure 3.4: Overviewof the ChongqingWastewater Component

X~~~~~~~~. 2,_ , NA,e E

* An entire primary seweragenetwork (length of 7B km) comprisinga seriesof interceptors (4 major branches)ranging in size from 1.5xl .5m to 3.5x3.5m, constructedeither by cut-and-coveror by tunnelling methods; - Branch A: From Zhongnutuo in Jiingbei districtthrough Gailanxi to Tangjiatuo wastewatertreatment plant along the left bank of Jioling River;

- Branch B: from Yanggongqiao in Shapingba district through Chaotianmen to Chuqimen along the right bank of Jailing river; - Branch C : from Toohuaxithrough Longfenxito Chuqimento meet with route b along left bank of YangtzeRiver. A pre-treatmentstation will be built at I Wastewatertreated at pre-treatmentstation will flow to east and crossYangtze river through pipe from Toipingmen to Haitangxi; - Branch D : along the right bank of Yangtze river to Haitangxi meetingwith BranchesB and C and then to Wuduishi passing through a tunnel to Juiganshi WWTP. * An inverted siphon of externaldiameter of approximately 4m together with an upstream pre-treatmentand pumping station conveyingwastewater under the Yangtseriver from the central businessdistrict of Chongqing;

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* The Tangjiatuo wastewatertreatment works (pre-treatment)with an initial capacityof 300,000m3/d and an associated2200 mm outfall 2 km from the works to the outfall at Tongluo Gorge on the Yongtseriver; * The Jiguanshiwastewater treatment works (pre-treatment)with an initial capacity of 600,000 m3/d and an ossociated4000 mm outfall 220m long situated approximately1 km from the works to the nearby Yangtseriver; * Taipingmen Pre-treotmentplant: This plant is located upstreamof the inverted siphon crossingthe Chang Jiang on the southernbank of the Peninsulaarea. Facilitiesincludes pumping station consistingof 6 pumps (4m3/s capacity); coarsescreens and grit removal; and * A program of secondarysewer construction,including iink sewerstotalling approximately1 OOkm and outlet renovationtotalling approximately 33 km.

The first phase related to the two plants would include preliminary treatment(screening and grit removal)of collectedwastewater and dischargeto the Chang Jiang through appropriate outfall facilities.At a later date, advanced processessuch as secondarytreatment including nutrient removolcould be implemented,possibly around 2009. Care should therefore be taken in thiefirst phase designto provide for the possibilityof the future extension(hydroulic design, land requirements,control and monitoring, etc.).

3.2.1.5. Project Costs and Implementation Schedule

Overall costsfor the project including contingencies,management and supervisionare summarisedin Table 3.5.

Table 3.5: Capital Costsof Chongqing Waste Water Component Phase I (At December 1998 prices) Civil Works 1475 million Yuan RMB Material & Equipment 368 million Yuan RMB ManagementCosts 184 million Yuan RMB PhysicalContingency 304 million Yuan RMB ConstructionSupervision Services 45 million Yuan RMB -PriceContingency 359 million Yuan RMB Total Capital Cost (Excluding land) 2735 million Yuan RMB

Land Costs 665 million Yuan RMB ManagementCosts 67 million Yuan RMB PhysicalContingency 100 million Yuan RMB PriceContingency 37 million Yuan RMB Total Capital Cost of Land 868 million Yuan RMB

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A Project Implementation Plan covering the Phase 1 investment over a period of 3 years is shown in Figure 3.5.

Figure 3.5: ProposedProject Implementation Plan - ChongqingWastewater Component

1999 1 2000 1 2001 2002 1 2003 02 .03 04 01 0 03 04 01 0Q2 0J 04 1 -j2 03 04 01 ,02 .03 O4 Dooied busiwere .9 and _ ;: :i Debotsid b.g.nwd s.id :o.*. . . . j GO01rtyple.adt to Rd Dow-e,,ft Bddoo 0,d C-.00 A_lrd . Iltm. -. p Ai CQMWW2.1 MIH to 63; I-gmt *.60 km CONWI2.2 MH63 to 85: too9tM2.00 ki CQWW12.3 MH8S to 135; i-gh 3.50 km COWW,'2.4 MAH 1 36 e. 27 1: i-woe I11.60 k _ ;,|

CQWW/2.5 MHI to * knqm 3.00 kmv, i..I COWWI2.6 MH44 to 65o letri 1.70 ki I; COYAWV2.7 MH650o 164; erer 6.60 0,- . COWW/2.8 MH164 o 235: lenolh 4.00 k- - __I ______: i i l. oap4- C i 1 _ ; ; : : CO)WW/2.9 MH 1 to 155; kDeJh 1 0.e0 k`, , r Cpww(2,l (MH I155 o 12, iot. 4.94 tr ._:_i_;

COAWW/2.1'MHI to 10S: leogr, S.20 to" | I COWW/2.1MHI105Do .165 Ierq 3.00 t- COWW/2.1:MH165 to 254: Ietqrh 450 ;0 i COW/2. 1 .MH255.S *01; lena 7.20 tm i '____

COWW13.1 L..e A. IU.o.o To.-e; 0.99 m,- CQWW/3.2 U.ne & P-io. T-nx FF .i COWW/3.3 UL. D: J-h T.nn 3.65 t CCAW/3. 3 Yocntoe Crotq finv &.0, i ' __l ! _, |

COWW/I 0.'entone,-PS 0d P.T Won. COWW/20_Toonmer PS o d_~~~~~~~~~.T.ra.. _._._....__._._._..... _. -._-_._.L._ C0WW/ 10.' o,g,,o PS ond WWTW w , CGWW/20. Tatgl,auo E-top-,t 1 , .

COWW/1 0.1J.q.un hPS ond W/IW Wo,:

CCYWWJ120.-19.0 ,o.h EQP.da-o,o C0VAWfI0.!J1g,-0h.* otfolngS5e tt0 W , - r ______. . - . .

CQ_ / ente.eDe SY. = . . Onh., 9 - et,n,,nor Wo'kn | I : : i

tV _od LV D "blb0,o. , _ _ ___*,__,

3.2.1.6. Land Acquisition and Rental'

The WWMP in Chongqing concerns five Districts: Nonaon, Jiulongpo, Jiongbei, Shapingbo and the central District of Yuzhong located on the peninsula. The two WWTP of Tang jiatuo and Jiguanshi will be located in rural areas north of the central District. There, the two sub-Districts of Tang jiatuo and Jiguanshi will be affected.

Broad estimates indicate that the total number of people potentially affected by the project is 14,255.

I The figures quoted in this section were obtained from the initial RAPreports. They are to be subsequentlyrefined and will undoubtedly be reduced.

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The CQWWMPwill affect 3263.4 mu of land (nearly 217.6 ha) among which 989.5 mu (nearly65,97 ha) for the interceptorsand collectors,1082 mu (72.13 ha) for JiguanshiWWTP and 1191.9 mu (79.46 ha) for Tangjiatuo WWTP.Of this, the cultivatedland represents 1311.6 mu (40% of the total land to be acquired), consistingmainly of irrigated land, vegetable land, orchard and dry land.

The componentitself requires2581.6 mu of lond (nearly 172.11 ha) whereas681.8 (45.45ho) are to be acquiredas resettlementarea (210 mu in Jiguanshi and 471.8 mu in Tongjiatuo).

Construciionof interceptorsond collectorswill affect Nan'on (298.87 mu), Jiulongpo (66.3 mu), Jiangbei (321.16 mu), Shapingbo(139.93 mu) and YuzhongDistricts (163.19 mu). 21 sub-Districtsand Townshipsshould be affected.

All the required land has to be acquired. Most of the land will be permanentlyacquired ond the share of the land to be borrowed is estimatedot 327 mu thot is nearly 10%of totol land required.This land is mainly located in urban areas offected by the constructionof the interceptor/collectorsand secondarysystems.

The totol costof resettlementis estimatedat 638.26 million RMB,that is 25% of the total cost.

3.2.1.7. Analysisof Main PollutionSources and Pollutantsduring Construction

Noise: During the constructionof the interceptor pipeline, a variety of heovy plont machinery will be used by contractorsincluding for example bulldozers,excavators, concrete mixers, vibrators, heavytrucks, air-compressors and drilling machines.Additionally, tunnel excovation will undoubtedly involvein some instancesthe use of explosives

Table 3.6 providesan indication of the likely expectednoise of the main plant mochinery.

Table 3.6 Sound Class of Main Machines

Order.s Equipment Sound Closs(dBA) Monitoring distance Frequency

1 bulldozer 78 15 Low-middle 2 excavator 78 15 Low-middle 3 Concrete mixer 75 15 Low-middle 4 Vibrotor 76 15 Middle- high 5 Heavy truck 76 15 Wide 6 air-compressor 75 15 Low-middle 7 Drilling machine 89 15 High

Waste Dust and Gas: During excavation,transportation and other works, the concentration of dust in air will increase especially in dry season. The machine using oil as power will generateexhaust gas during their operation.

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Waste Water: washing of vehicleswill generate wastewaterwith SS,oil and so on. Maintenance,woshing and polishing will generatewastewater with SS. Excavationand level off of earth will loosenthe earth surfaceto incur earth washed into river in rainy daysto fill up watercourse.

Solid Waste: The constructionof earth and stone cubic work, concretepouring will generate waste bricks, waste stoneand so on.

Analysisof "ThreeWaste' Quantity during Construction:The following estimates of waste generation have been made (seeTable 3.7.) Suggestedmitigation measuresto cope with these wastesare suggestedin Chapter 7.

Table 3.7 "Three Waste" Quantity during Construction

Wastegas Waste woter (vehicles washing) Solid waste

Dust, t/y quantity, m3/y SS, kg/y Oil, kgy Waste earth and stone, I ~Ixi k/ 0'Ot/y 1.12 7300 5000 70.0 36

3.2.1.8. Analysis of Main Pollutant generation during Operation.

Wastewater:Calculations of flows and pollutont dischargesfor eoch of the major treotment plonts included in the projectare detoiled in Annex F. Theseare summarisedin the following tables.

Table 3.8 Wastewater Discharging Quality of Drainage Project Unit mg/L 1 1 ~Nn-onolatile11 Indexes COD,, BOD5 TKN NH, P Oil hyroxybe

I ______nzene Tangjiotuo (discharge:X 10'm3/d) Yeor 2000 19, Year2010 30, Year 2020 40 Designingwater intake 360 180 47.6 0.21 6 6.03 0.018 Pre-treatment 342 176 47.6 0.21 6 6.03 0.018 Treatment efficiency (/) _ _ 2.' C C C Secondarytreatment 601 20 23.8 0.11 0.5' 5 0.018 Treatmentefficiency ( 831 89. 50 5C 92 _1 7 0 Jiguonshi(dischargex 10m3/d) Yeor 2000 48, ear 2010 year 60, Year 20 20 year 8t Designing intake 360 18C 47.6 0.21 6 6.03 0.018 Pre-treatment 342 176 38.1 0.15 0.9 6.03 0.018 Treatmentpercentage 5% 2.5 C 0 _ ° C Secondarytreatment 60 20 23.8 0.11 0.5 5 0.0181 Treatmentefficiency () 83 89 50 50 92 17 0.018

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Table 3.9 Wastewater Pollution Load Change with and without the treatment Unit: t/o Wastewater ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Volatile Wastewoter treatment CODc, BODs TKN TP Oil hydroxybenz ene 2000 With 22308 10671 2916 393 418.1805 1.2483 Without 16902 8085 2775 393 418.1805 1.2483 o With 41957 20176 5229 692 660.2850 1.9710 .2 2010 Without 32351 15557 4032 692 660.2850 1.9710 2020 With 56595 27296 7077 916 880.3800 2.6280 2020 Without 9621 3003 3539 73 730.0000 2.6280 2000 With 54742 26188 7155 964 396.1710 1.1826 Without 48595 23247 6619 657 396.1710 1.1826 ._ 2010 With 80281 38606 10005 1324 1320.5700 3.9420 Without 57226 27519 8090 247 1320.5700 3.9420 With 103977 50151 13002 1683 1760.7600 5.2560 202 . Without 17676 5517 6501 135 1460.0000 15.2560

Noise: there are elevotion pumping stations at some joints of sewer and moin interceptor pipeline, some of which are located in the centre of the urban areas/close to dweflings. Pumps will generate noise in the range 95-1 OOdBAwhen operating.

Solid Waste: In urban area, flooting material from the screen bar wells in pumping stations is about 1,500 t/a. Floating materials and sludge from the screens in the pre-treatment station is about 21,500 t/a. Sludge from Tang jiatuo wastewater treatment plant is about 47.1 X 1O0 m3/a. Sludge from Jiguanshi wastewater treatment plant is about 490X 103 t/a.

Waste Gas :The main source of odours will be the two WWTP and the pre-treatment plant at Taipingmen. Within a plont theUmojor sources of odour are:

* Pre-treatment * Sludge pits and thickeners & Sludge conditioning and dewatering focilities

Table 3.10 has the prediction of offensive odour in Tang jiatuo and Jiguanshi wastewaier treatment plant.

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Table 3.10 Waste Gas Generation in Tangjiatuo and Jiguanshi Wastewater treatment Plant

Items Tang jiatuo Jiguanshi Time 2000 2010 2020 2000 2010 2020 Quantity (x 104 m3/a) 162.18 288.18 1409.22 184.41 691.65 2589.03 Quantity NH3 57.79 91.25 408.0 229.95 511.0 821.25 (t/o)K H25 25.43 40.15 182.5 101.84 226.3 365.0

3.2.2. Chongqing Solid Waste Component 3.2.2.1. ExistingSituation.

Percapita waste generation has been assumedto rise from 0.95 kg/capito/day in 1996 to 1.22 kg/capita/day in 2020. Thesegeneration figures excludeup to 10% that is already .recycledat the householdlevel. This gives estimatesfor total wastesgenerated rising from the 1996 level of 3 000 t/d to 6 700 t/d in 2020. By 2020 it is anticipatedthat about 20% of the estimatedwastes generated will be recoveredfor recycling, leaving the remainder requiring treotment and disposal.

Organic moteriol and ash make up almost 90% of the compositionof solid waste in Chongqing; almost half of the solid waste is incombustible(see Table 3.1 1 ond Table 3.12)..

Table 3.11 Composition of Chongqing MSW (1997 year,%) Composition Ronge(%) Averogevalue(%) Animal & plant debris . 40.0-45.0 42.5 Ash 40.0-46.0 43.0 Paper 4.0-6.0 5.0 Plastic 3.0-5.0 4.0 Glass 1.0-2.0 1.5 Metol 0.2-1.5 0.8 Fibre 0.4-2.0 1.2 Others 1.0-3.0 2.0

Table 3.12 Basic Quality of Chongqing MSW

Physicol quality Range Average value Moisture(%) 40.0-45.0 42.5 Specific weight (kg/m3) 520.0-580.0 550.0 Calorific value (kJ/kg) 3580-5400 4800

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The collectionof the MSW is corried out in two stages:primary collection removesMSW from householdisand depositsit at a central point or collection stationwithin the locality; secondary collection takesthe wastefrom the collection stationsfor disposalat one of the nine existing treatment and disposalfacilities. Resident'scommittees or social units generally arrange primary collection and secondarycollection is primarily the responsibilityof the district environmientalsanitation management agencies (DESMAs).

The MSW collectionand transportationsystem includes 284 collectionstations, 148 vehicles (all from domesticproducers, average lifetime is 8 years)and 1938 special workers.

Disposalis achievedby open dumping at eight sitescurrently operated by the DESMAs(See Table 3.13). Thesedumps have little in the way of leachateor gas controls, although six have rudimentaryleachate treatment focilities. Waste is generallytipped and allowed to tumble down a tipping face that can be as steepas 60%. Until recentlyno compaction or grading was used at the sites althoughsuch approachesnow appear to have been introducedat some of the sites. Wastepickers are presentat all of the sites,working in hazardousand dangerous conditions, and removing itemsfor recycling. The ninth is operated by the Chongqing EnvironmentalSanitary Research Institute and is located at Liujiaolanya. The facilitiesfeature a combinationof mechanisedand hand sorting of materialsfor recycling,incineration at sevenof the facilitiesand, in two cases,composting. None of these facilitiesoperates effectivelyand their contributionto recyclingis not significant.

The total treatmentcapacity of these dumps is 1OOOt/d, of which 21Ot/d is incinerated,60t/d is composted,710t/d is landfilled and 20t/d is recycled.Treatment percentage is 43%. Table 3.13 Current Situation of Chongqing MSW Treatment No. Of _No Of Area Capacity Designing Yearsin Districts treatment Technology (mu) (X 1C m3t) lifetime operation plant (yeTrs) (years) Yuzhong 1 landfill 300 450 20 6 Compost + liongbei 1 incineration+ 77 103 15 10

landfill __ _ I__ Sh.pingbci IlIncinerotion + 43 195 20 8 Shapingba 1 landfill 43 195_20_8

Nanaon Incinerotion + 45 160 30 13 Non'an_ 1 . landfill 45 160_30_13

JiulongpoJiulongpo 1 ~~incinerationlandfill + 86_850_20_286 850 20 2

Dadukou = Ordinory treatment Beibe Incineration + 20 510 30 4 ______1______landfill 20 510 30_4

Banan 1 Incineration+ 21 10 25 14 ______~~~~~landfill______Yube = 1 compost 21 14 50 10

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Most sewageis dealt with through the use of septic tanks. The DESMAspresently provide a septictank emptying serviceusing a small fleet of 24 five ton capacitysuction tankers. About a third of these suctiontankers have been identified as needing replacementby 2000. These suctiontankers currentlydischarge at eight small anaerobic digestionfacilities. Thesefacilities appear to be too small to cope with the required throughput and do not work effectively, failing to meet currentdischarge standards. Alternative disposal meansare thereforerequired until the new seweragesystem is operational. After that, there will continueto be o need for a servicefor emptying public toilets and the septic tanks of buildings outside of the main area served by the new system.

The problemsof the existingsystem can be summarisedas follows:

Standards of existing facilities at the local level are low: At present,the street sweepingmainly dependson manual work (only 5% using machine).Labourers also do the looding of MSW ot collectionstation. The copacityof collection stotion is low but number is great with an unsuitablegeographical location. All of these induce poor environmental sanitary conditionsin the urban area.

Low level of MSW harmless treatment: The existingMSW treatment plonts are small and scatteredover urban area with little equipment.There is serioussecondary pollution problem at these treatmentplants.

Low recycling rate: The main treatment method of MSW in Chongqing is simple londfill. Only a small percentageof potent,ollyrecyclable material is collectedby unorganised pickers, the remainder is buried into MSW. Selectivecollection should be carried out as soon as possibleto increasethe recyclinglevel.

Poor Management: Currently this sector is financed from the overall government revenue. In recent yeors, investmenthas not kept pace with the demand for solid waste services. It is suggestedto subcontractsome of the servicesto introduce improved managementtechniques from the private sector.

3.2.2.2. Overall Strategy

The long term strategy(see Figure 3.6) for Chongqing municipal solid waste involves

* The gradual closureof existingdump sites located in the main urban areo * The development of transfer stations to improve collection efficiencyand to reducetransportation costs. * The development of three sanitary landfills outside of the future main urban area.

In the short term as part of a 5 year Action Plan,the CUEPMSW component is proposed (see below).

100709/R6/drachap3.doc August1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH 3-17 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overoll EnvironmentollmpoDt Assessment Report

Figure 3.6: Overall Strategy for MSW in Chongqing Main Urban Area

I,E

a,.

U., ,, .AILWA .

> .- ,- H

~HA-`I~i,...... B-1, JAGB.f ....

-~~ BOIAEI~~~~~~~~~~~ . , NAT

... ISTRICT BOUNDAY

* EXIS --NG TREATMENT FACIL:TIS AND OPEN DUMPS

A GUANSHANPING b . BA-NAN_ R ENJ.AWAN

, _. % . A - ' ' - DtLONGTOUSI T

A OILONGCHUN A XINGLNOG A LIUJIAOLAN YA A L'ANGFENYA A JIGoDNGTA, PROPOSED LANOrILLS 13 TONGXIN 0 25K1T SOKn 13 HEISHIZI

INDICATIVE SCA-E I3 CHANG SHENG DIAZ

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According to the principles in Chongqing Urban Environmentalsanitary Plan and ImplementationScheme Study (1998-2020), a transfer station is plonned to built in Dodukou district ond Jiulongpodistrict. MSWfrom Yuzhong district will be transporteddirectly to o new landfill becausethe distance betweennew landfill and Yuzhongdistrict is lessthan 20 km.

According to the loyout and constructionschedule of MSW treatment plants, Changshengqiao landfill which will be in operation by 2001 will acceptall of MSW from Yuzhong district, Nan'on district and Dadukou district, and 50% of MSW from Jiulongpo. MSW of Yuzhong ond Nan'an will directly transportedfrom collection stationsto Changshengqiaolandfill. 60% of MSW from Dadukouand 50% area of Jiulongpo will be transportedto Changshengqiao landfill through a transfer station with capacity of 400 t/d in short term and 500 t/d in long term. This transfer station occupiesland of 10,000 m2 , with constructionarea of 2,000 m2and 5 large transferring vehicles.By 2005, the capacityof Changshengqiaolondfill will increaseto 2,000 t/d, and MSW of Boanonwill be transported there. A transfer station with capacityof 200 t/d will be built at Yudong town.

In the long term Changshengqiaowill not be sufficientto cope with all generatedMSW. Two other sanitory landfills are planned: * Tongxing landfill (capacity1,500 t/d) * Heishizilondfill (capacity1,000 t/d)

Following the estoblishmentof the new landfills , the four remaining landfills in the urban area will be decommissioned.

3.2.2.3. Proposed Solid WasteManagement Component(Y 485 million; $59.1 million).

The proposed componentwill comprisethe following works: - a fleet of 8 and 10 ton capacity RELRCVs for use in six of the city's nine districts where they can be used to greatest effect;

i new storage bins ranging in sizefrom 0.66 to 1.1 m3 copocityfor use with the new RELRCVs;. * A new sanitary londfill (Changshengqiaolandfill) with a first phase to provide disposalcopocity for up to 15 years. The site has been designedto accept 1 500 t/d of MSW and will incorporatea compositeliner of clay ond HDPEfabric, appropriotely protected by geotextilemembranes and sond layers. A leachate drainage systemand landfill gas venting systemhave been included

The londfill is divided into three sections:landfill area, management and living area, and leachate collection and treatment area. The whole project consistsof two ports: main part and auxiliary port. Moin part includes garbage dam, waste catching dam, infiltrotion-proof engineering, leochate storing pond and treatment plant, ditch, flood interceptorditch, and road. Auxiliary part includes:environmental monitoring station, manhole of leachate, managementond dispatch centre, weighbridge, vehicleswashing field, porking yard, workshop, material field, dormitory and so on.

100709/R6/drachap3.doc August1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH 3-19 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall EnvironmentalImpoci AssessmentReport

Accordinq to Urban MSW Landfill TechniqueSpecifications (CTJ 7 7-88) and Control Standards of MSW Landfill Pollution,GB 16889-1997, the landfill processis alternatelyone layer of MSW and one loyer of cover earth,and pressedby MSW compressor. Adopt section--unitlandfill method. ILandfillgas will be pipe out and treated. Leachatealso will be collectedand treated.

Engineering Design of Landfill

The Charigshengqiaosanitory landfill consistsof the following elements:

* Garbage reservoir, garbage dam, adjusting tank, waste dam and flood- catching dam

* Flooclcontrol and drainage system: The water passingcapacity of drainage systemin landfill is designedaccording to maximum rainfoll of 10-year-return and checkedout according to 30-yeor-return rainfall. Drainoge systemhas two ports: one is flood- interceptor ditch around field to catchwater from hill, another is section-division-flood- interceptor ditch to preventwater from clean section. When performing unit landfill, temporary water-blockingwall or ditch will be built to prevent rainfall from running into and becoming leachate.

= Leachate collection system: Leachateoriginates from many sourcessuch as rainfall infiltrating through garbage, decompositionof organic material and water in garbage. The leochatecollection system is mainly laid out at the bottom of field and in the cover earth in vertical and level.

* Gas collection system: The decompositionof garbage producesCH,, C0 2, N2, H2S gases.When the concentrationof CH4 reaches5-15%, explosionand burning will happen. Therefore, the gas should be collectedand treated or recovered.Gos collection system consistsof vertical pipe and level flexible pipe. Vertical pipes ore gradually added high along with the landfill. Levelflexible pipe is loid out in meddle cover and below the final cap clay and linked to vertical stone coge. The layout of level flexibLeof pipe should consider the unevendescent of garbage. The outletsof gas pipe should keep at lest 1.0 m height from garbage dump. Remotecontrol lighters will be installedto burn gas at the top of every gas pipe. During the first 3-5 years, gas will be burned directlywithout recovery. When the generation of gas becomestable, the recoverywill be considered.See Figure D.7 in Appendix D.

Infiltration-proof engineering :Thethickness of earth layer in Changshengqiao landfill is 1.0-1 3.5 m with infiltration coefficientof 2.38 xl 0- 1.02 x 10- cm/s which can not meet the requirement.Artificial liner has to be used. According to the geological prospecting, Changshengqiaolandfill is not an independent hydro-geologicalunit. The infiltration coefficientof earth can not meet requirement. Levelinfiltration-proof option should be adopted. There are two kinds of ortificial liner at present: HDPEand No- basementbentonite waterproof board. The HDPEliner with thicknessof 1.5 mm has infiltration coefficientof 1 9 cm/s and suitable strength. There are two kinds of No- basementbentonite water-proof boards: ordinary type (A) and specialtype (B) all with infiltration coefficientof 10 9cm/s. Changshengqiao landfill use specialtype of No- bosement bentonite as the level liner.

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* Leachate Treatment Plant: Quality of leachate changeswith garbage composition, landfill method, decompositionof garbage, climate, and so on. According to the quolity of leachatefrom existingdumping sitesand materialsfrom other cities,the quality of leachate in Changshengqiaolandfill is predicted in Table 3.14 and Table 3.15. The water quality of outflow should meet the Standardsof MSWPollution Control (GB16889- 1997). As the fluctuationof concentrationand quantity of BOD and COD is great, the low-cost processof anaerobic-hydrolysis-oxidationtank has been adopted to meet the requirement of ClassTwo standard of GB16889-1997 ( a overviewof the processis provided in Figure D.8 in Annex D).

Table 3.14 Composition and Concentration of Leachate

pH | Colour(times) | SS(mg/I) COD,(mg/l) | BOD5(mg/l) 7.6 160 2034 11435.5 8793.4

Table 3.15 Water Quality of Leochate in Changshengqiao Landfill

Ref Items Concentration 1 pH 7.0 2 CODCr 3000mg/I 3 BOD5 1800mg/I 4 SS 5 4 0mg/l 5 NH3.N 106mg/l

3.2.2.4. Project Costsand Implementation Plan

Table 3.1 6 summorisesestimated costs for the component;a tentative implementationplan is shown in Figure 3.2. Table 3.16: Capital Costs of Chongqing Municipal Solid Waste Component (At December1998 prices;adapted from [155]) Civil Works 279 million Yuan RMB Material & Equipment 123 million Yuan RMB Manogement Costs 41 million Yuan RMB Total BaseCost . 443 million Yuan RMB PhysicalContingency 27 million Yuan RMB ConstructionSupervision Services Not included PriceContingency 37 million Yuan RMB Total Cost(Excluding land) 507 million Yuan RMB

Land Costs(including physical and 116 million Yuan price contingency) RMB

Total ComponentCost 623 million Yuan RMB

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3.2.2.5. Land Acquisition and Rental

The landfill will be situated in ChangshengqiaoTown, covering 1100 mu (73,33 ha) and representinga capacityof 21M m3. The site of the future landfill disposalstation is located in a rural and hilly areo situated around 20 km away from the centre of Chongqing (Southeast), in Nan an District, on the east side of the Nan an mountain. It is also situated closeto the Yuqion highway (3-4 km). Total land affectedby the LDPis 91.33 ha (1370 mu) and the total number of PAPis 853.

The costof resettlementis estimatedat 11 6 million RMB,that is 19% of the total cost.

3.2.2.6. F'ollutionGeneration

The main pollution sourcesand pollutantsin the operation period are landfill gas ond * leachate.During constructionperiod, there are noiseand dust that will make less impact on residentslotecause of long distancefrom residentialarea.

Waste gas

The garbcagewill generatesmany hozardouswaste gasesduring landfilled. Thesegases include CH4, C02 , and a little quantity of NH3, H2S, CH3SH and so on.

The decornpositionof garbage can be divided into four stoges:

(1) The first stage: aerobic decomposition.Garbage decomposesto generate CO2 and H2C with the existingof 02. This stage will lostfrom severaldoys to severalmonths until °2 is used up. (2) The second stage: anaerobic stage. 02 is exhausted.Garbage decomposesby many kinds of anaerobicmicroorganism to generate C02, CH4 and H20. (3) The third stage: the quantity of CH4 increase.The quantity of CH4 increasesgreatly and the qucntity of C02 decreasesrapidly. This stage will lost half or one year. (4) The fourth stage: Stablestage. The output of CH4 is becoming stabie. The concentrationof CH4-is about 50-60%, and the concentrationof CO2 is about 40-50%. This stoge will last many years.

The composition and quantity of landfill gas changewith the composition of garbage, temperature, depth, time, and so on.

Table 3.1 7 provides an estimationof the composition and concentrationof londfill gas.

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Table 3.17 Composition of Landfill Gas

Composition Volumetric rote (dry) CH, 45-60 CO, 40-60

N2 2-5 02 0.1-1.0

H2S 0-1.0 NH, 0.1-1.0

H2 0-0.2 CO 0-0.2 Other gos 0.01-0.06

Leachate

The leachatecomes from three main sources:surfoce water infiltration, organic decomposition and water in garbage. Its compositionchonges with the compositionof garbage. Moin pollutantsare CODC,,BOD 5, NH3-N, colon bacillus and so on.

Part of leachatewill infiltrate into ground and other will be collectedinto adjusting tank to be treated. Many factors affect the generation of leachate. By experiments,one ton of garbage will generate about 40kg leachate.Total garbage in landfill will generatesleachate of 4.3 x 10'ton in one year. The values of BOD5, CODc,, TOC and N are high, meanwhile including Hg, Pb, Cu, Cr6g, Mn, Zn and other toxic elements.

After treatmentthe concentrationof these parametersin the leachateeffluent will accord with the Standrds of MSW PollutionControl. (GB 16889-1997) and is estimatedas follows in Table 3.18. Table 3.18:-Quality of leachate effluent after treatment (mg/I) Pollutont 13OD5 CODcr Keldchl Oilq oincPCd Ttlr nitrogen ammoni

Cp(mg/l) 150 300 25 1 0.1 0.123 0.0018 0.078

3.3. CUEP in Fuling

Areas to which this report refersin Fuling prefecture(3,710,000 inh. 12,800 km2. in 1997) are the only 'urbon' areas of the prefecture,colled Zhi Cheng (578,900 inh. in 1997; 1,534km2), and Li Du (500,500 inh. in 1997; 1,412 km2). They ore located at the confluence of Chang Jiang and Wu Jiang, 120km downstream of Chongqing urban areme. The urban population of Zhi Cheng District which is now 200,000 should reach 500,000 in 2050, occording to the pre-feasibilitystudies. Average GDP per capita was nearing Rmb2620 in Fuling (Chreod, 1997). Fuling is expectedto develop rapidly in coming yeors, due to its proximity to Chongqing to which it is connectedby a new highway, to be completed end of 1999. .1

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Fuling is situatedon the confluenceof two rivers,the Chang Jiang and the Wu Jiang. It is an important transport hub in Chongqing Municipality,connected to Chongqing itself by a new highway and serving as a port. The urban population is projectedto grow from the current 200,000 to 500,000 by 2020. This howeverincludes a number of new towns associatedwith the Three GorgesProject; in the projectareo population growth is more moderate, rising from a current 180,000 to about 305,000 by 2020.

3.3.1. Fuling Water Supply Component

3.3.1.1. Existing Conditions:

There are currentlythree water treatmentworks supplying the moin urban area of Fuling.Of these,WrP1 will be abandonedshortly due to its age, the pollution of the near-bank sourceby upstream urban dischargesand the need to constructa retaining embankment aroundthe central districtof Fuling. The poor quality of potable water is confirmed by socialsurveys with 60% of the sampledpopulation dissatisfiedwith the overall water quality. Currently,WTP2 is undergoingextension from a currentcapacity of 30,000 m3/d to a total capacityof 60,000 m3/d . Tlhewater distributionsystem comprises about 23 km of mains of diametersand particular-lyin the old urban area is need of rehabilitationand strengthening;pipe failures are reported to be frequent with 30% of the population complaining of frequent interruptionsto supply. Thereare two high-levelreservoirs with a combined capacityof 2,500 cubic meters

Presentsupplies are inadequateto meet presentand future water demand and ore endongered by nearby wastewaterdischarges. Water demand has been projectedto rise to about 140,000 in 2010 and 180,000 in 2020. This implies a need for an additional supply of about 100,000 m3/d by the year 2010. The proposedoption is to constructa newWTP upstreamof the current (and future) main urban area, thus not affected by near-bank pollution plumes. A first phase of 50,000 m3/d has been proposed for finoncing in this project.

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Figure 3.7: Location of existing and proposed water treatment works in Fuling

<~~~~=. av

o ExwtngWrW 0 1 2 kiIometres * Proose Ws -rW

3.3.1.2. ProposedWater Supply Component (Y 96.6 million; $11.6 million)

The first phase financed under the project will have a capocityof 50,000 m3/d. The componentwill comprisethe following works: * An intake from the Chang Jiang upstreamof Fuling neor to the YangtzeBridge at Tionzidian of ultimote copocity 100,000 m3/d with an initial 50,000 m3/d pumping capocity; - A 820 mm raw water transmissionmoin 0.7 km long, to the treatment plant; * The water treatment plant upstreamof Fuling with a capacityof 50,000 rn3/d; * Treated water-pumping station; * A treated water transmissionmain comprising 2.7 km of pipes of 920 mm; * New water distribution pipelinescomprising 3.2 km of 600mm, 7.3km of 400mm and 5.3km of 300mm pipes; and * Distribution network improvementsof existing networks

Fuling water supply project includesthe third new-built water plant using YangtzeRiver as water source,and renovated urban pipeline. The third water plant is located at the Group Sevenof NonChaTionSongyin,1 km away from the south end of Fuling YangtzeRiver Bridge. Its constructioncapacity is 50X 103 m3/d in the first stage, by 2002 year, and 10OX 10 3m3/d by 2010 year.

The engineering of water distribution pipeline renovotion includes replacing worn pipe, adding part of connecting pipe betweenmain pipe, renovate tree-shapepipeline into circular pipeline in some area, laying out some new pipe in old urban.

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3.3.1.3. Land Acquisition and Rental

The water supplycomponent in Fuling requires 73.66 mu. The project is located at the intersectionof the 319 National Highway and of the presentlyplanned Xingfu road. The componentwill be located on the land of the Tionzidion 7th villager group, Fuling District.The site is close to the tollbooth of the bridge crossingthe Chang Jiang. The land coversrural area and is mainly occupiedby vegetable cultures. It should entirely be acquired. The cultivated land to be acquired(vegetable land) represents3.67% of the total cultivatedland of the affectedvillager group.

The total costof resettlementhas been establishedat nearly 2.3 million RMB.Total number of PAPis 225 and affectedarea is 73.66 mu.

3.3.1.4. Pollution Generation

During Construction: The environmentalimpact during constructionmainly includesnoise, woste earth, waste stone, traffic and destroy to ecology. Approximately 75,000m3 of constructionspoil has been estimatedfor the constructionof the water plant.

Noise from various contractors plants will be as indicated in Table 3.6

Operational Period: The process of water supply is simple and pollutant emission is less. The pollutants include sludge and wastewater with SS from pre-sedimentotion tank and flocculation sedimentation tank, wastewater with SS from re-washing of filter tank, wastewater from increasing water supply, accidents from the odding of chlorine, and noise from equipment in pumping station.

Table 3. 1 9 summarises the quantity of pollutant from wastewater emission. Wastewater also increases due to the increase in water supply (see Table 3.20). Table 3.21 has the quantity of sludge from water plants.

Table 3.19 Statistic of Pollutant Emission (t/d)

New-added Emissionafter prolect completed Water Plants emission SS COD SS COD Fuling Number Three 15.72 1.34 2.3 0.28

Table 3.20: Wastewater from Increasing Water Supply (t/d) Water pionts |Previous emission New-oddedemission FinalEmission |Fuing NumberThree i 44.5 44.5

Table 3.21: Maximum Quantity of Sludge Generation (Dry)(t/d)

Items Fuling COD 2.12 SS 0.79

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Above Table 3.21 showsthat the emissionof SSand COD is lessthan previous becouseof water reuse,sludge dewatering and so on.

3.3.2. Fuling WastewaterComponent

3.3.2.1. ExistingSituation.

Currently all wastewaterfrom the wostewaterfrom the central area of the city is conveyedin sewersdischarging directly to the Chang Jiang and the Wu Jiang. The seweragein the main urban area is combined, with about 13 main outfolls to the Chong Jiang and 14 to the Wu Jiang. Currently, dischargesin and upstreamof the horbour zone have a clear impoct on water quality. The raw water for Nr. 1 WTPis polluted by these discharges;secondly, the visual impact of the wastewaterdischarges is apparent especiallyin the harbour area where -recirculatingcurrents tend to trap floating matter.

There is little necessityfor providing any form of wastewatertreatment for Fuling before implementationof the Three Gorges Project,other than pre-treatment. Nevertheless, interceptionof the currentwastewater systems with discharge downstreamof the confluenceof the Wu Jiang with the Chang Jiang will protectthe currentwater intakes and also improve the visual aspect of Fuling harbour. The projectwould be implemented in co-ordination with the new embankmentproject. In a secondstage, treatmentwill be provided.The total average wastewaterflows are projected at 110,000 m3/d in 2010, and 123,700 m3/d in 2020.

The current drainage systemof Fuling urban is combined systemwith most of sewerof bricks and stone. There are 13 outletsalong Yangtzeriver and 14 outlets along Wujiong River.The 3 emission quantity of domestic wastewater is 7,300X 1C03m /a, CODc,3,285 t/a, and BOD5 1,460 t/a. The emissionquantity of industrialwastewater is 85,580X 103 m 3/a, of which 48,488X 103 m3/a is directly discharged into river. CODc, 5,383.4 t/a, SS 9,328.45 t/a, sulfide 11.58 t/a, volatile, hydroxybenzene5.62 t/o Cr6' 0.25 t/a, oil 82 t/a, most of it is organic material. At present, the drainage system of Fuling urban is able to reach the emission standards in the dry season.

3.3.2.2. Overall Strategy

Considering the investment and current situation in the short term, the wastewater collection method still remains combined system.

The wastewater pre-treated will be discharged through a pipe of 0.4 km long, which reaches to the centre of river. The merit of discharging ot the centre of river is that the torrential flow con rapidly dilute pollutant to decease pollution to area close to bank and lower reaches. The defect is thot investment is large and construction is difficult. Discharging neor bank is easy for construction and cheap, but pollutant is not easy to dilute and diffuse to incur pollution to lower reaches and bank area. Therefore, the method of river centre discharging is selected.

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Consideringthe constraintsof landform, renovation of pipeline, leakage and so on, a long time will be requiredto catch all of wastewaterto wastewatertreatment plant. In the short stage, drainage projectwill only acceptwastewater from old urban area, excludingJianfen Chemical plant, Fuling Longqiao PowerPlant, Fuling Wangjiang Nitrogen Plant, Fuling Jindi Corporation CLD who have or will build their own wastewatertreatment facilities.

Accordinc to the urban droinage plan, existingcombined sewerwill renovated into main separatedsewer gradually. The separatedsystem will be establishedby 2010 to decreasethe quantity of wastewaterto treatmentplant.

By comparisonof four options, it is decidedon that wastewaterfrom old urban and Jiangdong districtwill be treated together in the long term. Wastewatertreatment plant is located in Jiangdongdistrict on the east-sideof YangtzeRiver. Discharging water from wastewater treatment plant is directlyflow into YangtzeRiver. The interceptorpipeline in old urban is laid out ot the elevationof 177m along banksof two Rivers.Wastewater in the joint point of two Riverscrosses Wujiang Riverthrough inversesiphon then pumped up to meetthe main pipeline in the Jiangdong districtto wastewatertreatment plant (about 2.0km away).

3.3.2.3. ProposedWastewater Component (Y 147.0 miliion;$17.7 million).

The proposed works would comprisethe following: *, Reinforcedconcrete pipe interceptors4.5 km in length running along the south bank of the Chang Jiang, of diametersranging from 800 mm to 1,200 mm; .) Reinforcedconcrete pipe interceptors1.6 km in length running along the west bank of the Wu Jiang, of diametersranging from 600 mm to 1,200 mm; a A pre-treatmentand pumping station upstream of the Wu Jiang siphon; a A siphon consistingof two I 100 mm steel 500m in length under the Wu Jiong; * A reinforced concretebox culvert (1500x1 500 mm) 2.5km in length conveying flows from the invertedsiphon to the future treatment plant site; * A 200m long steeloutfall of diameter 1500mm with 4 risers; a Link sewersalnd missingconnections

Main interceptor pipeline: The main interceptor pipeline in the old urban is laid out along the leveeat the contour line of 177m. Main interceptor pipeline, overflowing pipe and wastewater transporting pipe use reinforced concretepipe and flexible joint. The main interceptorpipeline along Yarigtze Riverhas average DN1200, length of 5 km, slope of 0.8%o.main interceptor pipeline has average DN 1000, length of 2 km, slope of 1%o. Discharging pipe to the centre of Riverhas DN1 100, length of 0.4km. Overflow structures(ten in the short term, fifteen in the long term) and manholes use bricks or reinforced concrete.Discharging pipe use reinforced concretestructure.

The renovation of sewerin the old urban: renovate some broken sewer (combinedsystem) (1) Guanxigou culvert of 5km long,(2) Huitongqiao culvertof 3km long, (3) Domatou culvert of 3km long, (4) Xicomatou culvert of 3km long, (5) Tongxianqiaoculvert of 6 km, and 20km long in total.

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3.3.2.4. LandAcquisition and Rental

The wastewater component in Fuling will require 7.5 mu of land located in the Zhi Cheng district bordering the left bank of the Wu Jiang. The site is currentlyoccupied by medium rise housing with a fairly denseurban population.

However,this site will be cleared as part of the embankmentproject; no resettlementis therefore associated'withthis component.

3.3.2.5. Pollution Generation

During Construction: The environmentalimpact during constructionmainly includes noise, waste earth, wastestone, traffic and destroyto ecology. The interceptor pipeline will be laid out along the leveeat the contour line of 177 m,and implementedwith the constructionof embankmenttherefore, there is less cubic quantity of eorth and stone. The constructionof pre- .treatmentstation and layout of river dischargingpipe will produce 2,000 m3 of earth and stone, which can be consumedin the refilling.of embankment.

Noise from various contractorsplants will be as indicatedin Table 3.6 .

Operational Period: The major pollutantsgenerated during the operation of the component include noise and solid waste. Estimates for these parameters are similar to those of Chongqing Wastewater Component.

Flows and pollution loads: Pre-feasibilitystudy predictsthat the population in old urban area of Fuling will reach 21OX 103, area 15.66 km2, per capita water consumption210 t/d, 3 domesticwater consumption44.1 X 103 m3/d, industrialwater consumption52.1 X 1 3 m /d, the total of domestic and industrial water consumption 96.2X 103 m3/d by 2010. According to the calculation principle of Drainage Plan, domesticand industrialwastewater quantity is 0.80 times water consumption quantity.

By 2010, domestic wastewater will reaches 35.3X IO' m3/d with 45.84% of total, industrial wastewater reaches 41 .7X 103 m3/d with 54.16 % of total, the total amount reaches 77.0X 103 m3/d in old urban areo. The industries in Fuling old urban orea mainly consistof food, commercial, science & technology and dwelling. The quality of wastewater is similar to general domesticwastewater. The wastewaterwill be caught to pre-treatmentstation to treat then discharge.There is no great industry in old urban area. Table 3.22 has the water quality and pollution load of Fuling wastewatertreatment plant.

Table 3.22 Water Quality and Pollution Load of Fuling Wastewater Treatment Plant

volatile Pollutants CODCr BOD5 SS Koishi N TP Oil hydroxy benzene

Concentration 450 215.9 250 47.6 5.06 6.03 0.018

(mg/L) ___1444______- - Quantity (kg/d) 1444 693 802 153 16.2 19.3 0.058

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3.4. CUEP in Wanzhou

Wanzhou District(8,355,800 h) is located on the Chang Jiang, 321 km downstreamof Chongqing urban area and covers 13,8km2. Areas coveredare Longbao,Tionshan (or Tiongsheng)and Wuqiao, totalling o population of 1,616,500 inh. The total urban population has been estimatedat 276,900 inh (revisedmaster Plan, 1998). It should continueto rise during the next decodes.According to the WanzhouConstruction Commission,the population should reach one million in 2010. Clearly, the TGP projectwill have a strong influenceon the demographicsituation in Wanzhou. Recentestimates claim that. around 118,000 new immigrantswill settle in Longboo as a result of TGP.Around 50,000 of the District'spresent residents will require resettlementdue to the submergenceof the town resultingfrom TGP. As a result, resettlementareas ore in constructionin the three Districts, such as the Wuqiao New Zone. In Wanzhouthe average GDP per registeredresident was estimateclat Rmbl,722 in 1994 with Rmb2,390 in Longboo, the central District (Chreod, 1997), thus for below the level recorded in Chongqing.

Wanzhousituated some 320 km downstreamof Chongqing on the Chang Jiang has a current population of 280,000, expectedto grow rapidly to 900,000 by 2020. Knownas the "Gatewayto Sichuan",Wanzhou is the second largestport, after Chongqing on the upper Chang Jiang. Dominant industriesinclude food processingand light industry. It is the town the most affectedby the ThreeGorges Project,with around 2/3 of the existingurban area to be submergedby the backwaterfrom the dam in the long term.

3.4.1. Wanzhou Water SupplyComponent

3.4.1.1. Existing Situation

The total population servedby the currentwater supply servicearea is estimatedat 265,000, representinga 95% coverageof the population of the urban area. The urban area of Wanzhou is divided into three separatedemand zonesserved by three separate systems.On the west bank of the Chang Jiang, are found the areas of Longbao and Tian Cheng; on the east bank is found the area of Wu Qiao, location of one of the major Three Gorges ResettlemientAreos.

The Longboo demand zone has three treatment works with total capacityof 110,000m3/d (see. The intakes of these three treatment works are currentlyaffected by upstream pollution sources;furthermore these intakes are likely to be flooded as part of TGP; WTPNr. 2 is old an currentlyneeds replacing. The existingworks for both the Tian Cheng and.Wu Qiao demand areas are small, 12,000 and 5,000m3/day respectivelyand are seriouslyaffected by pollution. Both plants will also be flooded by TGP. Water demand in Wanzhou as a whole is predictedto rise from a current 94,000 m3/day to 244,000 m3/day in 2010 and 365,000 m3/day in 2020.

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Table 3.23 Current Situation Of Water Plants in Wanzhou

Capacity Eievation Water Plants Location Servicearea Water source (X 10'm3/ Evi d)~~~~(n Number One Wangjiapo Longbaodistrict YongtzeRiver 2.5 240 Number Two Bocaiping Longboodistrict YangtzeRiver 2.5 168 Number Three Pollou Longboodistrict YonatzeRiver 6.0 174 Number Four South bank of Wuqiao district Wuqiao River 0.5 177 YongtzeRiver Shuangyan Number Five Tionchengdistrict Tionchebng reservoir, 1.2 177 district Gongnong reservoir

The intakes of Number One water plant is located at the lower reach of urban that water quality is poor. Number Four and Number Five water plant use little river and reservoir as water source which can not provide enough and qualified water. Number Two ond Number Three water plants will be flooded by Three Gorges Project. There are also some industry- owned water plants which supply water of 8OX1 O m3/d.

Figure3.8: Locationof existingand future WTWin Wanzhou

Exsixng /WTW N * Proected VTW kdometres,4 E 1 Projecte o AgWus 1

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3.4.1.2. ProposedWater Supply Component (Y 139.9 million; $16.8 million).

The proposedwater supply componentcomprises the following works: * Constructionof a new water intake of overall capacity 100,000 m3/day upstream of the main urban areo of Wanzhouto supplythe new WTP; * Constructionof a new water treatmentworks with an initial capacityof 50,000 m3/day supplying both the Longboo and Tian Cheng demand areas;

" Constructionof o new intake of 100,000 m3/day supplying raw water to the existing7WTW Nrs. 1 and 3, upstreamof the existingintakes;

o Reinforcementand replacementof the existingwater distributionsystems.

3.4.1.3. Land Acquisition and Rental

The water supply prolectis located in a rural area, in Wanzhou District,where the 4th villager group of

Total number of PAPfor the WAWSPis 81 and affectedarea is 65.90 mu.

3.4.1.4. Pollution Generation

During Construction: The environmentalimpact during constructionmoinly includesnoise, waste earth, wastestone, traffic and destroyto ecology. Approximately 150,000m3 of constructionspoil has been estimatedfor the constructionof the water plant.

Noisefrom vorious contractorsplants will be as indicatedin Table 3.6 .

Operational Period: The processof water supply is simple and pollutant emissionis less. The pollutontsinclude sludge and wastewaterwith SSfrom pre-sedimentationtank and flocculationsedimentation tank, wastewoterwith SSfrom re-washingof filter tank, wastewater from increasingwater supply, accidentsfrom the adding of chlorine, and noisefrom equipment in pumping station.

Table 3.24 summarisesthe quantity of pollutant from wastewateremission. Wastewater also increasesdue to the increasein-water supply (seeTabie 3.25). Table 3.26 hos the quantity of sludge from water plants.

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Table 3.24 Statistic of Pollutant Emission (t/d)

Previousemission New-added Emissionafter project completed Woter Plants emission I SS COD Ss COD SS COD Wanzhou Number One 26.53 1.44 26.53 1 .44 Number Three 63.42 3.46 42.28 2.31 0.37 0.45 Tongziyuon . 52.85 2.88 0.18 0.22 Total 189.95 4.90 95.13 5.19 27.08 2.11

Table 3.25: Wastewater from Increasing Water Supply (t/d) Water plants Previousemission 1 New-addedemission Final Emission Number 26.53 26.53 One 26 53 26_53 Wanzhou Number 63.42 42.28 105.70 T hree______Tongziyuon 52.85 52.85 Total 82.11 95.13 185.08

Table 3.26: Maximum Quantity of Sludge Generation (Dry)(t/d) Items j Wonzhou COD 15.96 SS 9.25

3.5. CUEP in Nanbin

Non Bin Township (Xion) is the administrative centre of Shi Zhu District, Qian Jiong Development Zone, ond is located 40km awoy from the Changjiong. The urbon areo covers 2,5km2. The town has grown steadily since 1 969. The urban population is now 30,000, among which the floating population is 3,600, and should reach 80,000 according to the pre- feasibility study prepared by SMEDI.

Nanbin is the administrative centre of Shi Zhu County of Chongqing Municipality. It lies on the Long He river obout 40 km from the Right Bank of the Chang Jiang. The current population of 30,000 is projected to rise to 56,500 in 2010 ond over 70,000 in 2020.

3.5.1. Nanbin Water Supply Component

3.5.1 .1. Existing Situation.

The total population served by the current water supply service area is estimated at 20,000. There is an old existing WTW of capacity 10,000 m3/d whose intake is at risk from pollution. Water demand is projected to rise to over 15,000 m3/d in 2010 and approximately 30,0000 m3/d by 2020.

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There is only one water plant in Shizhunanbintown with capacityof 1OX 1033m 3/d to serve 1.1 km2 and 15X 103population, about of 50% of total. Its oacuolcapacity and water quality of output are becoming lower becouseof ogeing equipment, thin and worn pipeline, and polluted intake by the wastewaterfrom BeerPlant at the upper reach.

Figure 3.9: Location of WTW in Nanbin

Proposed

' ~Rv's WFW Proposed Existing

3.5.1.2. FProposedNanbin Component(Y 36 million; $4.3 million).

The proposed works comprisethe following: • Constructionof a new water intake of capacity30,000 m3/day upstreamof the main urban area of Nanbin to supply the new WT7W; * Constructionof a new water treatmentworks with an initial capacity of 18,000 m3/day supply'ing * New transmissionlines from the new WTW to the town of Nanbin; * Reinforcementand replacementof the existingwater distribution systems.

3.5.1.3. La3ndAcquisition and Rental

Total number of PAP for NAWSP is 153 and affected area covers 28.80 mu.

The component requires 28.80 mu, entirely to be acquired for the project. It is located on a rural area occupiedby the 7th villager group of the ShuangqingTownship, situated in the suburb of the Nan Bin villoge, Shi Zhu District. Most of the affectedland is composed of irrigated land. Cultivated land to be acquired represents2.54% of the existing cultivatedland available to the villager group (10 18 mu).

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3.5.1.4. PollutionGeneration

During Construction: The environmentalimpact during constructionmainly includesnoise, waste earth, waste stone, traffic and destroyto ecology. Approximately 12,600m3 of constructionspoil has been estimatedfor the constructionof the water plant.

Noise from various contractorsplants will be as indicated in Table 3.6 .

Operational Period: The processof water supply is simple ond pollutant emissionis less. The pollutantsinclude sludgeand wastewaterwith SSfrom pre-sedimentationtank and flocculationsedimentation tank, wastewaterwith SSfrom re-washing of filter tank, wastewater from increasingwater supply, accidentsfrom the adding of chlorine, and noisefrom equipmentin pumping station.

Table 3.27 summarisesthe quantityof pollutant from wastewateremission. Wastewater also increasesdue to the increasein water supply (seeTable 3.28). Table 3.29 has the quantity of sludge from water plants.

Table 3.27 Statistic of Pollutant Emission (t/d)

New-added Emission after projeci completed Water Plants emission SS COD 55 COD 20_1 0.91 2.94 0.19

Table 3.28: Wastewater from Increasing Water Supply (t/d)

Water tonts New-added emission |Finl Emission Shizhu 12.3 12.3

Table 3.29: Maximum Quantity of Sludge Generation (Dry)(t/d) items Shizhu COD 1.44 55 1.01

3.6. CUEPin Qianjiang

Qionjiang county town is located in the Qianjiang autonomous region, in the south-eastof Chongqing Municipality. It is the economic and administrational centre of the region, with tobocco and tourism as the mojor industries.The urban population has been growing rapidly over recent years (at greoter than 8%); this population growth is projectedto continue from the present day volue of 78,000 to 56,000 in 2010 and 73,000 in 2020.

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3.6.1. t;ianjiang Water Supply Component

3.6.1.1. ExistingSituation. Thereare threeexisting WTWs serving the projectarea as follows.(seeThe Old AreoWTW (5000 m3/d),intended to abstroctwater from the QianJiang. However, because of increasing pollution and chonging river flow patterns(a minimum flow of 36 I/s, perhaps linked to upstreamdeforestation), the VTW has been out of operation for five years. ShengYang Gong WTW also servingthe Old Urban Area, constructedin 1992 with a capacityof 20,000 m3/d. It usesrow water from Xiao Nan Hai reservoirsupplied by an aqueductabout 32 km long. FengJia Zheng \/YW extractswater from the Zhe He. It has a design capacityof 400 m3/d but becauseof lower water levelsat the intake site, its presentcapacity is only 100 m3/d.

The presentsystem suffers from many problems.The aqueductfrom Xiao Nan Hai reservoir supplyingSheng Jia ZhengWTW fails each year becauseof landslips,some serious.The Qian Jiang is polluted and can no longer provide a continuoussupply of water to the Old Area WTW. FengJia Zheng WTWis small, old and dilapidated; it is on a very restrictedsite, with no possibilityfor extensions.Less than 30% of domesticusers are satisfiedby the water supply service, 10%use water cleanerand 40% buy purified water for drinking. Lessthan 10% of domesticusers reported interruptionsin water supply.

Water demand for Qionjiang as o whole is projectedto rise to about 74,000 m3/d in 2010 and 126,000 m3/d in 2020.

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Figure 3.10: Location of existing and future WTW in Qianjiang

aia^iang

Newwrw ExistingWTW Aqueducts > Reservoirs FengJa/I Rivers

3.6.1.2. ProposedWater SupplyComponent (Y 61.2 million;$7.4 million).

The proposed schemewill comprisethe following:

D Rehabilitationof the existing32km aqueductfrom Xioo Non Hai reservoirto the ShengJia Zheng WTW; - Extensionof the Sheng Jio Zheng WTW by 30,000 m3/d; * Constructionof a new WTW of 30,000 m3/d at Baioawanserved by the Dongtang reservoir; * Rehabilitationof the Chengbei canal supplyingthe Baijawan WTW; * Extensionand rehobilitation of the existingdistribution network (by the addition of 27.5 km of pipe network).

3.6.1.3. LandAcquisition and Rental

As noted previously,there is no resettlementassociated with this component. Nevertheless, the proposed use of water from the existing Dongtang reservoircould have negative impacts on existinguses (mainly for irrigation). A study concerningthe potential social impacts of water use will be required should this particular element of the project be included in the component.

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3.6.1.4. PollutionGeneration

During Construction: The environmentalimpact during constructionmainly includesnoise, woste earth, waste stone, traffic and destroyto ecology. Approximately15,150m3 of constructionspoil has been estimatedfor the component (seeTable 3.30)

Noisefrom various contractorsplants will be as indicated in Table 3.6 .

Table 3.30: Quantity of Waste Earth (rn3 )

iaonpiangWater Supply Sites Wasteeorth Sanyanggong water 1000 plant Datonggou pumping 105 station Renovation of former intoke channel of 5640 Sanyancwater plant Boijiawan water plant 1500 Intake channel of Baiiaowan water plant 5640 Renovation of pipeline in 1268.9 urban Total 15153.9

OperationalPeriod The processof water supply is simple and pollutant emissionis less. The pollutantsinclude sludge and wastewaterwith SSfrom pre-sedimentationtank and flocculation sedimentation tank, wastewater with SS from re-washing of filter tank, wastewater from increasing water supply, accidents from the adding of chlorine, and noise from equipmeni in pumping station.

Table 3.31 summorises the quantity of pollutant from wastewater emission. Wastewater also increases due to the increase in water supply (see Table 3.32). Table 3.33 has the quantity of sludge frorn water plants.

Table 3.31 Statistic of Pollutant Emission (t/d)

New-odded Emission after project completed Water Plants emissionl 55 COD S5 COD 80-9 4.64 11.85 0.97

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Table 3.32: Wastewater from Increasing Water Supply (t/d)

| Water plants | Previous emission New-added emission Final Emission l Qianjiong I 33 33

Table 3.33: Maximum Quantity of Sludge Generation (Dry)(t/d)

Items Qionang ICOD 7.36 S5 4.07

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4. BASELINECONDITIONS OF CHONGQING MUNICIPALITYAND AFFECTEDAREAS 4.1. Physicalgeographical conditions 4.1.1. GeographicPosition

Chongqing lies in the south-westportion of China, from east altitude 110011' to 115°11' and north latitude 28°10' to 32013', with a total area of about 82,400 km'. The city borderson Hunan and Hubei provincesto the east, Guizhou to the south, Sichuanto the westand Shanxi to the north (seeFigure 4. 1).

Figure 4.1: Location of Chongqing Municipality in the PRC

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The main urban area of Chongqing located at the confluenceof the Jialing Jiang and the Yangtsecovers an area of about 600 km2; it is bordered to the east by Mount Tongluo and to the west by Mount Zhongliang, north until Jinko, Renhe County and Tang jiangtuo, south until Xiaonanhcai and Daoliao.

Fuling District is located at the confluence of Yangtse and Wujiang River with an area of 2,946 km'; it is located 120 km downstream of Chongqing, and borders on Fengdu to the east. The district borders on Wulong on the south, and connects with Changshou, Nanchuan, Hunan and Hubei by the Fu-Chang and Fu-Nan highway.

Wanzhou District is situated in the northeast of Chongqing Municipality with an area of 3,457 km2 . It borders on Yunyang County to the east, Shizhu County and Lichuan City of Hubei province to the south, Liangping County and Zhong County to the west, and Kai County and Koijiang County of Sichuan to the north.

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Qionjiong County standson the easternmountainous district of Chongqing with an area of 2,397 km2. The countyborders on Hubei province to the east, LichuonCounty of Hubei to the north, PengshuiCounty to the west, and Jiuyang County to the south.

ShizhuCounty is locatedon the southern bank of the YangtseRiver with an area of 3,012 km2. The county borderson LichuanCounty of Hubei to the east, PengshuiCounty to the south, Fengdu Countyto the west, LianzhongCounty to the northwest,and WonzhouDistrict to the north.

All the locationsabove are indicatedin Figure4.2.

Figure 4.2: Location of Project Cities

0 50 100 150 200 km

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4.1.2. Terrain, Geomorphology and Geology

The Municipality of Chongqing forming part of the transition between the terrain of the Qingzang Tableland to the west and that of the middle-lower plain of Yongtse River,consists mainly of low hills and ridges. Landforms generally incline from south and north to the river valleys of Yongtse.

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With the Yangtseand Jialing Riverflowing through the city, the areo along the rivers or the valleyshcs the lowestelevation. Ridge and valleys are underthe elevation of 400 meterswith the differencein altitude comporativelybetween 50 and 200 meters. Mountain chains are commonly between500 and 1000 meters,300-700 metershigher than neighboring river- surface.The geomorphologyof the city consistsmainly of low ridges and hills (ridges account for 63.6%of the whole city; hilly countryaccounts for 26%;flat areas accountfor only 10.4%, distributedalong the two rivers).

Figure 4.3: Satellite image of Chongqing Main Urban Area

The terrain of Fuling District consistsmainly of ridges and mesas(54.4% of total area), low hills (13.1%),middle hills (3.3%),and flat areasonly 1.2%.The Yangtseand Wujiang River divide Fuling into three large areas known as Jiangdong, Jiangbei and Jiangnan. The highest elevation is 1977m and the lowest 138m.

Geologic structures belongs to the Xinhuaxia system. The city zone lies on secondary structures beginning from the synclinal Zhengxi Field to the south. The base rock is from the Jurassic system, with soil from the Quaternary, of which those above 160 meters are mainly artificiol fill and those below 160 meters are chiefly alluvium.

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Figure 4.4: Fuling Main Urban Area

Figure 4.5: Satelliteimage of WanzhouUrban Area

Wanzhou Districtconsists of winding chains of mountainswith scatteredvolleys as shown in Figure4.5.

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The geologic structureof Qionjiang belongs again to the Xinhuaxiasystem. The terrain in the countyis mostly middle and low hills with 17 hills above 1000m. The highestelevation is 1938.5m, and the lowestis 320m. There are all kinds of landforms including hill, ridge, flat, basin and small lake. Figure4.6: SatelliteImage of Qianjiang

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The geologic structureof Shizhubelongs again to Xinhuaxiasystem. The terrain of Shizhucan be divided into middle hill, low hill and ridge. It has a relative 1815.1 m differencein altitude. In the northwestMount Fangdouforms an anticlineto the east through the whoie territory, creating the main geologic characteristicof so-called 'one groove betweentwo hills'.

4.1.3. Cllimate and Weather

The region is divided geographically into an eastern basin area covering 160,000 km2 , and a western plateauand mountainousarea covering 230,000 km2. It falls in a subtropicalzone, with an annual precipitationaveraging around 1,000 mm. Precipitationin the eastern basin area, in which Chongqing is situated,averages 600 to 1,200 mm per year, although it is as high as 1,200 to 1,500 mm per year in the river valleysat the westernedge of the basin. The majority of the region's precipitation occursfrom May to September.

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The climate is characterisedby worm winters, hot and wet summers,high moisture, lots of clouds and fog. The annual average temperatureis above 18°C along the Chang Jiang and 14 to 16°C in the central low mountain area. The highest monthly average temperatureis between32 to 34°C with maxima as high as 39.8 to 43DC,whereas the lowestmonthly averagetemperature is above 4°C and minima as low as -5.7°C.

Wind conditionsare characterisedby: * a prevailingwind direction from the North to Northeast,with winds blowing from this sector for about 21% of the time, * low wind speeds,exceeding very seldom 5.1 m/s (3%of the time), * a high percentageof calm conditionswhich occur 40 to 50%of the time in Chongqing.

Significantclimatic parometersare as follows:

* Annual overageair temperature: 16.90C- 18:5 0C * Average of rainfall in one year: 923-1229mm AAverage of total sunlight in one year: 937- 1267 hours - Average of relativehumidity for multi-years: 77-81%

Fuling District of Chongqing has a mid-sub-tropicmonsoon climate, with high relative humidity, low wind velocityand little sunlight. Significantclimatic parameters are as follows:

Annual overage of air temperature: 18.20C Extremelow air temperature: -2.70C (Jan.3, 1962) Extremehigh air temperature: 42.4 (Aug.26, 1972) Annual overage of air pressure: 982.0mb Annual overage of relativehumidity: 79% Annual average of roinfoll: 130 0mm/year Annual overage of non-frost: 300 days/year Annual average of sunlight: 1297 hours/year Annual average of fog: 32 days/year Prevalentwind direction: NE frequency:7% Annual frequencyof still wind: 53.4% Annual overage of wind velocity: 1.4 m/s

Wanzhou Districtsimilarly has o sub-tropic monsoonclimate with overage temperatureof 18.10C . I t has annual non-frost period of 300-320 daysand annual average rainfall of 1,185.4 mm.

The climate of Qianjiang County is mild and moderate, displaying the characteristicof sub- tropic monsoonclimate, with annuol average temperatureof 15.40C, annual non-frost period of 270 days and annual rainfall of 1,241.7 mm.

ShizhuCounty of Chongqing has a mild climate of mid-sub-tropicwet monsoon; significant climatic parametersare as foilows:

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Annual average temperature; 16.5°C Extremehistorical maximum temperature; 40.20C Extreme1historical minimum temperature; -4.70C Annuol averagerainfall; 1103mm Annual averagerelative humidity; 78% Annual averagesunlight; 1333.3hours/year Annuol averagenon-frost; 277doys Prevalentwind direction; E Average wind velocity; 2.5m/s

4.1.4. iHydrology

Chongqing Municipalityhas four major rivers including the Yangtse,the Jialing, the Wuiiang and the Daning River.Of the remaining rivers' there are 155 rivers whose drainage area is larger thcan100 km2 and 190 rivers whose drainage area is between30 and 100 km2.

The YangtseRiver is the longestriver in China. It crossesinto Chongqing from Sichuanat Yangshi Villogeof Jiangjing County and leaves Chongqing into Hubei by the Wu Gorge. The length of the YangtseRiver in Chongqing is approximately755 kilometerswith a width varying generally between300 and 800 m.

Jialing River, one of the main branches of Yangtse, is the second greatest river in Chongqing, whose span is 1,120 kilometers and drainage area is 158 X 103km2. Its length in Chongqing is 153.8 kilometers and width is approximotely between 150 and 200 m.

Wu River iisthe third greatest river in Chongqing; Fengzui River of Nanchuan and Tongyan river (olso called Apeng River) of Qionjiang are both importont tributaries of the of Wu River.

The flows in all the major rivers (Chang Jiang, Jioling Jiang and Wu Jiang) vary seasonaliy. The lowest flows occur during February or March each year in both rivers. The highest flows occur each year during the summer months of July, August or September. Table 4.1 shows the relevant hydrological parameters for selected gauging stations on the major rivers.

' This statisticis far from complete

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Table 4.1: Average annual flow volume and discharge - Jialing Jiang , Chang Jiang and Wu Jiang Average Averoge Minimum Peakdischarge annual flow discharge average volume monthly discharge 3 (m /s) Gauging station 108 m3 m3 /s m3/s m3/s Zhu Tuo (Chang Jiang) 2600 8,450 - -

Bei Pei(Jialing Jiang) 689 2,22D 285 44,800

Cun Ton (Chang Jiang) 3420 11,102 2,540 85,700

Chang Jiong u/s of Fuling - 12,200 2,870 -

Appen Jiang at Qian Jiang 100 - -

Wu Jiang at Fuling - 1,560 310 15,790

Chang Jiang at Wanzhou 4238 13,415 2,770' 98,700

The lowest discharges are the most important as regards to the water quality aspects. Many sources provide information concerning these discharges; unfortunately, these values ore often expressed in different ways making direct comparison difficult. For example, in the report produced by Binnies & Partners [34] flows are expressed as flow duration curves with the statistical colculation of low flows ; other sources use the minimum average monthly discharge ; yet others quote the minimum dry season discharge.

The yearly variation in discharge is extreme. During high flow season, the largest flow has approached 85,700 m3/s ot the Cun Tan hydrometric station, on the Chong Jiang. On the Jialing Jiang, the biggest flow was 44,800 m3/s.

Other rivers in the municipality are noted below: * Maxi River in Fuling District locates 32 km away from the confluence of Wu River and Yongtse. It is one of the branches of Wu River and its least flux is only 0.35 m3 /s. Majiao Brook locates 4 kilometers away from the upper flow of Wu River in Fuling.

* Apeng River and Qianjiong River are the main rivers in Qion jiang County. The annual average flux of the Qianjiang River is 4.41 m 3 /s.

* In Wanzhou County there are 494 gorges and 1 2 brooks, including Wuqiaoxi River, Longboo River, Qingshixi River and Taiping Brook. The Yangtse traverses the county with its length of 64 kilometers.

Thisprobably represents the minimumdry seasondischarge

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In ShizhuCounty the main river is Shilong River.Its length in the county is 104.7 kilometers.Its drainage area is 1,506.6 km2. The multi-yearsaverage flux is 14.3 m3/s. The most and leastflux for many years is 3,720m3/s in 1982 and 0.83 m3/s in 1976 respectively.The natural fall is 1,262.3 meters.

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4.2. Ecologicalconditions

4.2.1. Terrestrial Ecosystem

Chinahas a richbiological resource as evidencedin Table4.2.

Table 4.2: Summaryof the overall bio-diversityof China Class Acknowledged Endemic Endemic species(S)/genus(G) Species Species/All(%)

Mammals 581 (S) 110 (S) 18.93 Birds 1244 (S) 98 (S) 7.88 Reptiles 376 (S) 25 (S) 6.65 Amphibion 284 (S) 30 (S) 10:56 Fish 3862 (S) 404 (S) 10.46 Angiosperm 3123 (G) 246 (G) 7.5 Gymnosperm 34 (G) 10 (G) 29.4 Pteridophyte 224 (G) 67(G) 2.3 Bryophyte 494 (G)j 13 (G) 2

Given its vast terrain, varied climate and conduciveclimate, it is not surprisingthat Chongqing Municipalityequally possessesa rich and varied biological resource.This bio-diversityhas historicallyadapted itself in relationto the extensivehuman activities;in recent years however, in associationwith the rapid industrialisationof the municipolity,the terrestrialecosystem has been damaged most notably due to atmosphericpollution and acid rain.

There are 2,859 known speciesof higher plants in Chongqing beionging to 885 genera of 182 families, including 26 sub-species,272 varieties and 14 varied types.These plant species accountfor 10.28%of the national total plants and.9.85% of the national seed plonts.

Among the rare plants there ore 47 specieslisted in the book rhe Rare Plants In China To Be ExtinctAnd Protected, including 4 ClassI, 21 Class II, 22 Class l1l. There are 36 speciesendemic to Chongqing, of which one is identified as endangered.The natural vegetation contains five categories of broad foliage, pin foliage, bamboo, bosk, and rare brushwood,belonging to 7 vegetationgroups and 28 series.The sub-tropicevergreen broad folioge is the moin natural vegetation in Chongqing. It is mostly composedof the orbor seed of cupulefaculty and camphor faculty.

An appreciation of the localisationof rare plants in Chongqing is provided in Figure 4.7.

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Figure4.7: Locationof rare plants in ChongqingMunicipality (from Ref. 159)

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Chongqingalso has various animal resources. There are 369 knownvertebrote species consistingof 85 speciesof mammals,237 birds,27 reptiles,and 20 amphibians.Historically, the region used to be a place with denseforests, a variety of wildlife, with complex community structuresand rich animalresources. Because of long-termhuman activities, the areaof forest hosdwindled to suchan extentthat terrestrial vertebrates in the districthave evolved from the communitiesadopted to.forest ecosystems to the onesadopted to brushwoodecosystems.

Accordingto the Major WildAnimals in Chino ToBe Protected, of all the terrestrial vertebratesin Chongqingthere are 4 speciesof "first class"protected animals and 22 "second class"protected.

In FulingDistrict the forestvegetation belongs to the hybridof sub-tropicevergreen broad foliageand spin foliage. Fuling has more than 2,000 kindsof arborseeds and 150kinds of economicolforest such as silkworm, mulberry, orange, tung tree, crude lacquer and tea leaf.

Wanzhou Districthas more than 1,000 kinds of higher plants.There are more than 300 speciesof trees, including rare speciessuch as the metasequoia,the Cha tree, the chinese dove tree and the lotus leaf fern. The original vegetationhas almost been exhausted,and the existingvegetation is largely of manmade origin.

Becauseof the intensedisturbance provoked by man, animal resourcesare sparse,valuable rare creatureeven scarcer.Animals frequently encountered are weasel, short ear rabbit, black rat, sewer rat, sparrow, damp frog, black frog etc. Crops consistof paddy, wheat, pea, bean, corn, orange, tea leaf and silk mulberry. The fruits of tung tree are abundant. Domestic animals are chicken,duck, pig, sheep and cattleetc.

In Qianjiang County sub-tropicalforest coversabout 30% of the land area. Treesinclude Gingkgo, yew, iron fir, birch, and metasequoia. The main economicalforest consistsof tung tree, oil tea. Abounding in pasturage resources,the county has 600 thousandsmu of herding grass. The natural grass, mainly including Zhengmao, Baimao and Yegu grass etc., is divided into three main species,two sub-speciesand twelve typesof nine groups. Plantedpastoral grass consistsof red clover, white clover and ryegrassetc. The wild animals in the county belong to 23 groups, 69 speciesand 147 sub-species.The food crops of Qionjiang ore mainly composed of 14 speciesof 4 categoriesincluding paddy, wheat, corn, potato, yam, soybeanetc. The main economicalcrops consistof bake tobacco, rape, peanut,tingle, silk mulberry. The Chinesetraditional medicineresource in the county consists1,130 forms both wild ond cultivated.The herbal medicinehas more than 800 forms with the main varieties of berberine, southernwood,Baishu, and huneysuckle.

About 11% of ShizhuCounty is coveredby forest. The main families are pine tree, cypressand fir. Rare plants include metasequoia,Duzhong, gingkgo and Ezhangqiu.The economical forestsare 50 kinds of oil tung, oil tea, Juanzi and sumac. ShizhuCounty is an agricultural county whose main food crops are paddy, corn and wheat, and whose economical crops are cotton, rape, peanut and tobaccos.

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4.2.2. Fluvial ecosystem

As per the terrestrialecosystem, the fluvial systempossesses a rich and diversebio-diversity.

Over 80 genera of algae (dominantly diatoms and green algae) are found in the rivers of the Municipolity, most of which are of "adherenttype". Thesealgae mostly grow in the tributaries of the Yangtse,with lessin the mainstream. Similarly, aquatic vascular plants abound in both the major and minor tributaries,with over 40 species;again there are only small quantitiesof a few speciesgrowing in the Yongtseitself.

More thcin 70 speciesof zooplanktonare found in the region. Most of the speciesagion are found in the tributaries. In addition, 20 speciesof benthos,mainly the larva of Chironomids and Oltigochaetahave also been identified.

140 speciesof fish are found in the Yangtseand its tributaries. Of these 47 are endemicto the Upper YongtseBasin; over 30 are commercialspecies.

The major rivers suchas the Yangtse,the Jioling and the Wu harbour mainly cyprinid species (coarsefish) suchas the carp, chub and the gross fish: i In the segmentsof Yangtseand Jialing Riverthroughout the main city zone, there are many crudefish like carp, chub and gross fish; - In the water of Yangtsein the Fuling District,the main fish are carp, shoat fish, ormer and grass fish; * In the water of Yangtsein the Wanzhou District,the main fish are crucian,'chub and grass fish.

Qianjiang County has 70 kinds of fish belonging to 6 genera and 24 fami!ies, and the main fish are chub, grossfish and.carp.

Formerly,3 rore and endangeredspecies (Class I and Class li species)were found in the region. Of thesethe ChineseSturgeon no longer spawnsin the upstream reachesof the Yangtseclue.to the completionof the Gezhoubadam; other endangered speciesinclude the YangtseSturgeon and the ChineseSucker.

As evidencedby fish catchesthe quantity (and it is to be supposed)diversity of aquatic life has been reducing in recentyears.

4.2.3. Soil and Mineral Resources

In Chongqing, typical soil types include purple soil, paddy soil, yellow soil, carbonic rock and alluvium, etc. The mineral is mostly composedof coalmine, natural gas, barium mine, pyrites, plaster, lirnestone,dolomite, saggar, glass sandstone,casting sandstone and barite.

Fuling containsmorn than 10 kinds of mine resourceswhich are worth exploiting industrially such as coal, iron, natural gas, limestone,quartz sand, aluminum, zinc, copper and cadmium. Soil typesincludes yellow soil, purple soil and paddy soil.

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In Wanzhoutypical soil is yellow soil.

In Qionjiang, there are more than 20 kinds of mineral resourcein the county,including 6,300,000 tons of cool and 436,100 tons of fluorite.

ShizhuCounty contains various of mineral resources.The ascertained20 kinds of mineral resourcesare coal, natural gas, copper, lead, silver etc., of which coal has 120,000,000 tons, . iron has 16,060,000 tons and marble has more than 3,000,000 m3.

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4.3. Socio-economicconditions

4.3.1. Population and Social Economy

According to 7997StatisticalYear Book there are 8,893,500 families in Chongqing. Total population reached 30,227,700, 80.9% of which are rural and 19.1% of which are urban. The growth rate of population is 6.4%o.In the main city zone, population is about 2,961,800 ,population densityis 2064 personsper square kilometer.The population distribution of the six districtsof the main city zone can be seen in the following Table 4.3 .

Table 4.3 Distribution status of population of six main districts of Chongqing city (1996)

District area (km2) Populationdensity (km2) Popuiation(ten ______thousand) YuzhongDistrict 21.90 26292 57.58 Jiangbei District 213.52 2074 44.28 Nanan District 278.78 1537 42.85 Shapirigba 383.45 1651 63.32 D istrici ______Jiulongpo District 443.03 1526 67.61 Dadu ou District 94.39 2144 20.24

Chongqing is an important production base in China for commercialgrain, pork, silk mulberry and orange. Of the food crops, the output of small spring crop, like wheal, pea ond silk mulberry, occountsfor 85% of national total output. The main economicalcrops are oil plants, sugar, tobacco leaf and tingle. According to statisticsat the end of 1996, Chongqing has actually 1.63 million hectaresof plantation area, of which paddy field is .83 million hectaresand dry land is .79 million hectares;equivalent to 0.07 hectoresof plantotion area per former and 0.12 hectaresper work force.

Chongqing is one of six old industrial bases of China. Major industries are in the following sectors: automobile, motorcycle,metallurgy and chemical engineering. In 1996, the annual outputs oif automobile and motorcycleexceeded 100,000 and 2,000,000 respectively.The annual outputs of steel, crude coai, natural gas and electricitygenerated reached 1,610,000 tons, 31,450,000 tons, 2,610,000,000 m3 ond 14,370 MW respectively.There were 11077 independent industrialcorporations, whose total production value were 82,347 million yuans; sale incorne of production was 77,757million yuans with a profit of 4,750 million yuans.

Fuling Districtof Chongqing has a total area of 2946 km2 and a total population of 1,079,400 including 228,800 urban dwellers and a rural population of 850,600; the population density is 367 inh./km2.

In the Eighth Five-YearPlan, the Gross National Productof Fuling added up to 26,890 million yuans; as much 2.6 times as that of the SeventhFive-Year Plan. The gross output value of industry and agriculture were 42,363million yuan..

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Wanzhou District has a total area of 3457 km2 and a total population of 8,414,900 including 839,400 non-farmers,and a population density of 285/km2.

The city zone of Wanzhou is the political, economicand cultural centre of Wanzhou District, where the industrialsystem chiefly consistsof foodstuff, weaving, chemical engineering,salt making, engine and electric power, and also consistsof medicine,paper making, plastic and building material etc. According to the statisticsof 1996, the gross industrialoutput value of the whole district was 3,137 million yuons,and the total retail was 210 million yuans.

Qianjiang Districthas a total area of 2397 km2 and a total population of 471,500 including 54,000 urban dwellers,and a population densityof 197 inh./ km2. There are 14 nationalities in the county includingthe Han nationality,the Tujio nationalitiesand the Miao nationalities, of which the Tujia and Miao nationalitiesare long-term inhabitantsaccounting for 33.26% and 16.77%of the total population respectively.

In 1996, the grossoutput value of industryand agriculturewas 1,161 million yuans,of which the output of industrywas 876 million yuans and that of agriculture was 284 million yuans. The industryincludes building material, foodstuffand tobacco.The agriculture has broomcorn, corn, peanut and bake tobacco and so on.

ShizhuAutonomy County of Tujia Nationality has a total area of 3012.51 km2 and a total population of 429,000 including 398,000 rural dwellers.The minorities of the countyhave 228,000 people including 227,000 of Tujia nationalityand 1000 of Miao and Hui notionality, accountingfor 53.14% of the total population. The Han nationality has 201000 people accountingfor 46.86%.

In 1997, the GrossNational Productof ShizhuCounty was 1,010 million vuans.The gross output value of agriculturewas 223 million yuans and that of industrywas 786 million yuans. According to spot check, the annual income per farmer of Shizhu County was 1200 yuans in 1997, and the annual wages per employee was 4318 yuans. Nonbin Town the political, economic and cultural centre of the whole county, is a small city full of landscapes and gardens. Its support industry is the process of agricultural by-products. The town has established many enterprises including brewing, silk factory, tobacco manufoctory, rabbit silk factory, pharmacy and alcohol factory.

4.3.2. Basic Infrastructure

Chongqing is the traffic hub of the upper Yangtse River and the southwest. The integrated transportation net combining water, land and air transportation has basically come into being in Chongqing:

* The Yangtse River is named the Golden Sea-Route. Traffic can directly reach Shanghai by boat, then enter sea.

* The mileage by road traffic reaches more than 8900 km including 114 km of highway. The National Highway 210, 212 and 319 meet in Chongqing. The Chengyu, Xiangyu and Chuanqion Railway intersect at Chongqing.

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* The Chongqing JiangbeiInternational Airport provides modern facility and its service include more than 50 national line and some international line.

The total telephonecustomer of Chongqing has extendedto 770,800, with 668,900 urban usersand 101,900 county users.The combined sewagesystem of Chongqing was built in 1946. At lpresent, the central part of the city has formed a complete combined sewage system, other parts of the main city zone such as Jiangbei, Nan'an, Shapingba,Jiulongpo and Dadukou are building rain and wastewaterseparate systems. Till now, sewagedrain has reach 410Okm,the densityof pipes is about 2.67km/km2 .

Roadin Fuling district is 1625km, among which 83.5km is national road and 63km is provincial road, the rest is town road. One hundred percent of the towns and 70%of the villages has been connectedby road. A number of 882 watercraftsdistribute at the seven major posts.The branch of the post office has reached a total of 83. The capacityof the teiephoneexchanger is 53248 and a total of 38594 telephonecustomers and 5414 mobile telephone.

In Wanzhoudistrict a mix of water, terrestrial,air traffic systemhas come into being; national road 318 connectsit with Shanghaiand Lasha,and other road join it with neighbor area. Aircraft can directly fly to Chengdu, Xi'an, Wuhan. Shipping along the YangtseRiver is convenient.

There are sevenroads connectingwith outside in Qianjiang county. National Highway319 gets through this county.The civil airport has been set at Zhangjiaba, where is 4km away from the county.The airport will launch into use in the near future.

ShizhuCounty has the Xituogangdock, which can ship the cargo boats with 200-500 tons. It has 98 roods among whichthere are 3 provincial roads connectingwith Sichuan,Fuling and Chongqing. The total length of roads is added up to 1,025.4 km.

4.3.3. Public sanitation and culture education

There are 841 schools,465,514 studentsand 34,283 teachersin the main city zone of Chongqing. In the whole year of 1997, the city has established376 new itemsof scienceand technology.It has fulfilled 244 city-classimportant projects of scienceand technologyamong which there are 173 projects awarded for their advancementby nation or province.There are 939 sanitcitionorganizations including 148 hospitals, 19,608 beds for patients, and 24,995 technicianswith sanitation knowledgeincluding 12,005 doctors.

In Fuling Districtthere are 6 scientificresearch places and 60 civilian scientificresearch organizations,and 20,104 techniciansof all kinds of specialtiesincluding 616 high commissionersand 4975 middle commissioners.There is one common academic, 2 adult junior colleges,6 technical secondaryschools, 8 common senior high schools, 2 job senior high schools,41 junior high schoolsand 401 elementaryschools. The number of studentswith a grade greater than primary has exceeded45,515. There are 476 sanitation organizations including 7 county-classhospitals and 4 sanitarystations in streets,and 2,149 beds for patients.

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Wanzhou has 1,282 schoolsincluding 9 of junior collegesand technical secondaryschools and 111 common high schools.There are 1 98,292 studentsin school.There are also 302 sanitationorganizations and 3,228 beds.

The number of middle schoolsand primary schoolsis 347 in Qionjiang County, and the number of studentsin these schoolsis 64,954. There are 3956 staffsin school of the county, of whom there are 3,591 technicalsecondary teachers, 3,769 staff of middle school and primary school s. There are 89 medicol institutes,824 sickbeds,995 health official in that county.The medio in this countycontains the people's radio station,the televisionstation, the CBTVstation, the ground satellitereceiving station, the radio ond TVservice station. There are also 4 cinemasin this county.

There is a trade school in ShizhuCounty with 446 students,and 49 general middle schools with a totol of 11,614 students.There are also 532 primary schoolswith 60,884 studentsso that the enrolling rate has reached 99%.There is an art gallery, 55 culture pub, one library, two cinemas,55 radio stations,21 TVtransfer station.Television program has covered62%. There are 88 medical institutes, 695 sickbeds,973 health officials.

4.3.4. Cultural Relics,Historic Sites and Touristic Sites.

Chongqing Municipalityhas an economicallyimportant and rich heritage including'world- fomous relicsand historicsites from past dynasties,and a vibrant and diverse living culture. The relics of Dazu, a proposedWorld Heritage Site, are amongstthe best known of these sites. The cliff-side carvingsat the five spotsare famous world-wide for their lorge-scale, craftsmanshipand conservation.The site is of great cultural interest,ond provides opportunities to interpretand presentthe historic, artistic and cultural character and achievementsof the Chinesepeople over the past millennia. In addition, thousandsof cultural relics con be found in CQ Municipality,whose preservationis paramount from a culturol and touristic point of view. The main contentsof the cultural and tourist resourcesin CQ Municipality can be encapsulatedwithin the following conceptsof "A Centre", "A Belt" ond "Two Itineries"(see Figure4.8)

The Centre: The MetropolitanArea of CQ: Chongqing is a very old city. According to researchcorried on at Longgupo, on WushonMountain the area.was already inhabited two millions years ago. Later,about 25,000 years ago, the area was related to the Tongliong Culture, a poleolithic culture,as it indicated by nearly twenty archaeological sites.CQis also famous for the cultural artifactsattesting its recent history as the capitol of China during and immediatelyafter the SecondWorld War (Huangshanand Geleshon).

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One Belt: Three Gorges Belt: Within the MunicipalityThere are 11 districtsand counties forming thieThree Gorges Belt including Yubei District,Chang Shou County, Fuling District, FengduCounty, Wan Zhou District,Yun Yang County, FengjieCounty, WushanCounty, Wuxi County, KaixianCounty and Liang PingCounty involved.Apart from the famous natural landscapeof the Three Gorgees,there existsa great number of ancient sitesand architectures. The natural landscapeformed from a mosaiqueof mountains, river, woods, gorges, and valleysis complementedby a rich man-made resourceto form the unique attraction of the Three GorgesBelt. Sincethe beginning of the massivearchaeological investigationand fieldwork in the Three Gorges ReservoirRegion, tens of archaeological organisationsacross the countrYhave collaboratedwith the ArchaeologicalTeam under the Chongqing Municipal Museum. In recentyears the team has conductedfield archaeological investigation, excavationas well as preservationand managementof the underground cultural relics. Since 1996, the ArchaeologicalTeam of the Chongqing Municipal Museumhas completed approximately60 archaeologicalworks in terms of field investigation,excavation and historic relics collection.The land area of excavationaccounts for about 10,000 square meters.The numberof unearthedCRs totals to 10,000. Among them, more than 1,000 objectsare completeor con be restored

The Two Itineraries: Dazu RockSculpture Travel Itinerary; Qian Jiang Minority Travel Itinerary.The former includesDazu County, HechuanCounty, Tong Liang County, Tong Nan County, Bishancounty. The main contentof this itineraryare the man-made tourist resources. The latter involves7 counties(Qian Jiang, You Yang, Xiushan, ShizhuPeng Shui, Wulong and Nanchuan).The minority people's tradition and featuresare the main cultural and touristic attraction of this itinerary.

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Figure4.8: Locationof sites of Historical/Cultural Interest in Chongqing Municipality (from Ref. 159)

.,~~~~' .. L 3.' ,' I~~~~~~~~~~~I3

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4.4. Surface Water Quality Conditions

4.4.1. Overall water quality environment of Chongqing Municipality

4.4.1.1. Water Quality Objectives

Water Quality Objectives relate tQ the functional usage of the water body (river, lake or reservoir). In China these WQO are divided into 5 major classes as indicated in Table 4.4.

Table 4.4: Water Quality Standards for China related to the functional use of the water body.

Water Quality Class Desired use of water body Class I River headwaters, and national nature protection zones Class II Drinking water, protection and breeding zones Class Ill Drinking water, second class protection zones, fishery and bathing waters Class IV Industrial use and non-direct contact recreation Class V Agricultural use and general scenery requirements

The WQ0s for eoch major river are decided by the Ministry of Water Resources; more detailed WQOs are generally stipulated at the provincial/prefectural or city level. These local WQOs may be more strict than the notionally decided values.

The present water quality objective for the Jialing Jiang and the Chang Jiang is Class IlIl (see Figure 4.9 ), however after implementation of the TGP (namely after the years 2009-2010) it should be Class II (see hereafter chapter 7).

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Figure4.9: CurrentWater Quality Objectivesfor the major rivers in Chongqing Municipality,before implementationof TGP

I t>S ax o AL j dw

Class 2 Class3

Class 5

An abstractin Englishof GB 3838-88 is given in Appendix 1.

4.4.1.2. Classification of water quality

The classificationof surfacewater in the whole area is shown on Figure4.10, as reported in the ref. [12]. It can be seen thct the whole ChangJiang in Sichuanprovince and Chongqing is classifiedas ClassIlI and the Jioling river in its lowerreaches are classifiedas ClassIV.

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Figure 4.10: Current Water Quality Classification, 1995 (from [12])

Na Anialysed CuessI Class2 Class 3 , C4assA Class5

4.4.2. Surfacewater quality of Chongqing Main Urban Area

4.4.2.1.General situationof contamination source In 1995,the amountof sewageand pollutant being discharged into the Yangtseriver and Jialing river is shown in Table 4.5.

Table 4.5 Urban Domestic Sewage in 1995

Accepting Quantity of Coliform SS COD BOD TN NH3-N TP water 101 5/a t/o t/a t/a t/a t/a tiC

rivgser 11492 465 36769 60223 29262 6426 5178 830 riverIIIIIII Jialing river 8176 336 25155 43679 21222 4661 3757 602 Total 19668 801 61924 103902 50484 11087 8935 1432

According to Table 4.5, there are 114,92X103m 3/a sewage being dischargedinto the Yongtseriver and 81,760x103m 3 /a sewagebeing discharged into the Jialing river in 1995. The quantiityof sewage being dischargedinto the two river has reached 196680x103 m 3 in 1995.

The major industrici pollution sourcesin 1995 are listed in Table B.1 in Appendix B

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Accordingto Table B.1, total quantityof wastewaterbeing discharged by these major industrialsources is 43 million m3. The first three is Chongqing Teshuguangcorps,. Chongqing JiansheGongye corps, ChongqingDion factory, with emissionof 1109.5, 433.31, 348.38 m3 respectively.The major pollutantsare SS,oil, COD, NH3, Hydroxybenzene, Cyanide, Pb and Cr.

The main industriesregarding pollution dischargeinclude the following production types chemicalsand pharmaceuticals,ferrous metalsand machinery,power, paper pulp and paper, coal mining.

According to the Annual Reporton IndustrialPollution Sources (1996) ([8]) and the DHI Report([4]), there is, within the Chongqing area, 72 mcior industrialdischarges (see Figure 4.1 1 to Figure4.12), for which SS,COD, BOD5, totol nitrogen, ammonia and total phosphorusloads are given. Someother, typicallyindustrial pollutant loads are also indicated, including oil, sulphur (S),cyanides (CN), lead (Pb),chromium (Cr) and phenols.About ten industriescontribute to the major pollution load regarding heavymetals and phenols. Figure 4.11: Location of major industries in Chongqing urban area - industrial suspended solid discharges by size and location

< | 2 ~~~~~~SS(kg/day)

/t~~~~~~~~~~~~0 6- 2500 a 5 a ~~~~~~~~~~~~2500-7500 N ADstct Boundary

- WE Catchn-ent River

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Figure 4.12: Location of major industries in Chongqing urban area - industrial COD discharges by size and location

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~300 - 600 ( ~~~~~~~~< ~~~600 l -2500 A , t \ ; ~~~~~~~~~2500-7500 N /\/ Dist Boundary

+ 3 R~~iver

4.4.2.2. Environment condition of surfacewater

Analysis and assessmentof the water quolity in the JioaingJiang and the Chang Jiang are available in.different sources * The Chongqing EnvironmentalQuality Report[5] * Additional data for 1997 and 1998 made available by the Chongqing EPB: * Nutrient Monitoring Program during 1998 * Specificmonitoring studiesconducted for the EA

The tables derived from thesesources are included in Annex E.1; the location of monitoring sites in Chongqing is shown in Figure 4.13.

As can be seen from the analyses,most of the average concentrationsare within Class 11 standards, The following specific commentscan be made:

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* DO concentration : The concentrationof dissolvedoxygen is high in almost all samples and usuallyexceeds 80% saturation.The reductionin dissolvedoxygen concentration during the high flow period (summer)is mainly attributable to the lower saturation concentrationof oxygenin water at the high water temperature prevalentduring this period. The yearly DO variation follows mainly the water temperaturevariation rather than the river discharge. * BOD and COD: BOD and COD concentrationsare low and below the standard valuesof Class II, although very occasional high concentrationshave been recordedwhich exceed the standards(essentially for COD, accordingto the Chongqing EnvironmentalQuality Report [5]). * Total ammonia: In the SurfaceWater standords,there is no standard value for total ammonio-N (NH3-N) but there are one standard value for unionised (or free) ammonia (NH3). This comesfrom the fact that it is not the ammonio-N which is significant in terms of toxicityto fish but rather the concentrationof unionisedammonia. However,the relationshipbetween unionised ammonia and ammonio-N is not linear and dependson the pH and temperatureof the water. This relationshipcan be approximatedby the following formula: NH3 = ammonio-N/ (I + 10t) where: NHH3 = concentrationof unionisedammonia ammonia-N = concentrationof total ammonia x = (1 / (0.09912 + 0.00036.T)) - pH T = water temperature(°C) For winter conditionswhich offer lessdilution due to the low river discharge, the mean temperatureand pH of water are 14°C and 8.1 respectively.Use of these values in the above formula show that the unionisedammonia is about 1.7%of the total ammonia. in order to meetthe standardfor unionisedammonia (0.02 mg/I), the value of totol ammonia could then raise up to 1.15 mg/I. In summer conditions,with higher temperatures,the percentageof ammonia-N necessaryto meet the standard will increaseand for the mean conditions (T=23°C ; pH=8), the total ommonia limit value will be about 0.43 mg/l. This lost value, which reflectso conservativepoint of view, was then taken into account to assess the river water quality for the NH3-N parameter.

However, it should be pointed out that the values obtained from monitoring data concerning this parameter are subject to some discrepancies due to the calculation method. The free ammonia concentrationsare indeed calculatedfrom available concentration measurements of total ammonia and measurements of temperature and pH. For a part, this could explain that occasionallyoverage concentrationsexceeding the stondardswere recorded.

* Nitrites and Nitrates : The concentrationsare in general low. * Total Phosphorus : The background information concerningthe concentrationsof total phosphorusis limited, due to the lack of measurementsconcerning this parameter. The Nutrient Monitoring Exerciseaimed at having a better knowledgeof this parameter. This exercise would tend to indicate that:

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- the qualityof the ChangJiang and of the otherrivers (Jioling Jiong and WuJiang) is deterioratingin termsof totalphosphorus with concentrations higher than the Class III/IV limit,especially during the wet seasonwith the high flows, - the bockgroundvalues from the upstreamare high but thereis a net influenceof the Chongqingurban area during the dry seasonfor thisparameter. Nevertheless,these trends should be confirmedby furthercomplementary samplings taken at the somelocations. 0 Total Coliforms:Although the Chinesestandards for Coliformscould be judgedas quite severe,the monitoringresults show that: - 'The averageconcentrations of Coliformsexceed regularly the ClassIll limit - Themost polluted sampling point, with regardto Coliforms,is not unexpectedlyon the JialingJiang. This is probablydue to the manydischarges of domesticwastewater, concentratedon the downstreamsection of the JialingJiang - Thebackground values from the upstreamare alreadyquite high * The averogeconcentrations of mercuryand oil exceedregularly the ClassIll limitsbut it shouldbe pointedout that the ClassIll standardfor the mercuryis the detectablelimit and can hardlymeet its criterion.According to the Chongqing EnvironmentalQuality Report[5], some other parametersexceed also occasionallythe permissiblelimits. The most important are: phenol, cadmium and lead. * There is no visible additional pollution ifi the downstreamsamples of Chang Jiang showing any significant impact of the pollution load from the Jialing basin. This is probably due to the important dilution and assimilativecapacity of the Chang Jiang. * It is important also to mentionthe discharge plumes along the banks, the pollution concentrationsof which can be hardly reflectedby the measurements.These plumes are significant in terms of water intake operation.

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Figure4.13: Locationsof monitoringstations

4.4.3. Fulingwater quality

The monitoring programme was based on sampling at two siteson the Chang Jiang and one site on the Wu river (locations of these monitoring stations are shown on Figure 4.14 ) The monitoring results (averagevalues from 1990, 1995, 1996) are shown in Annex E.2.

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Figure4.14: Locationof Monitoring SitesFuling

The water quality in the Fuling sectionof the Chang Jiang conformsto the categoryIll for water quality standard of surfacewater, exceptfrom: Coliforms whichshow a high level of pollution, petroleum and mercury. Nevertheless,the stated mercuryvalue of 0.03 mg/l for all samples probably reflectsthe detection limit of the equipment. The water quality in Wu river is generally cleanerthan in Chang Jiang. The content of suspendedsolids is much lower, as well as the level of organic matter and oil. The water from Wu river is not usedfor water supply becauseof fear of mercury pollution from an upstream mercury mine. However,elevated concentrations of mercuryare not seen from the analyses. Heavy metals or cyanide were not detectedin any of the samples.

4.4.4. Wanzhou water quality

The monitoring programme was based on sampling at three stations on the Chang Jiang (locationsof these monitoring stations are shown on Figure4.15). The sampling stations are very close to the city centrewith wastewaterand industrialdischarges from Wanzhou city upstreamthe first monitoring station.

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At each monitoring station, samplingtook place on two adjacent days, three times a year for each river flow period, namely: low flow (13-15 March 1995), normal flow (9-13 November 1995), high flow (14-16 August 1995). Up to three samples were obtained on each sampling occasion to monitor any variation in river water quality across the river cross section. The monitoring resultsare shown in Annex E.3 Figure 4.15: Wanzhou - Location of Monitoring Sites

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The monitoring resultsfrom the Chong Jiang show low level of pollutants,except for free ammonia (determinationof this parameter remainsnevertheless difficult).

There is clearly a seasonolvariation of different parametersand especiallyof the content of suspendedsolids. The concentrationin suspendedsolids varies from a level of 10 mg/I in March to 1850 mg/I in August.

The concentrationsof COD, ammonia and nitratesreach their highestvalues during the high flow period in August,while the level of oxygenis low. This indicatesan important contribution to the transport of organic matter and nutrientsfrom diffuse sources,probably causedby run off from cultivatedlands. The low level of oxygenconcentration is due mainly to the.water temperature,e.g. to the temperaturedependent solubility of dissolvedoxygen in water which lead to highestconcentration during winter and lowestduring summer and for a certain part, to the increasein organic matter and nutrient concentrations. It seemsapporently that the dischargesin Wanzhou do not affect too much the general water quality of the Chang Jiang. This is probably due to the important dilution and assimilative capacityof the Chang Jiang but it is important also to mention that the sampling can hardly take into accountthe pollution concentrationsin the dischargeplumes along the banks. The Long Bao smallertributary to Chang Jiang in Wanzhou (seeAnnex E.3) is also monitored, at three stations.The monitoring resultsare shown in the following tables:

The resultsfrom Long Boo river demonstratea high degree of pollution of this tributary. The water quality is only better than Chang Jiang quality as regards suspendedsolids due to a lower erosion in the Long Boo catchmentarea.

In the downstreamsections, water is depletedby oxygenduring low flow and the levelof BOD reachesabout 1-50mg/l and the level of ammonia 5 mg/I which is comparable to untreated wastewater.Also the level of Coliforms confirmsthe high level of pollution with domestic wastewater.However, the many identical bacterial countsseem rather unlikely to reach, as large variotions in bacterial counts must be expected.The given Coliform values are probably minimum volues.

4.4.5. Qianjiang water quality

The monitoring programmewas based on sampling at (seeAnnex E.4) * one section on the Apeng river with three samplestaken during three days (26 - 28 /08/98) acrossthe river section, * one station in the centre of the Minor SouthSea dam (samplestaken between2 61h to 28th Aug. 98), * one station in the Dongtong dam (July 1996 and 1997 average results), * four sectionsin the Qiong Jiang (July 1996 and 1997 average results).

The resultsindicate that the parameters are all in the normal range of. ClassII or IlIl standards, except: * in the Apeng river, where only Total Coliforms ond totol P do not meet the Ciass Ill standardis(with total P only slightly), * in the Minor SouthSea, where the COD is only slightly above the Class IlIlstandard,

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* in the Qiang Jiang, downstreamof the countytown, where UnionisedAmmonia and Nitritesconcentrations are respectivelyabove ClassV and Ill standardsdue to the city waste water discharges.

4.4.6. Nan bin water quality

From the monitoring samplesregularly taken during the month of April between 1996 and 1998 (seeAnnex E.5), it can be deducedthat the water quality meetsthe Class III standards. The SSconcentration does not seem to be very high (lessthan 230 mg/l in April 1998) but it should be rememberedthat April'is not the month of high flows. In the EIA, an average turbidity value of 500 to 680 mg/l is mentioned.The peak value in flood seasonis not known.

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4.5. AiirQuality

4.5.1. Air quality standards and objective Thequolily of air is guidedby ChineseStandard GB 3095-96< EnvironmentalAir Quality Standards)), TJ 36-79 . The presentair qualityobjective is grade2, with the followinglimiting values (see Table 4.6): TableA.6 Standardsfor air quality pollutant Typeof average Upperlimit value Source (mg/Nm3) yearly 0.06 SO2 daily 0.15 GB3095-96 hourly 0.50 (Grode2) yearly 0.2 TSP daily 0.3 GB 3095-96 ______hourly (Grade2) yearly 0.05 NO. daily 0.1 GB3095-96 ==______hourly 0.15 (Grade2) Cl2 once 0.1 Ti 36-79 ______|___daily 0.03

The air pollutant dischargesshould also comply with the GB 16297-96 standardswhich specifythe highestpermitted dischargeconcentration: - for chlorine to 65 mg/Nm3 , 3 * for SO2 to 0.4 mg/Nm , * for TSPto 1.0 mg/Nm3 , * for NO, to 0.12 mg/Nm3.

4.5.2. Chongqing Air Quality

The air quality in Chongqing urban area is monitored at five points located in different districts of the city. Thesepoints are the following * Jie Fan Bei (Yuzhongdistrict), * Tian Xing Qiao (ShoPing Bo district), * Nan Ping (Nanon district), * Yang Jia Ping (Jou Long Po district), * Guan Ying Qiao (Jiang Bei district).

The following Table 4.7 givesthe resultsfor 1997. It can be readily appreciated that the air quality is very poor.

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Table 4.7: Results of air quality monitoring in Chongqing urban area (in mg/Nm3) - average results Pollutant Point JieFang Bei TianXing NonPing YangJio GuanYin Qiao Ping Qioo S02 Yearly 0.194 0.219 0.254 0.163 0.210 Daily 0.044-0.596 0.026- 0.035-0.909 0.009-0.474 0.023-0.538 ______0 .0 6 4 9 ______TSP Yearly 0.153 0.203 0.210 0.193 0.239 Daily 0.042-0.595 0.03-0.891 0.07-0575 0.051-0.493 0.057-0.888 NOX Yearly 0.081 0.059 0.050 0.059 0.083 Daily 0.013-0.239 0.01-0.238 0.009-0.165 0.016-0.145 0.021-0.231

For the proposed project,monitoring of air quality was carried out in the vicinity of the proposedWWTP locations (Tong Jio Tuo and Ji Guan Shi).The moriitoring took place at three locationsduring five days,four times per each day.

Two pollutant were measured(NH 3 and H2S) with the following results: Table 4.8: Monitoring results near the proposed WWTP sites

Pollutant NH3 H,S Point Bai Shu Lin Tie Lu won Tu Di Yo Boi Shu Lin Tie Lu Won Tu Di Yo Rangeof 1.1525- 0.46-0.845 0.5475- 0.003- 0.0045- 0.001- concentration 1.72 0.7275 0.0055 0.01075 0.00375 (mg/Nm3) l

For the monitoring results,it appearsthat the NH3 and H2Sconcentrations are not too high in the vicinity of the proposed WWTP sites.

4.5.3. Fuling Air Quality

The air quality in Fuling city area is very poor, according to the 1997 average values obtained 3 3 3 from air measurements: 0.31 mg/Nm of SO2, 0.40 mg/Nm of TSP,0.31 mg/Nm of NO.

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Table 4.9 Atmosphere quality of Fuling district in 1 997 unit; mg/m 3 Monitoring Smple Item The largest daily Averagefor Percentageof excessof time _ number overage somedays daily overcgeo%) 60 SO, 0.89 0.40 93.3 Winter 60 NO, 0.12 0.058 10 15 TSP 1.57 0.51 86.7 60 SO, 0.45 0.19 86.7 Sprirng 60 NO, 0.08 0.043 / ______15 TSP 0.69 0.33 46.7 60 SO, 1.17 0.33 93.3 Summer 60 NO. 0.15 0.077 15 15 TSP 0.41 0.31 60.0 60 SO, 0.79 0.30 100 Fall 60 NO, 0.12 0.056 10 15 TSP 0.88 0.46 73.3 240 0S0, 1.17 0.30 93.3 Total year 240 NO 0.15 0.059 12 60 TSP 1.57 0.40 66.7

4.5.4. Wanzhou Air Quality

The air qu.alityin Wanzhoucity oreo is rather poor, according to the 1996 average values obtainedifrom air measurements: 0.06 mg/Nm3 of 502, 0.49 mg/Nm3 of TSP,0.07 mg/Nm3 of NO,.

4.5.5. Qianjiang Air Quality

Atmospherequality of QianrjiangCounty in 1997 and the first holf of 1998 is listed in Table 4.10.

In 1998, the daily average of S02 is 0.16 mg/m3, Pi is 1.07 . Daily average of NO, is 0.01 mg/rm3, Pi is 0.10 . Daily average of TSPis 0.10, Pi is 0.33. Compared with atmospherequality in 1997, air quality has improvedto some degree.

Table4.110 Atmosphere quality of Qianjiang county in 1997 &1998

Concentrotison unit, mg/m3 Index Monitoring Q.oniiang County Evaluating site CountyEvoluoti standardvalue Item ___ _ Year1997 FirstHalf of year 1998 stndard value Average 0.21 0.16 S2 - _Pi 1.4 1.07 0.15 NOx Average 0.015 0.01 010 NvrgPi 0.15 0.10 TSP Average 0.24 0.10 0.30 I00 6 Pi 0.80 0.33 August_1999

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4.5.6. Nanbin Air Quality The air qualityin NanBin city areais verypoor, accordingto the 1996-1998average values 3 3 3 obtainedfrom air measurements:0.20 mg/Nm of SO2, 0.52 mg/Nm of TSP,0.03 mg/Nm of NO,.

Table 4.11 Atmosphere condition from 1996 to 1998 Time GB3095-82 Item 96_97_ 98 _ Secondary degree Daily overoge of concentration 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.15 3 SO2 (mg/m ) Pi 1.27 1.33 1.47 Exceedingrate 27% 33% 47% Daily overageof concentration 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.10 NO. (mg/_3 ) Pi 0.3 0.3 0.3. Exceeding rate / / / ._ Daily average of concentration 0.62 0.41 0.38 0.30 3 TSP (mg/_ ) Pi- 2.07 1.37 1.27 Exceeding rate' 106% 37% 27%

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4.6. Ambient Noise levels 4.6.1. Noisestandards and objective

The noise disturbancecan be appreciatedin relation with ChineseStandard GB 3096-93 ((AmbientNoise in Urban Areas )) and GB 12348 - 90 ((NoiseEmission in Industryand Factoryo. The presentnoise standard is grade 2, with the following limiting values (seeTable 4.12 ):

Table 4.12: Standards for ambient noise in urban areas (in dB (A))

'Timeperiod City areo Plantarea Day 60 60 Night 50 50

4.6.2. ChongqingNoise levels

Noise measurementswere not carried out in the vicinity of the propose new WWTPsites. The site of1Ji Guan Shi is in the vicinity of Heping villoge but due to the land acquisition,there will be few residentialquarters within 100 m around the future treatmentworks.

On the Westdirection of the Tang Jia Tuo WWTPsite, namely to the leeward of the main North Eastprevailing wind direction, there are quite few residents.Within 200 m of the site, are on oil storageand some few residents.The most relativelyconcentrated living quartersare those of the shipyardwhich lies on the Eastwarddirection of the site at a distanceover 300 m.

4.6.3. Fuling Noise levels

Noise meosurementswere carried out at four points.aroundthe site of the future WTP3during two days (7 - 81h September1998). The period of measurementscovered day and night time. The obtained resultsare summarisedin the following Table 4.13 Table 4.13: Noise measurements at WTP3 site Pointno 1 2 3 4 Day Range(dB(A)) 50.5-52 49.6-51.2 49.7-55.2 49.6-50.3 Meon (dB(A)) 51.3 50.4 52.5 50 Night Range(dB(A)) 48.2-49.3 46-46.6 46-47.2 45.7-47 Mean (dB(A))d| 48.8 | 46.3 T 46.6 |46.4

None of these measurementsexceed the limiting standardsfor day and night time. There are rio measurementson the site of the future WWTP(Hangliangzi).

100709/R6/drachap4.doc August 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH 4-38 Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overall Environmental Impact Assessment Report

4.6.4. Wanzhou Noise levels

Noise measurementswere carried out at four pointsaround the site of the future Tongziyuan WTPduring two days (8- 9t September1998). The period of measurementscovered day and night time. The obtained resultsare summorisedin the following Table 4.14:

Table 4.14: Noise measurementsat WTP3site Point n° 1(East) 2(North) 3(West) 4(South) Day I Range(dB(A)) 42.6-42.7 39.9-48.7 37.3-45.2 38-48 Night Range(dB(A)) 51.1-53.3 49-49.8 47.6-51.2 50.4-53.3

The resultsdo not exceedthe limiting standardsfor day time. The standardsare exceededat night time due to noise produced by frogs and birds in the nearbyfarmland.

4.6.5. Qianjiang Noise levels

Noise measurementswere not carried out on the site.There are very few residentsin the vicinity.

4.6.6. Nan bin area

Noise measurementswere not carried out on the site.There are very few residentsin the vicinity (only five former fomilies) and a road is passing nearby.

100709/R6/drochop4.doc August1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH 4-39 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall Environmentalimpact AssessmentReport

4.7. FutureStatus

The preceding paragraphs have discussedthe existingbase-line conditionsin the project area. However,both the human and physicalenvironments of Chongqing Municipality are currently undergoing profound changes.

4.7.1. Economic development

Chongqing like other areas in China has shown a strong economicgrowth in recent years., mirroring or even exceedingthat of the Chineseeconomy as a whole (seeFigure 4.16). This high economicgrowth is expectedto continuein the next decade.Although less"newsworthy' than the changesresulting from the Three Gorges Project,the economicdevelopment of Chongqing Municipolitywill have an undoubted important impact on the overall environment. Figure 4.16: Growth of Chongqing GDP compared to the whole Chinese economy (1993-97)

16-

10l. _ to

This strong growth has created large demands for new infrastructures services. Growth rates (excludinginflation) over the period 1993-7 , for basic infrastructuresuch as electricity generatioin and supply, telecommunications and transportation were extremely high : 58%, 1 16% ancl 38 % respectively. These growth rates were to a certain extent mirrored by those in the water supply industry which showed a 29% increase in investment over the period, However, investment in pollution treatment as a whole (air, water and solid wastes) lagged dramatically behind with an average annual growth of 5% in reol terms. Obviously, the investment as part of CUEP needs to redress this imbalance.

100709/R6/drcachcp4.doc August1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH 4-40 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall EnvironmentalImpoct Assessment Report

To stimulotethe 'logging' economy, China has recentlyissued State DevelopmentBonds for infrastructureprojects. In Chongqing, the extensiveroad projectsand land reclamotion projectsare funded from these sources. This projectwill tronsform the woterfront of the main urban areaof Chongqing as well as improving dramatically road communicationswithin the city.

The design of the wastewatercomponent of Chongqing has taken into accountthe various stagesof this projectollowing economiesto be made both in constructioncosts and also in terms of mitigation measures. For example,spoil from the wastewaterproject could be reused as backfill for the road project.

4.7.2. The Three Gorges Project

The Three Gorges Projectis located in the Xiling Gorge of the Chang Jiang mainstreamin the Yichang countyof the Hubei Province. The projectconsists moinly of a large dam acrossthe Chang Jiang, hydroelectricpower station housesand navigationstructures.

The dam will be of a concretegravity type, with a crestelevation of 185 m above sea level and a length of about 2300 m. The spiliwaysection is located in the middle of the riverbed, with the intake-damand non-overflowdam on both sides of the spillwaysection.

The power station houseswill be equippedwith 26 setsof hydraulicturbogenerators, totaling 18,200 MW in installedcapacity. Navigation structureswill be situatedon the left bank and will consistof a double-wayand five step flight ship locks and a single one-stagevertical hoisting shiplift.

The constructionis aimed to be completedby 2009, but the first phase will be put into operation in 2003.

4.7.2.1. Modificationsof the hydraulicregime

Characteristics of the reservoir: The TGP will have a normal pool level at 175 m. The reservoirwill have a surfacearea of about 1080 km2, an average width of about 1,100 m, approximatelytwice the natural width of the river and a mean depth of about 70 m. The total volume of the upstream reservoirwill be approximately40 billion m3 correspondingto approximately10% of the annual flow in the Chang Jiang.

In order to meet the requirementsfor downstreamflood control, the reservoiroperation level has to be lowered during the wet season.The seasonalvariation of the reservoiroperation level is shown in Figure4.17 .

100709/R6/drochap4.doc August 1999 CEMRI/SSOGREAH 4-41 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall EnvironmentalImpoct AssessmenlReport

Figure 4.17: Diagram of the proposed annual variation in the TGP reservoir level

180

-~160

10,

1340- 1 1 f I I I June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May

From the end of May to the beginning of June, the reservoirwater level will be loweredto the flood control level of 145 m and during the flood season,from June to September,the reservoirwill generally be operated at this low water level. In October, the reservoirwater level will be gradually raised to 175 m. From Novemberto the end of April, the reservoirshould be kept at a possiblyhigh level to allow the operation of the power station. When the reservoir inflow is insufficient to ensurethe guaranteedpower output, the regulation storage will be used and the water level will further be lowered, but not below 155 m before the end of April to assurethe navigation conditions.

Modifications of the river flows: After the constructionof the TGP,the flow and water levelsin the Chang Jiang upstreamof the dam and especiallyin the Chongqing area will be affected significantly.Based on the previousoperation of the reservoirlevel, model simulations have been carried out (seesource [4]).

Table 4.15 gives the model resultsfor the flow conditions of 1987, without and with the implementation of the TGP.

Thus, according to the model simulations,the upstream backwaterzone is expectedto reach as far as Chongqing and it can be concludedthat the impact of the TGP is, in the Chongqing area, only significant during the dry season.The simulated increasein water level is approximately 15 m in Januaryand December.

During the peak flow in July, the effect of the TGP is found to be in the order of 10 cm only near Chorngqing.

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According to the increasein water level during the dry season,the Chang Jiang and Jialing Jiang becomewider (the Shan Hu Bo Island on the upstreamChang Jiang almost vanishes) and the currentvelocities are greatly reduced. During the dry season,the Chang Jiang highest velocityis in between0.3 to 0.4 m/s with a dischargeof 3,000 m3/s. On the Jialing Jiang, highestvelocity does not exceed0.1 to 0.2 m/s with a dischargeof 450 m3/s.

Table 4.15: Simulated water levels with and without the TGP (source [4]) Station 1987flow 1987flow, incl.TGP Nov.1-Jan 1 July (peak) Nov. 1-Jan. 1 July (peok) (mean) (mean) Chongqing 161.7 185.3 175.2 185.4 Cun Ton 160.4 183.8 175.2 183.9

4.7.2.2. Special Requirement of TGP

The TGPwill modify the environmentalconditions and the assimilativecapacity of the portion of the Chang Jiang within the reservoir, and mitigation actions should therefore be taken, in order to safeguard the water quality. The Environmental Impact Statement for the Three Gorges Project [9] calls for: a) o ... all newly constructed, enlarged, and reconstructed projects, the nation's laws and regulations related to pollution control be strictly abided to. Time limit should be set up for existing major pollution sources to be controlled, and wastewater should not be permitted to discharge unless relevant emission standards are met. )) (waste water discharges should meet the Class I dischorge standards GB 8978-96), b) (( Water pollution control planning should be worked out by following the principle of controlling the total load of pollutants and implemented in stages. o, c) (( Relevant authorities should carry out an investigation on the quantities, characters, and distribution of the solid wastes (disposed of on both sides along the river), and assesstheir potential hazards, put forward treatment measures, and guarantee the clearing of reservoir before impoundment. v, d) < The water quality objective for the Jialing Jiang and the Chang Jiang should be Class 11after implementation of the TGP >

4.7.2.3. Social Impacts of TGP

Over 1 million people will be affected by TGP. In Chongqing Municipality alone there are around 600,000 people to be resettled and 1,600 enterprises are to be relocated due to the project. Among these people, the majority are rural; nevertheless, nearly 100,000 residents from large cities such as Wanzhou and Fuling would be displaced. During the process of preparation of the RAP,information has been disseminoted on a large basis among affected people.

Resettlement would cost about 40 billion RMB and the plan should be completed in 2009. The RAP has been prepared from 1992 to 1997, during which time socio-economic surveys were carried out.

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5. ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT ASSESSMENT

5.1. General

This chapter discussesthe impact of the proposed projectsof CUEPon the physicaland humon environment. Topicscovered include:

* Impactson the water environment; * impacts of noise; * Impactson air quality; * Impactsof solid waste; * Ecologicolimpacts; * Sociol Impacts; * EconomicImpacts; and * AccidentalImpacts.

In general, CUEPwill have a positiveeffect on the environment,and have no unmanageable negativeirnpacts.

The main impactsfor these projectsare describedin the following paragraphs.

5.1 .1. Wastewater Components

The proposedwastewater projects for Chongqing and Fuling will hove many positiveeffects, most notably:

(1) Improve water quality of water bodiesthat receivewastewater (Yangtze River, Jioling River within urban region, and within Fuling city),graduolly improve ecological environment. (2) Enhancemunicipal constructionlevel of Chongqing city and Fuling city, reduceimpoct of wastewaterdischarge on drinking water sourcesand improve city landscape. (3) Improve city sanitary conditions and enhancepublic health level. (4) The possiblelong-term effect may be wastewaterdischarge to Yangtze Riverafter treatment.

This report adopts a modeliing approach to predictand analysefuture water quality conditions. Odour and noise pollution from wastewatertreatment plants, pump station and sludge problem are also assessedin the report.

Constructionof wastewatertreatment plants, pump stationsond pipe network may causenoise, dust, waste gas and traffic jam, and soil erosion.These problems are temporary; their impact can be minimisedby appropriate constructionmanagement practices.

Replacementschemes or protection meosureare consideredfor all negative effects.

5.1.2. Municipal Solid Waste Component

The collection of municipal solid waste and sanitary landfill will have a positive impact on Chongqing's urban environment:

(1) Reducedenvironmental pollution and improve socialenvironment resultedfrom refusewilfully dumping;

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(2) Improve city landscapeand enhance managementlevel of municipal and environmental sanitarybranches. (3) Reducedisease and enhancepeople's life quality and health level.

This report discussesthe negativeeffects of the projects,especially the anoiysisand forecastof refuse leachateimpact on surfacewater and undergroundwater, waste gas impacts on the surroundingatmosphere, as well as impacts during construction(odour, noise).

In summary,the adoption of a sanitarylandfill for refuse, including a gas control system, drainage systemand leachatetreatment system, enables the environmentalimpact of landfill engineering be reducedto a minimum.

5.1.3. Water Supply Components

The four water supplyengineering projects are based on well-known technology,with few negativeimpacts. The main advantagesare:

(1) Meetthe needs of water supply of city, ensure productionwater and people's drinking water. (2) Improve quality of drinking water. (3) Enhancecity infrastructurelevel, supply employment,and developsocial economy.

The environmentalimpact of drainage engineeringconstruction is temporary.This report analysesthese effectsand puts forward control schemes,especially for the sludge problem. This assessmentpays an important attentionto protectionfor drinking water source,and proposes drinking water sourceprotection area and measures.

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5.2. Impact on receiving water quality

5.2.1. Impact of Chongqing Wastewater Component

Thegeneration of wastewaterduring the ConstructionPeriod was identified in Chapter3 of this report. Thepotential impacts of thesewastes are minimisedby conductingappropriate constructionmanagement practices. The details of thesemeasures are discussedfurther in Section7.1 concerningmitigation measures.

Impoctsduring the Operation Periodhave been forecasted using a suiteof waterquality models (seeAnnex F.1):

* For the for field/generalimpact a one-dimensionalmodel of the Yangtseand Jialing River systemshas been used based on the MIKE-i1 softwaredeveloped by DHI; * For near-field/detoiledimpacts (e.g. close to outfalls)a vertically integratedtwo-dimensional model of selectedreaches of both the Jialing and the Yangtsehave been developedbased on the MIKE-21software, again produced by DHI.

5.2.1. 1. Model and Model set-up

Details of the modelsthemselves and their set-up (constructionand colibration) ore provided in Annex F. l and F.2.

The river model layout included the Jioling Jiang from Bei Bei to the confluencewith the Chang Jiang, the Chang Jiang from Zuthuo to Qingxichang and the Wu Jiang from Wulong to the confluence with the Chang Jiang at Fuling. Inflowsfrom tributaries and dischorgeswere also included in the model as point sources.Full details of the constructionand layout of the model can be found in the report produced by DHI [ 91 ] and the detailed EAfor Chongqing WastewaterComponent.

To calibrate the model flows and loading rates for the Year 1995 have then been used together with monitoring data to assessthe validity of the mathematicalmodel, particularlythe various coefficientsused in the pollution decayformulae.

Two colibrations have been reported by DHI using essentiallysimilar data sets.Of particular importance in the prediction of future water quality conditionsis the choice of decay rates for BOD and ammonia.

The BOD ond Ammonia degradation constantswere changed betweenthe resultspresented in the first report (February1998) and the new resultspublished in September1998. The BOD degradation rate was changedfrom 0.5 day-' to 0.1 day-' and the nitrification rate from 0.5 day ' to 0.2 day1'.

The resultsof these model calibrations are somewhotinconclusive. Both studiesconcluded that a satisfactorycalibration had been achieved. However,use of these calibration factorsat the 2020 horizon to predictthe impact of untreatedwaste water on river water quality showsdramatic differences(see Figure 5.1 ).

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Figure 5.1 : Impact of different decay rate coefficients on dissolved oxygen concentrations for the Horizon 2020.

mmIh kmM 2020

9 ___ __-_

7 \-- -I

A4. , CL N

2150 2200 2250 2300 23 2400 2450 250

Undoubtedly,a large part of these differencescan be ascribedto the uncertaintyassociated with the measurementof key parameterssuch as BOD and dissolvedoxygen in the Chang Jiang. This would-suggest that the current monitoring practicesshould be significantlyimproved (increasedfrequency, increased coherence between upstream and downstreammeasurements).

Finally, the models have been usedto predictthe impactof future loading rates,future hydrauiic conditions (including the impact of TGP) and future wastewater treatment scenarios on water quality conditions in the JialingJiang and the Chang Jiang. The resultsof the various simulations concerning the different treatment scenarios are presented in the following paragraphs

The changes in the base-line conditions are due to the following changes in background conditions: * an increasein the loading rates mainly due to the increasein population concentratedin the towns and cities of the Chongqing Municipality;

* a decrease in the assimilative capacity of the Chang Jiang due to the higher water levels downstream of Chongqing due to TGP.

5.2.1 .2. Wastewater interception in the main urban area

The improvement in average water quality of the reaches of the Yangtse and Jialing in the main urban area can be obtained from the 1-D modelling results portrayed graphically in Figure 5.2 and Figure 5.3.

These graphics portray the resuhs of simulations for the year 2005 (upon completion of the wastewater interceptors) without significant wastewater treatment (pre-treatment only).

100709\R6\drachop5.doc, August 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH 5-5 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall EnvironmentalImpact AssessmentReport

Collectionand interceptionof wastewaterclearly has a significant impact on water quality in the main urban area, without provoking significant negative impactsfurther downstream. This is especiall)'true on the Jioling where without the projectthe water quality will not be within the Class Ill.

Impactsare lessdramatic on the Yangtse;however, as shall be seen from the more detailed 2-D modelling resultspresented below, still significant.

Table 5.1: Improvement in water quality in the vicinity of Chongqing Main Urban Area PollutontImprovement COD BOD TKN NH3-N TP Oil Maximumdiecrease in Jioling 6.0 3.0 0.80 0.0035 0.100 0.100 River(Chootionmen) Meandecrease in JiolingRiver 2.0 1.0 0.26 0.0017 0.033 0.034 Maximumdecrease in Yongtse 2.0 1.0 0.30 0.0020 0.035 0.040 (Tong iiatuo) Meandecrease in Yangtse 1.0 0.5 0.14 0.0008 0.012 0.028 River

Figure 5.2: Impact of wastewater interception on the water quality of the Chang Jiang

Impoctof the projecton BODChang Jiang: Horizon 2005

1 10 - I

0- 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350 2400 2450 2500 Chainag0

100709\R6\drachap5.doc August1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH 5-6 Chongqing UrbonEnvironmeni Project Overall EnvironmentalImpact AssessmentReport

Figure 5.3: Impact of wastewater interception on the water quality of the Jialing Jiang

Impactof the projecton BOD JialingJiang: Horizon 2005

_ 6 _W,lh Projeci

5 '_J_a__ng__=_E Ckossi

0 2300 2310 2320 2330 2340 2350 2360 2370 ChOinag.

The above anolysis considered the average impacts on water quality of the rivers in the moin urban area. However, with respect to the water supply plants (the maojorwater users) and to a certain extent public perception of waier quality, the positive impact of the project will be greater as near-bank discharges (pollutant plumes) in the main urban area would be effectively eliminoted.

To demonstrate this a number of 2D simulotions were conducted representing the following scenarios:

* Base-line scenario (no interception); current hydraulic conditions and looding rates * With interception; current hydraulic conditions

* Base-line scenario (no interception); future hydroulic conditions and loading rates * With interception; future hydraulic conditions and loading rates.

Detailed results concerning these simulations are provided in Annex F.3 and in the EA for Chongqing Wastewater component.

The following two figures provide a visual impression of the clear improvement in water quality due to the interception of wostewater. Pollutant plumes are all but eliminated.

100709\R6\drachop5.doc August 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH 5-7 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Report

Figure 5.4: 2-D modelling results for the base-line scenario ("without interception")

-;~~~~~~~~~k -

__-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I

4-'-s, ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - , '',

------. * - O!.~... if.~~~~~~~~f

Figure5.5: 2-D modellingresults for the situationwith theaswith project interception")

* t 0 3 7 g , X DuCi!~~~~~~~~~S

]__r~ ~*.. ~ -~~ ~ - .i ..

., X~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I

;, _ T.,n_w - . ' ~~~~~~~~~.t-

, . < . i- .=;-_. ; . .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..t

raw water quality .at the intake of the water supply plants in Chongqing (see Figure5.6).

100709\R6\drachap5.doc August 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH 5-8 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Report

Figure 5.6: Location of public water supply plants in Chongqing Main Urban Area.

w iongbsalo r Jiangberi re sw v-- Yuzhmgl1--tJ sa]j2 t~ <

Lijiatuo

The following table compares the raw water quoalty at each of these plonts with respect to the future Class 11water quality objlective. From this table it is shown that the pollution of main drinking woter sections along rivers within interception ran e will be reduced greatly, especially for coliform-group bacteria, BOD5, KjeIdahl nitrogen and TP.

1 00709\R6\drachap5.doc August 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH 59 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Repori

Table 5.2: Water EnvironmentQuality of ImportantProtection Target mean concentrationof section:mg/L, doliform- group bacteria :104/L, belt width :m.

Name Item COD, TKN TP NH3-N Oil BOD5 Volatile phenol Coliform-grouip of plant bacteria With Without With Without With Without With Without With Without With Without With Without With Without Mean 01547 0 0 0 4 762 concentrati 00019 0 3583 0 0009 0 0408 0 0002 0 0062 0 0001 o oooi o0002 0 0008 0 0007 goojiah on 0 0 0 uayuan Standard o0001 0 0239 0 0018 0 0816 0 002 0 062 0 005 0.01 0 004 0 016 0 0002 00516 0 0 4 76i indexIII Belt width o 0 0 5 4 0 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 36 7 Mean 0 0511 0 3386 00004 0 0004 0 13.449 concentrati 0 0767 1 1105 0 0286 0 1646 0 0047 0 0211 0 0001 0 0001 00053 0 0181 Jiongbe on _I .I _ ___ _

i Saincdex o051 0 074 0 0572 0 3292 0 047 0 211 0 005 0 005 0 106 0 367 0 017 0 1229 0 7 0 13 449 Belfwidth o 0 0 114 0 9 7 0 0 0 0 7 7 0 0 0 9 Mean 00489 0 3276 0 0003 0 0003 0 133911 concentrati 0 0809 1 1426 0 0285 0 1681 0 0051 0022 0 0001 0 0001 0 0056 00187 Daxigo on Standard 0 0163 0 1092 0 15 0 15 0 13 3911 index 0 0054 0 0762 0 057 0 3367 0 051 0 22 0.005 0.005 0 112 0374 0 0

Bellwidth 0 0 3 0 11 6 0 9 9 0 0 0 109 80 0 0 Mean 00106 00725 00001 00001 0 2 5594 concentrati 0 0118 0 5152 0 0048 0 0339 0 001 00054 00001 00001 00009 00062 Huanjia on ..___ 0 oping Saindard 0008 0 0343 0 0096 0 0678 0 01 0 054 a 005 0 005 0018 0124 0 0035 0.0242 05 0 05 D 2.5594

Beltwidth 0 0 0 40 7 0 35 6 0 0 29 50 8 0 12 5 0 0 0 152 1

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NameVoaiepeo Coiomgop Item COD,, TKN TP NH3-N Oil BOD5 Volatile phenol ColiforSgroutp of2lan-t ____bacteria With Without With Without With_ WithioutWith Without With Withoul With Without With Without With Without Mean _0108 0077 00001 oooot 0 3.0414 concentrati 00124 o 6146 0005 0 0406 0001 0 0063 o ooo l 0nooi 0009 0 0067 Beiyang on . _ _ _ tan Standard 0 0008 0 041 0 01 0 0812 0 01 0063 0 005 0 005 0 018 0134 00036 00257 0.05 .o05 0 3 0414 index

Belt width 0 0 0 428 0 37 .7 0 -0 26,8 50 5 0 12 2 0 0 0 188 I Mean 0.0107 0i1023 0 0001 0 0001 0 3 9685 concentrati 0o0133 0 7690 0.0054 0.0504 00011 00076 0 0001 0 0001 0.001 0.0075 heshan on I_ _ _ gshan Standard 0 0009 0 0513 0 0108 0.1008 0011 0076 0 005 0.005 02 0 15 o 0036 00341 o os o os o 3.9685 index _ _

Belt width 0 0 0 437 0 38 7 0 o 26 8 51 3 0 19 0 0 0 211 Mean 00147 01081 00001 00001 0 3 892 concerntrati00189 0 8014 0 007 0 0539 0 0015 00083 0 0001 0o0001 0 0014 0 0092 Hegaoy on _ I I an Standard 0 0013 n 0534 0 014 0 1078 0015 0 083 0 005 0 005 0 028 0184 0 0049 0 036 o 05 0.05 0 3 892

index______

Bellwidth 0 0 0 45 7 0 4 1 7 0 0 3? 3 54 6 0 776 0 0 0 227.8 Mean 00135 0.1401 00001 00001 0 5.4542 concentroti 0.019 I.oss9 00069 0.0714 0 0015 0 0102 0 0001 0 0002 0 0013 0 0090 Huaniiaon _ _ _ odu Stanidard 0 0013 0 0724 0 0138 01428 0015 0 102 0 005 0 01 0 026 0 18 0 0045 00467 0 os o os 0 5 4542 index I_I_II I_I__I Belt width 0 0 50 3 0 45 6 0 0 25 4 54 0 322 0 - 0 0 226 6

Standard of grade s 0o5 0s1 0 02 0 05 3 0 002 0l\mg/L ._rc_chc_p5_ .do_August_1999

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5.2.1.3. Wastewater treatment

ScenariasAnalysed

Differentscenarios were modelled accordingto: * The chongesin pollution loads for the estimatedyears 2005, 2010 and 2020 waste water dischargesand concentrations, * No interceptionof the wastewater and no treatment, all waste water discharged directly,to the rivers (baselinescenario), * Implementationof collectorsalong the river banks, interceptingdomestic and industrialwostewater and conveyancedownstream for discharge,with start of the interceptorsin the downstreamareas. Dischargewith preliminary treatment only, through appropriate outfoll and diffuser arrangements(phase 1; year 2003-2005) * Full treatment for high rate removal of BOD, nitrogen and phosphorus (phase 2; years 2'010 and 2020) All the calculations were carried out for the dry season after the implementation of the TGP.

A summary of the analysed scenarios is provided in Table 5.3.

Table 5.3 SchemeList Name_Hydrodynamic Condition PollutionLood Conditions Remark 95 emendation 1994 1995 year, no sewage current . ______collection 1 2005 reference dry seasonin 1987, 2005 year, no sewage in terms of original master consideringthe Three treatment plan; Tangiiaqiao ForgesDam completed TreatmentPlant has

______.______.operated 2 2010 reference dry seasonin 1987, 2010 year, no sewage in terms of original master consideringthe Three treatment plon; Tongjiaqaoo ForgesDam completed TreatmentPlant has operated 3.1 2020 reference-1 dry seasonin 1987, 2020 year, no sewage in terms of RDA'sscheme; consideringthe Three treatment Tangjiaqico Treatment ForgesDam completed Planthas operated 3.2 2020 reference-2 dry seasonin 1987, 2020 year, no sewage in terms of CPU's scheme; consideringthe Three treatment Tong iaqioo Treatment Forges Dom completed . Plant has operated 4 A first stage dry seasonin 1987, 2005 year; primary in terms of original master consideringthe Three sewagetreatment plan; Tangiioqiao ForgesDam completed TreatmentPlant has operated 5 B first stage dry seasonin 1987, 2010 year; enhanced in terms of original master consideringthe Three primory sewagetreatment plan; Tangjiaqiao ForgesDam completed TreatmentPlant has operated 6.1 secondstage-1 dry seasonin 1987, 2020 year; biological in terms of RDA'sscheme; consideringthe Three sewagetreatment Tongjioqiao Treatment Forges Dam completed Plont has operated 6.2 second stage-2 dry seasonin 1987, 2020 vear; biological in terms of CPU's scheme; consideringthe Three sewagetreatment Tongiiaqiao Treatment Forges Dom completed Plant has operated 7 ahead scheme 1 dry seasonin 1987, 2005 year; enhanced in terms of original master ______considering the Three primary sewage treatment plan; Tangjiaqiao

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ForgesDom completed TreatmentPlant has operated 8 ahead scheme2 dry seasonin 1987, 2010 year; biological in terms of CPU'sscheme; consideringthe Three sewagetreotment Tangjiaqiao Treatment .______Forges Dam completed Plant has operated 9 deloy scheme1 dry seasonin 1987, 2010 year; primary in terms of original master consideringthe Three sewagetreatment plan; Tangjiaqilao ForgesDom completed TreatmentPlant has operated 10.1 delay scheme2-1 dry seasonin 1987, 2020 year; enhanced in terms of DRAscheme; consideringthe Three primary treatment Tongjiaqiao Treatment Forges Dam completed Plant has operated 10.2 delay scheme2-2 dry seasonin 1987, 2020 year; enhanced in terms of CPU'sscheme; consideringthe Three primary treatment Tangjiaqiao Treatment

I _____I ______Forges Dom completed I _ _ Plant has operated

Baseline scenario :The results from the baseline simulations are presented as profile plots of DO, BOD, ammonia (NH 3 -N) and Faecal Coliforms for years 2005, 2010 ond 2020 and compared with those obtained for the proposed project (phase 1), along the Jialing Jiang down to the confluence with the Chang Jiang (chainage 2336) and further downstream (see Annex F). These calculations were carried out only with the low BOD decay rate.

These results show clearly the general deterioration of the water quality, especially along the Jialing Jiang and also in the urban part of the Chong Jiong, if the project is not implemented. They reflect also the important increase in pollution loading from 2005 to 2020.

The BOD concentrations, as well as total ammonio and phosphorus (particulote + dissolved) values, exceed the Class II standard limits olong the Jioling Jiang. After the confluence with the Chang Jiang, a sharp decrease in concentrations takes place. The decreas.e of concentrations induced by the proposed project is particulorly obvious regarding the Faecal Coliforms. Nevertheless, it should be reminded that a factor of 10 should be applied between the Total Coliforms for which the Chinese standards are given and the simulated Faecal Coliforms. Hence, the proposed project exceeds also the Class Il/l1l standards. It should be pointed out that the background values from the upstream are already qui~te high and it is very difficult to meet the standards.

100709\R6\drachap5 .doc August1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH 5.13 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProjec Overall EnvironrnentalImpact Assessment Report

Figure 5.7: Predicted Change in BOD on the Jialing Jiang 2005-2020

Averuageconcentraions BOD- Without PrWet 2005-2020

9 0 -. - - -

-- 2020 -cuii

o -- 2010 2 -# -- ,- 2005

0- NW 2310 2320 222 2WO 20 226 2

Theseresults underline the necessityof startingthe implementationof interceptorsalong the Jialing Jiong accordingto the lessdilution capacityof this river in comparison with the Chang Jiang.

ff no action is undertaken,situation will also be made worse for all parometers according to.the outfall plumeswhich will take place along the river banks and which are not taken into account by the 1D modelling.

Analysesof the resuls for a range of pollutantsleads to the matricesof water quality classesat different future horizons in the following tables. Pollutantswhich exceedthe water quality objectiveare marked in bold. Clearly in the short term the Jialing is at most risk and requires immediate action to protect water supplies; in the long term the Chang Jiang, which is a major water resourcedownstream of Chongqing is also at risk. Table 5.4: Future Water Quality Classification on the Jailing Jiang in the vicinity of Chongqing (assuming no improvement of wastewater collection and treatment) Horizon

2005 2010 2020 DO II 1I If BOD II III IV Ammonia IV IV IV Phosphorus NC NC NC Faecal NC NC NC Coliforms I

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Table 5.5: Future Water Quality Classification on the Chang Jiang in the vicinity of Chongqing (assuming no improvement of wastewater collection and treatment) Horizon 2005 2010 2020 DO II l I II BOD lI 11 III Ammonia 11 11 11 Phosphorus IV IV IV Foecal NC NC NC Coliforms

Proposed project (phase 1): For the proposed project (phase1), which will be implemented in 2003-2005, the water quality should meet the Class IlIl surfacewater standards.Apart from the Coliforms and total phosphorusconcentrations that exceed the standards,the other parametersare below the water quolity objectives. Regordingthe oxygenconcentration, it can be seenon figures in Annex F that the DO values drop downstreamChongqing to reach a minimum at about 100 km. But even with a high BOD degradationrate, the oxygenconcentration is above Class Ill standord (5mg/I).

Proposed project (phase 2): The proposedproject (phase2) will be implementedin 2009-2010. At that time, the Class II water quality objectiveshould be attained and wastewaterdischarges should meet the ClassI dischargestandords.

In order to comply with these requirements,a full treatmentwith high rate removal of BOD and nitrogen is necessary.Otherwise, as con be seen on figures in Annex F, BOD and total ammonia (NH3-N) will be closeto the Class II standard limits and the oxygen concentrationwill drop closeto or underthe ClassII limit standard (6 mg/I). A full treatment avoids this risk of oxygen concentrationdepletion, as it is shown on the following figure for two typesof treatment (enhancedprimary treatment and secondary treatmentwith nutrient removal).

The removal of phosphoruswill be also necessory,although there are presentlylimited measurementsof this parameter, background valuesfrom the upstreom are already quite high and it is not yet fully understoodwhich role phosphoruscould hove on the eutrophicationof the TGP reservoir and at which exact level of phosphorusthere could be a risk. Nevertheless,recent measurementswould tend to indicate that: * the quolity of the river system is deteriorating in terms of total phosphorus,hence increasingthe risk of reservoir eutrophication, * according to a background total phosphorusvalue of 0.104 mg/l during the dry seoson(Chang Jiang discharge of 3000 m3/s), the background pollution load is approximately 27000 kg/d. The pollution load of Chongqing city area at year 2010- 2020, being about 8,750 to 9300 kg/d, will contributeto 25 to 30% of the total amount. This contribution can be consideredas sufficientlyhigh to justify a treatment of phosphorus.

100709\R6\drochap5.doc August1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH 5-15 Chongqing UriocnEnvironment Project Overall EnvironmentalImpact AssessmentReport

* by analysingthe ratio total N/total P,the limiting factor would be the phosphorus during the dry and normal seasonswhich are the worst seasonsregarding the possibleeutrophication problems, while the limiting factor could be the nitrogen during the wet season.

Figure 5.8: Impact of treatment on the water quality of the Chang Jiang

Mm~ Pion Se... 2020

E' - ~ =--a, u |

2150 2200 2250 2300 2350 24 2450 2500

5.2.1.4. Outfall configuration

A number of scenariosand outfall configurationshas beentested by DHI in the 'Support Modelling Studyfor EA and PreliminaryWastewater Outfall LocationDesign" [91]. The modelled location of the diffusershas been determinedto not interferewith the navigation channel in the Changjiong. Fivedifferent outfall configurationswere modelled (see Figure5.9 and Table 5.6):

Table 5.6: Description of modelled outfall configurations

Configuration Description

1 4 diffusersat 30 m distance 2 4 diffusersat 60 m distance 3 8 diffusersat 15 m distance 4 8 diffusersat 30 m distance

5 1 diffuser closeto the bank.

100709\R6\drachap5.doc August 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH 5-16 Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overall Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Figure 5.9: Outfall Configurations(DHI [91])

-~!1 \~ J| ;fX1

Configuration1L117Egsato \

Configuration1 Configuration2 isers. c0 mntervaJ.)ITZ (-r sers. 60 m Lnrermas!)

Configurarion 3 Configuraion 4 (3 risers, iS mntnrerv'aLs) (8 r,sers. 30 m interwals)

Cunffguration 54 1/ ,rrcr. (-(se z'to rIzL'bank;

100709\R6\drachap5.doc August 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH 5-1 7 Chongqing Urbcn EnvironmentProject Overall EnvironmentalImpact AssessmentReport

The resultsof the modelling for the five configurationsore displayedin the following figure in terms of BOD concentrations.

The conclusionsof the modelling are: * For a diffuserof the same length (about 90 m regarding the comparison of configurations1 and 3 or about 200 m regarding the comparison of configurations 2 and 4), more risers do not significantlyimprove the dilution capabilitiesof the outfall. Only in the very near field (about 50 to 100 m from the outfoll), a notable differencecan be observed. * The importanceof iocating the risersclose to the main stream of the river and away from the banks is clearly shown with the comparisonof 90m length diffusers (configurations1 and 3) on one hand, with the 200 m length diffusers (confligurations2 and4) on the other hand. In configurations 1 and 3, all the wastewateris dischargedclose to the main streamof the river, where the potential dilution is highest.In configurations2 and 4, part of the waste water is discharged closerto the banks, especiallyfrom the Jiguanshioutfall, resulting in significantly higher pollution levelsalong the banks just downstreamof the outfalls. It is also seen that part of the dischargedwastewater from the Tongjiatuo outfoll is trapped in a low flow areo at the north bank. Furtherdownstream, the configuration of the outfalls appear to have less importancewith respectto the pollution leveis(except for configuration 5). * The configuration 5 clearly showsthe problems appeoring, when the dischorgesare - locatedtoo close to the banks.The pollutant concentrationsalong the bonks become excessivelyhigh and large parts are trapped in the low flow area at the north bank.

Thesesimulations demonstrate the importance of the riser distribution.The riser position should respectthe navigation limits and more certainly also the banks. Avoiding the orea close to the banks is essential,since the transport and dilution capability here is small and the wastewatertends to be trapped, resulting in deteriorationof the water quality along the banks for beyondthe outfolls. Another aspectis to avoid too large pollutant concentrationsin the vicinity of the outfolls. This can be done by using severol risers,each discharging a fraction of the wastewater

The simulationssuggested that 4 risersper outfoll with a distance of 30 m is an adequate solution. It should be reminded that the discharge distributionper riser was unequal (10%,20%, 30%,40%), the largest dischargebeing closestto the main stream. With this outfoll configuration,the plumesappear to be quite fully mixed over the cross- section at a distance of about 3 km downstreamof the outfall locations. Another configuration of 8 risers with a distance of 15 m will not generateo much better dilution, exceptin the very immediate near field (50 to 100 m from the outfoll).

100709\R6\drachap5.doc August 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH 5-18 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall EnvironmentalImpact AssessmentReport

Figure 5.10: Resultsof Outfall Modellingfor the 5 Configurationsinitially tested

! i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- - - I

3 . . ~~I -"*

' -=z '.-r-- ( i

\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'

C onifiguration I Coolfiguratior, 2 i4 rv.:;rs. 30 m inzervals) r nse, 60 mr mtervals)

- ; '~~~t ; i

*~ ~ ~ , , *t

-~~~~~~~

' - i

z~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_1;t . r se. cls to th baink ~,

Some?r*inclgudeadiiornatl twoJ7 adiina simltinufalcnfgrtons:~~nw~ wee 8arisedrs. after,mthereprtiSJdte.Ths

100709\R6\drchap5doc _ August 19..

,iner. Close ro rhebank)

Some additional 2D simulations were carried out afrer the report wa,s edited. These include two additional outfall configurations:

1 00709\R6\drachap5.doc August 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH 5-19 Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overall Environmental Impact Assessment Report

* both outfalls moved 3 km downstreamto the Tongluo gorge, discharge directly at the river bank, * the Tongjiatuo outfall movedto the Tongluo gorge and the Jiguanshioutfall maintained in the initial position (Configuration3).

The simulation with both outfalls at the Tongluo gorge (seeFigure 5.1 1) showshigh pollution concentrations(above Class II water quality standard) for a long distance downstreamthe outfall. This configuration is therefore not recommended.

Figure5.11: Model resultswith two outfalls locatedin the TongluoGorge.

E~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ fis .; --. *f

S; _ .~- ~ X ,

The secondodditional simulation,with only the Tangjiatuo outfall moved downstream, gives relativielysimilar resultsto the simulationof Configuration 3 (seeFigure 5.12). Figure5.12 Model resultswith Tangjiatuooutfall locatedin TongluoGorge

2'.n c rAM~~~~2

100709\.6\drachcp6docAugust. 1999

1 00709\R6\drachap5.doc August 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH 5-20 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall EnvironmentalImpact AssessmentReport

5.2.1.5. Supplementary Forecastand Evaluation for Two-Dimension Model

In order to satisfythe requirementsof SEPAa number of supplementaryscenario have been studied usingthe 2-D model for the lower reaches. Thesesimulations covered the following porameters:CODcr, BOD5, Kjeldahl nitrogen, Non-ionic ammonia, TP, oil, Volatile phenol. As concludedabove, each outfall consistedof 4 riser pipes discharging as detailed in Annex F.

The four schemescovered the following conditions:

* Scheme1 (Sc.01): interception pipe systemcomplete; Tang jiatuo and Jigaunshi Plantsand Three GorgesReservoir not complete; foreseerefer to 2000's pollution load. * Scheme2( Sc.02): interceptionpipe systemcomplete; Tangjiatuo and Jigounshi Plantsnot complete;Three Gorges Reservoiroperate; refer to 201 0's pollution lood. * Scheme3 (Sc.03):interception pipe systemcomplete; Tangjiatuoand Jiguanshi Plantscomplete to primary treatment; Three Gorges Reservoiroperate; refer to 2 01O's pollution load. * Scheme4 (Sc.04):interception pipe systemcomplete; Tangjiatuo and Jiguanshi Plantscomplete to secondarytreatment; Three Gorges Reservoiroperate; refer to 2020's pollution load.

Results

Detailed resultsof these onalysescan be found in Annex F and olso in the EA for the Chongqing WastewaterComponent.

The maximum simulatedconcentration and the ratio of these concentrationsto the limiting valuesfor the water quality standardsare shown in Table 5.7 ond Table 5.8. It should be noted that for Scenario1, the Water Quality Obiective is Class ll; for the remaining scenariosthe WQO is Class II (in the case of TPthe limit of 0.025 mg/I applicable to lakes and reservoirs'has been used).Because it is difficult to estimate correctlythe load of volatile phenol and its contentin domesticsewage is always low, so the supplementaryscheme 4 has not foreseen volatile phenol.

Table 5.7 The Maximum Concentration of Outlet for Supplement Schemes (mg/I)

Target Outlet CODcr BOD5 TP Kieldahi Oil |Non-ionic Volatile phenol Scheme g oammonia Background 9.15 1.93 0.163 0.694 0.040 10.0160 0.00100 valuel Sc. 01 Tongiialluo 11.56 3.18 0.203 1.021 0.082 0.017 0.001 Jigounshi 9.99 2.36 0.177 0.806 0.054 0.017 0.001 SC.02 Tongjiatuo 10.85 2.80 0.193 0.924 0.069 0.017 0.001 Jigaunshi 12.41 3.60 0.218 1.135 0.096 0.018 0.001 Sc. 03 Tongjiatuo 10.41 2.58 0.192 0.817 0.069 0.016 0.001 Jiguanshi 10.07 2.41 0.170 1.045 0.096 0.017 0.001 Sc. 04 Tangiiatuo 9.46 2.05 0.165 0.846 0.073 0.017 lJiguanshi 9.73 2.15 0.1670.982 0.102 0.017

Theuse of sucha low limit is debateablefor the Yangtsewith TGP

100709\R6\drachap5.doc August1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH 5-21 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Report

Table 5.8 PollutionIndexes of The MaKimumConcentration

Torget Outlet CODcr BODs TP Kjeldahl Oil Non-ionic Volatile phenol Scheme nitrogen ammonio Sc. 01 Tangiiatuo 0.77 0.80 2.03 1.02 1.64 0.87 0.22 _ Jigaunshi 0.67 0.59 1.77 0.81 1.08 0.83 0.21 Sc. 02 Tangjiatuo 0.72 0.93 7.68 1.85 1.38 0.85 0.54 _Jiguanshi 0.83 1.20 8.72 2.27 1.92 0.89 0.58 Sc. 03_ Tcngiiatuo 0.94 0.86 7.68 1.63 1.38 0.82 0.54 ______-Jigucnshi 0.67 0.80 6.80 2.09 1.92 0.87 0.58 Sc. 04 Tanoiiaiuo 0.63 0.68 6.60 1.69 1.46 0.83 _ Jiguanshi 0.65 0.72 6.68 1.96 2.04 0.86

It should be noted that thesevalues reflectthe localisedconcentrations close to the outfolls and representas suchthe initial dilution of the discharges. Their comparison with water quality objectiveshas been made for indicative purposesonly; they do not indicatethat the ClassIl/l1l objectivesare exceeded.

In the long term, even afterthe implementationof secondarywastewater treatment, the resultsof these analysesindicate that the Class II water quality objectiveswill not be achievedin the case of

* Total Phosphorus • Total KjedahlNitrogen - Oil

Figure5.13:: Results of Scenario4 Simulationfor Oil

515~~~~~~~0APWC __M)e

t00O , Knvg/L)S

t m- s

so !0 I=SC. 7M NC '!0: 4t *s SXa,

In the caseof the former two parametersthe background values already exceedthe water quality objective; it is therefore impossiblealone for this projectto achieve compliancewith all parameters.

However,for oil the backgroundconditions (although high) are within the Class II standard. In this instance,the lack of FOG (fat, oil and grease removal) at the treatment works leadsto non-compliancewith regard to the ClassII standard.

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It is thereforerecommended that Fat, Oil and Grease(FOG) remowval is included in the two treatmentworks. Thiscan be includedin thepre-treatment phase as an additionto the grit removal(aerated grit tanks)at a low cost.This would also have the advantageof protectingthe treatmentworks in caseof accidentoloil spillage(e.g. from industries connectedto the wastewaternetwork).

Howeverof equalrelevance is the impacton waterusers immediately downstream of the outfollswithin the mixingzone. Figure5.14 illustratesthe locationof the waterintakes immediatelydownstreom of the wastewoteroutfolls.

Figure 5.14: Location of water intakes downstream of Wastewater outflils

250 2. Tangjiatuo

ii Jiguonshi 45Wni

0 *so10 Ioa 2 50 40 4S0 500

Tab.5-6 Location of outfalls an protection target Ri.e .egth PooIp lUver "frm mcmalo benfiting! SttUduie bank 0ia.lbanmn (1@'t/d) affted

_ _ {~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~km)](104) I Jiguonshi oulfll Centre 11.4 60Ro0 154/1 69 2. Tonaiiatuooutfall Gnrtre 12.0 30/40 80/92 3.Dongfeng Boat Facory indude Tangiirtuo town Left 13.5 1 2.5

intake______4.Wangjiong machinefadory/GuoiiktvoNo. 1 Left 18.0 0.67 intoke 35 5.Wongiiang mochinefactory/GuojiatuoNo.2 Leh 17.0 1 intake _ 6. Wrngjiing machinefadory/Daxtingchang No.3 right 17.8 0.2 0.2 irAtake _ __9

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The resutts of the simulations presented above are discussed in Annex F. In summary, although the raw water quality for these locations will initially decrease, they will remain broadly in Class IlIl and therefore suitable for use as a potable water ressource.

However, it may be advisable to avoid short term impacts, to locate the Tangjiatuo outfall downstream of the Tangjiatuo town water intake as illustrated in Figure 5.12.

5.2.1.6. Conclusions

Currenl Water Quaity and Future Water Quaflty

The current water quality of the Yangtsqe is generally acceptable. However both monitored and simulated conceritrations of Coliform-group bacteria exceed the Class IlIl standard.

Future water quality will be controlled by many factors. The economic development of Chongqing will lead to concomitent increases in pollution loads. Construction of Three Gorges Reservoir will lower river flow velocity, which make pollutant dilution and degradation decrease.

In the future, assuming no wastewater treatment, coliform-group bacteria load will be very high, BOD and nutrient loads will be beyond grade IlIl water standard, especially in lower reaches of outlet. In typical situation, the pollution belt will extend tens of km.

Outlet Structure

From above simulation, it is very distinct that the ascend pipe distributions is very important. If no considering ship condition, pipe should far away from bank, for flow near bank has small dilution and transfer capacity, stop wastewater easily. Another problem is avoiding high pollution load of outlet area, it can be solved through increase pipe number. Simulation study indicated that four ascend pipes and 30 m space between them are a suitable method. It is proposed that:

(1) wastewater diffusion distance (from first pipe to-final pipe) should be as long as possible so that to obtain most strength dilution. (2) 30 ri apace between ascend pipes is best suitable, short space (15 m) would low dilution.

Compare of Maser Plan

A comparison of the various masterplan option indicated that the DRA scheme and CJU scheme have little difference for far field water quality nor for the near field quality. The former will cause a longer pollution belt in lower reaches of outlet, while CJU scheme will bringi higher background concentration. The selection of master plan scheme mainly depends on economy and engineering .

In future, wastewater must be treated before discharge into Yangtze River. Model research showed that:

100709\R5\drochop5.doc August1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH 5-24 ChonEgqingUrban EnvironmentProject OverallEnvironmental impoct AssmsrnentReport

(1) the effectof pre-treatmentis verysmall (2) enhancedprimary treatment is a veryeffective method (3) delayingtreatment after 2010 shouldnot be considered (4) advancingbiological treatment to 2010 couldbe considered.

Impact on Suburb

In the earlyphases at least, therewill be five outletsto dischargetreated wastewater besidesthe two lorgeoutlets (total discharges of five outletsmore than the two large outlets).The five outletsshould be designedin reasonto avoidpollution belt. In addition,it is mustconsidered that it is impossibleto avoidcompletely pollution belt in outlet,for the concentrationstandard of dischargealways is higherthan the regulated standardof surfacewater. To solve the problem,another standard has to be regulated surroundoutlet water body, this speciolstandard should limit length of pollutiontaking intoaccount self-purification of riveras possible.

BadcgroundConcentroflons

It is obviousthat degree plays an importantrole to reduceload to the receivingwater. Howeverhigh backgroundconcentration mask the role of treatmentplant to some extent.To make water quality in reservoirregion reach standard of grade11, total dischargeof pollutantsquantity must be controlled covering both non-point,as well as pointsources.

*100709\R6\drachap5.doc August 1999 CEMRJ/SC)GREAH 5-25 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject OverollEnvironmental Impact Assessment Report

5.2.2. Impactof Fuling WastewaterComponent

5.2.2.1.Model Set-upand Scenarios A similarmathematical modelling study to that abovehas beenconducted to assessthe impactof the FulingWastewater component on the waterquality of the Wujiangand Yangtserivers.

A modelof the Wu Jiongand Yongterivers has been established for the MIKE-21 softwareconsisting of the reachesof eochriver about 1 km upstreamof the confluence of the two riversfinishing about 15kmfurther downstream. Forecasted parameters includedl:CODcr, BOD 5, TP,Kjeldahl nitrogen, oil. Loadingdata and assumptionsconceming background concentrations are summarised in the followingtables.

Table 5.9 PollutionSource Intensity Parometr unit: mg/l 3 Discharge(m /h) CODcr BOD5 |TP Kjeldohl Oil ______I nitrogen I _ _ 3208 450 215.9 5.06 47.6 6.03

Table 5.10 BackgroundConcentration unh mg/I

Pollutants CODcr BOD5 TP Kieldahl Oil

___ |__nitrogen -Yngtse river 7.08 1.21 0.556 0.118 0.02 lWujiong 7.00 1.20 0.52 0.01 0.02

In this instancethree different scenarios were tested conceming the positionof the outfalls:

* A singleoutfall discharging to the mainflow * A multiple port diffuserdischarging to the main flow * An outfall at the bank

Simulationswere carried out for boththe dry andwet seasonsfor the 2010 horizon(thus assumingthe operationof the ThreeGorges Dom)

5.2.2.2. ForecastedResults and Assessment

Detailedresults are includedin AnnexF and in the EAfor FulingWaste Water. It shouldbe notedthat thereare no significantwater users within the extent(1 5km downstream)of the mathemaficalmodel.

Irrespectiveof the outfallconfiguration the waterquality objective of the Yangtse(Class 11)is maintained.

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However,cleariy the near-bank dischargecreates a long near-bank plume with generally poor mixing as opposedto the two other scenarios. Of the two mid-stream dischargesthe mutliple port scenario has a fractionally lower impact.

5.2.2.3. Conclusions

Aboveforecast results indicated that river center dischargewith multiple holes is best schemefor protedion of water quality and lest impact on YangtzeRiver. So this report recommendsriver center dischargewith muliple holes. It is usefulto protect water environmentquality if Three Gorges ReservoirRegion.

5.2.3. Municipal solid waste (ChangshengqiooSonitary Landfill) Component

5.2.3.1. Impact on surFacewater

The impact of the dischorgefrom the proposed leachatewastewater treatment plant on the water quality of the receivingwater course(a small brook),hos beenassessed using a simple mixing model. The following parameterswere investigated:BOD5, CODcr, Kjeldahl nitrogen, oil, non-ionic ammonia, Pb, Cd, total Cr.

C,_ + C,Q,,

Qp i Qh

The wastewaterdischarge volume is 1500 m3/d (0.017 m3/s.4accordingto leachate generation. Pollutantconcentration was establishedaccording to design discharge quality of treated leachate(following GB16889-1997 dischargestandard of grade 11). Those itemsnot listed were establishedbased on recommendedtypical concentration. Non-ionic ammonia concentrationchanged according to balance relation of Kjeidahl nitrogen concentrationunder the condition of 20°C and 7.0 Phvalue (percentageof non-ionic ammonia is 4%). The background concentrationof stream was established according to monitoring data. Table 5.11 Assessment Parameters of Surface Water Environment Quality Pollutant BOD5 CODcr Keldohl Oil q No-ionic Pb Cd Total Cr nitrogen ammoni a Ch(/gA) 1.50 3083 0.486 0.059 0.002 0.02 0.001 0.026 Cp(rpgA) 150 300 25 1 0.1 0.123 0.0018 0.078 Qh(mg/l) 0.0234 QD .0.0174

The forecasted concentration in the lower reaches after discharge from the leachate treatment station is given in Table 5.12.

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Table .12 ConcentratlonForecast of Pollutant in low reaches of Strm Pollutart B005 CODcr Keldohl Oil q No-ionic Pb Cd Total Cr I nirogen ammonia concentrntion 64.8 130.1 10.9 0.46 0.0483 0.064 0.0013 0.048

Fromthe abovetable it con be seenthat BOD5, CODcr,Kqeldahl nitrogen ond non-ionic ammoniaconcentrtions all are beyondstandard of gradeV of surfacewater environmentquality (GB3838-88). Oil concentrationis closeto standardof grade IV,Pb reachesstandard of gradeV, Cd andtotal Cr meetthe standardof gradeIll.

Bringforecast concentration of BODs(after mixed): Co=64.8 mg/l to degradation model,the BOD5 concentrationin jointpoint with Yangtze River is : (dischargelocation apartfrorn YangtzeRiver is about30 km).

C=64.8 xt0 a'10 0 0 5 rng

It con be seenthat BOD5 of convergingYangtze River is lowerthan stondardof Grade Itl. So leachateafter treatment will not contaminateYangtze River.

In conclusionalthough the leochateis treatedthere is a significantimpact on the receivingwcFer course (although there will be fitie perceptibleimpoct on the Yangste River).It iwouldtherefore seem advisable to selectan alternativedischarge point for the leachote WWTPeffluent.

5.2.3.2. Impacton groundwater

Qualitativeanalysis for UnderaroundWater Pollution

Someleachate of landfillsite and regulationtank may infiltrateinto undergroundwater throughsite bottomand soil gasbelt. Becausesoil hascapacity of filtrationand absorption,it can reducegreatly pollutant contents of water,even remove all, onlythose pollutantsthat have strong movement can contaminateunderground water. So this kind of pollutiondegree is affectedby soil layerand rock propertyinduding surface soil layer,gas beft layer, aquifer, impermeable layer and artificialliner besidespollutant propertiesand undergroundwater. See Table 5.13 for detailsof rock characteristics

Table 5.13 Impermeability of Rockin ChangshengqiaoLandfill Site Rock permeable Perm.ablility Thickness Distribution area coefficient (m/s _ (m) Powderloy 2.38x101 Weak 1.0-13.5 Larger ______:J1.02 xi0' ______Mudstone 8.17x10S Weoker Larger ___ _ 7___O3.026xt1O_ Sandstonr 2.22x10- Strong smolier I 608.44-ioZ . I I

QuantitativeAnalysis for UndergroundWater Pollution

Theassessmnent elements are;

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COCDcr,Cr, BOD5, Kjeldahlnitrogen and Phvalue. Thepollution impact on undergroundwater was predicted using underground water forecastmodel. The concentration of BOD5,CODcr, Cr, pH and KIeldahlnitrogen of leachatethrough vodose zone. (see Environmental Impact Assessment Report for SanitaryLandfill Site).

Calculationindicated that as pollutantsmove through vadose zone, their concentrations decreasewith the increaseof infiltrationdepth. At a certaindistance pollutant concentrationsincrease with the time lasting.Most BOD 5, CODcr,Kieldohl nitrogen will beabsorbed by soil,when they reach to 1 m.

Becausethe seepageof Cr in soil is veryslow, it reaches2 m onlyafter 100 years,and low concentration,so it can't endangerto undergroundwater. Effects of pH of leachate on soil decreasewith the depth;when it reachesunderground 2 m, soil pH is neutral.

Accordingto theseresults and localhydrological conditions, it is indicatedthat underthe conditionsof absorptionof wrap-gasbelt for pollutants,impermeable layers and artificialliner 1.Ox1Cr' m/s of landfiillsite, there will littleleachate impact on thevadose zoneand no impacton groundwater.

It is necessaryto indicatethat above results are obtained under the assumedconditions:

(1) permeablecoefficient of liner on landfillsite bottom is 1.Ox10-9 m/s; (2) the absorptionand degradationof soil to pollutantsdo not decreasewith the accumulationof pollutants; (3) Vadosezone is powderclay.

BriefSummary

(1) The mainpollution to undergroundwater comes from leachatein landfillsite and regulationtank leach,second is pipe andditch infiltration. (2) Thegeological conditions in landfillsite are good.Vadose zone is madeof continue powderclay and shale, thick and impermeable.But there are somesmall permeable placeto needto dig and treat. (3) The leachategeneration of landfillsite is evaluatedroughly to be 54.75 m3/a, includingprecipitation and refusewater. (4) Predictionsindicate that the vadosezone can absorb organic compound, addition degradationof microorganism,and that organiccompound concentration decreases distinctlywith depth.If landfillsite liner is designedas lessthan 1.Ox 1 09 m/s, impermeabletreatment is tokenin possibleinfiltration place, the constructionand operationand closurewill not contaminateunderground water.

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5.2.4. Water Supply components

ConstructionPeriod

(1) Surfacewater pollution sources ore coolingwater, wastewater of constructionsite and domesticsewage (especially is nightsoil). Even small dischargevolume, should be setimpermeable toilets. Other wastewater management should be strengthened to redlucewater environment impact. (2) Engineeringwill generatea lot of soil that maycause water and soil erosion.For example,Wanzhou water supply engineering (first stage) caused soil erosion7308 t withinfour yeats.

In orderprotect environment it is necessary:

(1) Builddefending wall and drainageditches when construction along rivers, prevent from rockfall,should take pipeengineering in stage,avoid spread working face wideto reducesoil erosion. (2) Discardedsoil and stoneshould be transferredto treat,and avoidrain from contaminatingrivers. (3) Afterconstruction, planis and restore river as soonas possible.

Operation Period

ForecastModel for WaterEnvironment Imooct when ooeration

Wanzhouand Fuling water supply engineering adopted two-dimension model:

u1 = Ek&2 a- + E y 0~,2--Kc

Shizhuand Qianjiong water supplyengineering adopted mixed model:

C=pq + c.Q q+Q

where;u. = flow velocity; c, c,, co, = primary concentration of section, wastewater and river, mg/L E., E, = transverseand lengthwoysdiffusion coefficient, m2/s K = degradationcoefficient; x, y = transverseand lengthwaysdistance, m Q = river discharge,m 3 /s q, = wastewater discharge, m3 /s

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5.2.4.1. Fuling WS Component

As stated above, impact on water bodies due to WTPis causedby sludge discharge into the river system.This impact was assessedby using a simple mathematical model taking into accountconvection and diffusion af the pollutant. Different calculationswere carried out according to the influenceor not of the TGPreservoir, two different discharge situations(a normal dischargesituation and an accidentalsludge release),different pollutant concentrations(COD, SS,Mn, Fe).

Resuhtsof thesecalculations show that, even during an accidental event and after TGP completion,concentrations of pollutantsat a certain distanceof the outfall (about 1 km) will be very low and will have a very small influenceon the Chang Jiang water quality and on the downstreamWTP2 water intake.

In the EIAstudy carried out by LEU,a treatmentof sludgewas neverthelesstoken into account in order to meetthe ClassI dischargestandards GB 8978-96 after completionof TGPdam. Thissludge treatment is not includedin the feasibilitystudy of the WrP. It is then recommendedto include this treatmentinto the feasibilitystudy or to studya link with the waste water networkin order to disposeof the sludgeinto the network instead than into the ChangJiang.

5.2.4.2. Wanzhou WS Component

The sludge disposol impactwas assessedby using the some simple mathematicalmodel as used for Fuling WTP.The conditionsof calculationswere quite the same, exceptthat Fe and Mn concentrationswere not considered.Two situationswere also considered: a dischargefrom the future TongziyuanWTP and a dischargefrom the extendedWTP3. A releasefrom the oil tank storage upstreamof the Tongziyuanwater intake was also taken into account but only for a a normal X situation and not in case of an accidental event.

Resultsof these calculationsshow that concentrationsof pollutants(SS and COD) at a certain distance of the outfoll (about 1 km) will be very low and will have a very small influence on the Chang Jiang water quolity and on the downstreamWTP1 and 3 water intake for the Tongziyuandischarge. Nevertheless, a releaseof the oil tank storage could hove a little more significant impact on the Tongziyuanwater intake, even for a a(normal )) situation. In order to be in accordancewith the measurementresults which show important concentrationvalues for Fe and Mn, calculationswith these parametersshould be also carried out.

In the EIAstudy carried out by LEU,a treatmentof sludge was neverthelesstaken into account in order to meetthe ClassI dischargestandards GB 8978-96 after completionof TGPdam. Thissludge treatmentis not induded in the feasibility study of the WTPs.It is then recommendedto includethis treatmentinto the feasibilitystudy or to study a link with the waste water network in order to disposeof the sludge into the networkinstead than into the ChangJiang. Furthermore,suitable measuresare recommendedto be taken to allow for oil exclusionfrom the Tongziyuanwcrter intake, in case of an accidental releaseof the oil storage area.

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5.2.4.3. QiangisongWS Component

Simulationsfor this componentindicate a significantimpact of wastewaterinduced dischargeon the QionjiongRiver. It is clearthat some form of wastewatercomponent will be requiredto mitigatethese impacts. Table 5.114 Impact on Qlanjiang Riverfor WostewaterInduce Discharge lirm Woar perod Disarge Wastwater dischorge Pollutontsfo (m/l)n 9 3 1v______/s m /S CODcr Ss , Dry 3.0 Domic: 0.1583 17.5 145 Iindustrial:0.1537 14 71 2000 Normal 15.1 Domesic: 0. 1583 13.5 44 year Industrial :0.1537 12.8 43.8 Rich 150 Don,sic: 0.1583 12 30 industrial: 0.1237 10.8 29 Dry 3.0 Domcdic:0.2630 23.3 150 industrial: 0.2463 20.3 82 2010 Norml 15.5 Domestic:0.1 630 17.8 52 yeor Industrial: 0.2463 16.5 49 Rich 150 Dommtic:0.2630 13 42 L.,' Industrial: 0.2463 12.5 35

CODcrin Qionjiangheis beyondstandard very seriously. In Shizhu,water supply engineeringmakes discharge increase, except SS beyond standard COD, BODno-ionic ammoniaall reachstandard of grade 111.

5.2.4.4.Nonbin WS Component It is indicatedin the EIAstudy that the sludgeshould not be dischargeddirectly to the Dragonriver. Hence, no sludgedisposal impact was taken into accountin the EIAstudy moedout by LEU.

Thissludge treatmentwas not included in the feasibilitystudy of the WTP.It is then recommendedto includethis treatmentinto the feasibility studyor to studya link with the waste water networkin order to disposeof the sludge into the network.

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5.3. Impactof noise

5.3.1. Noise impact during construction

Duringthe constructionphase, the mainsource of noisewill bethe operationof constructionmachines and vehicles transporting building materials (see Table 5.15) and the vibrationcoused by blasting(see Table 5.15).

Table 5.15 Noise Value of Main machine dB(A)

No. Equipment 15 30n 5Gm 10Om 200m 1 Excavator 78 72 67 61 53 2 Bulidozer 78 72 67 61 53 3 Drilling mochine 89 83 78 72 66 4 Air compressor 75 69 64 58 52 5 Vibrator 76 70 65 59 53 6 Mixer 75 69 64 58 52 7 Truck 76 70 65 59 53 8 Truck 77 70 65 59 53

At night,especially, construction noise would impose a seriousimpact on the residentsin the vicinity,especially those located at lessthan 50 m. Nightworking and especiallythe useof the mostnoisy equipment during the nightshould then be strictlycontrolled in orderto minimisethe impactof noiseon the surroundingresidents. In particularfor the constructionof tunnels,drills used outside at the beginningof tunnelconstruction or blastingshould be forbidden at night. In orderto limit constructionnoise to people, Chinagovemment Regulates Noise limitation of ConstructionField Boundery (GB12523- 90),(see Annex D).

Basedon the daytimeand nighttime limitingnoise values contained GBI 2523-90, the bufferzones necessary to respectthese limiting values have been calculated (see Table 5.16);

Table 5.16: The minimum distancobetween noise sourcesto sensitive point Noise aource Maximum noise sourne Shortestdistonce away from source Daytime Night Bulldozer 95 10 100 Excavator 96 12 115 Mixer 88 8 45 Vibrator 80 4 118 Drill 105 100 IProhibit

Accordingto regulationin Safety regulationof explosion(GB6722-86) about safety distance,usually the safetyvibration velocity is: brickhouse: 2-3 cm/s, reinforced concretehouses: 5 cm/s.The relationship of housestructure and quantityof detonator wasobtained according to Sadoosusikimodel see Table 5.17.

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Table 5.17: Control Value of Detonator Quantity for Explosion Construction (kg)

Detonator Brick house Reinforced concrete house quantity Distance,m K=150 o=1.5 K=250 a=1.8 K=150 o=1.5 K=250 o=1.8 15 1.30 2.00 3.62 4.72 20 3.08 4.74 8.59 11.39 25 6.01 9.27 16.78 21.85 30 10.39 16.01 29.00 37.86 35 16.49 25.42 46.05 59.97 40 24.62 37.95 68.73 89.51

With respectto the variouscomponents the following points hove been noted. * In Chongqingthe drainage engineeringmainly affectsYuzhong district, part constructionfield is apart from residentarea 30-50m (small range), large area of residentarea beyond 100 m. There are severalfamilies dose to Tangjiatuo Plant within 50 m (in upperwind direction);some families beyond300 m of Oil Plant; lorge residentialarea is beyond300 m. The impact population is about 1200 in JiguanshiPlant, after projectconstruction, within 100 m there are few people. * In the caseof Fuling,there is little noise impact; the proposed pre-treatmentplant will be locatedin an area already cleareddue to the new emnbakment. * Of the water supply projects,the extensionof the Wanzhou Water Plant3 is within the currenturban area; particular attentiontherefore should be mode to the noise impacts during construction. In general, for all the projects,new distributionpipes will be loid in the existingurban areas; again, attentionshould be paid to these impacts.

5.3.2. Noise impact during operation

5.3.2 1. Noise impact of wostewater components

During the operation phase,the main sourcesof noise are due to pumping stations and wastewater treatmentworks with equipmentsuch as pumps,ventilator and air compressorswith noise production in the range 86-95 dB(A).

The impact of such equipmenton the surroundingareas has been evaluated using an attenuationmodel of the form:

LA(r)= L".,(ro) - (Adi, + A*, + A.#. + A..E)

where LA(r) = A sound degree of point r apart from noise source LA,.A(rOl = A sound degree of reference point r( Adir = A sound degree failing resulted from sound wave diffusion Ab,r = A sound degree failing resulted from sound screen Ad,, = A sound degree failing resulted from air absorption A. XC= additional A sound degree failing

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Table 5.18 Noise of Different Distance dB(A)

Distance 10 20 30 50

Pump 55 50 46 41 TongiiatuoPlant 57 51 47 43 JiguanshiPlant 54 48 44 40

From table it is known that noise at daytime and night in 30 m are lower than 50 dB(A), can reach to standard of grade 11.Distance of noise preventiondesign to be 20-30 m, which can not affect surround resident.

The coarsesceening works beforethe siphon (both at Chongqing and Fuling)will be most probably built under ground and covered,strongly reducing the possiblenoise impact in the urban areas.

Forthe other works, it is recommendedto use low noise equipmentand/or to take measuresto reducethe noiseof the most noisyequipment. For the pumping stations, buildings designedwith specificacoustic features, natural sound barriers, appropriate locations as far as possibleof the residentareas,... should be implemented..if such appropriate measuresare token for the most noisyequipment of the treatmentworks, impact noisewill be limited.

5.3.2.2. Noise impact of water supply components

Noise sourcesfor the water supply componentsare similar to those of the wastewater components. Simiiarly calculationswere conductedusing the noise attenuationmodel. The major conclusionsfor each componentare noted below:

* For Fuling attenuationcalculations were carried out betweensome of the sourceson one hand, the WTPboundary and the closestfarmer houseson the other hand. Resultsof these calculationsshow that the standard values are not exceededbut during the night, the values could be closeto the limit at one point. It is then recommendedto use low noiseequipment and/or to take measuresto reducethe noise of the most noisy equipment. * For Wanzhou WTP3results of calcuiationsindicate that the standardsare not met during the night near the WTPboundary, accordingto the form noisefor the Tongziyuannew WrP and to the traffic noiseat the WMP3. * For Nanbin and Qionjiang calculationsof the some type were also carried out but according to the fact that there were no initial noise measurements,it is difficult to appreciate if the standardsare met especiallyduring the night. According to the small occupationaround the site, it seemsthat the noise impact will be reduced. * Nevertheless,for all the components,calculations were not carried out for the air compressorswhich are particularly noisy. The measuresor solutionstoken in order to minimisenoise impactare not detailed in the feasibilitystudy, especiollythose concerningthe noisy machinerybuilding designand the specific acousticfeatures.

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5.3.2.3.Noise impact of SolidWaste Component

Noiseof landfillsite comesfrom operationtrucks and transfertrucks. Operation machinesinclude bulldozer, compactor, excavator, loader. These trucks operate movement,no fixed place.So noiseare float sources.Refuse trucks run between Chongqingcity and landfillsite, these trucks may be takenas movementnoise sources. (SeeTable 5.19.)

Table 5.19:Nolse Sourcesof Proposal Project

No. Noise sources Quantity dB(A) Remarks

I Trucks 30 76 Two shifts 2 Bulldozer 7 74 Daytime shift 3 Excavator 5 82 Daytime shift 4 Water car 3 80 Daytime shift 5 Loader 5 72 Daytime shift

Impact Forecastand Assessment

Combiningproject properties,this report adopted noisefoiling forecastmodel, selectedthree noisesources: refuse dam, parking site, and landfill workingface. When landfill stationoperates, trucks working rate in the sametime ore assumed as 50%. The forecasttook half as calculationvalue. Therewill be 6 trucks in rush time. The distributionof noise sourceswithin the londfill site is shown in Table5.20.

Table 5.20: Distribution of Noise Sources Noise sources Nois_sources Parking Work face Refusedam dB(A) Refusetruck 2 2 2 76 Bulldozer 2 2 74 Excavator 1 1 82 Water car 1 1 80 Soil trucks 1 72 ; dB(A) 85.8 85.8 79.8

The resultsof the noisecalculations are shownin Table5.21. Table 5.21 Noise Change with The Distance Point No. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Distance (m) 10 50 100 200 S00 1000 Parking site dB(A) 40.45 40.43 40.19 39.38 35.96 31.26 Working face dBIA) 71.81 57.83 51.81 45.49 37.83 31.81 Refuse dam dB(AJ 34.51 34.44 34.20 33.39 29.97 25.27 Total sound degree dB(A) 71.81 57.93 52.17 46.65 40.41 35.04

Afterthe projectis completed,locations beyond 50-100 m owayfrom noisesources ail reachstandard of grade11; landfill construction will haveonly a slightimpact on sound environment,but reachthe standardof grade11 of mixedarea.

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5.4. Impact on air quality

5.4.1. Impact on Air quality during Construction

The main pollution sourcesare machinesbuming fuel for digging, transportation, unload, load, vibrotion. Dust and waste gasfrom these machinesmakes air quality surroundingwork place and affect life and work.

In order to reduceair environmentquality effect within construction,the device and machine managementshould be strengthened.Watering deviceshould be set in constructionfield, and field clear must be done at once.

5.4.2. Air and Noise EnvironmentalImpact during Operations 5.4.2.1. ChongqingWW Component Themain pollution sources and pollutantsalong pipesare: grit chamberof pump station, bar screenwell in pre-treatmentsftation before passing river, odor of venfilate well. Thesesources is located in EnginePlant, Miaoershi, Glass Plant,Wood Plant,Food and Oil Storage, Liujiatai,Caiyuanba LeatherMarket, The 15' Port,Chongqing Cement Plant,Minsheng Port, Chuanyi PrimarySchool. LineA, Line B and Line D before passing river are set along inner side of BingiiangRoad, which mayaffect residentialareas, especiallyin summer. UineC and Line D after passing river are set in outsideof Bingjiang Road,far away from residentialarea, no distincteffect. In order to remove negativeeffect of odor, aboveplaces should be endosure,set ventilate device on house top (to river side), limit pollution in acceptablerange.

5.4.2.2. Fuling WW Component

Becausewastewater will have no chemicaland biological treatmemt after project complete,only through pre-treatmentto removefloat solid and discharge into river center,the waste gas generation will be small. In addition, pre-treatmentstation is a enclosureand set safetyfence and plants,far away from population concentration, waste gas will no distincteffect on environment.

5.4.2.3. ControlMeasures

Extractwaste gas in every enclosuresources, set closeto river, far away from residential areas, set plant belt and safetyfence, reduce wastewaterretention times. Reusethe methanegas in wastewatertreatment station, if it can't reuse , collected,then buming to air. Strengthensludge managementand collection,strengthen plants. The plants rate of wastewatertreatment plant should be no lessthan 35%.

5.4.3. EnvironmentalAir ImpactAssessment of MSW Component

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5.4.3.1. Air Pollutant Discharge Volume Calculation

Landfill gas is mode of CH4, C0 2 , NH3, CO, H2, H2S ,H2, N2, 02. In general, sum of CH4 and C002takes 95% of total gas or more.

This report adopt method is: establishstructurml formula according to refuse composition,calculate theory gas generation,then calculatepotential gas generation through solving degradationof microorganismand emendation (the emendation coefficientsare 60%and 50%), finally, colculategeneration rate of gas based on real gas quantity. Pollutantsources quantities are revisedusing real recovercoefficient. See Table 5.22.

Table S.22 Generation Rate of Landfill Gtas Calculation for Changshongqiao Station Year n Gas rate Gas rate Year nr Ga "Imt 3 4 3 (IW0m Ia) Yearn (10 m /0) _ n__ __4_M3___ 1 2003 11 6904 21 5334 2 3420 12 7100 22 3772

3 __-_*4A22 13 7239 23 2667 4 5130 14 7337 24 1886 5 5631 15 7406 25 1333 6 59855 16 7455 26 943 7 6236 17 7490 27 666 8 6413 18 7514 28 471 9 6538 19 7531 29 333 10 6627 20 7544 30 235

Generation rate of landfill gas increaseswith the operation and refuseincrease, reaches the peak value when closure( 20 years).After closure gas decreasequickly. The reason is that degradableorganic compound in refusedecomposes very quicidy, gas fime short. After 10 years of closuregas generation rate will have failed to a iew quantity.

5.4.3.2. Selection of Forecast Elements

Usually,ammonio and hydrogen sulphide are chosenas assessmentelements, because they are important odor in landfill site. Besides,as an importont pollution source,CO should be as assessmentelement too.

Although TSP,nitrogen and methane alcohol are indicated in EIA Outline, it is impossibleto calculate due to lacking data, so they are not considered.

Forecast elements: H2S, NH,4, CO.

Their contentsare: tH2S 0.4%, NH3: 0.4%, CO: 0.2%.

5.4.3.3. AwsessmentMethod

This report odopts model to forecast pollution source impact on environmentalair.

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Accordingto relativedata and practicesituation, multiple point source addition model wasused to calculationair diffusion.Each gas vertical well as a pointsource, calculated by Gaussianmodel.

C(y =2, exp( 2 ,)exp[-(Z 2 H,) 2 +exp - (Z + H,]t2 (.y.z) -'2xa -u ii x~-Jepi~ZH)(~2ol 2o )+xp 2o- 1 yr where: 3 C Or 2 = pollutantconcentration of air in somepoint (x, y, z) (mg/m); Q = pollutantdischarge quantity (mg/s). (TheQ valuewas obtained by the maximumgas generation that is 7,455m 3/a).

Sourcedischarge quantities of threepollutants (sum of everygas vertical well) are:

7544 x 1000 x 17 x 1000 x 0.004 NI-3 = 0.726mg/s 365x 24x 3600x 22.4 11S7544 xlOOOx34 xlOOOx 0.004 =137m/ 365x 24 x 3600x 22 4

Go 7544x 1000x 28 x 1000x 0.002=0.598 mg/s 365x 24x 3600x 22.4

u = wind velocityin gas verticalwell outlet (mls) a,,,az = diffusion coefficientsin level (x) and verticaldirection (y) (m) He - = effectivedischarge height (m)

In practicecalculation, because gas verticalwell otl are ground discharge,He is taken as 0, Z is elevationdifference between source and receivingpoint.

5.4.3.4.Selection of AssessmntPoint Location

Thereare 10 pointsto be chosenaccording to topography,assessment range and environmentsensitive degree. Detail locationcon be seenin Landfill StationEIA Report.

5.4.3.5. Calculationand Conclusion

Whenforecast, mainly consideredlandfill gas impacton air environmentwithin 8 km range. SeeTable 5.23 and Table5.24.

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Table 5.23 Mean GroundConcentration of AssessmentPoint within One- hour unit (mg/rn3)-

poilutrm HS NH3 CO Stability B D F B D F B D F Poirnt Ba0shuling 0.0196 0.0177 0.0061 0.0104 0.009 0.003 0.0086 0.0078 0.0027

Tieluwan 0.0229 0.0353 0.0159 0.0122 0.018 0.008 0.0100 0.0154 0.0070 ______~~ ~~~75 Tudiv _ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Xujiowort 0.0076 0.0046 0 0.0040 0.002 0 0.0033 0.0020 0 0.010 0.018 Fognqiugong 0.0150 0.020 0.0350 0.0078 7 6 0.0064 0.0088 0.1530

Yanshang 0.0065 0.0141 0.0300 0.0035 0.007 0.016 0.0023 0.0062 0.0131 ______~5 0 ______Citonapo 0 0 0 0 0 o o 0 0 Trionw.nshi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tongiciyron 0.0051 0.0110 0.0263 0.0027 0.005 0.014 0.0022 0.0048 0.0115

Xiaowovn 0.0005 0.0004 0 0.0003 2 0 0.0002 0.0002 0

Table 5.24 Daily Mean Concentrationof AssessmentPoint 3 unit (mp/m °______Assessmentpoint HS NH, CO Baishuling 0.0135 0.0072 0.0059 Tieluwan 0.0260 0.0138 0.011A ; udiyo 0 0 0 Xujiowon 0.0035 0.0018 0.0015 Fagn_iugong 0.0177 0.009A 0.0223 Yanshang 0.0127 0.0068 0.0056 Citngpo P 0 0 0 Tionwenshi 0 0 0 Tan=iyuan 0.0102 0.0055 0.0045 Xicowon 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001

From abovetables NH3 and CO concentrationsoal reach standard. Only H1Swill couselight pollution in low wind directionof landfill site, apart from site 2 km, such as Baishulin,xujiiwon, Fangqiugangand Yonshang,Tong iiayuan etc, in other placessuch os Citangpo,Tianwenshi, Xiaowan basically no pollution. So, residentialareas or landfill stationmanagement facilities can not be set in low wind directionwithin 2 km range. In total, landfill constructionwill not makeair quality deteriorate,environment is acceptable.

Backgroundconcentration did not be considered,because it is forming time when monitoring,NH 3 concentrationwas affected more greotly. When landfill operation, this situationwill not occur.This report only consideredlandfill gas generation,did not consideredbackground concentration.

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NH3, H2S concentrationschange with the different distanceof low wind direction see ELA Reportof Landfill Station.When distanceis over 2 kmn,H,S concentrationis lower than standard, NH3 concentrationreaches standard.

5.4.3.6. Accumulationeffect of metihaneGas

Methane is the main compositionof londfill gas. Its contentin ChangshengqiaoLandfill Stationis about 50%. When methane concentrationin air reaches5-15%, explosionwill occur. However,when methanereaches this concentration,landfill site is in anoerobic situation,so landfill site has no explosiondanger. If methane dischargesinto air, its weight volume is more light than air, it is possiblethat methaneconcentrates in near building or seal space,explosion may occur. So effectiveengineering must taken to preventexplosion.

5.4.3.7. BriefSummary

(1) The gas compositionsare mainly methane and C02, the odor mainly comesfrom H2S and NH3. Gas dischargereoches to peak value when the landfill station operatesto 20 years, up to 75,440x0I mr3/a. (2) NH3, CO concentrationsof one-hour and daily mean concentrationswill meetthe standard. H2Swill exceedstandard slight in low reach 2 km of wind, other directions not beyondstandard. In total, after landfill station operates,air environmentquality will not deteriorate,environment basically is acceptable. (3) In order to preventmethane overflowingor concentratingin buildings,the perfect ventilationand gas treatmentsystem must be set.

5.5. Impact of solid waste

5.5.1. Impact of spoil during construction

Most of the spoil obtained during the WWTPand WSTPconstruction will be reusedto fill ground. During pipe network implantation, spoil will be stockpiledor reusedto fill ground. In the specific Nan Bin project,spoil could be used also to create bank revetmentalong the river, if this material is appropriate. During project constructionand especiallyduring transportationand disposalof this spoil, there could be impactson the environment.

Spoil dropped on the ground by vehiclesand spoil on the vehiclewheels would generate dust clouds on fine days, and would make the rood muddy on wet days, affecting both people and passingvehides as well as the local environment.

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If the spoilis not properlydisposed of or stockpiled,it wouldaffect the flow in river systemand impact the cleanlinessof the city.During the construction,if excavatedspoil is stockpiliedfor severolweeks or months,the spoilwill be dried byexposure to sunlight andwind andwhen disturbed, will raisedust clouds resulting in an increasein the fine particulatecontent of the ambientair.

Hence,management of spoil duringthe constructionshould be reinforcedto preventtoo muchimpact. Temporary spoil should be stockpiledproperly with necessaryprotecting walls.Reused or wastespoil should be carriedaway as soonas possible.Building of pipenetwork should be done bysegmentation in orderto minimisethe spoil produdion duringthe construction.

5.5.1.1.Chongqing WW Component

Solidwaste when construction mainly comes from earthwork, woste materials, discord stoneand soil. Main earth work engineering is locatedin interceptionmain pipe along JiolingRiver and Yangize River (elevvtion of 188-194 m).Digging earth quantity is about2800x103 m3, most landfill back (2000x103 m3 ). Discordsoil and stone and wastematerials are about85 xI Olt. All the solidwaste are usedto build Bingiaing Rood,prohibit dumping freely.

The elevationof Tangjiatuo Sewage Treatment Plant is 190-196 m. Earthwork digging quantityis about370x 1 0 3.m3. Elevationof JiguanshiSewage Treatment Plant is 194.5 m, earthwork quantity is about1 20x 10I m3. Mostare usedto build road,soil dam, ports.Construction refuse will be usedto BingjiangRoad or landfill.

To preventcars and trucks bring soil to city center,washing car stationsshould be seton jointof constructionfield and cityroad; drainage ditch should be set; diggingsoil and stonecan not dumpingon riverbank to avoidsoil erosionand contaminating environmentand two rivers.

5.5.1.2. FulingWW Component

This engineeringalmost doesnot generatewaste solid excepfearth work quantity to fill preventiondam. A few domesticrefuse from staff and field refusemust be collectedat onceand transferto FulingLandfill to disposal.

5.5.2. Impact of solid waste during operation Accordinglto technique,bar screenwell, collectionwell , grit chamber are set in pump stations.There are bar screen(thick screen and cyclescreen), valve well in Chuqimenpre-treatment station beforepassing river. Floatsolid is about 1500 t/a from screenwell, sludge and sandfrom collectionwell and grit chamberis about 21500 t/o, they are compressed, then transfer to landfill site. Annual transportation is about 23000 t/a.

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5.6. Impactson Natural and EcologicalEnvironment

Impactson naturaland ecologicalenvironment (particulorly cultivated trees, naturol vegetation,wildlife,...) are not knowndue to the lack of informationon this subject. However,as the projectswill be constructedmainly along the riverbanks, which for certainareas (Wanzhou, Fuling) will be rebuiltdue to the implementationof the TGP and alsoalong existing roads, the impactsof projectsconstruction appeor to be globally limited. 5.6.1. TargetSystem of EcologicalEnvironmental Impact

The YangtseRiver, Jialing Riverand Wujiing, as important water sourcesand receiverof wostewater,are necessarybreed placesfor water life-form and necessaryartificial compensationwater sources.There are no natural preservationzone and rare animals.

So,human octions are main part in system,artificial plants and river,soil, air, noiseare the important compositionsof systemand targets of human actions.

Drainage Engineeringwill improve greatlywater quality. Constructionmachine and transportationwill causedust and noise,earth work will bring water and soil erosion, wastewaterdischarge will affect water life-form and fish industry,sludge may impact plants,noise and odor may impact resident,sludge sediment may impact water ecologicalenvironment near to outlets.

Index target systemof city ecological environmentcan be seen in Table 5.25.

Table 5.25 IndexTarget Systm Of CityEcological Environment Item Impactelements

Air pollution Water pollution Solidwaste Vibration and noise source source Vegetation P Aquaticanimal P Water and soil P conservation Aquaculture P Fishresource P

Eutrophication ______P______Sludge P P sediment Landuse Air P environment Sound P environment Rareanimal No Natural reserve No

This section analysesthe potential impactsof aquatic life-form, water and soil conservation,and vegetation,and put forward to alleviating measures.

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5.6.2. EcologicalImpact Analysis when Constructionand alleviating Measures EcologicalImpact Analysk when Construction

Landuse, temporary roads and storage may affect or destroypart vegetaftion. Loose discardedsoil easilycause water and soil erosiondue to rainfalland runoffand jam riverline.

Ecologicollenvironment impact when construction can beseen in Table5.26.

Table5.26 EcologicalEnvironment Impad within Constuction

ConstrucAionitom Land(use or desroy) Vegetationand plant Waterand soil reervation Earthwork -2 -2 -1 Tronsportation -1 -1 .- Mterials storage -1 -2 _ _ DiscardodSoil .2 .3 -3 disposal Note:figure 1,2,3,4,5 present impad degEree. 1 means minimum and 5 means maximum. +" moonspositive effect, "-' meansnegative effect. AlleviatingMeasures

(1) Fullutilize place structure and design space for wastewatertreotment plants in order to saveland area; plan soil andstone pile site,makes which not affectenvironment and not causewater and soil erosion. (2) Plansynthefically engineering land-use; prohibit destroyingvegetation, restore plants at once after complete. (3) chosedepression with small slope as waste disposalsite, setflood ditch ond wall surround it to reducesoil erosion.

5.6.3. Ecological Environment Impact when Operation and Alloviating Measures

EcologicalEnvironment Impct when Opertion

Impacton Aguatic Life-formand Aauaculure

Water polluttionof urban region and Fuling city mainly is domesticsewage pollution. Three Gorges Reservoirwill make flow velocity reduce,self-purification decrease,bank behtwiden, pollutant concentrationincrease. Thus water pollution will be more serious. Pollutantssuspend or dissolvein water and decomposeby microorganism. . Decomposingrequires oxygen, which resuhin 02 consumptionquicken and DO concentrationis low, fish and aquatic life-form can't breed. In addition, wastewaterwill make aquatic productslow quality.

From long-term view, after interceptionengineering complete, with the raise of treatment rate, water quality will improve. Ecologicalbalance would keep, aquatic life- form and fish will obtain good breed conditions.

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Aruatic Environment Impact of Outlets

AJthough sewage is treated, pollutants that are not remove will cause pollution of high concentration near to outlets. Types and quantity of aquatic animals will be impacted. In addition, wastewater discharge concentratively will form bank pollution belt in lower reaches of outlets and pollute aquatic environment. Because Belt covers a small proportion of river width and Yangtze River water exchange large quantity, the part pollution will not bring distinct effects. From long-term view, secondary treatment will have little effect to aquatic ecological environment.

Eutroohication Problem

Phosphorus and nitrogen are necessary elements for aquatic plants to breed. In present conditions river flows quick, with little eutrophication problem. But Three Gorges Reservoir may make phosphorus sediment increase. Prolific aquatic plant and algae could lead to water eutrophication. So the rate of phosphorus and nitrogen remove must be improved.

If drainage engineering do not treat nitrogen and phosphorus or hove low rate of remove, nutrition salt more concentrated discharge into river than before, which will cause eutrophication problem near to outlets.

Veaetation Imoad

If sludge and solid waste do not disposal immediately and piled on vegetation, vegetation and short plants moy not develop well even to death.

Ecological Environment Impoct when project operation are listed in Table 5.27.

Table 5.27 Ecological Environment Impact when Proeed Operation Total water Aquatic Aquaculure Vegetation Water environment animal and plant environment I ~~~~~~~~~~ouitlet ~~~~~~Of Wastewater +3 +3 +3 1 Solid waste -2 Note: figure 1,2,3,4,5 present impact degree. Grade 1 means minimum, grade 5 means maximum. "-+ means positive effect, "-" means negative effect.

5.6.4. Brief Summary

(1) Drainage engineering brings positive effects to city ecological environment. Especially the project will improve reservoir water quality greatly, will benefit aquatic life-form breed and keep balance of aquatic ecological environment. (2) After Three Gorges Reservoir complete, if no the drainage engineering, water quality would deteriorate and fish wouldl be affected seriously. The project will benefit aquatic animal breed and enhance quality of aquatic production. (3) Construction may use a lot land and destroy part artificial vegetation. Plan must be put forward in advance, prohibit destroy trees. After construdion complete, plants should restore at once. Sludge and floating solid waste should be disposed quickly. Plants should be strengthened in treatment plant to enhance site sight quality.

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(4) Chosesludge disposal site in reason.flood ditch,woll shouldbe setsurround sides to reduce soilerosion. (5) Strengthenmonitoring and managementof waterquality. Pay attention to changeof nitrogenand phosphorus,promote removal of nitrogenond phosphorusnutrients.

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5.7. Impact of The project on Social and EconomicalEnvironment

The goal of social and economicalenvironment is to preventor reduceevery harmful effect on socialand economicalenvironment when obtaining profits, and takes necessaryremendation measures. Integrating social, economicand environmental profits analysiswill make the feasibilityof project more reliable and replete, design and constructionmore prefect,development of social, economyand environmentmore quick and stable.

5.7.1. Benefits

5.7.1 .1. Wostewater Components

The presentinadequate state of the sewerageinfrostructure in Chongqing and Fuling meansthat a great deal of untreatedindustrial and domesticwaste water is discharged directly into the Chang Jiang and its tributaries.As a result, pollution of the surface water has occurred, particularlyalong the Jioling Jiang lower reaches.Water pollution hasnot only affectedthe normal usesof surfacewater but also threatenedthe safetyof drinking water sources.

The interceptionand diversionof the sewagewould transferthe pollution load away from the areaswhere the load is generatedand received.Thus, the water environment there is expectedto improve,thereby encouraging socio-economic growth.

In the projectservice areas, sewage is dischargedat presentdirectly into the Jialing Jiang, the Chang Jiang and the Wu Jiang. As a result of population growth and economicdevelopment, the quantityof sewagewill gradually increase.If no action is taken, the pollution will be considerablyworse and the aquatic environmentwill unavoidably be degraded (see§ 7.2.2.1.3 for the degrodation of the water quality).The implementationof these projectscould not only curb the deteriorationof environmental quality but also cut off the currentpollution load and enhancethe environmentalquality in particular:

* As a result of interceptingthe sewagegenerating along the Jialing Jiang, in addition to improving the water environmentin this area, the water quality of the river, especiallythe lower reacheswill be stronalyimproved. * The direct dischargesof industrialand domesticwaste water is a significantthreat to the water quality of the water intakes.The proposed projectswhich include interceptionand diversionof this wastewater would no doubt result in further direct and obvious water quality improvementsat all the water intakes. * An adequate seweragesystem is regardedas a prerequisitefor economic development.These projects will provide an important support for sustainable developmentof the concemedareas. * The dischargesof polluted water, resulting in plumes along the river banks,will be eliminated, improving the local aestheticconditions and eliminating the threat to the water intakes. * The interceptionand conveyancedownstream will enable to make a full treatment of the wastewater before the completionof the TGP dam, thus participating in the global nutrient control as reglementationcalls for.

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* With these projects,sanitation and public health benefits are anticipated as direct or indirect consequences.

5.7.1.2. Water Supply Components

Benefitsol these projectsare obvious, as it will:

* improvethe sanitary and public health with the supply of good water quality, * sustainthe economicgrowth, * avoid the frequent supply shortagesespecially in summer, * strongly reducethe risk of pollution at the water intakes .

5.7.2. Impacts on Social Environment

A separate ResettlementAction Planwas prepared and is the subjectof a specificreport. Residents,farmers and other peoplewill be compensatedfor all lossesaccording to Governmentregulations and as specifiedin the RAPreport. For more details conceming the RAP,refer to the seporatevolume R7.

The Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject (CUEP) consists of sevencomponents in water supply,sewage treatment and refusetreatment/disposal in five citiesof Chongqing Municipality.Land acquisition is necessaryas well as the relocationand economicrehabilitation of people affectedby the project. Resettlementwould be undertakenin accordancewith the ResettlementAction Plan(RAP) which has been prepared by specialistsin Chongqing with technicalassistance from institutesin Shanghai.

Approximately320 hectares(4809 mu) of land would need to be acquired, and almost 4,000 households(about 17,250 persons) would be directly affectedby the project, shown by componentbelow:

Table 5.28: Summary of land requirements and projected affected persons (PAPs) for each component of CUEP

ProjectComponent Land(ho) Households EstimatedCost Resettled/PAPs (Million Yuan) Chongqing Wastewater 217.6 3329/14255 638.27 Fuling Wastewater 0.5 257/1696' 12.36 Fuling Water Supply 4.9 51/225 2.39 WanzhouWater Supply 4.4 22/81 2.18 Qianjiang WaterSupply 0 Q/0 0.0 Nanbin Water Supply 1.9 36/153 0.52 Chongqing Municipal Solid Waste 91.3 283/853 92.59 Management Total CUEP 320.6 3978/ 17263 748.30

The total costfor the RAPhas been estimated at 74B.30 million Yuan; this includes RAP preparation, monitoring and evaluation,administrative costs, and contingencies.

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Table 5.29: Overviw of the impad dimension of the CUEP no Affcted areas unit CQWWMCQMSW FUWSPFUWWP WAWSP NAWSP Total P p ______A B C D E F G H I 1 cuKivatedland acquisition mu 1,311.6 1,150.2 54.85 0.0 53.18 25.89 2,595.72 2 non-cultivatedland mu 1,951.8 219.8 18.81 7.5 12.72 2.91 2,213.54 ocquisition 3 totalland acquisition mu 3263.5 1,370 73.66 7.5 65.90 28.80 4,809.36 4 totalaffected buildings sq.m 271,986 19,408 2,566.6 39,174 2,909.8 0 336,044. 5 totclaffeted households no. 3,329 283 51 257 22 36 3,978 6 totalPAPs person14,255 853 225 1696 81 153 17,263 7 affctedhouseholds of no. 274 46 6 19 0 36 381 vulnera6learouas 8 PAPsof vulneroble groups person 456 75 8 67 0 153 759

The CUEP should totally affect 17,263 people and 4,809 mu of land. Table 5.29 shows that most of impactsof the CUEPwith regard to the RAPare caused by components projectedin Chongqing area. In particularthe urban dimensionof the CQWWMP accountsfor the relativeimportance of non cultivatedland required.

5.7.2.1. Landacquisition

Land acquisitionfor the whole CULEPrepresents a total of 4,809 mu. Among them the share of cultivatedland againsttotal land required representfor the different components: 40.2% (CQWWMP),19.1% (CQMSWP), 74.5% (FUWSP),0% (FUWWP), 80.6% (WAWSP),77.4% (NAWSP).

As regards cultivatedland, the main categoriesof land affectedare the followings - CQWWMP:Irrigated land (392.9 mu), vegetable land (287.5 mu) orchard (235 mu) and dry land (229 mu) against 1311.6 mu of cultivatedland affected. - CQMSWP:Irrigated land, (493.2 mu) and dry land (402 mu) againstl 150.2 mu of cultivated land affected. - FUWSP:Vegetable land (54.85 mu) agoinst 54.85 mu of culivated land affected. - FUWWP: all urban land - WAWSP:Irrigated land (36.01 mu) against 53.18 mu of cultivatedland affected. - NAWSP:irrigated land (22.30 mu) against 25.89 of cultivatedland affected.

5.7.2.2. Affected houses

CUEPwill affect 336,000 sq.m. of housessettling presently 17,263 personsand 3,978 households.Investigations reveals that most of these housesare timber tile and brick concretein Chongqing.

A component by componentapproach showsthat the main typesof affected housesare as follows: - CQWWMP:brick concrete(156,464 sq.m) and timber tile (37,930 sq.m) houses, against a total floor space of 211,363 sq.m, particularlydue to the urban dimension of the component'simpacts.

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- CQMSWP:brick timber (9594 sq.m) and timber tile 17942sq.m.) housesagainst a total floor space of 19,408 sq.m - FUWSP:timber tile (1245.3 sq.m) and brick timber (877.3 sq.m) housesagainst a total floor spaceof 2566.6 sq.m. - FUWWP:brick concrete(1 1,376 sq. m) and brick timber (1,244 sq. m) housesagainst a total floor space of 13472 sq.m, - WAWSP:timber tile (1086.6 sq.m) and brick timber (888.8) housesagainst a total floor spaceof 2909 sq.m. - NAWSP:no housesare affectedby the component.

5.7.2.3. Affected units and enterprises

Two componentsoffect work unitsand enterprises:

Chongqingwastewater component affects 41 unitsand enterprisesare affected representinga floor spaceof 60,623 sq.m. Their activitiesrepresent 3966 jobs. In terms of employmentthe most important affectedunits and enterprisesore located in Nan'an District (in particularXuantanmioo township) and Jiangbei Districtwhere respectively, 1124 and 2246 jobs are affected.

The Fuling Wastewatercomponent addtionally affects73 unitsand enterprises representinga floor spaceof approximately25,700 sq. m.

5.7.2.4. Affected crops

Affectedcrops for the whole CUEPrepresent a total of 2,595 mu of cultivatedland. The land coveredby crops is 1311.6 mu in the case of CQWWMPand for the other components: 1150.2 mu (CQMSWP,54.85 mu (FUWSP)0 mu (FUWWP),53.18 mu (WAWSP),25.89 mu (NAWSP).

5.7.2.5. Affeted infrastructures and other main assets

Sincethey are located in different typesof areasthe different componentsof the CUEP affect varioustypes of infrastructuresand assets.This includesthe following items: trees, tractor roads, sunning grounds (spaceof concreteground used by farmers to dry vegetables),stone banks, tombs, ponds, wire poles, wire and concreteroads. The most salient resuttsmay be summarisedas follows.

- As regardsthe CQWWMP,the interceptors/collectorsand secondarypipes systems will principally affect concreteroods representing44,200 sq.m (no concreteroods are affectedby the other sub-componentswhich will affect however27,500 of troctor roads).Affected wires represent174,000 m, mainly due to the constructionof the two WWTP.Since they are located in rural areas, the constructionof the two plantswill affed particularlytwo types of fruit trees (73,848) whereasthe other sub- componentwill rather affect other and miscellaneoustrees. - The CQMSWPwill affect 65,700 m of wires, and 19,468 sq.m. of tractor roads. Mainly miscellaneoustrees and miscellaneoustree seedlingswill be affected (46,602 + 20,235) as well os 2,477 cu.m of stone bank. It is worth noting that 507 tombs will also be affectedby the component.

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- As it is located in the rural area, the FUWSPwill essentiallyaffect trees (in particular 1527 miscellaneoustree seedling and 7,330 fruit trees. ), and sunning ground (855.3 sq.m). 62 tombs and 3,600 m of wires will also be affected.

- As no cultivatedland is affected,FUWWP will affect little in the way of trees, etc. The major impact is to sunning ground (1,936 sq. m), stone banks (4,048 m3 ) and wires (2,400m). - As it is located in the rural area, the WAWSPwill essentiallyaffect trees (in particular 8,253 miscellaneoustree seedling and 9,206 miscellaneoustrees), and sunning ground (688.6 sq.m). 22 tombs only and 1,400 m of wires will also be affected. - Due to the limited surfaceof land requiredthe NAWSPwill affect veryfew infrastructures(only 60 m of wire) and few other assets(some tenths of trees and tree seedlings). Thereare no social infrastructures(schools, hospitals and dispensaries,kindergarten, sport fields...) affectedby the componentsof the CUEP.

5.7.2.6. Projectaffected persons

The CUEPwill totally affect 17,263 people.Among them, 3966 will be affecteddue to impactsof CQWWMPon unitsand enterprises.Total number of people affectedby house relocationwill reach 11,985 for the whole CUEP. - CQWWMP: 10,289 people (3329 households)will be affectedby house relocation, mainly due to the interceptors/collectorsand secondarypipes systems, whereas no peoplewill be affectedonly by the acquisitionof land. - CQMSWP:747 people(243 households)will be affectedby house relocation (in particularin Chayuanvillage), whereas 106 people will be affectedonly by the acquisitionof land in resettlementareas of Shatang,XGntang and Toohuadian. - FUWSP:In Tianzidianvillage, 100 people (21 households)will be affectedby house relocation,whereas 125 people (30 households)will be affected by the acquisitionof land. - FUUWWP:In Zhi Cheng district, 768 people (257 households)will be affeced by house relocation, whereas928 people (268 households)will be affectedby the ocquisitionof land. - WAWSP:In Tongyuanvillage, 81 people (22 households)will be affectedby house relocation, whereas no people will be affected by the acquisitionof land. - NAWSP:In Hongchun,no peoplewill be affectedby house relocation, whereas 153 people (36 households)will be affectedby the acquisition of land.

5.7.2.7. Affected vuinerable groups

Excludingoverlapping effects,a total of 759 people belonging to vulnerable groups have been recordedas affected by the CUEP.A major categoryare the poor people, defined as those whosemonthly income per capita is below Rmbl 00 in Chongqing and below Rmb95in Fuling, Rmb9Oin Wanzhou,Rmb8O in Nan Bin (categ.A). Other categoriesare householdscomprising disabled or handicapped members (categ. B), householdsheaded by women (categ.C),isolated elderly people (categ.D), and householdsbelonging to any of the 55 minoritiesof the PRC(categ. E).

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- CQWWMP.Total number of people belonging to vulnerable groups is 456 (274 households).Most of them belong to categoriesC (201 people and 107 households) and D (178 people and 125 households).23 people belong to ethnic minorities(6 households). - CQMSWP.Total number of people belonging to vulnerable groups is 68 (43 householcis).Most of them belongto categoriesB (18 people and 8 households)and C (57 people and 38 households).No people belong to ethnic minorities. - FUWSP.Total number of people belonging to vulnerable groups is 8 (6 households). Most of them belong to categoriesB and (6 people and 5 households)and E (2 people and 2 households).Thus, 2 people belong to ethnic minorities. - FUWWP:Total numberof people belonging to vulnerablegroups is 42 (19 households).Most of them belong to categoriesA (23 people and 4 households)and B (12 people and 11 households).No people belongto ethnicminorities - WAWSP: Thereare no vulnerablegroups affectedby the component. - NAWSP:Total numberof people belonging to vulnerable groups is 153 (36 households),that is 100%of the people affectedby the component.All of them belong to the categoryE phesepeople belong to the Tu ethnic minority).

5.7.3. Impacts on Transportation, Electric Power and Communication Lines

Proposedsewer systems or pipe networkswill certainlycut acrosssome roads or run parallel with them. During the excavationand pipe-layingstage, there will be traffic congestionalong these roads.

The conventionolway to solvethe problem is to build side-tracksfor vehiclesduring construction.As thesetemporary roads are usuallyvery narrow, it is impossiblefor vehiclesto passeach other. In addition, some vehicleswill find it necessaryto make a detour, which will not increasethe mileoge but also increse the traffic volumes on other roads.

During projectsconstruction, spoil encroachingon the rood surfacewill result in narrowing of the corriageway.On dry days, the surfacewill be dustyond on wet days, the roads will be coveredwith mud and becomeslippery.

Furthermore,proper measuresshould be taken during the projectsconstruction to avoid interruption of communication or electric power supply which would result in a serious impact.

Conceming these impacts, it should be recalledthat due to the inundation provoked by the TGPdam, most of the roads, electricpower facilities, communicationlines,... should be also rebuih in Fuling and Wanzhouproject areas, resulting in a reductionof the proper projectimpacts.

5.7.4. Analysis of economic benefit

5.7.4.1. ChongqingWW Component

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The planning project is one of the basic drainage establishmentsof the city. lt will generatechiefly indirect economicbenefit and little direct economicbenefit.

Accordingto the NinthFv Yearsplan of national nomy and social development and the 2010 outline of Chongqlng, Chongqing will be constructed into the economiccenter of the upper reachof Yangtseand the southwestem.New industrialgroups will be formed; the goal of the domesticoutput value of the whole city in 2010 being four times as much as that in 1995 will be implemented.The comprehensiveeconomic power reachesthe middle or upper grade of all citiesin China. The govemmentshould accomplishthe affluence and civilizationof the citizens and farmers.The gross domesticoutput value in the Ninth FiveYears increaseon overage by 11%according to comparativebasis and reaches222,000 million yuan in 2000, and the domesticoutput value per person increasemeanly by 10%according to comparativebasis and reach 7,060 yuan in 2000.

At presentthe dischargeamount of domesticsewage of the main city zone is as much as 196,680,000 tons per year. The componentsof the sewageare CODc, = 103,902 t/a, BOD5 = 50,484 t/a, SS= 61,924t/a, TN = 11,0871/a and TP = 1,432t/a. According to prediction,the amount of sewagein 2000 will reach 280,685,000 tons per year with CODC,= 90,363 t/a, BOD5 = 43,226 t/a, N = 11,810 t/a, TP= 15,,926 t/a, oil = 1,064 t/a and VH (volatile hydroxybezene)= 3.18 t/a. The amount of sewage in 2010 will reach 388,068,000 tons per year with CODc, = 147,277 t/a, BOD5 = 70,820 t/a, N = 18,352 t/a, TP= 2,430 t/a, oil = 2,375 t/a and VH = 7.09 t/a.

-Obviously,the water pollution of the main city zone will becomean important factor blocking the economicdevelopment of Chongqing. The planning projectwill ameliorate greatly the water quality of the Yangtseand Jialing Riverin the Chongqing City. It can serve315 kM2 and 3,300,000 people,and can removemany effectsand limits produced by the water pollution and incompletedrainage system.It also helps to ameliorate the investmentenvironment of Chongqing, and attract more foreign investment,and establisha favorable foundation for the MinthF)-Year Plan and the 2010 oulYine. All in all, the projectwill make an active contributionto the economy developmentof Chongqing and the whole Three Gorgesarea.

5.7.4.2. Fuling sewage plant and necessarypiping engineering

The planning projectis one of the basic drainage establishmentsof the city. It will generatechiefly indirect economicbenefit and little direct economicbenefit.

Accordingto the 2010 outlIneof economyand sidal development of Fuling Dlct, the gross industrialoutput value must arrive at 18,500 million yuan, and the gross agricultural output value must orrive at 1,500 million yuan, and the correspondent dischargeamount of pollutantsmust increaseaccordingly.

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It is predicatedthat the dischargeamount of sewagewili reach28,105,000 tons per year.The component of the sewageare CODc, = 12,646t/a, BOD5 = 6,067 t/a, N 1,338t/ci, TP= 142t/a, oil = 169.5t/a and VH = 0.51 t/a. Thereforethe water pollutionwill becomeon importantfactor to restrictthe economydevelopment of Fuling. Theplanning project will decreasegreatly the waterpollution and offerthe premisefor the centralizeddisposal of sewage,and also establishgood base for the consistent economicgrowth of Fuling.

5.7.4.3.The ChangshengqiaoLandfill Site

The planning project is one of the basicestablishments of the environmentalsanitation of the city. It will generatechiefly indirect economicbenefit and little direct economic benefit.

The planning projectwill providethe servicefor 1,600,000 peopleof five districts including Yuzhong,Nonan, Dadukou,Jiulongpo and Banon, and in 2005 the people servedwill increaseto 1,900,000. In this way the projectwill eliminate radically the weaknessof the basicsanitation establishment of Chongqing, especiallythe garbage disposalin the city. It improvesthe-sanitation and investmentenvironment. Considering the opportunityand preferentialpolicy it helpsto attract more foreign investmentond engineeringconstruction and more significant construdion and technique innovation projectsfrom other countries.This will definitelyaccelerate the consistenteconomic growth.

5.7.4.4. Water Supply of the city

Water Supply System of Wanzhou District

It is computedthat the total investmentof the planning projectwill be repaid in 15 years with yield of 6%, and the accumulating profit is 274,360,000 yuan. So the project has notable diret economicbenefit and it is economicallyfeasible.

Wangzhou is not only the traffic hinge by water and land of the upper and middle reachesof YangtseRiver, but also the tourism servicebase for the sceneryand resortof the Three Gorges. It is also an open city along the river whose leading industry is solt gas chemicalengineering. Once the project is complete,the industrialoutput value will increaseby 3,650 million yuan per year which is colculated by 10,000 yuan of industrial water demand, and the projectwill create 1,718 million yuan which is calculatedby actual amount of the industrial water demand. Obviouslythe project has good indired economicbenefit for the economystrength and the industrial and agricultural growth of Wangzhou District.

Water Supply of Fuling District

It is computedthat the total investmentsof the planning project will callback in 12 years with intemrnlrate of return of 7.84%, and net financial value is 18,362,200 yuan and the tax is 39,277,100 yuan. So the project has high direct economicbenefit and it is economicallyfeasible.

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Fuling is one of the subordinate districtsby Chongqing after Chongqing becamedirectly under the jurisdictionof the central government.The economicdevelopment of Fuling is directiy relative with the economicprosperity of Chongqingand the Three Gorges. The planning project can easethe controdictionof water supply and demand, improve the investmentenvironment and acceleratethe developmentof industryand agriculture. it has indirecteconomic benefit for achievingthe target outline of national economy of the Ninth FiveYears and 2010.

Water Supply of Qianpang County

It is computedthat the total investmentsof the planning projectwill be repaid in 15 years with intemol rate of return of 8.1 0%. So the project has significant direct economic benefit and it is feasible economically.

Qianjiang is underdevelopedeconomically whose main economicresources are several local industriessuch as tobacco, building material, ale, printing ond food processing. Theseindustries consume 150 tons water per 10,000 yuan of output value. The project can providethe countywith adequate water and ease greatlythe contradictionof water supply and demand so as to assureand improvethe industrialoutput value. Thereforeit has indirecteconomic benefit for the industryand economydevelopment of Qianjiang.

Water Supply of Nanbin Town in Shizhu County

It is computedthat the totol investmentsof the planning projectwill be repaid in 15 years wvithintemal rate of return of 8.20%. Sothe project has high direct economic benefitand it is economicallyfeasible.

Accordingto the collectiveprogram of Nanbin Town, the Nonbin Town is divided into six functional districtsand constructedinto an eco-citywith landscapeand gardens whose leading economyis the processof the agriculturat by-product.But the increaseof water supply does not meet the increaseof water demand, which limit local constructand economy. The obsoletesupply equipmentand pipes bring about frequentwater shortagesand pipe fractures, which lead to production stoppagesand economicloss of the industrial enterprises.The projectcan provide the industrieswith adequate water and ease greatlythe contradictionof water supply and demand so as to establishgood base for the eco-city.Therefore it has indirect economicbenefit for the industryand economy developmentof the district.

5.8. Risk Assessment

5.8.1. Chongqing and Fuling WW Components

The main risk impact assessmentconcems the Ji Guan Shi and Tang Jia Tuo WWTP outfalls for the Chongqing projectand the WVWITPoutfall for the Fuling project. These outfolls are large structuresand a long design life. Once constructedand put into operation, it will be difficult to rebuild or to undertake major renovations.Therefore, an assessmentof the environmentalrisks associatedwith the structuresshould be carried out.

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5.8.1.1. Possibleearthquake impact on the outfoll

The projectshould be designedto resistscale 6 earthquake( Chinesescale) in order to avoid seriousdamage to the outfall.

5.8.1.2. Damage by ships

All the outfolls are located in river stretcheswith dense boot traffic which will be increosedafter completionof the TGP.Furthermore, in front of the Ji Guan Shi and Tong Jia Tuo sites, mony iarge ships are used to anchor.

The diffiser sectionsof the outfalls are not located in the main shipping channel. Especiallyin the Chongqing project, a channel of about 250 m in the deep water trench of the river cross-secionis left as the principal shipping lane, on the right bank for Ji Guan Shi and on the left bank for Tang Jia Tuo. Betweenthe both diffuser sections, there is a distonceof more than 500 m. Nevertheless,due to the protrusion of the risers above the bed of the river, there is a risk of damage to the outfoll structureessentially in caseof accidentssuch as anchoring becauseof mechanicalfailure.

It is then essentialto provide adequate measuresto protectthe outfoll diffusersagainst deteriorationfrom ships by: * designingthe elevationof risersin relation with the maximum drought of permissibleships in the river and the minimum correspondingwater level, a providing an adequatewoming systemround the location of the outfalls and defining an area which should be forbidden for anchorage,fishing,... * placing specrficworks (piles,concrete blocks,...) around the diffusersto protect them against accidentalanchoring by drifting ships.

5.8.1.3. Riskcaused by sedimentation

Due to the implementationof the TGP, an important sedimentationcould occur. This parameter is at presentan unknown parameterfor Chongqing project. For Fuling project, ci sedimentologicalstudy was carried out by the SouthWestem Hydraulic EngineeringInstitute for-Water Transporton a specific physicalmodel but the conclusionsof this studyare not known. The operation of the outfall could be threatened by a major sedimentationeffect and this parameter should be consideredin the design of the risers.

5.8.1.4. Riskimpoct assessmentby emergency discharge

There are two kinds of emergencysituations : one is overflow of combining pipe when rain season,other is occidentdischarge in ChuqimenSpecial Outlet. In addition, rate of treatmentof pre-treatmentstation decrease.The surfacewater risk assessmentis describedas following:

(1) Surface Water EIA of Accident Discharge

Accidentdischarge situationswhen passing river tunnel were listed as Table 5.30.

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Table 5.30 Acckient Dischargevolume and Main Pollution Concentration

Distance(kIm) Wastewater CODcr TN TP NH3-N betweenoutlet discharge Mg/I Mg/I Mg/I MG! and M3/S Cootianmen 2.2 5.794 360 45 6 47 Distance(krn) Wastewater BOD5 Volatile phenol Colorm-group bacteria (10 /]) betweenoutet discharge and M3/s

C actianm en ______2.2 5.794 180 0.2 2817.9

When high water level,river velocity,discharge and dilution coefficientsall is lessthan when low water level, surfacewater EIAonly considerhigh water level and compare with normal period.

(1t CODcr impactanalysis

A bank pollution belt of 2.2 m long and 42.8 m wide forms from outlet to Cootianmen. The maximum index is 2.14. Jionlign Riverconverges into YangtzeRiver, lower reaches of Cootianmendo not beyondstandard. The maximum pollution index is 0.86.

(2) BODsimpoct analysis

A bank pollution belt of 2.2 m long and 43.4 m wide forms from outlet to Caotionmen. The maximum index is 4.5. Jionlign Riverconverges into YangtzeRiver, a bank pollution belt of 9 km long and 16.5 m wide forms away from left bank 144 m below the Caotionmen.The maximum pollution standard index is 1.3.

(3) Kqeldahlnotrogen impact analysis

A bank pollution belt of 2.2 rn long and 71.4 m wide forms from outlet to Caotianmen. The maximum index is 7.62. Jianlign Riverconverges into YangtzeRiver, a bank pollution behtof 49.3 m wide forms away from left bank 127.6 m below the Cootianmen to Tongjiatuo.The maximum pollution.standordindex is 2.97

(4) TPimpact analysis

A bank pollution belt af 2.2 m long and 67.3 m wide forms from outlet to Caotionmen. The moximum index is 5.65. Jianlign Riverconverges into YangtzeRiver, a bank pollution belt of 40.1 m wide forms awoyfrom left bank 132.1 m below the Caotianmento Tang iatuo. The maximum pollution standard index is 2.17

(5) Non-ionic ammonia impact analysis

Non-ionic ammonia concentrationis close to standard, the macimum index is 0.99. Jianlign Riverconverges into YangtzeRiver, the maximum index is 0.39 below Cootionmen.

(6) Coliform-group bacteria impact analysis

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Coliform-groupbacteria pollution is veryserious resulted from accidentdischarge. The maximumindex is 154 nearto outlet.Bank pollution belt extendsfrom Chuqimento Tangjiatuo.The maximum width of beltis 218.8 m.

Throughaibove analysis it is knownthat below Chuqimen outlet except no-ionic ammoniapollution exceeds standard seriously when accident discharge at the reservoir high levelon left bankof YangtzeRiver. After Jialing River converges into Yangtze River, I(eldahlnitrogen and TP still exceed standard. From the seriousto lightof pollution degreeand range,pollutants in tum are Coliform-groupbacteria, Kjeldahl notrogen, TP,BODs and CODa,In addition,accident discharge will causeodor. In orderto improvewater quality and riverlandscape of Cootionmenarea, Tangjiatuo ond JiguanshiPlants would improve the rateof treatment,alleviate pollution load of lower reaches,cnd strengthenmanagement and maintenanceof drainagesystem.

(2) SurfaceWater EIAof OverflowDischarge

In rain duration,combining pipe system easily occurs overflow of mixedwastewater. This reportassessed surface water engineering impact of overflowonly when the reservoir operate colow levelin floodseason (May- Sep) The limited water level is 145 m. The interceptioncoefficient is 3.0.

Thereare 15 overflowoutlets before secondary pipe jointwith mainpipe. Of which, thereare 11 from Uzibato Cootianmen,there are 4 from Wangjiapoto Taipingmen.

Becausepeninsula catchment area is small,topography is complicated,interception time is small,the designshould be moresafety, so designsurface water reach overflow outletsin the sametime when lacking real time.

Using continue impulsetime diffusion model to foreseepollution impact of overfiow. For some one overflow outlet, after time t, some point (x,y,x)of lower reacheshas concentrationC(x,y,z):

C(x,y,z,t) = mexU/'t2 /(2Er7i3 2).0

where

m = discharge intensity, g/s x, y, z, = space distance, m u = velocity, m/s r = (x2+y2+z2)ln E = transverse diffusion coefficient, m2 /s

4) = JeXpg2_p,2/42)d1t r/(4Et)Jl2 = ru/(4E)

SurfaceWater EIAof Overflow Discharge

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(1) when rainstorm intensityis 4.2-5.6 mm/h, mean rain duration is 1.8 h, overflow is 5.6 mm/h, CODcr, BOD5, Kjeldahlnitrogen, TPand no-ionic ammonia of Jioling Riverall do not beyondstandard. Their maximum indexesof grade11 standard are 0.1427, 0.3446, 0.5254, 0.352, 0.06; but coliform-group bacterio still forms bank pollutionbelt with the 46.2 m wide withinwhole overflow section. The maximum indexof 10.7 appearsDaxigou Outlet. CODcr, SOD5, Kjeldahl nitrogen , TPand no-ionicammonia of YangtzeRiver all reachstandard, their maximumindexes are 0.1287,0.209, 0.4326,0.284, 0.04. Coliform-groupbacteria forms two peaks bankpollution belt in Jiaomentingand Chuqimenoverflow outlets. The maximum indexis 15.1 (2) whenrainstorm intensity is 7.0-9.0 mm/h,mean rain durationis 1.7 h, overflowis 9.0 mm/h,in JialingRiver except no-ionic ammonia and CODcrstill not over standard,TP, Kjeldahl nitrogen and BOD5 begin beyond standard, col-form-group bacteriais moreserious than before.Coliform-group bacteria, TP, Jkeldahl nitrogen and BOD5 indexesare 54.9,, 1.03, 1.57, 1.01. In YangtzeRiver Kjeldahl nitrogen beginbeyond standard, its maximumindex is 1.4834.CODcr, TP and no-ionic ammoniastill meetstandard (3) whenrainstorm intensity is 15.0-20.0 mm/h, meanrain duration is 1.57 h, overflowis 20.0 mm/h,in JialingRiver, no-ionic ammonia still meetstandord, rest elementsall are beyondstandard. The CODcr has the maximumindex 1.61. In YangizeRiver, besides coliforrn-group bocteria and Kjeldohlnitrogen, BOD 5, CODcr and TPbegin beyond standard, while, no-ionic ammonia still meetstandard. BOD 5, CODcrand TP indexes are 3.14, 1.3014,3.309 (4) whenrainstorm intensity is morethan 30.0 mm/h, meanroin durationis 1.43h, overflowis 30.0 mm/h, in JialingRiver noionic ammoniabegins to beyond standardbesides coliform-group bacteria, BOD 5, CODcr,TP, their maximum indexesare 341.5, 6.3, 2.61, 9.80, 6.43, 1.14. Coliform-groupbacteria pollution belt extendsto wholeoveroow section. CODcr pollution belt is 1200 m long, 12 m widein Daxigouand Anledong outlets. BOD 5 formsa two peakspollution belt in Liujiaotuooutlet and Ddxigououtlet. Kjeldahl nitrogen forms a intermittence pollutionbelts with 3000 m long and 720 m long, 17 m and 33 m wide in Guhuayuanoutlet and Zengjiayan outlet. TP forms two intermittencebelts. Their lengthare 500 m and3000 m, the maximumwidths are 10 m and27 m. in Yangtzeriver, except no-ionic ammonia Coliform-group bocteria, BOD 5 , CODcr, Kjeldahlnitrogen and TP still are beyondstandord. Their maximum indexes are 278.2, 5.13, 2.125,7.9728, 5.24, 0.93. BOD5,CODcr, Kjeldahlnitrogen and TP formstwo intermittencebelts in Jiaomentingand Chuqimentoutlets. BOD5 belts is 9.2 m and 10.4 m wide, CODcr belts are 5 m and 7 m wide, 320 m and 510 m long. Kjeldahlnitrogen beltsare 14 m and 17 m wide, 630 m and 960 m long. TP belts are 9 m and 14 m wide, 500 m and 630 m long.

Revises of Forecast Model for Overflow

Becauseof locking real overflow data, the report adopted principle of massconservation to computepollutant flux in a section based on concentrationand bank hydrological parameter,and compared with overflow intensityabove the section. For Jialing Riveras example, not considereddegradation of pollutants,the rate of calculateddischarge flux and Liziba sourceintensity is 0.85 when using 5.6 mm/h and 30.0 mm/h. Which indicated that the forecastmodel has higher veracity.

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Overflow Impact on Important Protection Target

The important protectiontarget within overflow range is Daxigou water intake. It is located in upper reaches200 m of overflow outlet, away from Cootianmen 3200 m. Overflow impact mainly presentsas over standard belts of coliform-group bacteria, BOD5, Kjeldahl nitrogen and TP.Of which, coliform-group bacteria is most endanger to Daxigou water Plantwithin rainstorm duration. Its maximum belt width is 60.9.

When rainstorm intensityis 9 mm/h, in Jialing Riverpeninsula side BOD5, KIeldahl nitrogen and TPappear beyondstandard, the location is closeto lower reachesof Anledong Outlet. When rainstorm intensityis 30 mm/h, surround water sourceappear BOD5, Kjeldahlnitrogen and TPbeyond standard belts. Under the condition of 1.43 h rain duration, BODE,Kjeldahl nitrogen and TPof water sourceare not beyondstandard, but after rminstorm,pollution belt of upper reacheswith river flow down, through 25 minutesreach water source,pass there through 6 minutes.So, when rainstorrnintensity is more 5.6 mm/h and afterfinish 31minutes water sourceappear coliform-group bacteria beyondstandard belt. When rainstorm is more than 30 mm/h, within rain duration of 1.43 h BOD5, Kehlkdahlnitrogen and TPdo not beyondstandard, but after finish 25 minutes,BODS, Kjeldahl nitrogen and TPappear beyondstandard within 6 minutes. To sum up above, when rainstorm intensityis more than 5.6 mm/h, overflow will make coliform-group bacteriabeyond standard. When rainstormintensity more than 9.0 mm/h overflow will make elementsbeyond standard. The frequencyof overflow beyond standard coversprecipitation 13.2%in two rivers. Under the extremecase that is more than 30.0 mm/h rainfall intensity,within rain duration of 1.43 h the BOD5, Kjeldahl nitrogen cind TPdo not over standard, but after finish 25 minutesbank pollutontswith the river flow down to water source,bank pollution Kjeldahlnitrogen and TPappear beyond standard within 6 minutes.Within the 31 minutescoliform-group bacteria appears very seriouspollution belt that is beyondstandard. Becauseof overflow.

5.8.2. Fuling WS Component

5.8.2.1. Fuling water intake protection

A protectionzone was defined around the water intoke. This protectionarea includes: * o protectionarea of Class I, extending 1000 m upstreamand 100 m downstreom, with a bond width of 300 m in the river and 500 m inshore, * a protectionarea of Class II, extending2.5 km upstreamand 100 m downstream, with a bond width of 300 m in the river and 500 m inshore, * a more extendedsemi-protection area up to Lidu town, where industrial pollution sourcesare located In the two first protection areas, only agricultural activitiesshould be permitted and industrial constructionprojects should be forbidden. Vegetationshould be strengthened in order to avoid too much soil wash into the river. Strong pesticidesshould not be used in agricultural fields and harmful chemical storing should be forbidden. In Class I protedion area, solid wastestockpiling should be forbidden, as well as pollutant handling operations.

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In a ClassI protectionarea, surface water quality should meet Class II waterquality standordsand in a Class11 protection area, water quality should meet Class IlIl water qualitystandards. According to the measurementscarried out nearthe futurewater intake(see §4.4), the followingpollutants do not meetthe requirementsand should be controlledin the future:Mn, Fe,Total Coliforms and TotalP. There are industriesupstream of the new site (mainly in Lidu town), but some of these (Chemicalindustries especiolly) are reportedby FulingEPB to be scheduledfor closure and removedbefore TGP. 5.8.2.2.chlorine leakage

A mainrisk impoct assessment is related to the chlorineused in the WrPfor the disinfectionafter filtration and to a possiblechlorine leakage. This risk is avoided by: * equipping the treatmentworks with adequate chlorine storage units and chlorinators, o equippingthe chlorineunit with specificneutralisation system and adequate leak detectorand woming sstem, e adopting an adequatechlorine handling procedureand management.

5.8.3. Wrnzhouwsmp 5.8.3.1.Wanzhou water intake protedion Fromthe ELAstudy, it seemsthat the combinedWTPI and 3 waterintake will be severely exposedto wastewater and industrialdischarges: outflow discharges, new WWTP, increaseof wastewater discharge in the LongBoo induced by watersupply increase, industrialdischarges (especially a papermill foctorywhich is neverthelessreported for dosure),polluted tributories,....

Theprotection zone which was defined for the newcombined water intake seems to be verydifficult to be put intooperation. It is thenrecommended to reconsiderthe location of the combinedwater intake or, as it wasrecommended in the RevisedMaster Plan, to replaceall the existingWrPs by a newone at the Tongziyuansite. For the TongziyuonWTP, o protectionzone was defined around the water intake. This protectionarea includes: - a protectionarea of Class I, extending 1000 m upstreamand 100 m downstream, with a band width of 300 m in the river (50m after completion of TGP)and 300 m inshore, a protectionarea of Class II, extending 1.5 km upstream and 100 m downstream, with a band width of 300 m in the river (500m after completionof TGP)and 300 m inshore, * a more extendedsemi-protection area extending 2.5 km upstream, In the two first protectionareas, only agriculural activitiesshould be permitted and industrial constructionprojects should be forbidden. Vegetationshould be strengthened in order to avoid too much soil wash into the river. Strong pesticidesshould not be used in agricultural fields and harmful chemicalstoring should be forbidden. In Class I protectionarea, solid woste stockpilingshould be forbidden, as well as pollutant handlingoperations.

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In a ClassI protectionarea, surface water quality should meet Class 11 water quality standardsand in a Class11 protection area, water quality should meet Class IlI water qualitystandards. According to the measurementscorried out nearthe futurewater intake(see §4.4), the followingpollutants do not meetthe requirementsand should be controlledin the future:Mn, Fe,Total Coliforms and TotalP. Furthermore,for the newTongziyuan WTP, the mainrisk comes from the oil storagearea andsuitable measures should be takenat designstage to allowfor oil exclusionfrom the intake.

5.8.3.2. Chlorineleakage A moinrisk impactassessment is related to the chlorineused in the WrPfor the disinfectionafter filtration and to a possiblechlorine leakage. Thefeasibility study does not indudespecific measures to avoidthis riskwhich should be tokeninto accountat the designstage. It is thenrecommended to includethese security measuresin the designof the WrPs.

5.8.4. Nanbin and Qianjiang WS

5.8.4.1. Waterintake protecion Forthe nowWrP, a protedionzone was definedaround the waterintake. This protection areaincludes: - a protectionarea of Class1, extending 1000 m upstreamand 100 m downstream, with a bandwidth of 1000 m on eachside of the river, o a protectionarea of Class11, extending 2 km upstreamand 100m downstream, with a bandwidth of 1000 m on eachsite of the river, Inthese protection areas, only agriculural adivities should be permittedand industrial construdionprojects should be forbidden. Vegetation should be strengthened in orderto avoidtoo muchsoil washinto the river.Strong pesticides should not be usedin agriculturalfields and harmfulchemical storing should be forbidden.In ClassI protectiornarea, solid waste stockpiling should be forbidden,as well as pollutant handlingoperations.

In a ClassI protectionarea, surface water quality should meet Class 11 water quality standardsand in a Class11 protection area, water quality should meet Class Ill water qualitystandards.

Inthe protectionareas, there are no industriolpollution sources and the main pollution sourcesare agriculturalor from farmhouses.

5.8.4.2. Chlorineleakage A mainrisk impactassessment is related to the chlorineused in the WTPfor the disinfectionafter filtration and to a possiblechlorine leakage.

It is not clearif the feasibilitystudy does not includespecific measuresto ovoidthis risk whichshould be tokeninto accountat the designstage. It is thenrecommended to includethese security measures in thedesign of the WTP.

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CEMRl/SOGREAH 6-1 Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overalf Environmental Impact Assesment Report

6. ANALYSISOF ALTERNATIVES

The following project componentshave been identifiedfor inclusion in PhaseI of CUEPfor funding by the World Bank: * ChongqingWaste Water Component *D Fuling WasteWater Component * Fuling Water SupplyComponent *1 WanzhouWater SupplyComponent 4 Qionjiong WaterSupply Component 4 Nanbin WaterSupply Component 4' ChongqingMunicipal Solid WasteComponent

This chapterdeals with in particularthe analysisof alternativesfor the Chongqing WasteWater Componentof CUEP. Other componentsare only summarisedhere ; details of option selection for the remaining componentsare discussedin detail in relevantseparate reports.

6.1. ChongIqingwaste water

Threeaspects of this project componentare discussedbelow. * First,an overall networkconfiguration is proposed based upon the economicanalyses of a number of different networkconfigurations. This analysiswas undertakenduring the formulation of the RevisedMaster Plan,to which the reader is referred for further details; however,for completenessof this report, the major assumptionsand conclusionsof this work are summorised below.

e Secondly,having determinedthe overall configuration,the questionof an appropriate strategy for waste water treatment is elaborated. * Thirdly, the optimal outfall arrangementis discussed.

6.1.1. Selection of an overall network configuration

A number of studieshave precededthe presentwork [3,9,12,13,16,18,20,30]. As a result, severalversions of a schemeto providecentralised municipal wastewatercollection, treatment and disposalhave been suggested.In order to progressfrom this position to the point where a final strategycan be advised, it was agreed that Option 3 of the CJU 1997 Master Plan [18] should be adopted as the BaseScheme against whichto evaluatefurther sub-optionsand refinements.

Nine sub-optionsof the 'core' section of the BaseScheme were identified (essentiallydraining the peninsulaarea and downstreamareas of Chongqing) for least-costanalysis in order to narrow down the selectionprocess. After further discussion, these were reduced to four optionsfrom which the final recommendedcore schemewas chosen.Following this, options for linking upstreamdroinage areas into the core schemewere selectedand analysedto identify the overall optimum schemein terms of benefit-cost.

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In this cost comparison of the various options and sub options, all common items were excluded, for example, all interceptorsand WWTWsnot connectedto the core scheme,all collector sewerageand any contingencies.

6.1.2. Basescheme and sub opfions

TheBase Scheme includes interception of the peninsulaarea andconveyance for downstream dischargeat two WW7Ws(see Figure 6.1). In addition,the BaseScheme includes eight independentWWTWs located in upstreamsections of the ChangJiang and Jialing Jiang.

Figure6.1: PeninsulaArea BaseScheme

S.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~oewffi~~~ E: ~ CW"T_l~ C1

In order to proceed step by step, a number of optionsfor interceptionand treatmentof the wastewaterfrom the peninsulaarea were consideredinitially. Nine sub optionswere identifiedfor further study as indicated in Table 6.1.

Eachsub-option was designedusing the basic assumptionsdescribed previously. Capital costs and operating costswere then derivedfor each configuration and used to obtain the Net Present Valueover a period of 50 years.

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Table 6.1 : Summaryof Sub Options Sub Option Brief Details WWTWsites BoseScheme A minimum.slopeof 1:1000 has been assumed.All sewers 17, 18 _deeper thon 10 m areassumed to be tunnelled. A As BoseScheme, but minimum sewergradient cssumedto be 17, 18 1:5000. 1 As A, buspeninsula pump stations omilted and sewers 17, 18 grovitateto a tunnelthrough the peninsulaand under the ChangJiang. 2 Peninsulaarea and leftbank Chong Jiang as 1. Rightbank 17, 18 sewers gravitate to a tunnel to wWTW 17. 3 Essentiallyas 2, but tunnelgrovitates to islandsite 18, island 4 As3, but leftbank seweroge is conveyedunder the Chang islandonly Jiangto join the islandtunnel. 5S As2, but tunnelcontinues under Chong Jiong to connedwith 17, 18 leftbonk sewerage. WWTW is locatedat site 18. 5b As 2, but leftbonk sewerage is conveyed under the Chang 17, 18 Jiangto a WWTWat site 17. 6a Similarto BaseScheme, but right banksewerage is conveyed 17, 18 I in tunnelto site 17 I I 6b Similarto 6a, but peninsulapumping stations are omitted. 17, 18 7 Similarto A, but rightbank sewerage is conveyedin tunnelto 18, island ______islandsie.

The result; of the lecast-costanalysis are illustratedin Figure 6.2.

From this analysisOption 6b is the leastcost solution and has been recommendedfor consideration. An overviewof this-option is shown in Figure 6.3. Figure 6.2: Computed NPV Costsover 50 yeafs for each Peninsula Sub-Option

NPVCompilsen of PeninsulaOptions

490 00C-o

480 000_

360 000-

j ~~~B A 1 2 3 A S SB 6 68 7 sAse C ~~~~~OPTION

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Figure 6.3: Selected Peninsula Sub-Option (Sub-Option 6b)

A *cPrp Pwit

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Tw.w b61.3. Total project scenarios

Followingidentification of the leastcost sub option for the peninsulaarea, the exercisewas extendedto cover the full studyarea. The procedureadopted involvedconsidering each 'branch' of the systemas follows; * left bank of Jialing Jiang * right bank of Jioling Jiang * left bank of Chang Jiang * right bank of Chang Jiang

In total, nine scenarioswere considered.

In each scenario,the eight independentWWTWs proposed in the BaseScheme were progressivelylinked to the peninsulasystem, each bronch being consideredseparately. Figure 6.4showsdetails of the procedure.

Again, hydroulic analysesand leostcost comparisonswere carried out in order to identify the optimum arrangement.

For eoch bank of the two rives a comparisonof various combinationswith the peninsulasystem has beentested. The scenariostested are presentedin. * All systems operating independently: SCENARIO1 or BASESCHEME

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0 The peninsulasystem connected with WWTP N° 20 (SCENARIOI ) or WWTPNo 20 +21 (SCENARIO3) etc. Thecost of the peninsulasystem has been adjusted in eachcase to take into accountthe additionalflows received from the independentsystems (PSI, PS2, etc.) Theresult has been ranked for eachriverbank and comparedwith the independentsystem (SCENARIO1) andthe leastcost solution has been retained.

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Figure 6.4: Overall systemscenarios

1121 15

13 Descriptionof Scenarios ~_Ref Aactted Systems Si PeninsulaSyst2m + None(all separate) > ~~~~~~S3 + 20, 21

. tGvO ~~~~~ + ~~S610,1t s4 + 25 Ss + Ist11 S9 * + 15,14

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Figure 6.5 SchematicPresentation of Scenarios

PeninsulaSystem

_SylllllSystem Connectedto PeninsulaSystem

PENINS SYST20 SYST21 SYST2 SYSTlO SYST1I SYST13 SYST15 SYST1A SYST SCENAO JIALING JIAUNG JIALJNG CHANG CHANG CHANG CHANG CHANG N = 7~T7jT RIGHT 7TiFT - RIGHT RIGHT 1MdK~ ~$BANKN SA I4-:-K - -- BANK BANK

2 3

4 -. E , . - - w * * ~/ . ,, ,-: 3-- ,/,X&/ >> 4 ,'/,''' 6 7 .. . , ,,/' ,' /',,,, t

This analysisindicates that the leastcost solution for the Jialing Jiang is to conveyflows from the individual sub-catchmentsto a downstreamWWTP via a network of interceptorsewers. However, the least costsolution for the left bonk Chang Jiong systemis to omit WWTW 13 (Zhongliangshan)from the network and treat this catchmentseparately. The right bank Chang Jiang systemleast cost solution is a fully connectednetwork.

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Figure 6.6: Least Cost (NPV) Analysis for the Upsam Connection Scenarios

Apart frm the ecnomic benefitsof this schemne, the interceptionof the wastewaterwith conveyancedownstream presents considerable water quality advantages, notably: * the riskof treatmentplant process failure on potablewater supplies is removedas the treatmentplants are nowlocated downstream of the riverintakes; * the designof the interceptorshas allowed less wostewater to be overflowedupstream of the riverintakes via the CSOs(Note : WWTPdesign is basedon l1.3ADWF ; pipe-designis based upon 2 ADWF;.This evidently reduces the risk of inlet plantcontamination during overflow avents.

6.1l.4. Selectionof a leastcost waste water treatmnentplant process 710i0006dxo6do t19 A strategyfor wastewatercollection and treatmentwas propo>sed in the RevisedMaster Plan in Februory1998. The proposedstrategy included a phasedbuild-up of the treatmentlevel at the 1womain wastowater treatmnent workcs at Tangjiatuoand Jiuaunshi,starting with interception of wostewaterand conveyanceto a downstreamsite and ending,at an ultimotestage, by full biologicaltreatment and nutrientremoval of all wastewater.According to the MasterPlan recommendations,the first stage,to be includedin the WorldBank financed project, would only includepreliminary treatlment (screening and grit removal)and dischargIeto the ChangJiang by mneansof an appropriateoutfall arrangement. In a secondstage would be impiemented chemicallyenhanced primary treatment and on long term completionby biologicaltreatment in orderto complywith ClassI DischargeStandards.

Thereasons for the proposedphasingB was to providean investmentprogra2mme with the mast costeffective investments in thefirst phase,to treatenvironmental matters by deEgreeof emergencyand to staywithin the frameworkof the fixedbudget for the project.

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The FeasiibilityStudy for the Chongqing SewerageComponent, prepared by SMEDIand CJU, proposesthat the first phase of works should already include treatmentto some extent.Two different processesare suggested:chemically enhanced primary treatmentfor the Jiguanshi WWTWand primary treatmentfor the Tang iatuo treatment.A common strategyfor wastewater treatment should be adopted for all the treatment works in Chongqing. Apart from whetherthere is sufficientbudget for additional wastewatertreatment to be included in the World Bankfinanced project,this raisesthe following fundamental question: * What amrethe obledives for waste wtmer treatment In Chongqing and what is the least costsolution permitting these objedives to be atained ?

Beforeaddressing this questionin detail, the following paragraph presentson analysisof the cost-effectivenessof individuol treatmentplant processes.

6.1.4.1. Qbjectivesfor waste water control

Two different objectivescan be identified: * shortterm objectives,based upon the perceivedshort term wastewater control priorities. This can be essentiallysummarised as to maintain, or upgrade, the quality of the main rivers within ChongqingMunicipality at ClassIlI * long term objectives,to be enactedafter completion of the Three Gorges Project, to upgrade the quality of the main rivers within the Municipalityto Class 11.This refersparticularly to the rivers influencedby the backwaterof the dam.

An additional long term objective,is that the wastewater dischargesthemselves should comply with the Class I waste water dischargestandard. This standard imposesstrict quality limits on w-astewater discharges,which are not entireiy requiredto attain the Class 11water quality objective.

6.1.4.2. Cost effectivenessof individual waste water treatment processes

One of the project objectivesis to achievean a optimal Wlevelof pollution reductionin economic terms. This optimal level can be defined as being the point at which the marginal benefitsof further pollution reductionare equivalentto the marginal costs.

In others word the optimal solution correspondsto the level of treatmentfor which a supplementaryeffort of treatment process(with a subsequentadditional omount of investment)doesnot improvethe pollutant (suchas BOD, Phosphorus,etc.) removal in the same proportion .

To recommendthe treatment processwhich is the most effectivefrom the economic point of view, the assessrnentmust be done on a long period (in this case a 30 year period has been taken). Becausethe value of money is not the same for each year of this long period it is necessaryto computethe discountedcost.

In the previoussections a number of scenarioshave been compared based on their Net Present Value. In this casethe benefitsare not the same as each treatment plant processhas different pollutant removal rates. Nevertheless,an analogous index using the some methodologycon be used, knovm as the Average IncrementalCost.

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Thelong termnaverage incremental cost is an indexwhich can be computedby dividingthe total discountedcost by a discountedamount of physicaloutputs Sucha costcan not be simply obtainedby takingthe meanaverage yearly cost of wastewatertreatment as investmentsvary from yearto year.

Thebasis for the derivationof this indexis shownbelow. First,taking:

Benefits= Costs Z CUMAQn 3 Cn

wherethe benefitsare expressedby pollutantremoval costs, or CUMA(Yuan/ton) multiplied by annualrote of pollutantremoval, Qn, one obtains: E Cn

CUMA="< 25On( i) ~ (1 +ij)' with * Qn Quantityof yearn

* CnCostsof year n (investmentond operating costs)

* i Discountrate * AIC Averageincremental cost

Fivegeneral types of wastewater treatment processes can be identified: * preliminarytreatment (pre-treatment) 3 primarytreatment - enhancedprimary treatment * secondarytreatment * secondarytreatment with nutrientremoval.

Eachof theseprocesses has different pollutont removal efficiencies; typical values are shownin Table6.2.

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Table 6.2: Pollutant removal efficiendes associatedwith waste water treatment processes

_ _Ss $ CODo BOD Total N NH3.N Tot-P E-Coli Preliminary 5.00% 5.00% 2.50% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 10.00% Irectment Primary 50.00% 25.00% 30.00% 5.00% 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% EnhancedPrimary 85.00% 55.00% 65.00% 10.00% 0.00% 90.00% 60.00% Treatment I I_I I Secondary 90.00% 80.00% 90.00% 20.00% 15.00% 75.00% 95.00% Secondary 95.00% 90.00% 95.00% 90.00% 80.00% 90.00% 95.00% +Nutrinnt Removal .

Eachprocess also has different investment and operationalcosts ; typicalcosts for eachare indicatedbelow in Table6.3. Table 6.3: Average investment costs(expressed as a ratio of a secondary biological treatment plant) and typical operational costs. Tpe of treotment % Capital Costsof Operation costs Secondary (Yuan/rn3) Preliminarytratment 18% 0.12 Primary 58% 0.23 EnhancedPrimary Treatment 6396 0.70 Secondary(AS) 100%_ 0.73 Secondory(AS)+Nutrienit Removal 1 12091 0.82

Thesevalues have been used together with the waste water flow and load estimationspresented to estimatethe AIC for eoch treatment processfor a range of pollutants. A summaryof the resultsof this analysisis providedin Table 6.4. Table 6.4: CalculatedAIC (US$/tonof pollutantremoved) for a range of waste water treatment processes Type of Treatrnt SS BOD COD NH4 h p PRE-TREATMENT 1 582 4 810 1 134 NA NA NA PRIMARY 377 956 541 NA 26 955 73 921 TREATMENT _ ENHANCED 496 987 550 NA 30 135 18 365 PRIMARY SECONDARY 541 823 436 30 557 17 398 63 615 TREATMENT SECONDARY 587 892 444 6 558 4 425 24 272 TREATMENTWATH NUTRIENT REMOVAL _ NA = Not Applicable (the pollutant removal rate is 0%)

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In terms of pollution control for the Chang Jiang Basinthree overall key parameterscan be identified:

* First,suspended solids (which are themselvesof little consequenceas the sediment load of the ChangJiang already is extremelyhigh), but representan overallsurrogate for suchpollutants as heavymetals which behave in the samemanner. * Secondly,an indexof thetotal oxygendemand (based upon the sumof biologicaloxygen demandand ammonia).This is givenby TOD = BOD + 4.33 NH4 * Finally,the keyparameter for nutrientcontrol Phosphorus as discussedin Chapter4

A comparisonof the AICvalues for eachof thesethree key parameters for the rangeof treatment plantprocesses is shownin thefollowing figures.

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Figure 6.7: Variation of AIC for Suspended Solids as a function of waste water treatment processes

AVERACPEINCEMENTAL COST

1 500 1 582

1 200 .- _ -.------.-_------. .. ------.... ------.. -...------. ------.. ------1200 - -. ... .

1_00 ------z

tz I00 ------* *------.

'500 _,------9 -. '------''- 587 541

:100 ... _...... _ ---. ---- _ . . .-. ------

M- PIUMARY ENHANCED SECONDARY SECONDARY TREATMENT TREATMENT PRIMARY TREATMENT TREATMENT WITH NUTRIENT TYPEOF TEATMAENM

Figure 6.8: Variation of AIC for TOD as a function of waste water tetment processes

AVERAGEINCREMENTAL COST

5000 -*A810

4 500

4 000

3 500

3 z S000 -. ..-. ..-. - 0 2500 - .'.-TOD ---.

1 5000--- . ---. 987 1 000 956 - *.- 737 500 - - . - 561 0 PRE- PMARY ENHANCED SECONDAIY SECONDARY TREATMENT TREATMENT PRIUMRY TREATMENT TREATMENT WATH NUTRIENT TWP OF IRTMIT

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Figure 6.9: Varkation of AIC for Phosphorus as a fundion of waste water treatment processes

AVERAE INCREMENTALCOST

76000

6 - 2OSP3921HOR

360D 36 1. ....

260D0 ------_--_------24272----

26000 - _.. __ __ --*~------.--.------. ----- 24 272

160D0

6000 PFMAkY ENK4NCED SECONDATY SECONDARY TREATMEN7 P*MAY TREATMENT TREATMENT WTH NLrtE-NT TM OFIMAW

In terms of cost-effectiveness,two modesof treatmentstand-out: * EnhancedPrimary Treatment * SecondaryTreatment with Nutrient (Phosphorus)removol

However,the financial impact of these two types of treatment is notably different, with the former necessitatingsignificantly lowertariffs at a later date than the latter.

6.1.4.3. An overall long term lecastcost solution

The above indicatesthe cost-effectivenessof individual treatment processes.These various processescan be combined in a variety of waysin order to meet the future requirementsfor wastewatertreatment and control in Chongqing.

Three overall plans for waste water treatment in Chongqing have been suggestedand are analysed in this study.

The base scheme based on the recommendationsmade in the RevisedMaster Plan consisting of the following phases Phase1: PreliminaryTreatment (2003-2009) Phase2: EnhancedPrimary Treatment (2009-2019) Phase3 SecondaryTreatment with nutrient removal (2020 and after)

Option 1, as recommendedin the feasibilityStudy Report, consisting of Phose1: PrimoryTreatment (2003-2009)

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Phase2: SecondaryTreatment with nutrientremoval (2010 and after)

Option 2, whichcould be seenas an adaptationof the two previousschemes, consisting of Phase1: PreliminaryTreatment (2003-2009) Phase2: SecondaryTreatment with nutrientremoval (2010 and after)

As indicatedin Chapter4, eachof theseschemes perrnits the 2'dClass Water Quality Objective to be attainedat 2010. Theoptional schemes permit the 1' ClassWaste Water Discharge Standardto beattained at or around2010.

Eachof theseschemes has been compared in termsof capitaland operationalcosts. Net present valuecosts have been colculated over a 30 yearperiod. The resultsof thisanolysis are summarised in Figure6.10. It shouldbe notedthat this analysis hasbeen based on slightlydifferent capital and operatingcosts to thoseused in the previous section.In effectthe capitaland operating costs for the preliminarytreatment process have been increasedbased on the analysisof the ChongqingWastewater Feasibility Study. Figure6.10: NPV CostComparison for 3 possiblewaste water treatment plansfor Chongqing.

3000-

25000 ___

s1- ""-|// | ~-' ' 4 I

SAMESCIrwME OPTION1 opnION2

Evenwith these inflated costs for preliminarytreatment, the resultsof this analysisare clear;the two schemesuBase Scheme)) and Option2 providethe leastcost solution to wastewater treatmenton a long term basis. Giventhe smallincreased costsassociated with Option 2, and itscompliance with waste water discharge standards, this optionmight be preferred.

6.1.4.4. Recommendation

Fromthe aboveanalysis, it is recommendedthat in the first phaseof CUEPto befunded by the World Bank,the investmentis limitedto the wastewater network and preliminarytreatment only. Higherlevels of treatmentcould be addedbased upon the perceivedneeds and availablefinance at thattime.

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tf the objectiveof treatment is to achievethe Class II water quolity standard after completion of TGP,then two longterm plansfor wastewater treatment appear to haveapproximately equivalentcosts and representthe leastcost solutions:

Thebase schemebased on the recommendationsmade in the RevisedMaster Plan. Option 2, which could be seen as an adaptation of the feasibility study recommendations consistingof: Phase1: PreliminaryTreatment Phase2: SecondaryTreatment with nutrient removal

Thesecond plan involvingthe implementotionof secondarytreotment at 2010, has the added advantageto comply with the ClassI WasteWater DischargeStandard at this time.

6.1.5. Positionand configuration of wastewater treatment plarTt outlets.

The prediction in this report indicatesthat sewagedischorged from Tongjiotuo and Jiguanshi wastewatertreatment plant will have negativeimpact on its lower reach. The lower reach encompassDongfeng boatyard, Tangiiatuotown, Daxinchang,Wangjiangiiqi foctory and drinking water inlet of local residents.One schemeis to move thesewater inletsto the upper reach but the cost is probably too expensive.

It is proposedto move the dischargeoutlet of the at leastTangiiatuo WWTPto the entrance of Tongluoxiawhich is located in the lower reach of Tangjiatuo backwaterarea. This part of riverwayis straight and narrow, water here has a even and great velocityof flow, therefore is propitiousto pollutant dilution and diffusion.This substitutingscheme need only consideringto move water inlet of Daxinchangand Wangriongjiqifactory, and the moving distance is very short, so it can greatly reducethe cost.

A great number of altemativeschemes were consideredin Chapter 5 concerningthe type of outfoll. The simulationsindicated that installation of four ascendingpipes (30 metersaway from each other) at the outlet area is the optimal solution to avoid high concentrationof pollution near the outlet. Schemeswith a larger number of risers to not appear to offer a significant advantoage over this configuration.

6.2. Fuling WW Component

A number of schemeswere advocatedin the pre-feasibilitystudy reports. In the current scheme, the outlet pipe is only 400 meterslong, and the outlet is orranged at the confluenceof the Wujiang Riverand the YangtseRiver. Because of the impact of backwater,pollutant is not easily diffused and diluted.

Altemative schemessuggested consisted of:

* extendingthe outlet pipe to 800 tol ,000 metersso as to put the outlet at the lower reach of backwaterarea. This will help the dilution and diffusion of pollutant, ultimately favouring the environment.

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* combiningwith the secondand third stageof the construction,lead the sewagepretreated by wastewaterplant to the middleof the lowerreach of the confluence(1500 m awayfrom the oppositebonk of pretreatmentplant) by WujiangRiver siphon. This needs additional 30,000,000yuan.

At presentthe FeasibilityStudy and PreliminaryEnigineering designs have adapted this latter scheme.

6.3. Chongqing MSW Component On theanalysis of garbagedisposal at homeand abroad,the current techniquesore chiefly sanitarylandfill, composting, incinerating.

* Themerit of sanitarylandfill is: simpletechnique, large capacity,lower construction and operationcost. However, the requirementof the landfillsite condition is high,soil to coverthe garbagehigh. tf the propersite and the soil to coverthe garbageare found, this would appearto be the appropriatemethod given Chongqing's current economy and technology.

a Compostingis goodat volumedecrease and recovery.The fertilizer produced can bring someeconomical benefit. But this methodneed some technique and equipment,construction and operationcost is high,the quantity,output and priceof thefertilizer is greatlyaffected by the componentof the garbage.Also the feasibilityof this solutiondepends on therebeing a marketfor the derivedproduct. According to currentsituation in Chongqing,the large investmentand doubtfulmarket this would not appearto be a feasiblesolution.

* Incinerationis good at volumedecrease and nonpoisonous,heat generated can be recovered.At the sometime, this methodneeds little consumption of land.However, it need largeinvestment, its operationcost is high,the effectis greatlyaffected by the componentand heatof the rubbish.It is difficultto adoptthis methodunder current conditions in Chongqing.

In summarythe sanitarylandfill option would appear the bestsuited to currentconditions in Chongqirig.

Accordingto the principleof landfillsite choosing, Chongqing Municipal Govemment and relateddepartments conducted a wide rangeof investigation.On the basisof these investigationsthree possible sites were identified. After comparison, it wasfound that Changshengqiaohas a largeserviceable area, large capacity,long serviceablelife. Therefore,it is correspondswith the generalplanning of Chongqingand sanitary environment planning. For a long-termanalysis, building landfill site at Changshengqiaowill produceobvious project benefit.

Basedon the aboveanolysis, it wasconclude that: sanitarylandfill is the mostfeasible technical option;Changshengqiao is mostappropriate site. This assessment believes that the current constructionscheme is the mostfeasible and appropriatetherefore there is no substituting scheme.

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6.4. Municipal Water Supply

6.4.1. Municipal water supply in Wanzhou district

Thesludge generated from waterworksis dried in a sludgecentrifuge or sludgepresser. The contentof heavymetal in the sludgeis withinthe backgroundvalue in soil, thereforeit is feasible to depositit on agriculturalland. The substituting scheme is dischargingthe sludgeinto valley, settingup barrierto preventthe sludgepercolating, setting up flood barrierto divertfloodwater. Aftersome time, reclaimingthe valleyinto fieldor plantingtrees to developecological agriculture and effectivelyutilise land source.

Whenusing liquid chlorine sterilising, there is the possibilityof remainingchlorine.in running water.It mightgenerate chlorine hydrocarbon, which is deleteriousto humanbeing. Therefore, it is suggestedto adoptozone to supersedeliquid chlorine. At present,chlorine generator made in Chinais available.Its priceis lowerand qualityis good.

6.4.2. Water supply in Fuling district

The draftscheme has beencompared, argued, optimised by manyexperts. It has integrated muchmerit so that it is feasibleand appropriate.There is no substitutingscheme.

6.4.3. Water supply in QianjiongCounty

Thisdraft scheme has been compared, argued, selected by manyexperts. It hasintegrated much meritso thatit is feasibleand appropriate. The substituting scheme is: to avoidthe possibleharm causedby liquidchlorine sterilising, it is suggestedto adoptozone sterilising.

6.4.4. Water supply at Nonbin town in Shizhu Counly

Thesubstituting scheme is as following:

It is suggestedthat dischargingthe sludgeproduced by waterworksinto valley,setting up barrier to preventthe sludgepercolating, setting up flood barrierto divertflood water.After some time, reclaimingthe valleyinto field or plantingtrees to developecological agriculture and effectively utiliseland source.Moreover, to avoidthe possibleharm causedby liquidchlorine sterilising, it is suggestedto adoptozone sterilising.

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7. ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT PLAN

The< EnvironmentalManagement Plan o for CUEPcovers four major aspects:

* Mitigationmeasures * Associatedpollution control activities (not included for fundingin CUEP) * Monitoringactivities * InstitutionalStrengthening in the areaof EnvironmentalProtection and Monitoring

Ascan beapprecioted the EMPsummarised in this chapterhas beenintegrated fully intothe overallproject preparation of CUEP.For example:

* the mitigationmeasures summorised below have been integrated into projectdesign (or even promptedthe developmentof a separoteproject component : Wanzhouwastewater interceptor); * negativesocial impacts (i.e. resettlement) are coveredby specificAction Plans for each component; * the monitoringand institutionalstrengthening requirements of the EPBand its associated laboratoriesare specificcomponents if CUEP.

7.1. Mitigating Measures

Constructionof the CUEPcomponents will be of greatimportance in improvingthe riversystem waterenvironment, protecting the waterquality, supplying people with drinkingwater. However, becauseof the importanceof the proposedsewer and water supply system, adverse impacts on localsocial, natural and ecologicalenvironment caused by the constructionare unavoidable.In orderto minimisethese environmental impacts from bothprojects construction and later operatiorn,various mitigation measures will be taken.

A shortdiscussion of thesemifigation meosures is providedbelow together with summaries providedin accompanyingtables.

7.1 .1. Mitigation Measuresfor Social Impact Mitigationmeasures for socialimpact are developedin the RAPreport. For moredetails concemingthe RAP,refer to the separatevolume R7.

Themitigation measures include for: * inventoryof the existingassets and activitiesfor the affectedpeople, * resettlementof affectedpeople, * job reallocation, * compensationfor demolishedbuildings and land leose, * buildingof newstructures for affectedenterprises.

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7.1.2. Mitigation Measures for Traffic Impact

In orderto reducetraffic impact and if severaloptions for sewerand/or pipe routesare available, the routewith minimumtraffic impact should be chosen. Forroads with heovyvolumes of traffic,temporary roads need to be builtduring project construction.In addition,the constructionshould be phasedand excavation,pipe layingand trenchrefilling should be completedas quicklyas possible.For verybusy roads, construction at peakhours should be avoided(construction at nightcould reduce the traffic impactduring the day).

Surplusexcavated soil shouldbe cartedaway. Spoil spills on roadsunder construdion should be keptto a minimumin ordernot to affectlocal traffic.

7.1.3. Mitigation Measuresfor Impact on Farmland Duringconstruction, contractors should be requiredto considerways of minimisingthe adverse impacton form lond borrowedfor projectconstruction, so that land can be put backinto productionquickly. For example, the top soil and subsoil shouldbe excavated,stockpiled and reinstalledseparately, and the land shouldbe profiledto the originallevel. Building material shouldbe fenced ond the land shouldbe cleanedafter construction.

If irrigationpumping stations need to be demolishedduring the construction,consideration shouldbe givento buildingnew or temporaryfocilities in orderto maintainthe operationof the irrigationsystem.

7.1.4. Mitigation Measures for Impact on Water Environment 7.1.4.1 . Mitigationmeasures during construction

If duringthe construction,effluent might be dischargedthrough pumps to nearbyrivers, contractorscould be requiredto buildsedimentation tanks at constructionsites so thateffluent is clarifiedbefore discharge into waterbodies. This measure could greatly reduce the impactof slurryand suspendedsolids on waterquality, the effluentmay containin largequantities.

Measuresshould be alsotaken in caseof rivercrossings, if temporarydams should be built, in orderto avoid impactson the surroundingresidents.

7.1.4.2. Enhancementof Chongqingand FulingWW Componentssewage dispersal

Implementationof outfallsfor Chongqingand Fulingprojects could be enhancedby takingthe followingmeasures: * detailedstudy of the risersand portsin orderto improvethe initial dilutionand dispersion processof the sewageinto the ambientwater body (number of portsper riser,elevation angle,...), * designingthe elevationof risersin relationwith the maximumdraught of permissibleships in the riverand the minimumcorresponding water level. Methods of dealingwith the sedimentologicalrisk induced by the implementationof the TGPdam shouldbe also consideredwhen designing the system.In addition,monitoring of river bedshould be strengthenedso that responsivecountermeasures could be takento ensurethe safetyof the diffusersystem.

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* providingan adequatewaming system round the locationof the outfollsand defining an areawhich should be forbidden for anchorage,fishing,... * placingspecific works (piles, concrete blocks,...) around the diffusersto protectthem against occidentalanchoring by driftingships. If an emergencyoutfall is put intooperation, its useshould not be allowedunder normal conditions.In orderto reducethe possibilityof its use,maintenance procedures need to be setup to keepall facilitiesin good conditionso that operationof the deepwater diffuser system is maintained. 7.1.A.3. Chongqing MSW Compornnt

It hasbeen previously indicated that treoted effluent from the leachatetreatment plant will leadto the de-classingof the smallbrook acting as a receivingwater. It is suggestedthat a more suitabledischarge point is foundproviding a. higher dilution of treatedeffluent in low flow conditions.

7.1.5. Mitigation Measures for Impact on Electric Power Supply, Communications,...

If someimpacts of the projedson theseporticular matters are likelyto occur,detailed surveys shouldbe conducted to obtaina clearundestonding of the locationof the lines(water supply pipelines,tension lines, telephone lines,...) and endeavour to keepthe proposedsewer or pipe routeaway from the undergroundfacilities. if it is impossibleto ovoidthem, the appropriate organisationsshould be contodedto decidemeasures to avoidor reduceany impact.

7.1.6. Construction Noise Control In orderto reducethe impactsof constructionnoise on adjacentresidents and in accordancewith localregulations for stationarynoise source control and management,construction sites located within200 m of residencesshould not be allowedto operateduring the periodfrom 11 p.m. to 6 a.m. nextmoming. In addition,it is recommendedthat equipmentwith low noiseoutputs is used. ff it is necessaryfor constructionsites to workat night,causing a noiseimpact on local residents, it is requiredthat noise-reductionmeasures are taken, so thatreasonable noise levels are maintainedL

Duringthe operationphase, low noiseequipment should be preferredand measuresto reduce the noiseof the mostnoisy equipment should be taken at the designstage, such as: locationof the mostnoisy equipment as for as possiblefrom occupiedareas, sound barriers, covering of the buildings,specific acoustic features,...

Duringthe operationphase, the noisiestsources should be monitoredfour timesa yearand noisemeasurements should be carried out nearthe plantor treatmentwork boundary two times a yearduring the dayand the night.

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7.1.7. Dust reduction

Somespoil from the excavationswill be stockpiled on the road side. In dry weather,wind or constructionmachinery could causedust clouds along the route. In order to reducethe impact of the dust on the surroundingenvironment, it is proposed to sprinkle water on the surfaceof stockpilesto preventdust affectingthe environmenton dry or windy days. Construction contractorsshould spoil in accordancewith a spoil treatment plan. To prevent spillage, trucks should not be overloaded.When vehiclesleave constructionsites, wheelsshould be cleanedto removemud. In addition, a systemfor keeping site accessesclean should be implemented on each constructionsite. Roadsshould be swept regularly.

7.1.8. Disposalof spoil and wastes from construction sites

Projed constructionrequires a lot of constructionworkers, depending on the degreeof mechanisationof the constructioncontradors. Severalconstruction sites will be required along the seweror the pipe network at one time. During construction,contractors will provide their workers and staff memberswith temporaryon-site offices, accommodationand dining rooms. Therefore,the contractorsshould contact the local sanitation departmentsto make arrangements to clean and carry away domesticwastes from the constructionsites regularly. The contractors should educatestaff not to deposit wasteon the constructionsite in order to keep a clean working and living environment.

The contractorsshould prepare a plan for the disposal of constructionspoil and local ironsportation deportmentsshould be contactedto prepare spoil and constructionwaste transportationplans. Transportationat peok hours should be avoided. Spoil and wastesshould be transported along specifiedroutes and disposedof at designatesites. Inspectionsshould be carried out to ensurethat the plans are implemented properly. If during construction,toxic or hazardouswastes are found, the ConstructionCompany should stop constructionand contact the local environmentand health deportment.Construdion should not be continueduntil necessary measureshave been taken. For the demolition of toxic and hazardousstructures, both the local environmentand health departmentsmust be contacted in order that they may take the necessary measures.

7.1.9. Mitigation Measures for Water Supply Intakes

7.1.9.1. Chongqing WW Component

The risk impact assessmenton the water supply intakesfor Chongqing area (cf. § 7.11 .1) calls for relocation to.an upstreamlocation of intakes particularly at risk, namely at leastthe raw water intakesfor WSTP1, 2 and 5.

7.1.9.2. Wanzhou WS Component

Of note is a particular mitigation measurefor the WanzhouWater Supply Component. in the short term, it is proposed to maintain the use of the water supply plants I and 3. However,the new water plant supplyingwill engender increasedwaste water dischargesupstream of the new intake. It is therefore proposed to constructa wastewaterinterceptor along the left bank of the Chang Jiang to divert this wastewaterand other pollution sourcesdownstream of the new intake. This overall solution has provento be the least-costsolution to improving water supply and waste watermanagement for Wanzhou.

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7.1.10. WS Components in general

Duringthe operationphase, a monitoringprogramme of the waterintake should be setup. This progrommneshould include the monitoringof:

* routinevoriables which affect the waterquality of receivingwater bodies, such as : pH, water temperature,turbidity, SS, BOD, COD, DO, NH3-N, N03-N, Total P,phenol, petroleum, TotalColiforms,... with a frequencyof at leasttwice per month.Attention should be paid also to Feand Mn for Fulingand Wanzhou. * pollutantsspecified in the drinkingwater Standards (GB 5749-85), which may cause persistentpollution harmful to humanbeings such as heavymetals (Hg, Pb, As, Cr,...), with a frequencyof onceper month. Monitoringcould be carriedout by the organisationin chargeof the operationand maintenance of the WTP(s),if suchfacilities are availableinside the treatmentworks such as in Fuling. Otherwise,monitoring could be carriedout by the localenvironmental protection agency. The creationof suchlocal agency is suggestedin Nan Bin,which will be in chargeof the monitoring stations(water intake and general water quality) but alsoresponsible of enforcingthe necessary regulations,enhancing the environmentalconsciousness,...

7.1.11. Mitigation Measuresfor Sludge Disposal

7.1.11.1. Chongqingand FulingWW Components It hasto be remindedthat oll industrialwastewater should be treated to relevantlevels according to dischargestandards. Thus, it is expectedthat heavymetals and other industrial pollutants be removedas muchas possibleat the source,prior to the dischargeinto the sewersystem. The concentrationof heavymetals in sludgeshould then be reduced.Monitoring of the sludgeto controlheavymetal concentration should be carriedout accordingto the relatedregulations.

7.1.11.2. WSComponents

Monitoringof the sludgedisposal should be corriedout with at leastthe followingmonitoring variables:flow rate,BOD, COD, SS,Fe, Mn, Hg and a monitoringfrequency according to the relatedregulations.

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Table 7.1: Negative Impact & mitigating measures of wastewater components

nvironmentrl Negativeimpact Mitigating measures Executing ,actor ______institution 1. Carry out treatment, enhonceequipment Wastewater discharge managementof sewageplant, of sewogeplant con 2. EXtendthe outletof sewageplant of directlyaffed inlet water Jiguanshi quality of Dongfeng 3. EKtendthe outlet of Tangiiatuoto the boatyard, Tangjiatuo lower reach of the Tongjiotuobackwater town, Doxinchongtown area; and Wangjiong town 4. Move the inlet of Dongfeng boatyard, TangFiituowaterworks onrJ so on. 1. Removeall overflow outlet betweenthe aurfocewater Overflow outlet might upper reach(1000m) and the lower bring about the reoch(lOrm) contaminationof the 2. During operation of the overflow,stop iower reach during the operation of the offected WrW/enhance rainstorm treatmentcapabilities.

Wastewater producedby construction,vehicle Sedimentationafter collecting,making Instiution of washing, domestic methanefrom domesticsewage. project sewoge designing& 1. Prohibit biastingat night, and control construaion, the quantity of dynamit Dreinage Exoust gas, noise, 2. Logicollyarrange constructiontime, companies vibration, dust generoted shortenthe constructionperiod durin, dudion 3. Promptlyclean the ground, periodical tmosphere& sprinkling noise 4. Chooseadvanced equipment, adopt -noise elimination and sound insulation. GasesemiHted during the 1 Plantingtree operdtion of sewage 2. Rusgeof methane,combusion of plant and pumping methane. station Discordedspoil from 1. Useas backfill 2. Set-up dlamnsto avoid waterand soil construction running off. isposalof solid Refuseand sludge aoste generatedfrom the 1. Consider useas fertiliser after onoiysisof sewoageplant and sludge composition. pumping station

1 00709\R6\drachap7.doc Auoust 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH 7-7 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall EnvironmentalImpact Assewment Report

Table 7.2: Negative impact and mitigating measure of solid waste component

facor _ Negative impact Mitigating measures Exeiution 1. Constructand operote leachatetreatment works; Dicharge of 2. Strictlyabide by operoting stipulationof l)chorte of landfill, employingsub areo operafion method lachate and timely coveringit by soil. Minimisethe area Surfacewater exposedto air in order to controlthe production . of leachate Overflow Of 1. increasethe capacityof adjusting pond, build Overflow of accumulatingfacility adjusting pond of 2. Buildingflood borrier to preventoveriond .eachate flow from entering. 1. Strictlymeet the requirementof the base and the underlay. 2. Constructground water by-passingsystem to Pollutioncaused preventerosion of substrate Ground water by leakagevia 3. Buildsewage collecting pond to ensurethe substrote control of pervasionof laking liquid by ground Institutionof water project 4. Preventbypass system from destroying, designing & ______periodicallymonitor ground water, construction, Gas andidustst t Plantingtrees to isolatethe landfill site Chongqing landfill site Sanitary 1. Form a completevent system,keep it environment Atmosphere Eplosio used functioning instiution by methane 2 Promptlycover refuse,increase the height of the vent-pipe, constructcolleding systemto re- utilisemethane. I, Reservethe upper layer of the landfill site, Altering retrievalafter the accomplishmentof Ecology traditional soil construction uwge and 2, The excavationshould be boloncedwith the ecology covering, decreaseadditional deposit of soil and destroyof locol ecology. Noiseof machine and vehicledurin Logicallyarrange cQnstructiontime; build construhicticonstructi on durng isolating wall around the constructionsite. Noise Noiseof vehicle Logicallyaorange transporting time and line, during operation reducedisturbance. Noiseof landfill Seled low noise equipment. 10070\R6\roc _ dmachine

100709\R6\drochap7.doc August 1999 CEMRW/SOGREAH 7-8 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProjee Overall EnvironmentolImpact Assemernt Report

Table 7.3: Negative impact and mitigating measure of water supply project

Environmental Negativeimpact Mitigating msureecuting factor ______meosure_ institution Wostewater and Collection ,sedimentationthen vehiclegenerated discharge during construction Surfacewarter Sludgegeneration during operation of Removolto londfill the waterworkcs Sewagegeneration Dischargethe wastewaterafter storage from waterworks to river or to wastewoter network. Accidet dischargeof Strengthenoperating management, et Atmosphere chdrnt up alert equipment in chlorine dosing onne ~~~plant Machinenoise and Logicollyarrange construction time, eopiosivevibration abstain high noise or blostingduring during construction the resident'srest time. Noise Noiseof pumping Selectinglow noise equipment,setting station of water - the noisesource for awayfrom the Institutionof pumping, discharge concentrationof resident,eliminatng and pressuring noise,insuiating noise, Plantingtrees, Proect designing 1. Pipeproject should be divided into watersupply subsection,after excavatingone companies. section,backfilling it, cleaning t, timely Disposal of solid Soil runoff of the corry away the discardedsoil, the temporory depositshould be keep in waste discardedsoil during simple barier to preventsliding into construction river. 2, Logicallyarrange construction time, try to avoid large scal excavating during rainfall. Plantingtrees, preventingwater and soil runoff, (Baijiowanwaterworks has Destructionof been arranged 16, 000 trees),the Ecology vegetation during percentageof virescencein each vegetation durng waterworksshould not below 30%. construction Tree wall should also be set between the third Fuling waterworksand Fuling Yongtse River bridpe.

100709\R6\drochop7.doc Ausust 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH 7-9 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall EnvironmentolImpact Assessment Report

7.2. Accompanyingpollution controlmeasures

Pollutionfrom domesticwastewater contributes 70% of the organicload and 35%of the phosphoruslood dischargedby pointsources. For urban wastewater control to be effective, accompanyingpollution control measures are requiredespecially for industrialpoint sources. A time-boundAction Plan for industrialsewage has been developed by ChongqingEPB [142] for the JialingJiang based on analysisof data concemingindustrial effluents and hazardouswaste of 246 major pollutionsources covering 33 industrialsectors. This plan is dividedinto three major phases:

0 Shortterm (Year2000) - Stringentpollution concentration control - Factorydosure/relocation/production line amendment(7 industries) - Wostewatertreatment plants for 9 industries - Controlof hazardouswaste from 2 industries - Protectionplan for drinkingwater sources * Mediumterm (Year 2005) - Reinforcementof monitoring capabilities - Switchingfrom Concentration-basedcontrols to Loadbased assessments - Wastewatertreatment plants for 14 industries * Longterm (Year2010) - CompleteLoad based assessment - Wastewatertreatment plants for 7 industries

Associatedmeasures for implementingthe plan are alsoindicated, notably: * Thereinforcement of environmentalsupervision and management; = Optimisingindustrial planning; * Establishingwastewater plants and sanitary landfills for the townsupstream of Chongqingon the JialingJiong; * Encouragingindustrial polluters to dischargeto the municipalwastewater system (after suitablepre-treatment); * Reductionof nutrientsin the JialingJiang basin covering agricultural non-point sources of nutrientsas well as the urbanand industrialpoint sources.

A total investmentof 139.1million YUAN(16.7 million US$)has been estimated for the industrial pollutioncontrol program over the period2000-2010. Beforesuch a strategycould be proposedfurther information is requiredto supportthe decision makingprocess; the improvementsin environmentalmonitoring proposed as part of CUEPwill aid in the collectionof this data andthus contribute significantly to the longterm goal of preservingand improvingthe waterquality of the upstreamChang Jiang basin.

100709\R6\drachap7.doc Auaust 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH 7-10 Chongqing Urbon EnvironmentProjecl Overall EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Report

7.3. ComponentMonitoring

Two forms of monitoring are requiredfor the componentsof CUEP:

* Monioring of systemperformance and outputs- "self-monitoring' by the relevant companies; * Monitoring of the componentinputs/outputs by relevantenvironmental organisations (EPB laboratories)

The former typesof monitoringto be undertakenby the companiesare included in the componentsthemselves and are not discussedfurther here.

7.3.1. Chongqing and Fuling WWMonitoring Programme

7.3.1.1. Presentsituaction

In the Chongqingarea, the monitoring programme is based on sompling at five sites on the Chang Jiang: Baisho,Huongqion, Wong LongMen, Cun Ton, Huang Coo Xia and at four sites on the Jialing Jiang : Lize,BeiBei, Ci Xi Kou and Da Xi Gou.

In the Fuling area, the regular monitoring programme is based on sampling at two siteson the Chang Jiang : Yazuishi,Meinuii and at one site on the Wu Jiang: Maliuzhui.

At each site, sampling takesplace on two adjacentdays, three times a year correspondingto each river flow period (low flow, normal flow, high flow), exceptat two specificsites on the Jioling Jiang (Ci Xi Kou and Da Xi Gou) where sampling is doubled during eoch river flow period.

The routine monitoring parametersare: water temperature, pH, DO, BOD, COD, SS,NH 3-N, N03-N, NO2 -N phenol, petroleum, Total Coliforms. At four sections(Huangqian, Cun Tan on the Chang Jiang and Bei Bei, Do Xi Gou on the Jialing Jiang), P04 ,total N and total P are also measured.Attention is paid also to the Category I and 11pollutants, such as heavy metals (As, Hg, Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu,...).

During the specificnutrient monitoring programme, the sampling was conducted at four sites: Huangqian, Cun Tan, Bei Bei and Maliuzui on the Wu Jiang. The sampling frequencywas once per month at each location, betweenMarch and August.The following hydrological parameters were reported: water level, flow and width of water surface. Chemical analysesundertaken included : temperature,pH, dissolvedoxygen, total N, NH3-N, N03-N, total P and dissolvedP0 4 .

7.3.1.2. Improvementof monitoringprogramme

In relation with the future WWMPs,the following improvementsare recommended:

* Routinemonitoeing programme: increasethe monitoring frequencyfor all monitoring sites (Chongqing and Fuling)to at least at 6 per year (twicefor each river flow period (low flow, normal flow, high flow) and preferably 12 per year. The monitoring varicibleswill be the same as now but TOC should be also included.

100709\R6\drachap7.doc Aucust 1999 CEMRi/SOGREAH 7-11 Chongqing Urbon EnvironmentProject Overall EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Report

* Add a newsite for enoughdownstream of the proposedwastewater outfalls to ensure reasonabletransversal mixing * Nutrientand biologicalmonitoring programme: * Forthe followingsites: * Huangqion,Cun Tan, Huang Coo Xio on the ChangJiang for Chongqingand Meinujifor Fuling, * BeiBei on the JialingJiang and Maliuzhui on the Wu Jiang, * One newsection located 5 km downstreamof the futureoutfall sites of TongJia Tuoand Ji GuanShi, in orderto monitorthe impactof the futuredischarges (for Fuling,the Meinujisite is alreadydownstream of thefuture outfall), the monitoringfrequency should be increasedto 12 peryear (once per month)with, in additionto the otherporameters, total N, total P,dissolved P0 4 and chlorophyllA shouldbe monitored.A biologicalsurvey capable of indicatingthe environmentalquality is also requiredat five sections(Hucngqion, Bei Bei, Cun Tan, Huang Coo Xia, Meinuji) but only threetimes a yearcorresponding to eachriver flow period(low flow, normalflow, high flow). The basicrequirement is the investigationof biomoss,diversities and toxicantsaccumulated in bio-tissuesof benthos. * The following hydrologicalporometers should be reported for each sampling: water level, flow andwidth of watersurface. e During the operation of the sewersystems, sampling points should be set at the inflows and outletsof eachtreatment work beforedischarge into the outfallsand at the otherpossible outlets(overflow settings during the rainy season).

To aid CEMRIin this task the CUEPEnvironmental Monitoring Component includesthe following elements:

Laboratory and Equipment : The overall objectiveis to increasethe range and accuracyof sompling of both pollution sourcesond ambient water quality. To achievethese objectivesmore preciseand easierto use instrumentsare needed. The actual building does not meet the standardsneeded to house the modem equipment; a new laboratory building is therefore needed.

Some instrumentsare already being procuredthrough the Industriol ReformProject, the Water Quality Monitoring Component study has thereforeproduced a complementorylist of requirements.

Automatic monitoring stations : To provide further information concemingthe variation of pollution, it is recommendedto set up an automatic monitoring network comprising 3 stations, which will monitor: temperature, dissolvedoxygen, conductivity, pH, turbidity and total organic carbon. The stations are to be installed at the intakes of water plants to avoid the building of pumping systems,which in the caseof the Chang Jiong and the Jialing Jiang are complex due to the river level variations.

Information system: CEMRJhas starteddeveloping its information system,it is recommended that this is continued and enhancedwith o LaboratoryInformation Manangement System.

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7.3.2. TheChangshengqiao sanitary landfill site

Accordingto the impact of landfill site and domesticexperience, this monitoring plan emphasises the monitoring of the surfacewater and atmospherearound the site, meanwhile,taking into accountground water, noise, crops, soil. Monitoring area and items are listed in Table 7.4.

Table 7.4: Monitoring Items and planning

Monitanng Monitorin items Monwitang pointIare) Monitoing frequency

Totaldiocdm aux |atGas welhe Oncea deay Gas wlhead, leking slago treatmentplant, adminorahng sation, favourbl, windor againstwind of the Tw a month-o on landfillsite, hillop of lkmdfillate_ Gaswlhead, loking e AtmorAme Efium INN. S tratment plant,odmirangTwice a month- a son favourablewind or againstwind of the landfillste, hilhtopof landfillsite RoOnslymoln905P akidng-scge srealtmentplant, Rouingdring,lSP, NO. administi staon, favourablowind Oncea month-oncea son floain dust,502, NO or agoinstwind of the lndRfi site, , ~hilltopCO of landfillsito Niiwwhich ae the p-e d laldng, the upperand lower reach of Twicea month-oncea oson pH, SS, CODE,.BODs, theconflue (SOOm,15 00m away) DO, totl colifom, KN, Once ason, twicea yar (once Surface P04-, Cr`2 , Mn Othr flow of urfocewaer near the for each low water, high water) water landfillsite additionalmonitoring will beadded _eh rainfall. Riverwhich occet the proessed Hg, Pb,As, Cr, Cd loking, boitommud of thr flow Onc c Var (lowerwater) _ _ nea~~~~~~~~-rby ___ Aricutre ara aroundthe lndfill site, Oncea seasonor in accoirance (chieRyat the lwr rech, conudenng withthe growthand hFae of he Crops,soil pH, Hg,Pb, As, Cr, Cd, thesrace soiland crops in it). pn here. sulfide kqgtcuhurearea around the lanodfill fte, (chieflyat the kwer reach,considenng Oncea year (lowerwater) ______t A, B.C la r soil)

7.3.3. Water Supply Components

During the operation phase,a monitoring programme of the water intake should be set up. This programme should include the monitoring of:

* routine variableswhich affect the water quality of receivingwatet bodies, such as : pH, water temperature,turbidity, SS, BOD, COD, DO, NH3-N, N0 3-N, Total P, phenol, petroleum, Total Coliforms,... with a frequencyof at leasttwice per month. Attentionshould be paid also to Fe and Mn for Fuling and Wanzhou. * pollutantsspecified in the drinking water Standards(GB 5749-85), which may cause persistentpollution harmful to human beings suchas heavymetals (Hg, Pb, As, Cr,...), with a frequencyof once per month.

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Monitoringcould be carriedout by the orgonisationin chargeof the operationand maintenance of the WTP(s),if suchfacilities are availableinside the treatment works such as in Fuling. Otherwise,monitoring could be carriedout by the localenvironmental protection agency, The creationoF such local agency is suggestedin Non Bin,which will be in chargeof the monitoring stations(water intake and general water quality) but also responsibleof enforcingthe necessary regulations,enhancing the environmentolconsciousness,...

7.4. InstitutionalStrengthening Specifictechnical assistance programs are recommended for the variousaspects of waterquality monitoringand management:

* Datacollection co-ordination and data orgonisation * Technicalcapacity of the laboratories * Wasiewater discharges control * Technicaland financial planning capacity

Detailsof this programmecan befound in the reportfor the WaterMonitoring Component of CUEPand in a forthcomingTechnical Assistance and Training Report. 7.5. EstimatedCosts of EMP Thephasing of the EnvironmentalAction Plan follows the principlesof "3 at onetime' of the EIA proceduresof the People'sRepublic of China,mirroring the implementationof the physical components. An exceptionto this is the improvementsin monitoring which are required immediatelyto aid in the quantification of projectbenefits. Tentative cost estimates are outlined in Table 7.5

Irable 7.5: Cost estimates for the Environmental Management Plan

Category Cost (miliion Funding Yuan) A Industrial Pollution Control Action Plan 139.1 funded by industriol Reform Project B Environmental Monitoring Component CUEP 1 Laboratory Building 13.3 2 Equipment 4.4 3 InformationSystem 2.2 4 IST 2.0 5 AutomaticMonitoring Network 2.5 Sub-total 24.4 C Wanzhou wastewater interceptor 11.0 CUEP

J______Totl 1745a

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CEMRI/SO(;REAH 8-1 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall EnvironmentclImpact Assesment Report

8. PUBLICPARTICIPATION

Theactive participation of the publicas part of the projectpreparation process, is a requirementof both SEPA(Item 234 of AnnouncementOf ReinforceThe EnvironmentImpcact Assessment Management Of The Construct Project Loaned By The lnernttional Finonciol Organisation (1993)), and the Worid Bank.

This chapter provides a summary of the Public Participation exercisesconducted as part of CUEP. 8.1. Purposeand Methodof PublicParticipation

8.1.1. Purposeaf publicparticipation

The purpose of public participation, which is regarded as a bi-directional communiccationbetween the project and public, is to get full approbation for the project from the public, and improve its environmental and economic benefits, and put emphasis on the relation and communication with the public.

8.1.2. Method of Public participation

The public participation of this project adopts three forms: bulletin in the press, public opinion questionnaire and survey of the public.

BulletinsB in the press: The government of Chongqing City has published bulletins in the Chongqing Dollyand Chongqing Evening Paper, which contained the pollution situation of Chongqing, the discharge of the main pollutants, the state of water supply and demand. It also publicised the loan amount, the general situation of this project, the control goal of the environment and the main measures of the pollutants.

* The Willingness to Pay Surveys : These surveys were carried out at an early stage of project preparation to assessthe overall acceptability of the projects to the people of Chongqing in the light af increased tariffs. Basic data concerning socio-economic and sanitary conditions were also collected. A short summary of these surveys is provided below. For further information the reader is referred to two detailed reports concerning these surveys and the Strategic Planning Report.

* Public Opinion Questionnaire (poll) : The poll was coaried out separately in Yuzhong District, Jiangbei District, Nonan District, Shopingba District, Dadukou District, Jiulongpo District, Banon District, Qionjiang, Fuling, Wangzhou and Shizhou which are the influenced districts. The questionnaire obtained the written opinions on the project of the individuals.

* Survey of the public : The survey invited many delegates of the people's conference of China, commissaries of the political conference of China, delegates of business association, teachers, workers and farmers of the area, whose opinions were considered and whose inquiries were answered.

* Survey of the Projected Affected People: These surveys are being carried out as part of the Resettlement Action Plan. The reader is referred to the summary report of the RAPfor further details.

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8.2. Willingnessto PaySurveys

The two surveyswere carried out betweenJanuary and March 1998, after a period of preparation during late 1997.

For the domesticsurvey, covering water supply, wastewaterand solid waste,the questionnairewas divided into the following categories: * Generalinformation concerningthe respondent * Watersupply * Waste water * Solid waste * Householdrevenue and ownershipof consumergoods * Affordability and ability to pay - Occurrenceof water-bornedisecases * Willingness-to-pay

For the non-domesticsurvey, covering water supply, wastewaterand solid waste, the questionnaire was divided into the following categories: * Generalinformation concemingthe enterprise * Water supply * Wastewater * Solid waste * Willingness-to-pay

The scopeof the two surveysis summarisedin Table 8. 1.

Table 8.1 : Scope of the WTP Surveys Number of samplesper town

Typeof survey Chonoqinp Wanxian FuhngI Qionjonc Shizhu Totol Domestic 1300 200 1 200 150 150 2000 Non-dom1sticc121 78 121 9 120Au1

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8.3. The EA Surveys

8.3.1. The drainageengineering of the main city zone

Method of Survey

Thissurvey covered the followingaspects:

(1) Theopinion of the influencedpublic ( agree,basically agree, disagree); (2) Theconcrete suggestion of the influencedpublic to the project.

Thesurvey wos carded out separatelyin the five influenceddistricts of YuzhongDistrict, Jiongbei District,Nanan Distridct, Shapingba District and JiulongpoDistrict. In eachdistrict 50 questionnaireswere distributed, and the returnedpaper accounted for 156papers. The surveyed peoplecome from all circlesof differentages and differentsexes induding cadres, workers and farmers.The result is showedin Table8.2.

Table8.2: Survey Resultsfor ChongqingWW Component S.c Age19 p0tBn Opinion

Z '0 .0e.

Jiangb.i 44 31 132 42 I 10 3 26 5 4Q4I 15 ______YuzlOng 38 19 19 2 25 1 18 6 4 24 3 1 9 _ _ Nona"n 29 '19 10 8 21 11 8 10 29 1 Sh%piba 13 9 _ = 13 =7 2 9 2 1 _ Jiulongpo 32 18 14 5 27_ 10 13 9 32 *One porsonfailed to preent definiteonsver. 'othor' includesbusinessmon, doctors, policemen,drivers, soldier, self- employed,unomployd andunidentified.

Resultof thesurvey

Amongthe 156surveyed, except one failing to presentanswer, there are 153agreeing the project accountingfor 98.1%,of whomthere are 9 partiallyagree accounting for 5.8%,and 2 disagreeing the projectaccounting for 1.3%.There are 29 personsgiving their suggestions and opinionsto the construdion of the project, accountingfor 18.6%.

The reasonsto agree the project

(1) The projed has great fundion for environmentprotection and de-pollution, and will be of great benefitfor the future (2) The projectcan greatly improvethe drinking water quality of the citizens,which illustratesthat the govemmentis concemed with the people's health and is willing to do proctical things for the people. (3) Promotingthe sustainabledevelopment of the societyand economyof Chongqing City.

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Thesuggestions and requestsput forward by the public

(1) Hopingthe projectto be put into practiceas soonas possibleso that the citizenscan benefit from it earlier. (2) Hopingthe concerted effort andco-operation from relatedsections; combining with the characteristicsof the 'mountaincity; constructingthe projectearly and high quality;avoiding thoseproblems produced by previousprojects. (3) Loweringthe influenceon the localpeople to the least;ensuring widespread publicity to let peopleknow, understand and support the projectmuch more. (4) Thesewage pipes are suggestedto crossthe riverby buildinga bridgeat the sametime with the constructionof the planningbig bridge. (5) Thesewage plant and its outletshould be arrangedat the part of riverlower than Tangjiatuo Townand Jiguanshi ,which is helpfulto protectthe TongijictuoTieshongping forest beauty spot andthe waterand atmosphere around Mount Non.

Reasonsto disagree

(1) Chongqingis a rapidlygrowing city, therefore it is veryhard and complicatedto predictthe amountof sewage.it is unprctical and irresponsibleto constructthe drainageengineering at the beginningof cityconstruction. (2) Moneyshould be betterspent water engineering.

8.3.2. Resultsof Fuling sewage plant and its piping engineering

The publicparticipation of the engineeringadopts opinion questionnaire to obtainthe written opinionof the publicthrough the EnvironmentalProtection Bureau, the scienceassociation, the constructioncommittee, the headquartersof the leveedefending and people'shospital of Fuling District.tt is centralisedaround the old city zoneof Fulingwhere the projecthas its highest influence.There are 60 questionnairesdishbuted, and 55 retumedwith a percentageover 90%. Amongthe surveyed,the cadresaccount for 58%,workers 22%, doctors 9% and others 11. The opinionsof the publicon the sewageplant and its pipesengineering are listedin Table8.3 Table 8.3: Surveyresult of the Fuling WW Component

e Gender age Opinion

r-~~~~*0* t 0 i

- E A C)~~E

Worker 44 31 13 2 42 40 4 Cadre 38 19 19 2 25 1 24 3 1 Doctor 29 19 10 8 21 29 Other 13 9 4 13 9 2 1 Totol 32 18 14 5 27 32

Fromthe tableabove, the personwho agreed acotunt for 85%of the total of the surveyed.These basicallyagreed consisted 15%. There is no disagreement.

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8.3.3. IResultsof Chongshengqiaolandfill site

The publicparticipation of Changshengqiaolandfill adopts also the questionnaire.

The backgroundstructure of the surveyed

In orderto getthe opinionsof the publicon the wholeproject through the surveyand assureof its full representation,the surveywere carried out separatelyin the five influenceddistricts of Yuzhong Disrict,Jiangbei District,Nonan District, Shapingba District and JiulongpoDistrict. In eachdistrict 30 questionnaireswere put out,and the returnedaccount for 146papers. The surveyed people comefrom all circlesof differentages and different sex including cadres, workers and formers.

Of the surveyed146 people, the proportionof the maleswas 61.6% which was 23.3% more than that of thefemales. The middle-aged accounted for a high proportionof 87.7% whoare an importantparticipates in socialactivities, of whichthe peoplebetween 40 and49 accountedfor 63.7%. Asfor the occupation,the proportionsof workers,cadres and teachers were 43.2%, 39.0% and 8.9%respectively. The proportion of businessmen,farmers and studentswas relatively low; the proportionsof differentoccupations of the surveyedreflected the proportionsof different occupationsof all the districtsof Chongqing.

StatisticalAnlyss of the opinions

Throughthe statisticanalysis of the opinions, it is obviousthat the citizensworry deeplyabout the increasinglydeteriorating environment of the maincity zone of Chongqing.

On the base of the adual situation of Chongqing, it is feasible to introducethe garbagelandfill, whichneeds relatively less investment and haslarger disposal amount. The majority of the surveyedsupports the projectand will co-operatewith the construction.

Especiallythe citizenswho would be inconvenientowing to the constructionalso show highest consciousnessand dedication spirits, of whomthe peoplewho agree and supportaccount for 94.5%.

8.3.4. Resultsof the water supply system of Wanzhou

The public participation combined questionnairewith small meeting.On the one hand the persons whocarry out the environmentassessment communicate with the public,on the otherhand the Committeeon PublicAccounts of Wanzhouwho see after the constructionput up the surveyand statistic.The ossessmentstaff contactwith 34 people and the constructioncommittee contact with 90 people, and 124 personsare surveyedoll together.

Resutsand Analysis

(1) Resultsare shown in Table 8.4.

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Table .4: Survey Resultfor WanrzhouWS Component

Sex Age

C . L- IEE Cm 0~~~E 0 U ~~~~~~~~~9 0 ~~~~EoEU J1.

Codre 30 1S 15 19 1 _ __ Dodor a A4 A 6 2 y TacheW 11 6 5 6 2 3 - - Siudent 3 1 2 3 - v Worker 39 21 18 18 20 7 _ _ Farmer 6 5 1 3 2 -YS Citizen 13 6 7 2 7 4 -e Self pin 8 3 5 5 3 _- Wfeplyd 6 A 2 1 5 .5S Totol 12A 65 59 63 52 9 Yes

(2)Analysis of surveyresults

AJIthe 124surveyed agree the project,of whichworkers account for 31.45%,cadres 24.19%, citizens10.48% and teachers 8.87%. The males account for 52.42%and the females47.58%. As for the agestructure, the peoplebetween 18 and 35 accountfor 50.81%,between 36 and60 41.49%and above60 7.26%.

(3) Themain suggestions of the public;

(1) Acceleratethe constructionof the waterplant striving for the earlywoter supply. (2) Putsufficient emphasis on the protectionof waterqualily, adopting heavy and prompt measure to anyonewho destroys the waterquality. (3) Thepipe netsshould not be excavatedtogether but by segments.All the publicpipe nets shouldbe plannedto avoidbeing excovated out nowand thenwhich affects the trafficand increasesthe lossof waterand soil.

8.3.5. Survey Resultsof Water Supply in Fuling

Thepublic participation of the watersupply of Fulingis carriedout throughquestionnaire. The resultsare listedin Table8.5.

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Table 8.5: Survey Result for Fuling WS Component

Gndenr Age CD

0 0~~~~0

oaEo. E8- E X' C.)-o 0o~ r= _ t .-

0 zL I I ~ ~~ gmi ~~~~~~a Cadre 36 25 11 13 23 34 2 3 Doctor 6 4 2 - 6 6 1 Teacher 15 7 8 10 5 115 _ _ _ 2 Student 77 39 38 77 77 70 Workor 23 14 9 13 10 22 1 Form r 44 26 18 13 31 41 3 Resident 32 13 19 18 14 32 Shopaoisnt 8 3 5 4 A 8 Self-employed 11 6 5 4 7 X_ 11 1 Total 252 137 115 134 104 14 246 677 Note:the delegate of orgonisotionare the delegatesof the people'sconfeornce of China,the commissonersof the political associationof China,democrats, League members and the membersof the WomenAociation etc.

The public conpresent written opinions and suggestions.

Accordingto the table, the surveyedare 252 with the males are 137 accountingfor 54.4% and ihe femalesare 115 accountingfor 45.6%.The people who are between 18 and 35 are 134 accountingfor 53.2%, between36 and 60 ore 104 accountingfor 41.3%, and above 60 are 14 accountingfor 5.5%.There are 246 people agreeingthe project accountingfor 97.6% of the total, 6 personsbasically agreeing accountingfor 2.49%, and no one disagrees.The delegatesof groups are 77 accountingfor 30.56%.

The suggestionsand requestsare:

(1) Hoping the water supply engineeringto completeas soon as possibleso as to benefitthe local peopleas early as possible. (2) The projectcan meet the water demand of the public and assurethe water quality, especiallyin summerwhen water is badly needed. (3) Suggestingthe water plant to protectthe environmentduring the construction,reducing the destructionof zoological resourceto the least. (4) At the same time the constructionof water plant, some relativeengineering should be carried out to accelerate the economic growth of the district.

The public participation shows a pretty high proportion of agreeing this project.

8.3.6. Results of Water Supplyof Qianjiang County

The constructing units solicited widely the opinions of the Qianjiong County and the citizens in all circles around the water plant, and carry out the hearing of witnesses inviting 60 persons of 10 occupations including codre, civilian, teacher, worker, citizen and unemployed coming from Han, Miao, Tujia nationalities.

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Theresults show:

(1) All the surveyedthink the environmentprotection is relevantthemselves and ask to strengthen the environmentprotection. (2) Thereare 60.7%who say the projectis helpfulto increasethe employrnentof individuals,and 39.3%who think the employmentrate is not changed. (3) Thereare 43.8%who say the projectis helpfulto increasethe incomeof individuals,and 56.2%who think the incomeis not changed. (4) All the surveyedconsider the advantagesof the projectoutweigh the disadvantages,and will supportthe constructionof the project.

Fromthe above,due to the lackof drinkingwater for a long time in QianjiongCounty, the public activelysupport the project.

8.3.7. Resultsof Water Supply of Nonbin Town in Shizhu County Theconstructing units solicited widely the opinionsof the citizensfrom all circlesinfluenced by the project,and carry out the hearingof witnessesinviting 21 personsof 8 occupationsincluding cadre,teacher, doctor, worker, former, student, seff-employed and unemployedof whomthere are 13 comingfrom minoritygroups.

Theresults show:

(1) Thereare 95.2%agreeing the projectand 4.8% basically agreeing, no one disagrees. (2) All the surveyedthink the environmentprotection is relevantto them andask to strengthenthe environmentprotection. (3) Thereare 90.5% who say the projectis helpfulto increasethe employmentof individuals,and 9.5%who think the employmentis not chonged. (4) Thereare 71.0%who say the projectis helpfulto increasethe incomeof individuals,and 29.0%who think the incomeis not changed. (5) Of all the surveyedthere are 76%.concernvery much about the projectand 24%care about it normally,no oneunconcem about it. Fromthe above,it is showedthat the publicactively supportthe project.

8.4. Conclusion

Theenvironmental project of Chongqingwill greatlyimprove the sewagetreatment and the garbagedisposal of the city,ond amelioratethe pollutedwater and livingenvironment. The surveyedhaven't any objection,and all of themthink that the projectcan improvethe water environmentof the YangtseRiver, protect the drinkingwater quality, elevate the abilityof the main cityzone to clearand disposethe garbageand improvesonitary conditions.

Theybelieve the projectwill havea significantimpact on the quaiityof life in the main urbanarea of Chongqing,Wanzhou County, Fuling, Nonbin and Qianiiong,and it will benefitthe country,the peopleand their future. The public suggests that the projectshould be implementedas soon as possible,so asto promoteits social,economic and environmental benefits to the ultimateand reducethe dischargedamount of pollutants.

100709\R6\drochap8.doc August 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH Annex A Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall EnvironmentImpact Assessment Report

PEOPLE'SREPUBLIC OF CHINA CHONGQINGMUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT

CHONGQINGURBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT DESIGNREVIEW AND ADVISORYSERVICES

OVERALLENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

ANNEXA EA REPORTCONTRIBUTORS

100709/k6/R6 AnnexRev.doc August 1999

CEMRl/SOGREAH Page 1 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProjie AnnexA

1. INSTfTUTIONSOF EIA

1.1. ChongqingEnvironmental Monitoring ResearchInstitute (CEMRI)

CEMRIis a public unit responsiblefor environmentalmonitoring and researchingunder the charge of ChongqingEnvironmental Protection Bureou. It is the highestlegal institutefor environmentalmonitoring in ChongqingMunicipality. It passedthe state check and wos awarded'State Environmental Monitoring Excellent Laboratory' in 1992. It passedmeasuring outhenticationand audit for monitoringqualification, and was chosen as 'StateEnvironmental Scientific& TechnicalAdvanced Unit by StateEnvironmental Protection Bureau in successive yeors.

After establishment,CEMRI has carried out more than one hundred researchprojects, obtainedthirteen owards at provincallevel, eighteen awards at municipallevel and has two state patentsfor inventions.Technical staff hove published more than one hundred dissertations,of whichten were publishedabroad. Theseindude pollution controllingand monitoringresearch, state and local projects,and some co-operationprojects with Japan, USA,British, Conoda, Norway etc. Many popershave been adopted by govemmentOs the basisfor decisionon urbondevelopment and construction.

CEMRIhas ClassA Certificateof EIA for ConstrudionProjects issued by the State.The environmentalPlanning Office of CEMRJis mainly responsiblefor EIA and environmental planning of projects.It has carried out areo EIA of ChongqingEconomic & Technical DevelopmentZone, researchof Chongqingair pollutioncontrol, environmentalproection plan of ThreeGorges Resettlement Area etc. 1.2. EnvironmentalScientific Researching Institute of the PLALogistics ErngineeringCollege (ESRIPLEC)

It hasClass A Certificateof EIAissued by State.

EnvironmentalDesign and ResearchInstitute of Qinghua University(EDRIQU)

It hasClass A Certificateof ELAissued by State

ChongqingSteel & Iron Designand ResearchInstitute (CSIDRI)

H has ClassA Certificateof EIAissued by State,once corried out the designand EIAof great industrialprojects (eg. ShangHoi Booshon Steel Plant), with powerfultechnique and abundant experiences.

100709/R6/dro-annA.doc Auusi 1999 CEMRJ/SOGIREAH Page2 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProtecd AnnexA

2. PERSONNELOF EIAFOR SUBPROJECTS

List of Personnelfor EIA order Subproject Responsibleunit personnel 1 Chongqing CEMRI ZhongChenhuaChongqing-033650 urbandrainage LUCongmingChongqing-033690 project CSIDRI LuoqishenChongqing-033730 urbancatching HaoRunpingChangsho-0581 8 Tongipituo HuMingpuChongqing-03414 wastewater DHI LiChoopingChongsho-05819 treatmentplanto LongtooChangsha-0581 5 XGejingyuChangsho-05817 LviianmingPh.d .______.THOMASPostgrodute,engineer 2 Drainage CEMRI LiaoZhengjunAsia Bank 95114 pipelineof FulinG ChengxiaohuaChongqing-03362 district DingYueshuiChongqing-03363 XufongChongqing-03371 .______WuBiao Chongqing-03368 3 Changshengqiao EDRIQU BaiQingzhongJingOI 054 landfill wangHongtoojing0l 055 4 Urbanwater ESRIPLEC JiShichenChongqing-03393 supply HouWenbin(AsiaBank-92 PeriodTwo) projectjFuling, WuJimingGui-06354 Zhongbing Qiohajiang Chongqing-03394 downtown, XlangYing95112 Wanzhou, Shizhu'nonbin LiFenfang95111 towno ._. 5 CUEP CEMRI LiaoZhengiunAsia bank 95114 Overall report LuoqirenChongqing-03364 ChenxioohuaChongqing-03362 DingYueshuiChongqing-03363 Xufang Chongqing-03371 WuBioo Chongqing-03368 SOGREAH PierreFrancois Demenet John Smithson Gary Moys ______Magnus Holmer

100709/R6/dro-onnA.doc August1999 CEMRJ/SOGREAH Annex B ChongqingUrban Environment Project OverallEnvironment Impact Assessment Report

PEOPLE'SREPUBLIC OF CHINA CHONGQING MUNICIPALGOVERNMENT

CHONGQING URBANENVIRONMENT PROJECT DESIGNREVIEW AND ADVISORYSERVICES

OVERALLENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

ANNEXB BIBLIOGRAPHYAND ASSOCIATEDREPORTS

100709/R6/R6 AnnexRev.doc August 1999

CEMRI/SOGREAH Annex B - Page 1 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Bibliography

ANNEXB - BIBLIOGRAPHY/DOCUMENTS

The list is updatedAugust 99.

No Title Author Date 1 Sichuan Urban EnvironmentProject, Mott MacDonald - SUEPO May 1997 InceptionReport 2 Implicationsof DevelopmentTrends Chreod April 1997 on Urban EnvironmentalInfrastructure in Chongging,Final Report 3 Chongqing Urban Water and COWI - DHI March 1997 WastewaterResources Strategy, Phase 1, Initial Listof PriorityInvestment Projects 4 Chongqing Urban Water and COWI - DHI March 1997 WastewaterResources Strategy, InventoryReport, Annex XII: Chongqing City 5 Chongqing Urban Water and COWI - DHI March 1997 WastewaterResources Sfrategy, InventoryReport, Annex XIlli:Fuling City 6 Chongqing Urban Waterand COWl - DHI March 1997 WastewaterResources Strategy, InventoryReport, Annex XIV:Wanxian City 7 China - Chongqing Urban The World Bank 2 June 1997 EnvironmentProject, Aide Memoire Nol, Final 8 Chongqing Urban Water and COWI - DHI July 1997 WastewaterResources Strategy, ProgressReport 9 Chongqing Urbon Environment Ausino August 1997 Project,Water SectorMaster Plan Review,lnception Report 10 Chongqing IndustrialPollution Control The World Bank May 1996 and ReformProject, Staff Appraisal Report 11 Chongqing Water Master Plan Review, Mott MacDonald September1997 The Feasibilityof ConstructingDeep Tunnelsin the Chongqing Area . 12 Chongqing Urban SewageTreatment Cowi November 1988 System,Preliminary Master PlanStudy, Volume 2: App 10-12: TangJie Qiao STW l

100709/reports/libliographyAdoc August 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH Annex B - Page2 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Bibliography

No Title Author Date 13 Chongqing Urban SewageTreatment Cowi March 1988 System,Preliminary Master Plan Study, InceptionReport 14 China - Chongqing Urban The World Bank 6 August 1997 EnvironmentProject, Mission Notes, Final 15 Chongqing Urban Environment Ausino 30 September Project,Water Sector Master Plan 1997 Review,Feasibility of Tunneling Options 16 Chongqing Urban Water and COWI - DHI September1997 WastewaterResources Strategy, Draft FinalReport, Volume 1: Main Report 17 Chongqing Urban Waterand COWI - DHI September1997 WastewaterResources Strategy, Draft Final Report,Volume 2: Appendices 18 The ComparativeStudy of The ChongqingJianzhu University October 1997 DrainageSystem Schemes for the City Properof Chongqing,Abstract 19 ProjectAppraisal Document for the The World Bank June 1997 XiaolangdiMulipurpose Project:Stage 11 .. 20 Chongqing Urban Environment Ausino October 1997 Project,Water Sector Master Plan Review,Draft FinalReport _ 21 ShanghaiEnvironment Project, Interconsult,SAES February1995 HazardousWaste Management Study, ImplementationReport - 22 Jinan YellowRiver Water Supply Jinan Water SupplyProject March 1997 Project,Land Acquisition and ConstructionOffice ResettlementPlan _ 23 MeasuringEconomic Benefits for RA Young, World Bank Tech. September1996 WaterInvestments and Policies PaperNo. 338 24 Contour maps of Chongqing at 1995 1 :20000 Scale(Nr. 12) 25 Sichuan Urban EnvironmentProject SUEPO/MottMacDonald September1997 Draft EnvironmentalImpact AssessmentReport, Section C: Urban PollutionImpacts Assessment 26 Wanxion Urban Wastewater ? ? ? ? Masterplan(inChinese) 27 Chongqing WastewaterLoad COWI/DHI October 1997 _ _Calculations (COWI-1-1.XLS) III 28 Solid WasteManagement Fact Finding World Bank October 1997 Reportand the ProposedProject, Draft W _

100709/reports/lBibliography.doc August 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH Annex B - Page3 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Bibhiography

No Title Author Date 29 Excerpt of ShandongEnvironment Unknown January 1997 Report: Chapter IX, Institutional Strengtheningand Training 30 Chongqing Urban Waste-water Jianzhu University 1996 masterplon 31 Chongging WaterSupply Mosterplan Public Utility Bureau 1996 32 Chongqing Masterpian(text) PlanningComitee 1995 Chongqing Masterplanmaps 33 IntegratedWastewater Discharge Standard(UDC628.39 :628.54/GB 8978-88) 34 Chongqing YangtzePiver Pollution Binnieand Partners October 1991 Control: Main Report 35 Chongqing YangtzeRiver Pollution Binnieand Partners October 1992 Control : Main Report 36 Environmentalimpact Statementfor EnvironmentalImpact 1995 the YangtzeThree GorgesProject AssessmentDept., Chinese Academyof Sciencesand ResearchInstitute for Protection of YangtzeWater Resources 37 Chongqing Urban Water Environment CUEP-PMOand Chongqing May 1997 ProjectPre-feasibility Study: DiscussionJionzhu University document(in English) 38 Specialmeasurements of river water EPB Summer 1997 quality at Chongqing 39 Water Quality objectivesfor old EPB 1989 Chongqing City 40 Data concemingindustrial discharges EPB 1997 for 1996 41 Water Quality Data for Chongqing EPB 1997 rivers 1991-96 42 PopulationEstimates for Sichuan COWl July, 1997 Province 43 SUEPWater SectorPreliminary Study AUSINO March 1997 _ Final Report2 Vols. 44 ChineseDrinking Water Standards 1985 GB5749 45 Reporton EnvironmentalQuality of Sichuon 1986-1990 _ 46 Chongqing EnvironmentalQuality CQ EPB Report _ 47 Xituotown master-plan CJU Urban PlanningInstitute September1993 48 Fuling Water SupplyPre-feasibility CJU

study . 49 Important industrialpollution and disposolsituation in Chon qing

100709/reports/Blbilography.doc August1999 CEMRJ/SOGRPAH Annex B - Page 4 Chongqing Urban Environment Project Bibliography

No Title Author Date 50 Fulingmaster-plan 1997 51 Fuling planning data 52 Fuling project data 53 Hua LonggiaoSTP 54 Nanping STP _ _ 55 Yang Gongqioo STPFeasibility Study CJU Report 56 ZhongshutuoSTP Feasibility Study CJU Report 57 Tao HuaxiSTP 58 Tong Jio Tuo 2'f Phase 59 Qilong Cun Solid WasteTP 60 Data on WanxionCity Water EnvironmentHamessing Projects 61 Water Quality YangtzeRiver 1995 62 Mojor Industrialpolluters in 1995 in Wanxian City 63 Recommendedprojects for water environmentalhomessing in Wonxion Crtyfunded by WB loan 64 Drinking Water Atlas of China 65 Chongqing IndustrialReform - Water Binnies& Partners May 1995 Quality Management 66 Fuling Wastewater Pre-feasibility SMEDI Jan 1998 Report Draft Report 67 Qianjiang WaterSupply - Pre-feasibilty SMEDI Jan 1998 Report Draft 68 Wanxian WaterSupply - Pre-feasibility SMEDI Jan 1998 ReportDraft 69 Clear Water Blue Skies World Bank Sept 1997 70 CUEP-MosterPlan Review Water and AUSINO Engineering Feb 1998 WasteWater Sectors Final Report ConsuhtantsLtd. 71 Chongqing StatisticalYearbook 1997 1997 72 Wanxian Municipal Solid WastePre- SMEDI Jan 1998 feasibility study report 73 Fuling Flood EmbankmentFeasibility SWEDI June 1996 Report a) Main Report b)Maps 74 Reviewof SWM Mosterplan- Wanzhou ERM July 1998 75 Mosterplan reviewand Action Plan ERM July 1998 76 Wanxion EnvironmentalQuality Report WarcxianEPB August 1997 1996 77 Qianjiang Water SupplyComponent June 1998 EA - TORs

100709/reports/Bibliographydoc August 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH Annex B - Page5 Chongqing UrbarnEnvironment Projecr BibiiogrOphy

No Title Author Date 78 ChangshengquooLandfill Site EA - April 1998 TORs 79 Main Urban Area Drainage SystemEA May 1998 - TORS 80 Fuling WaterSupply EA- TORS May 1998 81 CUEPEA - TORs April 1998 82 Wanxian Water SupplyEA -TORs June 1998 83 Fuling Wastewater Pre-teasibility SMEDI/CJU Feb. 1998 __Report 84 Qianjiang WaterSupply Pre-feasibility SMEDI/CJU June 1998

85 Wanzhou WaterSupply Pre-feasibility SMEDI/CJU June 1998 _report _ 86 NalnbinWater SupplyPre-feasibility SMEDI/CJU June 1998 study report _ 87 Fuling WaterSupply Pre-feasibility CJU/SMEDI Feb 1998 Study 88 Xiao Non Hoi Aqueduct- Geological Fuling Hydraulicand Hydro- Nov 1990 SurveyReport electricDesign Institute 89 Chongqing WasteWater Feasibility CJU/SMEDI August 1998 Study 90 Sichuanand Chongqing Urban COWI/DHI February1998 EnvironrnentProject: Urban Water end WastewaterResources Strategy 91 SupportModelling Study for EA and DHI September1998 PreliminaryWastewater Outfall LocationDesign 92 ChongqingWastewater Pre-feasibility CJU/SMEDI July 1998 Study *93 Fuling WastewaterPre-feasibility Study SMEDI July 1998 94 Chongqing Solid WastePre-feasibility ? ? July 1998 Study 95 WanzhouWater Supply Pre-feasibility SMEDI July 1998 Study 96 Fuling WaterSuppiy Pre-feasibility CIU July 1998 study 97 Qianjiang Water SupplyPre-feasibility SMEDI July 1998 study_ 98 Nanbin Water SupplyPre-feasibility SMEDI July 1998 study 99 Monitoririg CentrePre-feasibility study EPB July 1998 100 InfrastructureInformation SMI July 1998 ManagementSystem 101 Chongqing Drainage Project Chongqing Roadand Bridge December1998 DevelopingResettlement Programme Company

100709/reports/Bibliography.doc August 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH Annex B - Page 6 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Bibliography

No Tttle Author D 102 The DevelopmentMigration Program Chongqing Roadand Bridge December 1998 of Chongqing Changshengqiao Company Landfill Station 103 Fuling Drainage WorksFeasibility SMEDI November 1998 StudyReport (draft) 104 Brief Introductionof the Water Supply SMEDI November 1998 Projectin Nanbin Town, Shizhu, Chongqing Municipality 105 FeasibilityStudy Report of Fuling Central and SouthemChina October 1998 Urban WaterSupply Project Municipal EngineeringDesign and ResearchInstitute 106 General Situationof Urban Water SMEDI November 1998 SupplySystem Project of Wanzhou District,Chongqing City 107 ReportOutline for the FeasibilityStudy Chongqing Iron and Steel October 1998 of Qianjiang County Town Water DesigningInstitute SupplyProject 108 Social SurveyReport - A. The Citizen's Chongqing Statistical March 1998 perceptionof Urban Environment InformationConsultant Center Servicesand Their Willingnessto Pay 109 Nonbin Water SupplyProject - Report Chongqing Environment September1998 on the EnvironmentalImpact Surveillonceand Research Institute,Institute of Environment Science,Logistical Engineering ______U niversity 110 Qianjiang Water SupplyProject - Chongqing Environment September1998 Reporton the EnvironmentolImpact Surveillonceand Research Institute,Institute of Environment Science,Logistical Engineering University 111 Wanzhou Water SupplyProject - Chongqing Environment September1998 Reporton the EnvironmentalImpact Surveillanceand Research Institute,Institute of Environment Science,Logistical Engineering University 112 Fuling Water Supply Project- Report Chongqing Environment September1998 on the EnvironmentalImpact Surveillanceand Research Institute,Institute of Environment Science,Logistical Engineering University 113 Chongqing WastewaterProject Chongqing Instituteof October 1998 EnvironmentalImpact Assessment EnvironmentScience Report _ 114 Fuling WastewaterProject Chongqing Instituteof November 1998 EnvironmentalImpact Assessment EnvironmentScience Report

100709/reports/Bfllblography.doc August 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH Annex B - Page7 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProjed Bibliography

No Tite Author Date 115 Changjiang Water Quality Monitoring Chongqing Instituteof October 1998 EnvironmentScience 116 Chongqing Urban Environment ETI November 1998 Project,Water Quality Monitoring Component 117 ChangshengqiaoSanitary Landfill - TsinghuaUniversity Design and October 1998 Reporton EnvironmentalImpact ResearchInstitute for Assessment EnvironmentalEngineering ___ 118 UserRequirements Study, Chongqing ITVGeomatik, Electrowalt October 1998 InfrastructureInformation Engineering,Swissphoto ManagementComponent 119 Chongqing EngineeringPrice Chongqing PriceBureau September1998 information 120 Geological investigationfor the Chongqing 607 General October 1998 Changiiang tunnel Companyof Geological EngineeringInvestigation Industry 121 PreliminaryGeologic SurveyInterim No. 2 RailwaySurvey & Design November 1998 Document,Jiguanshi Tunnel Inst'itute 122 Reportof PreliminaryEngineering ChongqingSoutheast Sichuon November 1998 Geological Investigationfor Tongjiatuo Instituteof Geological Plantof SewageTreatment EngineeringInvestigation 123 PreliminaryGeological lnvestigation ? December1998 for the JiguanshiWWTW 124 China - Chongqing Urban The World Bank 24 October 1997 EnvironmentProject, Mission Notes No. 2, Draft 125 China - Chongqing Urban The World Bank 6 April 1998 EnvironmentProject, Aide Memoire No. 2, Final 126 China - Chongqing Urban The World Bank 9 August 1998 EnvironmentProject, Aide Memoire No. 3, Final 127 China - Chongqing Urban The World Bank 18 November EnvironmentProject, Mission Notes 1998 No. 3, Draft _ 128 Chongqing WastewaterProject; NCMEDRI January 1999 Overall Descriptionfor Preliminary ____ Design 129 Chongqing WastewaterProject: NCMEDRI January 1999 Tangjiatuo WWTP& Jiongbei InterceptionWork (BranchA). PreliminaryDesign. Part I Tangjiatuo WWTP

10070reors/po^ibriorphyAU Auus 1999 CEMRJ/SOGREAH AnnexB - Page8 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Bibliography

No Trtle Author Date 130 ChongqingWastewater Project: NWCMEDRI,Chongqing Coal December 1998 BandaoWastewater Intercepting Sub- Mining DRI Project: PreliminaryDesign 131 Chongqing WastewaterProject SMEDI,Chongqing Steeland December 1998 Iron Dl 132 Chongqing WastewaterProject: Chongqing Cool Mining DRJ January 1999 PreliminaryDesign on Sub-riverand JiguanshiTunnel Works 133 JiguanshiTunnel : Preliminary No. 2 SDIof Ministryof Railways November 1998 Geologic SurveyReport 134 ChongqingWastewater Project: ChongqingMESDI December1998 Tangjiatuo WWTP& Jiangbei InterceptionWork (BranchA). PreliminaryDesign. Part II Jiangbei District Interceptor(Line A) _ 135 PreliminaryEngineering Design: CDC January 1999 Summaryof ProjectCosts 136 Fuling DrainageWorks - Feasibility SMEDI November 1998 StudyReport 137 Fuling Drainage Works- Preliminary SMEDI December1998 Design 138 PreliminaryDesign of Urban Water SMEDI December1998 Supplyof Wanzhou(Brief Introduction) 139 PreliminaryDesign of Water Supplyin SMEDI January 1999 NanbinTown(Brief Introduction) 140 FeasibilityStudy Report of Fuling Central and South China MEDI January 1999 Urban WaterSupply Project 141 FeasibilityStudy - Qianjiang Woter Chongqing Iron and Steel December1998 _ Supply Design Institute 142 Programof Control Operation for Chongqing EPB December1998 IndustrialSewage Along Jialing River Chongqing Reach 143 PreliminaryDesign of Urban Water SMEDI December1998 SupplySystem Project of WanZhou District,Chongqing City 144 FeasibilityStudy Report on Water CEPB/CESRI/CJU November 1998 EnvironmentMonitoring Capacity Buildingfor Chongqing Environmental Monitoring Centre 145 AssessmentReport on Institutional TsinghuaUniversity March 1999 Strengtheningand Training Needs (2nd Draft) 146 China - Chongqing Urban World Bank March 1999 EnvironmentProject, Aide Memoire No. 4, Final 147 ExDertPanel CDC

100709/reports/Bibliegraphydoc August 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH Annex B - Page9 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Bibliography

NO Thtie Author Date 148 ProjectAppraisal Documentfor the World Bank May 1999 Sichuan Urban Environment Project 149 RAPfor the Nanbin WaterSupply ShanghaiAcademy of Social 1999 Component of CUEP Sciences .- 150 RAPfor the WanzhouWater Supply ShanghaiAcademy of Social 1999 Component of CUEP Sciences 151 RAPfor the FulingWater Supply ShanghaiAcodemy of Social 1999 Componentof CUEP Sciences 152 RAPfor the Municipal Solid Waste ShanghaiAcademy of Social 1999 ManagementComponent of CUEP Sciences 152 RAPfor the Municipal Drainage ShanghaiAcodemy of Social 1999 ManagementComponent of CUEP Sciences 153 General descriptionof Geologic 1999 Conditionsof XloonanhaiMain Canal 154 AssessmentReport on Institutional TsinghuaUniversity June 1999 Strengtheningand Training Needs 3rd Dft) _ 155 CUEP- SolidWaste Study: Action Plan ERM February1999 and FeasibilityStudy Report: Volume 1 - Executive Summory Volume 2 - Action PlanStrategy Volume 3 - Feasibility Study_Report 156 The Stateof the Environmentin China SEPAion UNDP Web-site) 1998 157 EnvironmentalAssessment Sourcebook The World Bank 1991 158 Water Quolity Monitoring Component ETI 1998 Report______159 The Atlas of SichuanTerritorial 1990 Resources

100709/reports/XIblogrphyA. August 1999

CEMRI/SOGREAH Annex C Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProjed Overall EnvironmentImpact AssessmentReport

PEOPLE'SREPUBLIC OF CHINA CHONGQING MUNICIPALGOVERNMENT

CHONGQING URBANENVIRONMENT PROJECT DESIGNREVIEW AND ADVISORYSERVICES

OVERALLENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

ANNEXC MEETINGRECORD

100709/R6/R6Annwoev.doc August 1999

_____ CHONGQING URBANENVIRONMENT PROJECT SOGREAH INGENIERIE DESIGNREVIEW AND ADVISORYSERVICES

NOTESOF MEETING

Recordedby :PFDEMENET Ref. PFD/ 108907

Tel No Total 1 page(s)

Date 21/01/98 . Location Chongqing

Subject EA WorkingGroup meetingn°l

Participonts Mr LuoQuiren and Mr Lian Zheng Jun (CIOES) Ms YouXia and Mr Wang Ming Ji (EPS) Mr Wen Rujun(PMO) Dr G. Moysand Mr PFDemenet (SOGREAH)

Distribution Participants,CUEPO, file, Magnus Holmer (SOGREAH)

Item Text Action

1. f'reparation of the EnvironmentalAssessment

The meetingheld at PMOaimed at preparingthe EAreport.

SOGREAH pointed out that it was important to receive the terms of reference for the EnvironmentalImpact Assessmentfrom EPBat the end of January, in order to establishthe contract with PMO beforethe arrival of the WB representativesthe 18' of February.

The Scopeof Work of theseterms of referencewill include the EnvironmentolImpact Assessment for CFongqing and Fuling urban wastewaterproject and Fuling, Wanxian, Xituo, Nonbin and Qianjiang water supply projects.

The Draft EA report must be submitted to the WB representativesat the end of May; it is therefore-important that the draft EA report be available in English for review by SOGREAHat the beginning of Mcy.

SOGREAHgave a plan of contentsfor the EA report. A copy of this plan is attached hereafter.

This EA plan of contentsrelates solely to the wastewaterand water supply projects which are responsibilityof SOGREAH.Another plan of contentsconcerning the solid waste projectshould be provided by the Spanishconsultant in charge of this aspectof the CUEPOproject.

100519/reuEiAl.doc.dot 21 January1998 Concerning the impact on the water environment of Chongqing wastewater project, new conditionsof dischargewill be defined in the Master Plan report which will be made available at the beginning of February.It was agreed that dye testsin the Changjiang river are not necessary but new calculationswith the mathemaficolmodels of the Changjiang and Jialingjicng nverswill be carried out, usingthe 1D mathematicalmodel (DHI model) for the far field impact and one of the two available 2D mathematical models (Binnie and Partnersmodel or DHI model). The CIOES must verify the areas covered by these models and confirm , as soon as possible,the availability of one or both of these2D mathematicalmodels.

SOGREAH reminded EPBof the Changjiang nutrient monitoring program defined by the WB. it was intended that the sampling program lasts a total of 12 months beginning in December 1997 and at least,two surveysper month for the 6 first monthscovering the low flow periods in the Changjiang river.

Standardsconceming river sedimentcontamination and if any, treatment plant sludge disposal will be communicatedto SOGREAH.

SOGREAHpointed out other aspectswhich should be consideredin the EA report:

* the oxygendeficit of the Wu Jiang for the Fulingwastewater project;

* water supply intakes located downstream of the future Chongqing and Fuling outfall discharges(not necessarilythese of the towns of Chongqingand Fuling);

o water usesdownstream of the new intakes of water supply systems(especially the systemsof Xituo, Qianjiang and Nanbin).

Date of the Working Group next meetina: 5/02/98 (9 AM) at PMO Office Chonaaina

100519/reuEIAl .doc.dot 21 January1998 CHONGQINGURBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT SOGREAH INGENIERIE DESIGNREVIEW AND ADVISORYSERVICES

NOTESOF MEETING

Recordedby PF DEMENET Ref. PFD 108907

Tel No Total 2 page(s)

Date 05/02/98 Location Chongqing

Subject EA Working Group meetingn°2

i Participants Mr Luo Qiren and Mr Uao Zheng Jun (CIOES) Mr Luo Qishi and Mr U Chongming(CIOES) Ms You Xia and Mr Wang Ming Ji (EPB) Mr PF Demenet (SOGREAH)-

Distribution Participants,CUEPO, file, MagnusHolmer (SOGREAH)

Item Text Action 1. Preparationof the EnvironmentalAssessment

The meeting held at PMO aimed at continuingthe preparationof the EA report, in relationwith the previous meeting held the 21s of January.

SOGREAHgave to EPB and CIOES, at the beginningof the meeting, more detailed ptans of -contents for the EA report. One plan of contents is related to the wastewater treatment system projects and a second one concems the water supply projects (see copy of these plans attached hereafter).

A draft in Chinese of the terms of reference for the Environmental Impact Assessment was given by EPB (see copy attached hereafter). SOGREAH pointed out that it was important to receive the final TOR in English in order to establishthe contract with PMO before the arrival of the WB representativesthe 18th of February.

Conceming the Chang Jiang nutrient monitoringprogram defined by the WB (see copy of the 'NB mission notes-Annex 2 hereafter), EPB remarked the problem of budgeting for such a monitoringprogram and the need of further discussionof this subject with PMO.

The CIOES needs to have a better knowledge of the different projects to be implemented. SOGREAH agreed to give a copy of the Revised Master Plan report which will be made available before the arrival of the WB representatives.As soon as the copy will be available,

100519/reuEIA2 5 February1998 FRage2 of 2 nzorwgqingUrban Environment Project Notes of Meetng |_sCoGREAHwill inform, by phone or fax, the CIOES (Pr Luo Qiren) of this availability, so that the CIOES can get it at SOGREAH'soffice. A copy of this report will also be given to EPB. FThe new conditions of discharge defined in this report for the Chongqing wastewater project will be necessary to carry out new calculations with the mathematical models of the Chang Jiang and Jialing Jiang rivers (1-D and 2-D mathematical models).The CIOES must verify the area covered by the Binnie and Partners 2-D model and confirm, as soon as possible, the availabilityof this mathematicalmodel.

SOGREAH pointed out that, although the different projects were not fully known until the completion of the RMP report, it was possible to begin to collect information on the environmentalsetting and the present status of river systems in the project-relatedareas.

100519/reuEIA2 5 February 1998

_--C Memo05 Paze I

Meeting in Chongqing Regarding the Draft TOR Support Modelling Study for E.A. and Preliminarv Outfall Location

Date: ...... 06 March 1998 Participants: ...... In the morning meeting: Qian-ming Lu (DHI) Guo Cheng Mo (Chongqing EPB) Wang Ming Jie (Chongqing EPB) Tuo Qi Ren (Chongqing Institute of Environmental Science, CIES) Zhong Cheng Hua (CEES) Mr. Wen (Chongqing PMO)

In the afternoon meeting: Qian-ming Lu (DIHI) Dr. Gary Moys (Sogreah)

Prepared by: ..... Qian-ning Lu (DHI)

Sending to: ...... Mr. Geoffrey Read (the WB) Dr. George Taylor (the WB) Dr. Gary Moys (Sogreah) Mr. Zhou Lin Jun (Chongqing PMO) Mr. Guo Cheng Mo (Chongqing EPB)

The Morning Meeting:

Mr. Lu first introduced the draft TOR, then following a helpful discussion. Through the discussion. Chinese side fully understands and agrees with the TOR. A few important points are shown as follows:

1. Chinese side recognised and agreed with that the preparation of E.I.A. Report should be supported and carried out by Chinese side. Presently, they are negotiating the matters between Chongqing PMO and EPB/CIES. 2. Chinese side would very much like to get the WB supporting on the modelling study, and they will cooperate with the international consultant to fulfil the work. 3. CIES will start to collect the data for the modelling study soon (hopefully, starting in the middle of March). This is very much depended on their internal agreement between Chongqing PMO and EPB/CIES. The especially important data consist of river topography, 2020 loading and preliminary engineering design. Regarding the data preparation, CIES would like to cooperate with Sogreah. 4. Chinese side agreed with the proposed new 2D model area, and also agreed with that the work should first start in Chengdu (due to several reasons regarding hardware, software and experts in Chengdu) and transfer the model set up to Chongqing later. In the beginning, CIES will send

LQM/Chongqimlmemo DHI Memo 05 Raet 2

2 engineers to Chengdu to work together with the international and Chengdu experts about two months. 5. It is recognised that the modelling work should be started in the middle of April, some very initial results can be shown when the next WB mission in Chongqing (about in the middle of June), and the work will be finished in August.

The Afternoon Meeting:

Mr. Lu introduced the draft TOR and the morning meeting to Dr. Gary Moys from Sogreah. Dr. Moys expressed that:

1. Sogreah will cooperate with DHI for this study. Except the period from the middle of April to the beginning of May, Sogreah always keeps, at least, an engineer in Chongqing. 2. Sogreah will prepare the 2020 loading based on the previous work from Danish Team. The data should be ready in the middle of April. Sogreah should get preliminarv engineering design (especially the locations of the outfall) soon (before May). /

LQM/Chongqin/memo DHI CHONGQING URBANENVIRONMENT PROJECT SOGREAH INGENIERIE DESIGNREVIEW AND ADVISORYSERVICES

NOTESOF MEETING

Recordedby Gary MOYS Ref. igms/108907/dui

Tel No 023-65120790/1 Total 7 page(s)

Date '1tApril 1998 Location :PMO, Chongqing

Subject EA Working Group Meeting N°4 (The meeting notes provided by DHI are Meeting NotesN 03)

Participants Mr. WEN Rujun (PMO) Mr. GUO (Chongqing, EPB) Mr. WANG (Chongqing,EPB) Ms. YOU Xia(Chongqing,EPB) Dr. Gary MOYS(SOGREAH). Mr. XU Yu (CIES) Mr. LUO Qiren (CIES) Mr. Li Chongming (CIES) Ms.PENGZhenghong (CIES)

Distribution Participants,CUEP-PMO, SOGREAH Grenoble (PierreDEMENET, Magnus HOLMER),Dr QIANMING Lu (DHI)

Item Discussion Actionsto be completedby next meeting

1. Nutrient Monitoring Program EPBto provide SOGREAHwith Mr. GUO gave a short summaryof the set-upof the monitoring first setsof data exercise,according to the specificationsand discussionsheld with towardsthe Dr..TAYLOR (WB) during the last mission(February 1998). middle of April

The task has been appointed to the Monitoring Instituteof EPB. SOGREAHwill assessthe data 4 sectionsare being monitored (seeattached plan N1): and write a short note for

108917/NOM EIA003.doc 2 April1998 Jida,rt tngentene . 2 of 4 Chongqing Urban Environment Project - 2 of 4

Item Discussion A be

w CK!t]]}ICSt\Sbynt?xt 5tstt

* JiangJing (upstreamof Chongqing on the Chong Jiang) the 1) eetn

* Bei Bei (upstreamof Chongqing on the JialingJiang)

* Cuntan (downstreamof Chongqing on the JialingJiong)

* A site upstreamof Fuling on the Wu Jiang

The monitoringperiod will last 6 monthswith 2 somplestaken everymonth for the first 3 monthsand 1 samplethereafter.

Sampleswill be taken on left, right and middle partsof the sectionat depthsof 0.5 m

8 parametersare to be sampled:

pH, temp, DO, Ammonia, Total Nitrogen, Nitrates,Total Phosphorus,dissolved 0-phosphate

EPBassured SOGREAH that the work has begun, but the data was currentlynot available for analysis. EPBstated that the WB had requestedresults only every 3 months.

Dr. MOYSstated that the Annex from the World BankMission N' 2 clearlystated that the data should be providedto SOGREAH every month to assessthe results. This is especiallyimportant at the start to ensurethat the dato collectedis coherent,ond that there are no problemswith respectto the experimentaldesign.

Ms. YOU Xia agreedto passthe first setsof data to SOGREAHin the middle of April. Dr. MOYSwill ring Ms YOU whenhe retums from France.

SOGREAHwill analysethis data for the next meetingin order to assessits reliability

2. Dr MOYSasked conceming data collectionfor the EA modelling. DHI E lnD agtt e of Mr. Li gave a descriptionof the area for which bathymretricdata is. McOdel available. This coversa much smaller area than thot demanded by DHI/SOGREAHin the modelling TORs. EPBsuggests this is SOGRE \ not a problem. SOGREAHindicated that the model scopehad gi>%jj)" >N been designedto take into accountthe water supplyintakes outf,lI s.,t projectedby the PUBLICUTILITY BUREAU Water SupplyMaster CIES Plan.SOGREAH suggested that this needs to be resolvedfor the

100519/NOM EIA 003.doc ' 998 SOGREAH Ingeniene Page 3 of 4 Chongqing Urban Environment Project Notes of Meeting

Item Discussion Actionsto be completedby ______------_' next meeting next meeting. CIESto give to Dr. MOYS indicatedthe work to be done by SOGREAH. SOGREAH maps of * Load calculationsfor the 1-D and 2-D models navigation channelsand * Preliminaryoutfall designfor the Jijuanshiand Tangiiatuo bathymetry(2 w'rws sectionsin XY) for 23/4/98. SOGREAHrequested from ClES/EPBmaps indicating bothymetry SOGREH and navigationchannels for theseoutfoll sites. EPB/CIEScould could then do not give to SOGREAHthis data. EPB/CIEScan give however0 preliminary map of the novigationchannels and 2 cross-sections(XY prengineri ini:ormation)for the outfall sites(see Plan N°3) engineerinsif made ovoilable.

SOGREAHto give LOAD DATAfor the end of April

3. The Termnsof Referencewere then discussed. SOGREAHto provideTORs EPIBhave now receivedthe go-aheadto prepareToRs . for EAfor 2 /4/98 by fax SOGREAHwill ask ERMto providea draft outlinefor the EA report for the solid waste component.

SOGREAHwould providein consultationwith ERMa draft TORs in Englishrespecting WB EA Guidelines.

4. Dr MOYS suggestedto CIESthat they could already start on the CIESto provide introductorychapters (see outlines provided by SOGREAHduring copiesof MeetingsN° 1 and N° 2). Mr LUO statedthat this work had introductory started. chaptersfor review (in Dr. MOYS indicatedthat CIESshould take care with the analysisof English)by the Qianjiang as SOGREAHhad receivedconflicting information DRA concemingthe flows of the Appen Jiang Consultantsfor the next meeting Mr LlJO agreed to providesome introductorychapters for the next

100519/NOMEIA 003.doc 2 Aprl 1998 SOGREAH ingenierie Page 4 of 4 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Notes of Meetinu

Item Discussion Actionsto be completed by next meeting meeting

5. Dr. MOYSinformed EPBthat as port of the SOGREAHteam the Monitoring Componentof CUEPwould commencesoon. Mr. GUO stated his interestto organisea studytour for the EPBto leam about monitoringtechniques used in Europe. Dr MOYS thought thiswas a good idea and should certainlybe considered for inclusion as part of the InstitutionalStrengthening Component of CUEPfor EPB

6. Dote of next meeting

Beginningof May 1998, precisedate to be fixed

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assess Tnecaota I4 sedions are being monitored (see attached plan N°1): and write a ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~short note for

10891 7/NOMELA 003.doc 2 April 1998 CHONGQING URBANENVIRONMENT PROJECT SOGREAH INGENIERIE DESIGN REVIEWAND ADVISORYSERVICES

NOTESOF MEETING

Recordedby Gary MOYS Ref. gms/108907/dui

Tel No 023-65120790/1 Total 4 page(s)

Date :21f May 1998 Locahion :PMO, Chongqing

Subject EAWorking Group Meeting N°5

Participants : Ms. YOU Xia(Chongqing,EPB) Dr. Gory MOYS(SOGREAH). Mr. BernardDOUCET (ETI) Mr. LIAO (EPB) Mr. LUO Qiren (CIES) Mr. CHENGYooHua (CIES) Ms. TAO Zhong Yun (Director,3'f Monitoring Station)

Distribution : Participants,CUEP-PMO, SOGREAH Grenoble (Pierre DEMENET,Mognus HOLMER),Dr QIANMING Lu (DHI)

Item Discussion Acfions to be completedby .______next meeting

1. CUEPMonitorina Component Ms. YOU to organisevisits to Mr. DOUCET provided EPBwith the draft Terms of Referencefor 2., 3'r and 4th this component of CUEP. ClassStations

Thetwork would be divided into three phases: EPBto provide documents * Analysisof the presentsituation demanded by DRA * Proposalfor a monitoring program Ms DONQ Qi

* Propositionfor implementationof the program or to orgon7se visits to

108917/NOM EJA005.doc 22 May 1998 v-7 angenierie Page 2 of 4 Chongqing Urban Environment Project Notes of Meeng

Item Discussion Actionsto be completed by next meeting water plants on An initiol plan of visitswas proposed to EPB. the 26' and 27' of May. Dr. MOYSrequested to visit the 3 differentclasses of laboratory in the Chongqingarea. Ms. YOU soid this would be possibie, startingwith the CIESloboratory on the 22' Moy.

Dueto the absenceof Mr. ZHOU De Renit would not be possible.to visit selectedwater treatmentplants untilthe 26' and 2r of May.

DRArequested to attend a samplingexercise. This would be difficultas no sampling was planned in the near future. Dr. MOYSasked when the next nutrient samplingexercise would be undertaken.Ms. TAO stated around 17-19' June. It was ogreedthat Mr. DEMENETwould attend the next sampling exercisewhich was fixed for the 17' of-June.

Mr. DOUCETrequested certain documentation:

* Detailsof monitoring points as per the fax of the 24 April (Mr. LIAOwos currentlypreparing this and would passto SOGREAHon Monday/Tuesdayduring the following week)

. Proposalsmade to NEPA/SEPAfor monitoringin Chongqing Province

Finallya meetingshould be organisedconcerning data managementand processing.

2. Nutrient Monitoring Program SOGREAHto reviewfurther Dr MOYSsummarised the memorandum sentto EPB. data.

Concerningthe number of sitesand the frequencyof somples, EPBto provide EPBstated that this has been agreedwith Dr. GeorgeTAYLOR SOGREAHwith (World Bank). resultsfrom 3' sampling The problem of the unusual nitrate valueswas discussed.It was exercise believedthat this was due to the analytical methodswhich were not accurateat lessthan 1mg/I (? ?) EPB/SOGREAH to send 3- The problem of the flow and pollutant massbalances was then monthly report discussed. Dr. MOYS asked if flow information could be made to World Bank availablefor 2 days before the sampled day to compensatefor time-of-troveleffects. This dato wos not availableat the EPB; it would need to be obtained from a hydrographicinstitute for

1005191NOMEIA 005.doc 22 May 1998 , . Page3 of 4 ChongqingUrbon EmvironmentProject Notesof Meeting

item Discussion Actionsto be . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~compietedby next meeting whichc payrnentwould be required.

Dr. MOYSstated that SOGREAHwould onalysefurther the doto. Whenthe nextset of data is available(samples were taken on the 20' of May) a small report should be sent to the World Bank.

3. Dr MOYSasked concerning data collectionfor the EA modelling. Ms YOU to orrconge ApparentlyCIES had had little contactthus for with DHI meeting betweenDr. Dr. MOYSstressed the need to progressrapidly with this work. MOYSand CIES for 27/5/98 Dr. MOYSindicated the work to be done by SOGREAHhad been (pm if possible) completed,that is: SOGREAHto * Load calculationsfor the 1-D and 2-D models contactWord Bank * Preliminaryoutfall designfor the Jiiuanshiand Tangjiatuo WWvTWs

It was suggestedthat Dr. MOYSand ZHONG Cheng Huo meet to discussfurther the modelling work (especiallythe scenariosto be simulated). A meetingwould be organisedthe following week at CIES(the afternoon of the 27' is suggested)

Ms YOU askedSOGREAH to contactthe WORLD BANKto stress the importanceof funding the DHI modellingwork'

4. The Termsof Reference(in Chinese)which had been submitted to EPBto submit NEPAwas passedto SOGREAH. translatedTORs to World Bank Dr. MOYS advised EPBthat theseTORs should be sent to the in early June Wbrld Bankfor comment beforethe next mission(early July). It was suggestedto EPBthat theseTORs (overall and component TORs)be sent to the World Bank in early June

5. Introcluctorychapters of the EIA hod not yet been produced. Dr CIESto provide MOYSstated these were required no later than early June, to be copies of reviewedby Mr. DEMENET. introductory chaptersfor Mr. LUO Qiren agreed to provide thesechapters for all review (in

TheWORLD BANK have contcctedSOGREAH indicating that they hove oppliec: or the financeswhich theyare likelyto obtain.

100519/NOM EIA005.doc 22 May 1998 * aselerae- -. Page 4 of S Chongqing Urban E-nvironnmentProjest Notes of Meeting

Item Discussion Actionsto be completedby

______next meeting infrostructurecomponents of CUEP. English)by the DRA Consultontsfor the next meeting

6. Date of next meefing

In eorly June (whenMr. DEMENETwould be present). SOGREAH propose o meetingJune 3 .

1005199/NOMEIA 005.doc 22 May 1998 v CHONGQINGURBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT SOGREAH INGENIERIE DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES

NOTES OF MEETING

Recordedby Gary MOYS Ref. gms/duVlOB907

Tel No 023-65120790/1 Total 1 page(s)

Date : 1417198 Location South-westemHydraulic Engineering Inst. For Water Transport

Subject : PhysicalModel of the Chnagjiangand the Wu Jiang at Fuling

Participants : Prof. XUJIN Zhang, (SWHEIWT) Prof. DU Zhongwei (SWHEIWT) Dr. Gary MOYS (SOGREAH) Miss SUN Ying (Translator)

Distribution Participants,Fuling PMO, CUEP-PMO,Mr DEMENET,SMEDI

Item Text Action

1. Prof XUJIN introduced the work of the Instituteto Dr. MOYS. The institute is largely involved in physical modellingof the river systems in SW China (largely for river transportationpurposes).

There is about 60 professionalstaff at the institute.

Currently, they have a number of constructedlarge physical models (which were later visited in the laboratory),notably:

ChangJiangModel at Fuling (see x below for details)

Model of Changjiangfrom TG Reservoirto Gezhouba Reservoir (Yichan) at 1 :110 scale to investigatechanges in day and night time reservoir releases on water levels (largelyfor navigation problems)

Model of Changjiang upstream and downstreamof TG Reservoir(1 :150 Scale) to investigatesiltation upstream of

100519/NoMSWH 001.doc 15 July1998 SOGREAH Ingeniene Page 2 of 3 Chongqing Urban Environment Projeqt Notes of Meeting

Item Text Action dam.

3 smallerreservoir models

They also plan to constructshortly a 1 :150 scale physical model of the Changjiang(60 km length) and Jialing Jiang (40 km length) - when constructed,it is claimedto be the largest physicalmodel in the world.

2. A short video (in Chinese)was then shown conceming the Fuling PMO to Fuling projecttogether with a report concemingthe results of the grant physicalmodel tests. permissionfor report to be Dr MOYS will ask Fuling PMO to allow ProfXUJIN to pass a passedto copy of this report to SOGREAH. SOGREAH

Althoughthe flows tested were largelyhigh flows, the results clearly showed recalculation(negative flows) close to the proposed harbourwall. ProfXUJIN confirmsthat dischargeof untreatedwaste water to the Wu Jiang is not advisablegiven the poor mixing of the flows (the confluenceof the Wu Jiang and the Chang Jiang is a site of preferentialdeposition due to the low velocitiesin the Wu Jiang - suspendedsolids from the waste water will be deposited very close to the confluence)

3. The Fuling Physical Model was then inspected. This model is SMEDIto take at a scale of 1 :150 with no geometricdistortion. into account possible The model represents 12km of the Chang Jiang (6km upstream sediment and 6km downstream of confluencewith the Wu Jiang) and 4km deposition of the Wu Jiang. The new embankmenthas been modelled. effectsfor outlet design The flows are scaled on the basis of the Froude number with a scaling of approx. 12/1 (reality/modelledvelocities).

The model has been used for flows ranging from the average yearly dischargeto the 100 year flow, to investigatesediment depositionduring the first phase of TGP. Coal particles ranging in size from 0.0007-1mm with a specificgravity of 1.3 g/cm3 have been used to mimic the behaviourof actual sediment

During a 6 year period the model results show between 4-13 m of sedimentation(clearly this will have implicationsfor the design of any waste water outfall)

100519/NoM SWH 0O1.doc 15 July 1998 SOGREAHIngenierie Page 3 of 3 ChongqingUrban EnvironmentProject Notes of Meeting

Item Text Action

4. A short discussionof the ability of the model to representoutfall Fuling PMO to behaviourwas then discussed. contract SWHEIWTto There would appearnot be a problem with this -staff at the conduct institute had alreadycarried out this type of work. physical model tests in SOGREAHtherefore advise that the Institute be contractedto collaboration investigateoptimal outfall locations using the physical model. with Prof XUJIN advisedthat this activity could be done during a SMEDI/DRA. penod of approximately1 month.

100519/NoMSWH 001.doc 15 July 1998

v CHONGQINGURBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT SOGREAH INGENIERIE DESIGNREVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES

NOTESOF MEETING

Recordedby Magnus Holmer Ref. MHr/Medt CIESl.doc

Tel No : Total 3 page(s)

Date 20 August 1998 Locution PMO Chongqing

Subject Progressmeeting for EA

Participants Luo Qishi CIES Li Chongmeng CIES Deng Jun PMO Magnus Holmer SOGREAH

Distribution Participants,CUEPMO, P.F.Demenet, file

Item Text Action

1. CIEShas drafted the first chapters including, introduction and background data, for the Chongqing wastewatersub. component. The resultsfrom the 1-D modelling have been provided by DHI, but CIESare now waiting for the resuhsof the 2-D modelling to continue the work on the EA.

According to contacts between CIESand DHI, the 2-D modelling resultscould be expectedin the end of September, DRAand PMO thus two weeks behind schedule.As any delay should be avoided, DRAand PMO should contact DHI to acceleratethe work.

Only pre-feasibility reports have been available to CIESfor the PMO to provide time being, which is not detailed enough for some aspectsof CIESwith draft the EA. PMO is asked to provide a copy of the draft feasibility report study for the Chongqing component that has been submitted by CJu.

2. Four different institutesare working on the EA:

* CIES is responsiblefor the overall EA,the Chongqing wastewater component and the Fuling wastewater

100519/Meet CIES l.doc , 21 August 1998 SOGREAHIngeniene Page2 of 3 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Not.s of Meeting

Item Text Action component,

. Qin Huo Universityis responsiblefor the solid waste component,

* Chongqing Iron and Steel Instituteis responsiblefor the interception network componentin Chongqing,

* the Military Universityis responsiblefor the water supply components.

The DRAConsutant emphasisesthe importance of the role of CIESin coordinating and supervisingthe other institutes.These should be given time limitsfor providing input and regular CIESto progressmeetings should be held. coordinatethe Otherinstitutes

3. CIESindicates that there would be a delay of 1 to 1.5 months in the production of the draft EA compared with the planning establishedin July. This would mean that the draft EA would not be issued before the end of December.

The DRAConsulant expressedhis strong concerns for any delay in the EA. One of the conditionsfor the World Bank pre- appraisal is that the draft EA is available for review. If the pre. appraisal is delayed,the whole projectwould risk to be delayed and not be included in the 1999 fiscal year.

The DRAConsultant stronglyadvises to work to avoid any CIESto start delay, to progressas far as possibleon all parts of the EA drafting and to where data is available and not wait until all data are collected trOnslateto before starting to draft the report. It is also recommendedto Englishin start the translation irtto Englishin parallel with the drafting in parall Chinese, in order to save precioustime.

4. It is requested to CIESto provide PMO and DRAConsuhants CIES within a few days with a brief progress report for all the brief Progress component EAs,including at leastthe following: report

* has drafting started,

* Ievel of progress (how many chaptersdrafted, percentage completed),

* information and data required and not yet available,

* expected date for finalising the component EA.

100519/MeetCIES l.doc . 21 August1998 SOGREAHIngenierie Page 3 of 3 Chongqing Uriban EnvironmentProjed Notes of Meeting

Item Text Action

PMO and the DRAConsultant could then take action if required, if it is found that there is a risk for delay.

5. The DRAConsuhtant's Environmental Specialist, Mr Demenet, will return to Chongqing in September-Octoberin order to assistCIES with the drafting of the overall EA and wit the coordination of the component EAs.

1t'f91O/AA_.4 I

v . . CHONGQING URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT SOGREAH INGENIERE DESIGN REVIEWAND ADVISORY SERVICES

MEMORANDUM

From PF DEMENET Date 13 October1998

Tel No Ref. 100519/MemoChongqing.dot

To : MikkelAndersen, DHI

Copy SOGREAH

Subject : Noteconceming the parametersused in the DHI ID modelling

The BOD and Ammoniadegradation constants were changedbetween the results presented in the first report (February 1998) and the new results publishedin September1998. The BODdegradation rate was changed from 0.5 day-1to 0.1 day-I and the nitrificationrate from 0.5 day-1to 0.2 day-1.

Specificexperimental tests are normallynecessary to defineprecise values for these rates due to many environmentalfactors affectingthem. Nevertheless,relations betweenriver flow characteristicsand parametervalues can be found in iiterature studies(see for example: c(rates, constants and kineticformulations in surfacewater qualitymodelling )> from EPA- 1985and enclosedappendix).

Wth the conditionsof Jan. 1987, the river flow characteristicsare approximatelyas follows:

* discharge:3300 m3/s . meanvelocity: 1 to 1.5mJs * meanwater depth: 5.5 to 8.25 m andthe range of parametervalues as givenby the relation is:

. biodegradationrate at 20°C: 0.26to 027 daiv- * nitr"icationrate at 20°C: 0.27to 0.28day-

Takinginto accountthe Three GorgesDarrtAprqect-the future river flow characteristics will be approximatelythe followingfor tiesarmedisdharge conditions:

. discharge 3300 m3/s

100519/DHiparam.doc 13 October 1998 SOGREAHIng6nierie oPge 2 Chongqing Urban Environment Project Memorandum * mean velocity: 0.2 to 0.3 m/s * meanwater depth : 20.5 to 23.25 rn

,leadingto the following range of parametervalues:

• biodegradationvalues at 20C : 0.28 to 0.29 day-1 * nitrificationrate at 20°C : 0.28 to 0.285 day-I

Given these uncertainties,we propose,to use your two sets of results to obtain the probable future range of impactson the DO in the rivers.

1005191DHiparam.doc 13 October 1998 SOGREAH Ingeniene Page 3 Chongqing Urban Environment Project Memorandum

APPENDIX

A statistical experimentalmethod was used to relate, on the basis of experimental gathered data, degradationrates and rver flow characterisedby Froude and Reynolds numbers.The following relationswere found with good correlationcoefficients:

* Log (k,,. H2/nu)= -3.606 + 1.383 Log(Re/Fr)

* Log (k,. H2/nu)= -3.421 + 1.360 Log(Re/Fr)

with, kd,biodegradation rate at 200C k,,,nitrification rate at 20°C Re = V.H/nu= Reynoldsnumber Fr = V/sqrt(g.H)= Froudenumber V is the meanriver velocity H is the meandepth nu is the kinematicviscosity coefficient

Theserelations give the parametervalues at 200C. The temperatureinfluence can be taken intoaccount by usinganother relation.

100519/DHlparam.doc 13 October 1998

- T CHONGQING URBANENVIRONMENT PROJECT SOGREAH INGENIERE DESIGNREVIEW AND ADVISORYSERVICES

MEMORANDUM

From PFDEMENET Date : 16 October 1998

Tel No Ref. : 100519/Memo Chongqing.dot

To Ms Xu Fang, MM Li Chongmingand Zhong Ch.(Ci )

-i Copy : SOGREAH

Subject : EIA reports conceming the Chongqing and Fuling waste water systems,the Fuling and Wanshou water supply projects, the Chongqing solid waste project.

CIES provided SOGREAHon Tuesday 13th of October with the following draft *documents:

* EiA report for Fuling waste water system: table of contents and preliminary draft report E-A reports for Chongqing waste water systemand solid waste project: tables of contentsonly 7 * EIAreports for Fuling and Wanshou water supplyprojects: tables of contentsonly * EiAsynthesis global report : table of contentsonly

The following suggesfionsin order to improve the compliance with the World Bank requirementscould be mode:

1. FULINGWASTE WATER PROJECT

a) Chapter 1

* Beforethe a Brief introduction of the project 3, it could be interesting to introduce briefly some background informofion ( § 1.1): Chongqing Municipality, location of Fuling (location plan),place of Fulingin the socialeconomy (main industries, port,...), water network (Wu Jiang,Chong Jiong, other tributaries),... * Introductionof the a Need for project P ( § 1.2), including a Sourcesof project (§1.2.1)1 and a Existingand future conditions (§ 1.2.2): existingsewerage system and disposal, water supply system(existing and future), TGP project with modificaoionsof hydroulic regime and creahionof a long bund wall, effect on the existing seweragesystem and necessityto implement a new system( include a plan)

r _-. . t , SOGREAH IngLniene Page 3 Chongqing Urbon Environment Project Memorandum

* § 2-3: Most of this paragraph seems to be on identification of the environmental impacts induced by the project, then it is suggested to include the contents of this paragraph into chapter 5 (Identfification of impacts) * § 2-3-2 :The purpose of the argumentation is not well understood. It seems that the network will be designed only for dry weather flow and not for storm weather flow ? What will be the impact of storm weather flow and raw sewage overflow on the water quality ? * § 2-3-4 This paragraph could be included in the § 2-2-2 * § 2-3-5 : What are the units of produced gas ? * § 2-3-5-2-2: The great amount of COD found in the measurements come most probably from industrial waste water flowing into the sewerage network. The COD concentration of the future effluent will depend on the proportion of industrial effluent collected by the future network * § 2-3-6-2: In case of accidental event (leakage of effluent or pipe breaking) along the river, do emergency plans exist to avoid pollution damage ? c) Chooter 3:

* § 3-1-2 : Something about the permeability of the geologic formations ond the exploitation of the aquifer to be said, for the identification of impact on the groundwater in case of leokage or pipe breoking * § 3-1-3: Introduce the average monthly rainfall in relation with the storm weather flow and sewage overflow during heavy rains; introduce also a wind rose (include a wind rose scheme) in relation with the odour problems and impact on the urbanised areas * § 3-1-4: The relevant information on the existing air quality and noise (given in § 4-2-1 and 4-2-3) in the surroundings of the treatment works could be indicated here - § 3-2: In addition to the general socio-economic conditions, introduce also some specific informantion conceming the socio-economic aspects of the areas to be served by the project, as for example: land use in percentage (agricultural, urban, industrial), future planned development activities, areas of special designation (historic and cultural properties) (Include location plans) * § 3-3: Some more specific information conceming the ecological environment of the areas to be served by the project could be indicated in this paragraph, such as: parks, significant natural sites, major species of vegetation along the rivers, specific founa (such as bird population),.... (include location plans) d)Chaoter 4: a Generally speaking, it would be better to separate the inforrnation relevant to the environmental status of the project-related area (land) from this related to the river systems (water) which receive the effluent. * § 4-2-2 : Conceming the river systems, it is recommended to: • indicate the river hydraulic conditions (Chang Jiang, Wu Jiang), such as: description of river basins, discharges (mean, lowest, flood), levels without and with the TGP project in relation with the bund wall, velocities and depths (results from 2D model or measurements) ; include a plan with the location of monitoring sections. * indicate the name of the monitoring section in the Wu Jiang * compare the results of water quality with the class 11standards, which will be the standards after completion of the TGP and also with the a Fishing water standards a * point out that the water quality in Wu river is generally cleaner thon in Chang Jiang. The content of suspended solids is much lower, as well as the level of organic matter and oil ( ?). It seems that the water from Wu river is not used for water supply because of fear of mercury pollution from an upstreom mercury mine. * show, if available, the substrate or sediment quality

100519/CiesEA-doc SOGREAHIng6nierie Page 4 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProjee Memorondum * describethe existingwater supply system,location of intakes, raw water quality, problems of pollution hazardsespecially in relation with the existingsewage dischargesand other water uses,such as navigation, tourism, fishing,... * introducethe ovailable information on the river ecological environment,such as: phytoplankton and benthicspecies, diversity indices, resultsof studies on bio- accumuliationeffects, fishery resourceswith the major important species,.. * give an assessmenton the river bed stability based on the avoiloble historic evolution of bed profiles (in relation with the building of an outfall in the Chang Jiang) - see report on the physical model of the Chang Jiang and Wu Jiong at Fuling carried out by the South West Hydraulic EngineeringInstitute For Water Transport (SWHEIWT)to be askedto Fuling PMO

* § 4-2-3: * It seemsthat the measurementnoises were carried out at different locations in the urban orea. In addition to the averaged resultsgiven for the whole urban area, it is suggestedto give also the more specificresults for the location which is near the treatment work. * Although the monitoring resultsshow that the noise levels (generalenvironment and traffic) exceedthe standards,the future treatment works should not exceedthe standards e)Chaoter 5:

* The identificationof impacts on air and river systemsis lacking (§ 5-1 and 5-2). It is suggestedto separate the impacts on the river systemand the impact on inland environment * Conceming the 2D mathematical model, it is suggestedto: * make a comparison betweenthe resultsobtained for the existingsituation and the resultsobtained with different schemesin the future situation. Thiswill enable to compare the different schemesbetween them and quantify the benefit of the projec (in terms of lengths of stream positivelyor negativelyaffected, for example) * quantify the extent to which beneficial use objectives(water quality and fishing standards)will be achievedwith the proposed type and level of treatment * § 5-2-2-8: In the conclusionsof impacts on the water environment, it is recommended to point out also, in addition to the impacts on water bodies, the possibleimpacts on water intakes, ecological environment and other water uses(fisheries, navigation, tourism,...) * It is also advised to make an assessmentof the risk or possibleimpact on the outfall induced by an earthquake, ships, scouring or siltation. Environmentalimpact in case of emergencycould be mentioned. * § 5-3-2 : The noise produced by the treatment works being above the standards, it is then necessaryto cover the most noisy equipment in order to meet the standards * In addition to air and noise impacts, other impacts oh inland environment could be considered, such as: impacts of sludge disposal (quantities, disposal options), impacts on small tributaries especiallyduring construction,impacts on groundwater * Riskof accidentscould also occur during the operation of the seweragesystem. The sewerage systemmaintenance could then be described f) Chapter 6:

* Impacts on the natural and ecological environment (inland) could be made in relation with the information given in chapter 3.-In particular, impacts on natural vegetafion along the proposed route of the interceptors g) Chapter 7:

100519/CiesEA.doc 16 OCtober 1998 SOGREAH Ing6nierie Page S Chongqing Urban Environment Project Memoraondum

* The ResettlementAction Planis an important impact on social environment.The RAPis on preporationand it is recommendedthat all its conclusionscould betaken into accountin the EIAreport, especially: reduction of cultivatedarea, numberof resettledpeople, land acquisitionand borrowing,impacts on residencesand dwellings,impacts on buildingsand enterprises,impacts on transportationand field tracks,... Someother impactsshould have to be referredto, if any, suchas : impacton electricpower and communicationiines, on culturalrelics, historic sites and groves

h) Chapters8 to 11:

. It is suggestedto mergethese chaptersinto one, pointing out all the benefitsof the project

i) Chapter 12:

. It is recommendedto introducethe different schemesof the project in chapter 5 and make comparisonand choicein this chapter

j) Chapter13 to 15:

. In addition to the monitoring program, it is recommendedto develop a mitigation program that covers construction and operation phases, especially mitigation measuresrelated to the social impact (resettlement)but also to inland impact (odour, noise,dust, sludge disposal,...). TThe monitoring frequencycould be increasedto 6 times a year (onceper 2 months) for the surface water, with the following measurements: pH, SS,DO, BOD, COD, Nitrogen Ammonia, Nitrates,NTK, TP, Total Coli, Heavy-Metals,Oil and also 2 times per year, a biological survey.An effluent sample in the sewersystem, after the pre- treatment,could be also collectedand analysed.

2) OTHERWASTE WATER AND WATERSUPPLY PROJECTS:

* Suggestionsto be providedlater

10rNr'10P-;-CL A__~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ CEMRJ/SOGREAH AnnexD Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall EnvironmentImpact AssessmentReport

PEOPLE'SREPUBLIC OF CHINA CHONGQING MUNICIPALGOVERNMENT

CHONGQING URBANENVIRONMENT PROJECT DESIGNREVIEW AND ADVISORYSERVICES

OVERALLENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

ANNEXD ENVIRONMENTALQUALITY STANDARDS

100709/R6/R6 AnnexRev.doc August 1999

CEMRJ/SOGREAH Page- I Chongqing Urbcn EnvironmrentProjed Overall Ervironmental Impact Assewnent Report

ANNEX D

1. BASISOF EIA REPORT

* EnvironmentalProtection Law of China; * Control Law of Air Pollutionof China; * Control Low of Water pollution of China; * Control Ordinance of EnvironmentalNoise pollution of China; * Control Lawof Solid waste Pollutionof China; * Ordinance of Urban EnvironmentalSanitary Management by Statedepartment, 1995- 5-20; * EnvironmentalManagement Method of ConstructionProject, State Environment No. (86)003; * DesigningRegulations of EnvironmentalProtection for ConstructionProject, State EnvironmentNo.(87)002; i Decisionon SeveralEnvironmental Protection Problems by StateDepartment, State DevelopmentNo.(1 996)31; Circular about StrengtheningEIA Management for the ConstructionProject Looned by Internctional FinanceOrganization, EnvironmentalMonitoring No.(1993)324; - World Bank Operational Guidance 14.01],published by World bank, July 1992; * TechnologicalGuidance of EIA; * Documentsof Chongqing PMO: Commission Letterabout implementingEiA for CUEP, Chongqing PMO No.(1998)19 * Documentsof Chongqing Planning Department:Supplying Report about appealing audit for Chongqing EnvironmentolProject, No.(1998)877; * Chongqing Urban Master Plan (1996-2020), Atlos of Chongqing Urban Master Plan; o The Fifth five-yearplan and targets outline of Chongqing EnvironmentalProtection; * Chongqing Water Drainage Pian (Revised); * Specificotionsof Chongqing EnvironmentalProtection Plan; * Regulationsof function Classificationof Chongqing Surfacewater, Chongqing GovermmentNo.(1989)62 . ManagementMethod of Control of Drinking Water Resourcein Chongqing City; Chongqing GovernmentNo.13; * Regulationsof FunctionClassification of Air quality in Chongqing City; Chongqing GovernmentNo.(1997)40 * Regulationsof FunctionClassification of EnvironmentalNoise in Chongqing City; Chongqing Government No.(1994)112; * Feasibilitystudy reports of Subprojects; * Experts'Comments on the outline of EIAfor Chongqing Drainage Subproject; * Auditing Replyto the outline of ELAfor CUEPloaned by World Bank, State EnvironmentalProtection Department No.(1998)211 CEMRI,SOQGREAL I Pcge-2 Chongqing Urbon Environment Projewt Overoll Environmental lmpoct Assessment Report

* Letterfrom Chongqing EnvironmentolManagement Bureau about Confirming the auditing commenton the Outline of EIAof Fuling WastewaterTreatment Plant and Drainage pipeline Loanedby World Bank, Chongqing EnvironmentalManagement Bureau No.(1998)386; * Reportfrom Chongqing EnvironmentalManagement Bureau about Confirming the auditing commenton the Implementingstandards of EIA of CUEPLoaned by World Bank, Chongqing EnvironmentalManagement Bureau No.(1998) 426; * Reportabout Chongqing EnvironmentalQuality (1991-1997); * Evaluatingcomments on the Outline of EIA of CUEPLoaned by World Bank, State EvaluationCenter of EnvironmentalProject No. (1998) 035; . Outlinesand Reportsof EIAof Subprojects.

2. STANDARDSUSED IN EIA REPORT 2.1. Standards of Environmental Quality

2.1.1. Standardsof Air Quality

Sitesof CUEPbelong to ClassTwo of environmentalquality; S02, TSP,NOx adopt Class Two of EnvironmentalAir Quality Standard (GB3095-1996), Fluorideadopts the regulati6nsof GB3095-96, Chlorine adoptsthe maximum acceptableconcentration of air hazardousmaterial in residentialarea in IndustryDesigning Sanitary Stondords, Table.2.1 has the details.

Tabl.2.1 Environmental Air Quality Standards

Concentrahonlimits _ Pollutant I hourly Doily Yeorly Sourceof shndards and unts

so, 0.50 0.15 0.06 Nox 0.15 0.10 0.05 G095-1996) TSP 0.30 0.20 mNr3 F- ______7 20 tGB3095-1996) Lgfm3) 3 a, 0.10l 0.03 __ _(TJ36-79)fmg/Nm ) *Once value

2.1.2. Standards of ProtectingCrops

Thecrops in the areaof ChangshengqiaoLandfill adopts the maximumacceptable concentration of air pollutantin the Standardsof ProtectingCrops (GB9173-88), Table2.2 hasthe details. CEMRJ/SOG6REAH Poge-3 Chongqing Urban ErmironmmertProjed Overall Environmentallmpod Aaaessent Report

Table2.2 Air pollutant concentration limits for protecting crops A_rage Daily Pollutanbt Sibility on o Anytime Crops in growing concetrati season on Winterwheat, spnng whoet, Sonsitivecrop 0.05 0.15 0.50 barley,soybean, gingeli, spinach,cobbage, and so on so2 mdolinsnriti_0ve 0 25 0.70 Rice,crmt coton,tobaoo, Crod0 tomato,broomcom, etc. Insesdivecrop 0.12 0.30 0.80 Horseboon,cole, tarm, sirowberry,etc. Winterwheat, earthnut, sugar Senitiv, crop 1.0 5.0 cone,frigole, apple, peach, ______I _I_ _I___ear. I__ etc. NOx Middiingsensitive 2a0 10r0 orby, rice,corn, soybean, 2rop _ broomcom,carbage, etc. Insensitivecrop 4.5 15.0 Cotton,teo, holionthus, - -crop 15.0-45_ _ ouberaine,copsicum. potato, etc. 3 2 Note: unit 01 502 is mg/rn , unit of Nox is mg/{dmind).

2.1.3. Environmental Quality Standards of Surface Water

Thewater of JialingRiveres main section through Chongqing urban and Yangtze River's upper reachthrough Wanzhou urban has Class 11 of waterquality. The water of YangtzeRiver main sectionthrough Chongqing urban, sections of WujiongRiver and YangtzeRiver through Fuling urban,Qianjiang River through urban and longzuisection of Yangtzesecondary river through ShizhuNanbintown has Class Ill of waterquality, their water quality adopts the Class11 and Class IIl standardsof SurfaceWater quality Standards (GB3838-88), the itemsnot existingin this standardsadopt the ClassOne standardof Fisherywater quality standards (GB1 1607-89) and Wastewater ComprehensiveEmission Standards (GB8978-1996), Table 2.3 hasthe details.

2.1.4. Water quality of Protecting Drinking Water Resources Theoutflow water quality of urbanwater plants []Wanzhou, Fuling urban, Qianjiang downtown, ShizhuNanbintownflodopts Class Two standord of QualityStandards of LivingDrinking Water Resource[]GJ3020-930. Table.2.4 has the details.

2.1.5. Environmental Quality Standards of Ground Water

Theground water around Changshengqiao Landfill adopts the Class5 standardof Ground Water Quality Standards9GB/T1 4848-93D. Table 2.5 has the details.

2.1.6. EnvironmentalQuality Standardsof Noise

The urban drainage project, MSW treatment project and urban supply project adopt Class Two standard of Urban Area environmental Noise standards 0GB3096-955, which applied to residential, commercial and industrial mixed area. Table 2.6 has the detoils.

2.1.7. Environmental Vibration Standards

Environmental vibration adopts Urban Area'Environmental Vibration StandardsDGBl 0070-885, which applied to mixed area and commercial center area, day 75dB(A), night 72dB(A). CEMR1/SOGREAH Poge-4 Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overall Environmentol Impact Assessment Report

Table 2.3 Environmental Quality Standards of Surface Water (GB3838-88) Unit: mg/l (excludingpH)

Ref PollutAnkt Clas9 11 ChinsIll

1 opH 65StoB-5 6-5to B5 2 Totl cooper <=1.0 c=1.0 3 totalzinc <=1.0 <=1.0 4 ntruteby [No <=10 <=20 5 nitefby N[1 <=0.1 c 0.15 6 Non-ion ammonia <=0.02 <=0.02 7 Permanganpotindex <=4 <=6 8 DO >=6 >=5 9 CODcr <=15 <=15 10 SODS <-3 <-A 11 fluond <=1.0 <=1.0 12 total arsnic < =0.05 <=0.05 13 Total cadmium <=0.005 <=0.005 14 Total Hg <=0.00005 <=0.0001 15 Chromnium|SLx volancj <=0.05 <-0.05 16 Totallad <=0.05 < =0.05 17 Total cyanide < =0.05 < =0.2 18 volatile hydroxybenzere <=0.002 <=0.005 19 Oil <=0.05 <=0.05 20 total colifoimnNo/n / <=10000 21 Sulfide' <=0.2 <=0.2 22 Suspendedsolic' <=70 <=70 23 Kaiz Nrtrogen <=0.5 <=1 24 TP <=0.1 <=0.T Fishery water quality standors, * Class 1 of Waster woter comprehensive emission standards CEMRI/SOGREAH Poge-5 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProjed Overall Environmentalimpact AssessmentReport

Table.2.4Water Quality Standards of Drinidng Water Source Limits Ref hems Closs2

1 Color no obviousother color 2 Turbidity 3 Smelland tost No obviousother small and taste 4 PHvolue 6.5 to 8.5 5 TotalhardnessLby CoCCOQlmg/LJ <=450 6 DissolvdFW (mL/L <=05 7 mainrneg 1-g/L) <-0.1 3 Coppeor(g/L L <= 1000 9 ZincImo/) c=1 0 30 volotilehydroxmuensee (by ph0nol)(m/L) =0 004 131 Anionsyrdthetic detergent (mu) <-0 3 12- SuKfate(mo/l.) <250 13 Chloride(mo/LJ <250 14 DTS(mm/L) c 1000 15 flurio (emg/Li c=1 0 16_ canioe (mg/L) <=0 05 17 arsenic(mg/L) <=0 05 18 selenmum(mJ/Ll <=0 01 1°9 Ho(mm/LI < =0 001 20 codmium(mg/LI <-0 01 21 chrom{1+6[1 (ma/L) c=0 05 i22 _Pb omgL) <=0.07 !23_| Ag(mg/L) <-0 OS 24_ Xberyllium f mg/L) r =0 0002 25r NNH!3(mgfiL <-1 0 j26 nraterotbvNitrooeno lmg/L) <=20 27_ COD[]KMnO4[1(mpJL) <=6 28 ilnzw (AnepL) <=0.01 29 DDT(up/L)

Table2.5 ClassIndex of Ground water Quality

Ord ondord value kas3I CiiassIl clas lil Coss IV aC v

1 olor <=5 <=5 f 15 <=25 >25 nmeliand toste non nor non non yu - lurbidity <=3 =3 J<=3 <=10 >10 ienalcan be cn bv eys non on non non 56.5 toPH 8.5 B.5 to 6.5 <5.5>9 .5to85 .~~~~~~~~~5to9 _____ otal hordn.s(byCCO3C1(mg/pL <=150 <=300 <=450 =550 >550 Slmm/L) <=300 <=500 < =1000 < =2000 >2000 ulfate(mgwLl <=50 <= 150 <=250 <=350 >350 9 oride(mg//LI <=50 <=150 <=250 <=350 >350 10 e(mpgL) <=0.1 <=0.2 <=0.3 <=1.5 >1.5 111 lm/L) < =0.05 <=0.05 <=0.1 <=1.0 >1.0 12 ulmg/L) <=0.01 <=0.05 1.5 13 Zn plmg/L) <=0.05 <=0.5 <=1.0 < 5.O >5.0 14A fmg/L) <=0.001 <=0.01 <=0.1 <=0.5 >0.5 15 o(mg/Li <=0.005 <=0.05 <=0.05 <=1.0 >1.0 16 aoltilehydroxybwnene (by phenol) c=0.001 <=0.001 < =0.002 <=0.01 >0.01 ___ma/L)

17 ion syntheticdetergent (mg/L) in etb =0.1 < =0.3 < =0.3 >0.3 18 ermonanate index(mg/LI <=1.0 <=2.0 <=3.0 <=10 10 19 - at_ yNfma/L) <=2.0 <=5.0 <=20 <=30 >30 20 itrite (b N)mg/L) <=0.001 <=0.01 <=0.02 <=0.1 >0.1 I .NH3(mg/LI <|=0.02 <=0.02 <=0.2 <=0.5 >0.5 2 uoride(mg/L) <-1.0 <= 1.0 < = 1.0 <=2.0 >2.0 3 odide (mm/L) <=0.1 <=0.1 <=0.2 <=1.0 >1.0 24 Cyonide(mg/L) <=0.001 <=0.01 < = 0.05 < r 0.1 >0.1 5 H lmg/L) <=0.00005 < =0.0005 < =0.001 <=0.001 >0.001 6 (mgL/ <=0.005 <=0.01 < =0.05 < =0.05 >0.05 27 5e (mg/L) <=0.01 <=0.01 <=0.01 0.1 28 Cd (mg/L <=0.0001 <-0.001 <=0.01 <=0.01 >0.01 29 Cr(+6Df(mg/L) <=0.005 <=0.01 <= 0.05 <=01 >0.1 0 (bmg/LI <=0.005 <=0.01 <=0.05 <=0.1 >0.1 1 Ba m/L) < =0.00002 <=0.0001 < =0.0002 <=0.001 >0.001 32 Bo (mg/L) <=0.01 <=0.1 <=1.0 <=4.0 >4.0 3 Nfmg/L| <=0.005 <=0.05 <=0.05 <=0.1 >0.1 34 DTLug/L) No inspected <=0.005 <=1.0 <-1.0 >1.0 5 HCtug/L) <=0.005 <=0.05 <=5.0 <=5.0 >5.0 6 Italcoliform group (no./L}. <=3.0 <=3.0 <=3.0 <=100 >100 7 otal number of bactena(no./L) <=100 <=100 <=100 <=1000 >1000 38 totarnrdioactivity (Bq/L) 0.1 >0.1 9 otol flrodioactivity (Bq/L) c<0.1 <=1.0 =1.0 > 1.0 > 1.0

Table 2.6 Noise Standards of Urban area Unit Leq[dB(A)] Types Day Night 0 50 45 1 55 45 2 60 50 3 65 55 4 70 55 CEMRPJSOGREAH Pag.-7 Chongqing Urban Environm.nt Projet Overoll Environmentol Impact Assesmesrn Report

2.2. EmissionStandards

2.2.1. ExhaustGas Exhaustgas adopts Comprehensive Emission Standords of Air Pollutant(GB1 6297-1996) and EmissionStandords of effluvium(GB14554-93), See Table 2.7and Table.2.8 MSW project adoptsControlling Standords of MunicipalSolid Waste Pollution (GBl 6889-1997), See Table 2.9

Table2.7 Limited Values of Air Pollutant from New Source Unit; mg/mr

Rof PollusS Mcamum omptoaabi smon CntrollngvoJue to in-organazd emision .ccm da!on I S02 Beyondboundary; 0.40 2 T. _ 120 (ot*wu) Beyondboundary; 1.0 3 NOx 240 (o9Iws) By,nd boundkry; 0.12 4 C2 65 Beyondboundary; 0.40 5 ______F- 9.0 (other) Beondboundarf; 20(jagJm3)

Table.2.8 Emission Standards of effluvium Pollutant (non-dimension) Ref item Height of exhaustoutlet, m Standordvalue 15 2000 25 6000

1 Concentrationof odor 35 15000 i ~~~~~~~40 20000 50 40000 >60 . 60000

Table 2,9 Controlling Items and Limiting Values of Air Pollutant in MSW

Ref Items Units Class Two (new,expanded, and _tems Units renovated) 1 TSP mg/m3 Boundary; <=1.0

2 NH3 mg/m3 1.5

3 H2S mg/m3 0.06

4 CH3SH mgfm3 0.007 5 Concentration of bad Non- 20 odor dimension CEMRI/SOGREAH Page-8 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall EnvironmentalImpact Assesment Report

2.2.2. WasteWater

Changshengqioolandfill adopts Class Three in Table1 andTable 4 of ComprehensiveEmission Standardsof WasteWater (GB8978-1996), others adopt Closs One in the someTables. Table 2.10 hasthe details. Table 2.10 Comprehensive Emission Standards of Waste Water Unit; mg/l(xduding mPH) Orders Pollutant ClassOne ClassThree 1 Pt 6 to 9 6 to 9 2 SS 70 400 3 CODCr 100 500 4 BOD5 20 300 5 oil 5 20 6 P 0.1 0.3

7 N-NH3 15 _ 8 volatile hydroxybenzene 0.5 2.0 9 Sulfide 1.0 1.0 10 fluoride 10 20 11 Total Cu 0.5 2.0 12 Total Zn 2.0 5.0 13 Total Mn 2.0 5.0 14 Total Hg* 0.05 0.05 15 Total Cd* 0.1 0.1 16 Total Cr* 1.5 1.5 17 . Cr6+| 0.5 0.5

18| { Total As* 0.5 0.5 Adopt maximumacceptable emission concentration

2.2.3. EmissionStandards of Leachatein MSW Landfill

Lecchatein Changshengqiaolandfill adopts Class Threestandard in Table 1 of Controlling Standardsof Municipal Solid WastePollution (GB16889-1997), Table 2.11 has the details. Table 2.11 Emission LiJmitingValue to Leachate mg/L(Excludingcoliform value I Class One ClassTwo ClassThree Ss 70 200 400 BODs 30 150 600 CODc, 100 300 1000

N-NH3 15 25 -- coliform group 10-1-10-2 10-1-10-2 CEMRI/SOGREAH Poge-9 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall Environmentalimpact AssesrmentReport

2.2.4. INoise

Area within plant odoptsClass Two of Noise Stondordsfor Industrialarea (GB12348-90).

Constructionnoise adopts UimitingVolue for ConstructionArea (GB12523-90 Table 2.12 and Table 2.13 has the details.

Table2.12 Noise Standards for Industrial Area

L.q[dB(A)] Types Day Night 55 45 11 60 50 III 65 55 1IV 70 55

Table2.13 Noise Limiting Value for Construction Area Unit: Loq[dB(A)]

Constructionperiod Main noise sources miting value Day Night Cubic meter of earth and stone Bulldozer,grab, loading truck 75 55 piling Various pile driver 85 Ban using construction Concretemixer, vibrating tamper, 70 55 electricalsaw, etc. fitment Crane, elevator, etc 65 55

CEMRI/SOGREAH Annex E Chongqing Urban ErnironmentProjed Overoll EnvironmentImpact AssessmentReport

PEOPLE'SREPUBLIC OF CHINA CHONGQING MUNICIPALGOVERNMENT

CHONGQING URBANENVIRONMENT PROJECT DESIGNREVIEW AND ADVISORYSERVICES

OVERALLENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

ANNEXE SUPPORTINGMONITORING RESULTS

l 00709/R6/R6 AnnexRev.doc August 1999

CEMRIS/SOGREAH Annex E - 1 Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overall Environmental Impact Assessment Report

ANNEXE

Table 1 Major industrial pollution sources in 1995

Emissi COD NH3- Hydroxy Name of the on 4 Ss CO BOD, K3 Oil S2- CN- Pb Cr+6 bensen No. factory 1 0 t t/a C t/oa N t/o V/o t/o tic t/° e /aat/a t_ _i. Chongqing 0.025 1 Mucci Jiogong 48.67 68.16 6 foctory _ 1.82 2 fCotory 328.0 249.3 291.8 17.28 1.184 factory 0 -4 _ - - _ Chongqing 3 Youji Huagong 28.86 37.76 2.464 12.13 foctory ___ 4 Chongqing 348 3 783.7 17.6 0.001 0.001 Daonfactory 8 737 1. Yugong 5 Toiboifeng 83.65 116.8 7.68 Youxian corp. Wanli 6 Xudianchi 24.19 0.138 Youxion corp. Chongqing 7 Dongfeng 1.40 20.1 Hujagong Factory Chongqing 8 PijiuYouxion 46.46 16.64 corp. I _ I |9 | Sanxion Youqi 26.88 157.8 5.12 YoL-xioncorp.……_____._ 10 JicnsheJituan 433.3 404.5 13.44 0.001 Gongyu Corp. 1 _ 11 Zhongce 41 | 1<° i9f d | 4.13 |= = = = 12 Xinan Zhiyoo 149.7 316.2 0.20 Er factory 9 ______Chongqing 13 RonliooEr 27.10 17.6 0.002 0.03 foc-tory Chongqing 14 Pigezong 3.97 | fac-tory - - - Chongqing 15 Nongyao 108 389.9 2.34 _ i | | factory - - 16 Chongqing 1109. 2667 892.4 65.7 __ Teshu factory 5 ------__ 17 XinamZhiyao 109 91.6 585.5 0.04 I I Yi factory ------Chongqing 18 Dengzuo 25.6 1.056 0.131 1 I I factory I I I I I 19 iChongqingao 71.78 17.28 58.24 26.88 I ISifung factory I __I_ | 20 Chongqing | 38.1 1 50.0 0.03

.100709/R6/dro-annE.doc August 1999 CEMRIS/SOGREAH Annex E - 2 Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overall Environmentol Impact Assessment Report

Emissi H-ydroxy N-. Name of the on SS COD Boo, NH,- Oil 52- CN. Pb Cr+6 benzen No. factory O4t to r, I/o t/O tI/o I/o I/o tIc e ______/0 /o VoIt Va/attiI/OIcO Hecheng Huagong factory - 21 Chongqing 150 132.1 139.1 Zoozhi factory - 22 Chongqing 14.05 Ronlioofactory - - - Chonggang 137,938 67 23 JituanZhongxi 8 3B.A 6.72 0.48 Corp. 24 Changan i!qi 108.9 110.6 6.0 0.001 factoory_ ___ 25 Jialing Jixie 312.1 2.5 0.02 0.002 0.02 factory - Chonggang 104.0 26 Jituanxingong 6 284.8 9.28 1.984 factory - Chongqing 27 Duanzhoofact 29.28 6.4 10.24 3.328 ory______Chongqing 28 Lihuz 68.83 47.68 78.72 Xiongjiao factory Chongqing 29 Zhiyao Liu 36.3 21.9 25.6 factory Chongqing 30 Diandu Zong 3.68 0.448 factory I__| * Chongqing 31 RongbuZong 14.75 1.92 3.84 factory ___ Chongqing 32 FeizooZong 31.8 16.1 18.6 factory I_____I Chongqing 33 Riyong 16.51 37.12 69.44 Huagong factory ______34 Chongqing 10.53 7.36 9.28 2.112 Zhibu factory Chongqing

1 Yongtseu35 5.82 3.2 25.92 Huogong I I faciory ___11 Chongqing 36 Zhiyao Qi 15.42 8.64 12.48 factory _ _ _ _ _ Chongqing 37 Coiyouji 16.10 2.24 0.416 factory - - - - - Chongqing 38 TongiugeYao 7.84 159.7 factory - - - Chongqing 391 Songshon 18.40 9.6 Huogong factory------

40 hoingqanghiY 101 9 0.051 C0hMonfqngziY 5.12 2 . factory 41 CChongging 570 -- -

1 00709/R6/dra-annE.doc August 1999 CEMRIS/SOGREAH Annex E - 3 Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overall Environmental Irmpoc Assessment Report

Emissi CDN, yrx No.Name of the on 4 Ss BDCOD N Oil 52. CN. Pb Cr+6 bruenz factory 1 Ot t/a t/ t/o V t/o V/ t/a t/o f/a e

- ______/a 1/a t/o / Dengpoo Gongye corp. Chongqing 42 Zhengzhi Er 15.23 0.064 _fctory - - ~~~~~4293.4598. 3619. 291.8 116.3 Totol 3 8 3 76.88 A 1 6.94 2.282 0.138 0.604 14.21

Table 2 Water quality monitoring result 4 unit; mg/LxlO /IL index Volatile Section COD, DO BODO TP KN Oil NH3-N hydroxybe Coliform -. ------~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~nzene- Upper reachof 10.98 7.23 2.11 0.395 0.741 0.05 0.017 0.001 27.9 Toohuaxi TheYon Wanglongmen 9.88 7.41 1.87 0.115 0.672 0.04 0.017 0.001 27.9 gtse Chentan 9.15 7.34 1.93 0.163 0.694 . 0.04 0.016 0.001 24.7 river Tongluoxia 10.41 7.48 2.38 0.250 0.560 0.04 0.016 0.001 20.0 Guangyongba 13.01 7.94 2.57 0.191 0.776 0.05 0.016 0.001 18.0 The Chiqikou 11.60 6.63 2.18 0.074 1.105 0.07 0.021 0.001 16.3 Jioling - __ _ _ _- Jver Daxigou 12OB 6.43 2.26 0.106 1.273 0.06 0.017 0.001 39.1

According to this table, TPhas exceedthe standardvalue exceptat Chiqikou, the multiple of excessfor upper reach of Taohuaxi,Wanglongmen, Chentan,Tongluoxia, Guangyangbaand Daxigou is 2.95, 0.15, 0.63, 1.50, 0.91 and 0.06 respectively.KN and Oil has also exceeded the standard value at sectionof Chiqikou and Doxigou with a multiple of 0.1 1, 0.32 for former and 1.27, 0.28 for the later. NH3-H has exceededthe standardvalue, only at sectionof Chiqikou with a multiple of 0.05. Excessof coliform also appears at sectionof Wanglongmen, Chentan, Chiqikou, and Daxigouwith a multiple of 26.9, 23.7, 15.3 and 38.1 respectively.It is known from the above statisticalanalysis that the two river, YongtseRiver and Jialing River, has been polluted by coliform, TP, KN and Oil, especiallythe coliform.

Current water quality assessment

This assessmenttook the average of the six monitoring values as evaluatingdata and the method employed is singie factor index.

Evaluating pattern of DO:

PDO= DOf - DO;

DOf - DO,

In this forrnula

PDO-singlefactor index of DO

100709/R6/dro-annE.doc August1999 CEMRIS/SOGREAH Annex E - 4 Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overall Environmental Impact Assessment Report

DO,-concentration of saturotingDO (mg/L) DO -concentration of DO at position j (rmg/L) DO,-standard value of DO in SurfaceWater Quality, (mg/L)

Evaluatingpattern of PH

PPH= pH - 7.0

PHsum- 7.0

Table 3: Statisticalsummary of water quality monitoringdata in dry and wet season(1991-1995; source[5]) and (1996-1997; source[4]) Season Station River DO BOD, Tot. Pe Tot. NO NH, NO, -T. Coli. mg /1 mg/A mg/l mg /l mg/l mg/I Co./I Dry Baisha Chang 9.0 1.3 0.082 2.17 0.01 0.73 8,100 ______~~Jiang ______Wang Long Chang 8.95 1.6 0.046 1.92 0.012 0.79 198,500 Men Jiang Cun Tan Chang 8.9 1.5 0.087 1.87 0.0126 0.75 180,300 ______~~Jianp ______Huang Cao Xia Chang 8.5 1.75 0.033 2.93 0.0114 0.78 51,000 ______~~Jiang______Lize Jialing 10.5 2.05 0.022 7.46 0.0067 0.64 9,700 Jian g I ______I ______I_ _ _ Ci Xi Kou Jialing 9.1 1.95 0.076 3.11 0.015 0.82 139,000

Da Xi Gou Jialing 9.1 2.5 0.051 2.53 0.014 0.84 445,000

Wet Boisha Chang 7.3 1.75 0.029 0.49 93,700

Wang Long Chang 6.8 1.5 0.133 0.56 273,000 Men Jiang I I_I Cun Ton Chang 6.65 1.4 0.055 1.6 0.138 0.56 265.000 ______Jiang _ _ _ _ _ Huang Cao Xia Chang 6.85 1.7 0.013 0.59 195,000 ______Jiang ______Lize Jialing 6.0 1.2 0.025 0.58 75000 ______Jiang ______Ci Xi Kou Jialing 6.2 1.6 0.025 0.74 208,000 Jiang Da Xi Gou Jialing 6.2 1.5 0.055 1.5 0.023 0.81 200,500 Jiang _ I_ I Class II standard 6 3 0.1 0.02 10 1.10- Class ll standard 5 4 0. 1 0.02 20 1.10' Note: overstandardparameters for Class IlIlare shown[Bold] and those for Classli only are shownunderlined

Table 4: Statisticalsummary of water quality monitoringdata in dry and wet season(1991-1995) (sources[5])

Season Station River AS Ho Cr |mPb m/Cd m/Cu IOil S omg /n mg/l mg/l |mgbmg/b mgl | mg/I Dry Baisha Chang 0.004 0.00016 0.025 | 0.015 | 0.0025 | 0.0102 | 0.142

Measurementsmade available since 1994 and for some sitesonly for 1995 (valuesin italics)

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Jiang Wang Long Chang 0.0054 0.00012 0.0076 0.024 0.0015 0.0087 0.094

M en Jiong ______Cun Tan Chang 0.0048 0.00012 0.0078 0.016 0.0013 0.0106 0.09 Jiang ______Huang CooXia Chang 0.0058 0.0001 0.0105 0.015 0.00145 0.0089 0.076

Lze Jioling 0.004 0.0001 0.0046 0.016 0.00134 0.0084 0.062 ______~~~~~~Jiang I ______Ci Xi Kou Jiaiing 0.0042 0.00016 0.0086 0.016 0.00132 0.0086 0.114 ______Jiong __ _ _ _ Do Xi Gou J.1l0ng 0.0046 0.00014 0.009 0.0165 0.00154 0.0086 0.118

______Jiong ______I_ _ _ _ _ Wet Boisho Chang 0.004 0.00026 0.008 0.0185 0.0018 0.026 0.06 ______Jio n g ______I______Wang Long Chang 0.0048 0.0001 0.009 0.022 0.00165 0.023 0.064 Men Jiang I ______Cun Ton Chang 0.0044 0.0001 0.023 0.025 0.0016 0.023 0.066 ______Jian g ______Huang Coo Xia Chong 0.005 0.00014 0.0124 0.018 0.0023 0.013 0.066 Jiang ______I__ Lize Jioling 0.0042 0.00011 0.0094 0.0165 O.0015 0.0125 0.03 ______Jiang _ _ I______Ci Xi Kou I Jialing 0.0048 0.0001 0.013 0.027 0.0014 0.0165 0.054

Do Xi Gou Jioling 0.0046 0.00014 0.01 0.033 0.0024 0.0125 0.076 Class____II ______Jiang 0.00005 0.05 0.05 0.0_.0 00 Class1I stondard 0.05 0.00005 0.05 0.05 0.005 1.0 0.05 Class Ill standard 0.05 0.0001 0.05 0.05 10.005 1 .0 0.05 Note: overstcindordparameters for Class IlIlare shown[Bold] and thosefor Class II only ore shown underitned

Tcable5: AdditionalWater Quality Monitoring in May and June 1997

DO BODs Totol-P PO, Totol-N NH3-N T. Coli. Sampling Point Date mg/I mg/I mS/l mg/l mg/l mg/I Co./l I Jiu Long Po 12 May 7.00 1.65 0.073 0.046 1.79 1.7 10Q (Chang Jiang u/s) 4 June 6.72 0.86 0.026 0.020 1.28 0.157 1.9 *105 2 Wang Long Men 12 May 7.06 2.00 0.073 0.051 1.89 3.3 -105 (Chang Jiong u/s) 4 June 7.25 1.36 0.047 0.036 1.39 0.246 2.4 .105 3 Cun Tan 12 May 7.14 1.24 0.074 0.051 1.96 3.2 -105 (Chang Jiang d/s) 4 June 7.15 0.97 0.031 0.017 1.36 0.182 2.0 *10' 4 Tang Jia Tuo 12 May 6.90 1.33 0.066 0.066 2.10 1.7 *10' (Chang Jiang d/s) 4 June 6.77 1.33 0.030 0.023 1.49 0.165 1.9 .10' 1 Do Xi Gou 12 May 7.26 1.4B 0.060 0.060 1.67 5.7 -105 (JiolingJiong) 4 June 6.65 1.11 0.026 0.020 1.67 0-260 4.8 *105 Class II standard 6 3 0.1 0.43 1 10 Class IlIlstandard 5 4 0.1 I 1 0.43 1 10

Table 6: Flowregime during the nutrient monitoringprogram Flow regime Sampling date Chang Jiang Jialing Jiang Chang Jiang Wu Jiang flow flow upstream flow (m3/s) flow (m3/s) (m3/s) downstream

______(m 3 /s) ______Dry 20thMarch 2430 252 2610 590

17th April 2750 884 3760 1060 Normal 20't May 4600 1310 7270 1460

______18' June 6390 1390 8940 1970 Wet 17t July 34000 14200 53100 2140 ______20- August 27200 4690 33400 8820 i

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Table 7: Nutrient monitoringprogram - comparisonwith past values (-gA) Total-P (m VI Total-N (q/1) NO, (m/1) -Sampling point Flow period Value Max Min Value Max Min Value Max Min Value Max Min Huangqian Dr 8.4 8.6 0.104 ____0.066 2.14 2.4 0.38 0.96 ChmangJliang (uls) Normal 7.38 7.1 6.6 0.131 0.207 0.066 2.25 1.96 1.71 0.66 1.05 0.88 ______Wet 8.2 7.1 0.551 0.117 1.09 1.79 _ _ 0.37 0.84 Cun Ton Dr- 8.2 9.8 7.5 0.152 0.114 0.043 2.19 2.2 1.2 0.32 0.96 0.54 Chang JIiang (dls) Normal 7.2 9.0 6.5 0.131 0.149 0.03 2.84 1.97 1.33 0.82 1.29 0.08 Wet 7.85 7.2 5.8 0.610 0.074 0.014 1.14 1.88 0.76 0.39 0.73 0.48

Bei Bei Dy 9.9 10.2 0.071 0.091 ___ 2.3 2.32 0.425 1.33 JialingJilang (u/s) Normal 7.25 7.1 6.8 0.081 0.226 0.103 2.93 2.34 1.68 0.75 1.18 1.10) Wet 7.7 6.2 0.143 __ 0.115 1.09 2.12 0.42 0.92

Malauzi Dr 9.8 0.104 __ ___ 1-93 ___ 045

Wu Jiang Normal 8.76 8.5 8.2 0.106 ____ 1.67 0.78 1.46 1.34 Wet 8.1 0.151 1.16 0.82 Class II sta-ndaord 6 6 6 0.1 0.1 0.1i 10 10 10 Class III standard 5 1 5 15 0.1 0.1 0.1 20 20 20

In this formulo:

PpH-singlefactor index of pH pHse-the lower limit of pH in SurfaceWater Quality pHsu-4he upper limit of pH in SurfaceWater Quality pHi--the actual value of pH at position j.

Evaluatingpattern for other pollutants:

C,'

1[nthis formula:

Pj'~-slnglefactor index of pollutant i at position Ci,7-the actual concentrationof pollutant i at position j(mg/L) C,s-the standard value of pollutant I (mg/L)

The following table is the result of this assessment.

Table BSingle factor index of evaluating system

Section Index PCODc %DOPBOD5 PTP PN POIL PNH3.N ydroxy PCoIftormn

Uppreac 73 0.8 053 39 0.74 094 0853 0.200 27.9 of Toohuaxi ______Wangiongm .66 ).36 ~147 1.15 ).67 .86 ~1853 ).200 27.9

TheYangtse -n river Chentan .61 )37 )48 1.63 D69 86 )803 D.200 24.7 Tongluoxio .69 )20 )60 2.50 3.56 .88 )803 D.200 20.0 Guangyong .87 05 64 1.91 3.78 1.03 .803 .200 18.0 ba

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The Jtolinjg Chiqikou 10.77 |D56 |.55 .74 11.11; 1.32 11.050 200 |16.3 riiver 3 1DQXIgOu 81 .61 .56 1.06 1.27 1.28 .847 .200 9.1

From the table above,we know that Pi of coliform is greater than 1.0 and Pi of TP is greater than 1.0 exceptat section of Chiqikou. The largestPi of TP has reached3.95 . Pi of Oil is also greater than 1.0 at sectionsof Guangyangba,Chiqikou and Daxigou with 1.03, 1.32, 1.28 respectively.Pi of NH3-N exceeds1.0 only at sectionof Chiqikou. The Pi of the rest factors is all below 1.0.

The result above showsthat water qualily of the part in city zone of the two river: Yangtseriver and Jialing river, has been seriouslycontaminated by organic pollutantsof coliform , TP,Oil, NH3-N.

Table9Atmosphere quality of Chongqing city zone in 1997 Monitoring Site Evoluatingindex mg/rm3

Items .a0

o a.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.

Annual overage concentrotion 0.19A 0.219 0.254 0D163 0210 3 (mg/ml) I Daily average concentration 0.044 to 0.026 to 0.035 to 0.009 to 0.023 to 3 (mg/mn ) 0.596 0.0649 0.909 0.474 0.538 Annual overage: D50, Percentageof excessof daily 65.495 72.327 76.328 55.161 67.419 0.06 averageconcentrotion %) Dailyaverage: 0.15 The largestmultiple of doily 2.971 3.329 5.063 2.160 2.587 average concentration Evaluatingindex 3.23 3.65 4.23 2.72 3.50 -Annual overoge concentration 0.081 0.059 0.050 0.059 0.083 (mg/m3) Daily average concentration 0.01300.23 0.01000.2 0.00900.1 0.01600.1 0.02100.23 3 (mg/mn) 9 38 65 45 1 Annual average: NO, Percentageof excessof daily 29.968 13.291 6.291 7.668 32.143 0.05 average concentration(%) I_Doily overage: 0.10 The largestmultiple of doily 1.389 1.384 0.648 0.447 1.310 average concentration Evaluatingindex 1.62 1.18 1.0 1.18 1.66 Annual average concentration 0.153 0.203 0.210 0.193 0.239 3 (mg/ 1) Doily average concentration 0.04200.59 0.03000.8 0.07000.5 0.05100.4 0.05700.88 (mg/m3) 5 91 75 93 8 Annual overage:

3TSP Percentageof excessof daily 9.211 21.356 13.986 10.963 24.742 0.20 average concentration(%) Daily average The largestmultiple of daily 0.982 1.971 0.915 0.643 1.959 0.30 average concentration Evaluatingindex 0.765 1.015 1.05 0.965 1.195

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According the table above,the range of annual average concentrationof SO2 iS 0.163-0.254 mg/m3, all value in every monitoring sitehas exceededthe evaluatingvalue with a multiple of 2.7-3.2 . The percentageof excessof daily averogeconcentration in each site is 55.161%-76.328% with the largest is 0.909 mg/m3. Annual averageconcentration of NOx is 0.050-0.083 mg/m3, all of them have exceededevaluating value exceptthe one in Nanping, which is the same as evaluatingvalue. The multiple is 0.18-0.66 . The percentageof excessof daily average concentrationof NOx is 6.291%-32.143%, the largestdaily average concentrationis 0.239 mg/mr3 with a multiple of 1.389 .

The range of annual averageconcentration of TSPis 0.153-0.239 . TSPin Jiefongbeiand Yangjiaping have meet the evaluatingstandard but the restthree could not do becauseof a multiple of 0.015-0.195 . The percentageof excessof daily averageconcentration is 9.211%-24.74%0the largestdaily averageconcentration is 0.888 mg/m3 0that is a multiple of 1.971

Evaluatingof the currentatmosRhere condition

Employthe single factor indexto assessatmosphere quality:

pi = C;

In the above formula

P,--quality index of pollutant i; C,-actual concentrationof pollutant i (mg/nin; S,-evaluating standard of pollutant i (mg/m3)

Evaluatingof currentatmosphere quality processedby combining the evaluatingindex calculatedfrom annul average concentrationwith the percentageof excessof doily average concentration.

From this table, it is known that evaluatingindex of 502 is between2.72-4.23, NOx is greater than 1.0 with the exceptionof Nanping, TSPis greater than 1.0 with the exceptionof Yangjiaping and Jiefangbei. Furthermore, we can concludethat the general area has been contaminatedby 502, NOx and TSPwith the most seriousis S02 .

Table 10 Monitoring result of the part of Yangtse river in Fuling district unit,mg/L Monitoring Section Standard No. item index value

0 0 0 Temperature Ronge 21OC-21.2 C 21 C -21.2 C 21DC -21.2 C 1 of water Averaqe 21.1°OC 21.° 21.2°C Range 7.78-7.92 7.72-7.96 7.76-7.93 . 2 fPH I Averoge 7.85 7;85, 7.84 6.5-8.5 Range 6.04-7.95 6.30-7.31 6.81-8.59 3 COD, Average 7.08 6.75 7.78 15.0 I______Multiple of standard 0 0 0 _

*100709/R6/dro-annE.doc August 1999 CEMRIS/SOGREAH Annex E - 9 Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overall Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Range 1.04-1.30 1.04-1.29 0.99-1.42 4 BOD, Average 1.21 1.13 1.18 4.0 ______Multiple of standard 0 0 0 Range 5.0-5.0 5.0-5.0 5.0-5.0 5 Chloride Average 5.0 5.0 5.0 250 ______Multiple of standard 0 0 0 Range 0.106-0.126 0.094-0.103 0.083-0.104 6 Total phosphor Averoge 0.117 0.097 0.094 0.1 Multiple of standard 0.17 0 0 Range 0.004-0.018 0.005-0.036 0.005-0.015 7 Total Cr Average 0.0095 0.0185 0.01 Multiple of standard Range 15.4-19.2 18.1-20.5 15.2-18.3 8 Sulfate Average 17.6 19.08 16.87 250 ______Multiple of standard 0 0 0 Range 0.317-0.824 0.293-0.532 0.267-0.584 9 K(N Average 0.556 0.42 0.408 1.0 ______Multiple of standard 0 0 0 Range 8.19-8.66 8.10-8.59 8.16-8.71 10 DO Averoge 8.45 8.35 8.44 -5 Multiple of standard 0 0 0 Range 0.004-0.015 0.006-0.011 0.005-0.011 11 NH3-N Average 0.0103 0.0082 0.0072 0.02 ______Multiple of standard 0 0 0 Range 0.71-0.75 0.65-0.75 0.61-0.72 12 Nitrate Average 0.72 0.689 0.685 20 Multiple of standard 0 0 0 Volatile Range 0.001-0.001 0.001-0.001 0.001-0.001 13 hydroxybenzen Average 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.005 e Multiple of standard 0 0 0 _. Range 0.0001- 0.0001-0.0001 0.0001- 14 Total Hg Average 0.0001 0.0001 0.05 Multiple of standard 0 0001 0 0.000 Range 0.002-0.015 0.002-0.034 0.004-0.013 15 Cr)6 Average 0.0078 0.0163 0.0082 0.05 Multiple of standord 0 0 0 Range 0.02-0.02 0.02-0.02 0.02-0.03 16 loil Average 0.02 0.02 0.025 0.05 I______=Multiple of standard 0 0 0 Range 0.17-0.20 0.17-0.18 0.17-0.18 17 Fluoride Average 0.185 0.177 0.175 1.0 ______Multiple of standard 0 0 0 Range ~~~0.036-0.1820.032-0.043 0.039-0.051 18 Copper Average 0.106 0.038 0.043 1.0 ______Multip Liof standard 0 0 0 Range 0.053-0.197 0.059-0.235 0.052-0.135 19 Zinc Average 0.12 0.11 0.087 1.0 ______Multiple of standard 0 0 0 _ Range . 6.49-9.78 6.93-9.0 4.79-8.27 20 Dissolvediron Average 8.14 8.03 6.95 0.5 ______Multiple of standard 15.28 15.06 12.9 Range 0.805-0.968 0.8472-0.966 0.851-0.908 21 Mn Average 0.915 0.916 0.887 0.5 Multiple of standard 0.83 0.77 2.5x107_ 1.5x102. 1.7x102- Bacteria Range 1.1x103 3.8-102 3.6- 102 22 Average 5.38x102 2.33 x 102 2.7 x 102 (ilL) ~~Multipleof standard

_~~~~~~~~~~ 1. 105-i 7.1l~~~~ -155- 1 .l -105- Coliform Range 3.5x10 1J.8X105 9.4x10 15 23 (I Average 2.42x105 1.53 x 105 2.85x105 10000 Multiple ofstanard 23.2 14.3 27.5 Note ; the average of unchecked item is half of the checking limit.

100709/R6/dro-onnE.doc August 1999 CEMRIS/SOGREAH Annex E -1 0 Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overall Environmental impact Assessment Report

Table 11: Average values (1990, 1995, 1996) of water quality parameters

Station River Year DO BOD5 COD pH SS NH3 NO3 T. Coli.

______mg A mg/l / _mg/l mg/I mg/l Co./i 1990 7.8 2.4 3.0 8.03 0.74 0.78 Upstream Chang 1995 7.5 1.4 2.4 8.06 191.7 0.009 1.24 65,000 Fuling (1) Jiang ______Fuiing (1) Jiong__ 1996 7.35 1.86 2.61 7.98 193.4 0.009 1 .403 70,000 1990 7.8 1.9 2.9 8.06 264.4 0.72 0.71 Urban Fuling Chong 1995 7.5 1.4 2.4 8.05 210 0.009 1.24 175,000 (2) Jiong 1996 7.24 1.58 2.57 7.90 171.8 0.011 1.387 72,000 1990 7.9 1.6 2.5 8.09 0. 77 0.79 Downstream Chang 1995 7.7 1.5 2.3 8.11 186.1 0.01 1.28 29,000 Fuling (3) Jiong I 1996 7.27 1.86 2.53 7.91 196.1 0.008 1.42 41,000 1990 8.5 1.2 1.7 8.23 0.05 1.34 Wu in Fuling Wu Jiong 1995 8.5 1.1 1.5 8.14 42.0 0.012 1.41 48,000 1996 8.22 1.17 1.68 8.25 41.1 0.007 1 457 29,000 Ciass II standard 6 3 4 6.5-8.5 0.02 10 1 .10' Class III standard 5 4 6 6.5-8.5 0.02 20 1 .10 Note: overstandard parametersfor Class Ill are shown[Bola and those for Class 11only ore shown underlined Table 12: Average values from 1996 (18 samples) of water quality parameters

Station River AS Hg Cr Pb Cn Cd Oil mg /1 mg/I mg/I mg/iI g/l mg/l mg/I Upstream Chang 0.004 0.03 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.0005 0.047 Fuling (1) Jiang Urban Fuling Chang 0.004 0.03 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.0005 0.025 ..2) Jiang Downstream Chang 0.004 0.03 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.0005 0.058 Fuling (3) Jiang _ Wu in Fuling Wu Jiang 0.004 0.03 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.0005 0.025 Closs li standord 0.05 0.00005- 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.005 0.05 Class Ill standard 0.05 0.0001 0.05 0.05 0.2 0.005 0.05

Table 13: Average values of monitoring results from 3 sections of Chang Jiang in Wanzhou during the three sampling periods in 1995.

Station River Period DO BODs COD pH SS NH3 NO3 T. Coli.

mg /l mg/l mg/l |_ | mg/l mg/l mg/l Co./l 1 March 95 8.45 1.07 1.72 7.87 8.39 0.0009 0.62 90 Tuo Kou Chang Aug. 95 5.18 0.96 4.88 7.95 1823 0.027 0.9 92.5 Jioang ______Jiang N.Nov95 8.17 0.81 2.42 8.04 161 0.024 0.61 275 2 March 95 8.47 1.04 1.77 7.82 7.94 0.001 0.65 93 Hong Sho Ze Chang Aug. 95 5.4 1.27 5.03 8 .02 1833 0.027 0.85 94 Jiang Nov. 95 8.29 0.94 2.32 8.1 174 0.02 0.56 2300 3 March 95 8.39 1.14 1.73 7.88 8.94 0.001 0.62 180 Shai Wang Chang Aug. 95 5.45 0.86 4.92 8.01 1782 0.03 0.84 183 B a Jioang _ _ I___ I___ I_ I__I _ _ I_I B Nov. 95 7.94 1.32 2.44 8.08 185 0.019 0.51 984 Class ll standard 6 3 4 6.5-8.5 |_ | 0.02 10 1.104 Class Ill standard 5 4 6 6.5-8.5 | | 0.02 20 | 1.104 Note: overstandard parametersfor Ciass IlIl are shown 5oIodland those for Class It only are shown underlined

100709/R6/drc-annE.doc August 1999 CEMRIS/SOGREAH Annex E -11 Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overall Environmentol Impact Assessment Report

Table 14: Average valuesof monitoring resultsfrom 3 sectionsof ChangJiang in Wanzhou duringthe three samplingperiods in 1995. Station River Period AS Hg Cr Pb Cn Cd Oil _ mcmg /l mg/i mg/l mg/l mg/i 1 Morch 95 0.0035 0.000025 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.0005 0.025 Tuo Kou Chang Aug. 95 0.035 0.000025 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.0005 0.025 lao 2Kou Nov.. 95 0.0:: 0.000025 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.0005 0.025 MNov.95 0.035 0.000025 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.0005 0.025

Hong ShoZe Chang Aug. 95 0.035 0.000025 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.0005 0.025 Jiong Nov.9S50 0.035 0.000025 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.0005 0.04 3 March95 0.0035 0.000025 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.0005 0.025 Shoi Wang Chang Aug. 95 0.035 0.000025 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.0005 0.025 Ba .Jiang______Nov. 95 0.035 0.000025 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.0005 0.025 I Class ll standard 0.05 0.00005 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.005 0.05 Ciass III standard 0.05 0.0001 0.05 0.05 0.2 0.005 0.05 Table 15: Averagevalues of monitoringresults from 3 sectionsof LongBao river in Wanzhouduring the three samplingperiods in 1995.

Station River Period DO BOD5 COD pH SS NH3 NO3 T. Coli. (Mn______mg /1gA / mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/I Co./l March95 6.55 1.83 3.87 7.5 10.2 0.0007 0.132 9600 1 Long Boo Aug. 95 6.28 4.42 2.65 8.17 109.8 0.03 0.358 9600

______Nov 95 8.33 | 0.73 2.05 8.12 33.7 0.015 0.472 9600 March 95 7.15 7.98 7.38 7.31 16.5 0.0025 0.103 9600 2 LongBoo Aug.95 6.54 1.18 3.38 8.16 107 0.033 0.17 9600 I______Nov. 95 7.34 1.37 2.56 8.11 30.3 0.03 0.582 9600 March 95 0.0 775 24.36 7.38 40.5 0.045 0.161 123800 3 LongBoo Aug.95 3.1 55.5 6.09 7.68 89 0.985 0.183 123800 Nov. 95 2.9 7150.8 25.6 8.08 36.3 5.528 0.351 | 23800 Class II standard 6 3 4 6.5-8.5 0.02 10 1.10' Class Illistandard 5 4 6 6.5-8.5 0.02 20 1.10' Note: overstandard porametersfor Class IlIl ore shown[So/dI and thosefor Closs II only are shownunderlined Table 16: Average values of monitoringresults from 3 sectionsof LongBoo river in Wanzhouduring the three samplingperiods in 1995. | Station River Period AS Hg Cr Pb Cn Cd Oil

L______i__i __j mg /I mg/ g j mg/I mg/I mg/I [ mg/i March95 0.0035 0.000025 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.0005 0.068 | 1 | Long Boo Aug. 95 0.002 0.000025 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.0005 0.068

______rNov. 95 0.0035 0.000025 0.002 0.007 0.002 0.0005 0.025 | March95 0.0035 0.000025 |0.002 0.005 0.0025 0.0005 0.715 2 Long Boo I Aug. 95 0.002 0.000025 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.0005 0.7 1 i______Nov. 95 0.0035 0.000025 0.002 0.007 0.002 0.0005 0.067 March 95 0.0035 0.000025 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.0005 0.158 3 Long Boo Aug. 95 0.003 0.000025 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.0005 0.154

______Nov. 95 0.0035 0.000025 0.002 10.007 0.002 0.0005 0.777 Class II standard j 0.05 0.00005 I0.05 0.05 005 0.005 0.05 Class IlIlstandard |_ | 0.05 0.0001 |0.05 0.05 0.2 0.005 0.05 Note: overstandard parametersfor Class IlIlore shown[Boid) and thosefor Class ll only are shown underlined

100709/R6/dro-annE.doc August 1999 CEMRIS/SOGREAH Annex E -12 Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overall Environmental Impact AssessmentReport

This fable showsthat the most seriouspollution is iron and coliform becauseof its excessin every section , and total phosphor exceedsat section 1. The rest itemsare qualified with the third kind water listed in GB3838-88.

Evaluotinaof surfacewater

Evaluatingmethod and pattern is the same as which used in the main city zone.

The percentageof excessof total phosphor of section 1, 2 and 3 are 100%, 33% and 17% respectively.The indexof Mn is 1.83, 1.83 and 1.77 respectively;percentage of excessis 100%.The index of coliform is 24.2, 15.3 and 28.5 respectively;percentage of excessis 100%. The index of the restfactors are all below 1.0 .Thereforethe water area is largely polluted by coliform, iron, Mn, phosphor and Hg, among of which coliform, iron, Mn and phosphor is no longer satisfythe third kind water listed in GB3838-88.

100709/R6/dra-annE.doc August1999 CEMRIS/SOGREAH Annex E - i App E-i Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Report

Table 17 Single factor index evaluating of water quality of the Yangtse river in Fuling district

Se Index | Su K NH Nir H uor olve t clif Inn x p D rd ate Oat V T9Cr .6Oil Cu Zn d Mn aTC on D D e ofe ~~~~~~~3-Nat de (ereria arm auS Percenta 100 100 100 100 ge .1 0 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 o 0 excess - - - -- _ 7.8 7.0 1.2 0.1 17. 0.5 8.4 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 8.1 0.9 242 0.0 Average 5 8 1 5.0 17 6 6 5 1.3 2 01 001 08 2 85 06 2 4 15 538 000 095 Pi +0.50.4 0.3 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.0 02 '0 0.1 04 0.1 0.1 0.1 16. 1.8 24. __ 7 72 2 7 7 6 2 2 4 __6 9 1 2 28 3 __ 2 - Percenta 3 100 100 100 geof 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 excessI II 7.8 6.7 1.1 0.0 19. 0.4 8.3 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 8.0 0.9 233 153 0.0 Averoge 5 5 3 5.0 97 1 2 5 082 9 01 001 16 2 77 38 1 3 16 33 000 185 _Pi 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.2 1.0 0.3 0 O104 0.0 0.1 16. 1.8 15. _ _ 7 5 3 2 7 8 2 4 1 35 I2 0.8 38 1 06 3 I_ 3 Percenta 17 100 100 100 geof 0 0 0 0 % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 excess I 7.8 7.7 1.1 5.0 0.0 16. 0.4 8.4 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 6.9 0.8 270 285 0.0 Average 8 ~t48 94 9 1 4 072 9 01 001 08 25 75 43 9 5 87 7 000 i 60.5 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.2 1.0 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 13. 1.7 28. 6 2 2 4 7 1 2 6 35 6 8 43 19 9 7 - Note: VH is volatile hydroxybenzene

100709/R6/dra-annE.doc August 1999 Auqust 1999 CEMRIS/SOGREAH Annex E - ii App E-ii Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Report

Table 18: Surface water monitoring result and evaluation

hIem pH dne DO BO NH NO H THg Oil SsD5 3 3-N ~~~~6 ide ride TP atesulf DCr Ieria orm

7.8 6.6 8.3 1.5 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 5.0 0.0 18. 7.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.9 5.9 2.7 4.9 2 1 6 6 05 2 01 001 02 02 6 0 82 1 5 94 52 77 85 1 x20 xl0 __ __~~~~~~~ __ __2 4 7.8 6.7 8.2 1.5 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 5.0 0.0 20. 7.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.9 5.2 2.5 9.4 2 6 1 8 6 05 2 01 001 02 02 7 0 77 2 1 92 59 92 85 5 x10 x10 __ __ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~24 SeCion1 7.8 6.4 8.4 1.7 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 5.0 0.0 19. 7.9 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.7 6.2 2.4 1.1 3 7 4 7 05 6 01 001 02 02 6 0 88 2 5 73 59 70 61 4 ______~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~35 Aver 7.8 6.6 8.3 1.6 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 5.0 0.0 19. 7.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.9 5.8 9.7 8.4 XlO xl0 age 4 0 6 3 05 0 01 001 02 02 6 0 82 2 4 38 57 80 10 0 2 4 Pi 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.5 0.8 0.0 0.0 9 1 1 8. Pi6 _ 1 4 5 0 0 - 0 0 6 2 2 8 2 8 6 8 9.1 82 7.7 6.4 8.2 1.1 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 5.0 0.0 19. 10. 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.6 6.1 1.7 1 8 5 5 4 09 4 01 001 10 02 7 0 94 6 4 47 4 95 89 3 xlO

7.7 6.5 8.3 1.3 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 5.0 0.0 19. 6.7 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.8 7.0 8.8 1.2 2 5 4 0 9 110 9 01 001 11 02 7 0 91 2 4 49 44 06 93 2 2x10 x10

7.8 6.4 8.3 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 5.0 0.0 20. 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.7 5.7 2.3 1.4 Section11 3 2 0 8 1 07 1.0 01 001 12 02 6 0 779.2 38 44 83 98 6 3 5_

Aver 7.7 6.4 8.3 1.2 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 5.0 0.0 19. 8.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.7 6.3 2.8 1.4 age 8 6 1 5 09 1 01 001 11 02 7 0 87 8 9 11 43 95 93 0 2 5

0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.0 16. 1.2 Pi 2 2 2 5 0 0 - 0 0 7 2 7 8 9 2 4 01 79 6 0 14

Sc8383d-88 6.5- 2 10 02 50x 0.0 050 1.0 250 0.1 250 15 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.5 00 Note: VH represent volatile hydroxybezene.

100709/R6/droa-nnE.doc August 1999 August 1999 CEMRIS/SOGREAH Annex E -iii App E-ii Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Repori

Table 19 Surface water monitoring result and evaluation I Har 80 NO~~B fluor chlo sulfa Cu Znc Fc Mi ilem pH dnes DO 6 pH ~~~~05NH, -NNO 3 VH THg Cr' TCr Oil ide ride TP le DOCO KN ersaba ormnceorlr

7681 639 8.50 1.40 0.00 097 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.18 500 0.08 15.6 6.88 0.54 0.06 552 0.74 11.5 4.6" 6 6.2 8.b 1.4 4 o 1 01 4 7 - 3 166 .9 8 601 2 5.2 1 103 10'

7S8 6.2 8.6 1.4 0.0 0.9 0.00 0. 40.00 0.1 5.00 0.0 15. 7.9 0.3 0.0 1 51 068 1.6 7.9 P; 0.8 3 1 6 0.3 6 1 0. 1 08 2 8 70.79 4 5 80 68 45 2 074 A

7.9 6.2 8.3 1.3 0.01 0.9 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.1 00 16. 7.6 0.6 0.0 0.1 5.2 0.7 1.4 9.4 Se2tia Sectio 3 4 5.00 XIO~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1"10 at1 2 2 3 1 1 2 1 01 6 2 7 5.0 90 6 3 14 47 127 6 20 3

Aver 7.8 6.2 8.4 1.3 0.0 0.9 0.00 0.00 0. 0. 0 500 0. 15. 7.4 0.5 0.0 0.1 5.3 0.7 7.3 4 ~~0.18 "M0-10 age 9 8 8 9° 00007 1 3 8°4 9 2 11 59 13 0 5

Pi 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.08 0.6 0.1 0°0 0.8 0.0 0.A 10 0.0 0.1 10. 7.6 7.3 F_ 9 _ 8 6 0 0 0 0 8 2 4 6 9 6 1 6 7 . 0.0012 70 7.8 6.3 8.1 1.3 0.0 1.0 0.00 0.00 0 0.02 10 0.0 15. 7.6 0.4 0.0 0.1 5.4 0 7 1. 7.0 4 8 9 4 0 4 4 1 0 1 0 7 508 8 4 3 90 49 0 3 8 7'7 3 - -. 0 August 1999 u2.2 1.8 7.8 .105.9 8.4 1.4 0.0 0.9 0.00 0.00 0.0 0 0/1 d0a0 15. 9.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 5.4 0.7 "10 2 7 4 6 0 04 9 1 0 1 09 0.2 5.003 3 9 6 4 42 90 9 82 Sectio 7 6. 86 .5 0.0 0.9 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.1 0.0 14. 8.5 0.5 0.0 0.1 5.5 0.8 2. 11 nIl 3 8 .1 8- .. . . 0.02 5.00 . 10 "10 n 11 3 5 2 1 9 04 1 1 01 12 7 89 5 9 81 3 08 4 19 5

aver 7.8 6.1 8.4 1.4 0.0 0.9 0.00 0.0 00 0 0.0 0.02 0.1 5.00 0.0 15. 8.4 0.5 0.0 0.1 5.5 0.7 1.8 1.4 age 5 5 2 4 04 8 1 01 10 7 87 1 4 45 42 00 0 93 5

05 0.30. 0.20. 0.5 01 - 00 00 4 00 0 - - 1- Pi 7 9 3 0 0 0 _ 0 7 2 7 6 6 1.1 ~ 0 o 791 --e-el--T--7§e-cnd 6 3 0.0 10 0.0 -1 0.05 0 1.0 250 0.1 250 115 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.1 00 of GB3838-88 8.5 202 0 ~ 5 .…… ……- Note: VH represent volatile hydroxybezene.

100709/R6/dro-annE,doc August 1999 August 1999 CEMRIS/SOGREAH Annex E -iv App E-iv Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Report

Table 20 Surface water monitoring result and evaluation

Item pH hard DO BO NH, NO, VH THg C06 TCr Oil ide chlo TP sl CO KN Cu Zn Fe M ena orm

1 7.9 6.49 8.08 1.21 0.00 0.68 0(00 0.00 000 0°00 0.02 0.17 5.00 0.04 19.2 11.4 0.63 0.05 0.11 14.4 0.80 1.8x Ilix 1 ~ ~ __ 5 1 01 2 6 __9 . * 3 5 6 5 7 lo, lo, 7.9 6.4 8.4 1.3 0.0 0.6 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.1 01 19. 12. 0.4 0.0 0.1 14 0.8 2.3 7xi 4 7 2 3 05 7 1 01 07 2 87 05 6 1 93 61 23 53 62 2 4

nectio 7.9 6.2 8.3 1.4 0.01 0.7 0.00 0.00 06° 0.00 0.0 0.1 5. 0.1 17. 10. 0.6 0.0 0.1 15. 0.9 2.0 710 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~3 2 5 1 3 ~~~~~~~~~51 01 9 2 8 08 5 8 80 72 08 54 02 2

Aver 7.9 6.4 8.2 1.3 0.0 0.6 0.00 0.00 06 00 0.0 0.0 18. 8I. 0.6 0.0 0.1 14. 0.8 10 03 07 50010 '10 age 3 0 7 3 07 9 1 O1 0 7 2 75.009 8 4 02 63 16 82 55 A P 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.1 00 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.1 29. 2 3 4 5 7 0 __6 0 7 2 0.9 8 6 1? 6 1 68 8.86

7.8 6.6 8.4 1.4 0.0 0.7 0.00 0.0 . 0.0 .10 50 0.0 19. 2 0.3 0.0 0.1 16. 0.9 =10 100 9 1 0 2 04 5 1 01 0 4 8 2 38 61 23 30 34 x 100709/R6tdro00 0n5 00.o Augu 19 72 13 00 01 13A 2. 1.8 2 6.2 06 00 002 0.1 0 ...... 03 X110 viD 636 05 2 1 01 I11 6 .095 6 5 69 54 04 67 0 2 5 Sectlo - -. ~~~~~~~- - - - -…- I 7.9 1.3~I Sectio 7.8 6.4 7.8 1.6 0.0 0.6 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.001 0.1 18. 8.4 0.4 0.0 0.1 13.79 13 nu11 06 0.02 5.00 "110 sl0 3 2 2 3 08 4 1 01 08 7 60 8 6 93 61 76 15 2 5

Aver 7.8 6.4 8.1 1.4 0.0 0.6 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.1 0.0 19. 8.3 0.4 0.0 0.1 14. 0.9 3.8 1.6 age 6 2 I~ 2 ~ 7 Tal 06 2I 0 olto1 01 sorcI 10 Ieo 026 Ioninin 5.00 94 2 In1 1997100 59 34 37 32 3'1 '1 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 05 0 0.0 0.1 28.1 Pi_ 7_ __ 7 9 0 6 0 2 __ 0 6 2 0.9 8 5 0 6 3 74' 9_3_ Secondievet 6.5- 6 3 0.0 10 .0 5x1 0.0 0.0 1.0 250 0.1 250 15 0.5 1.0 1. 05 0.10 otG83838-888.5 __ ~ ~1 ~ 02 ~~204 5 _ 5 , 0 100 Note: VH represent volatile hydroxybezene.

Table 21 Pollution source near Qianiiang County In 1997

Exhaust oas Waste water 1999 -~Augus Auust-199

10070?/R6/dra-annE .docAust19Agst99 CEMRIS/SOGREAH Annex E - v App E-v Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Report

QianjiongJuanyanfaclory 8446 633450 16892 4400 528 52800 52800 3197 2534 663 | QianjiangPijiu factory 1200 90000 11200 98700 118440 39480 360 360 | _ - QioniiangRoupu fac1ory 120 10200 1600 1 0 51190 0 36 36 QianliangXioonanhai 1050 78750 631180121800 50750 7000 2534 2954 JiancoiYouxian corp. SichuanJiole Riyong HuagongGufen Youxion 150 11250 150 360 90000 1350 54 45 corp. QionjiangxianShuini 1297 97276 7782 150454 50250 8647 3300 3300 factory . . _. QianjiongYouxian Zeren 120 9000 720 425 36 Fuhefeifactory 120 9000 204 _2.7 ._ QianjiangXionFukao 700 52500 4200 5950 210 factory .. .___.___.__ QinpiangxionShiping 36 2700 216 2975 3000 10.8 Yingliaofactory__ ZhongguoShiping Corp. QianjiangTujiazu 50 3750 300 1700 19800 15 MiaozuZizhixionCorp. ._ _ _ QionjiangTujiazu Miaozu 13 975 78 3965 47 79.3 162.5 ZizhixianLiangyou Corp. QianjiangTujiazu Miaozu ZizhixianGuoying 100 7500 600 5100 1625 30 Liangzhaofactory __ . SichuanQionjiong HongyonYingshua 2550 ZhuanghuanYouxian Corp. QianjiangTujiozu Miaozu ZizhixionQiche Daxiu 120 9000 720 36 factory . . _ QionjiangTongyong Jixie 200 15000 1200 60

1 factory ______Total 13602 1021351 41558 . 140619 2352825 285744 109277 10101.3 8869 663

100709/R6/dra-annE.doc August 1999 August 1999 CEMRI$/SOGREAH Annex E - i Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overoll Environmentalimpact Assessment Report

Table 22 Water quality monitoring & single factor index assessment Unit of concentration;mg/L Sompling Xiaonanhoireservoir In frontof damof Evaluating site Index - A pond DongtongShuikubo standard Index . - GB3838-88 Item average Pii overage Pij average Pil (tpe Illi Cl 5.0 0.02 -5.67 0.023 0.17 0.0007 250 TP 0.176 3.52 0.111 1.11 0.015 0.3 =0.1 TotalCr 0.004 0.0091 -0.05 SO 2- 7.45 0.0298 8.38 0.0335 1.75 0.007 =250 COD,, 15.6 1.04 13.22 0.88 =15 KN 0.256 0.256 0.351 0.351 <=1 PH 7.89 0.593 7.76 0.51 7.33 0.22 6.5-8.5 Hardness 2.09 4.79 21.5 DO 7.80 0.27 8.02 0.21 8.1 0.19 -5 BOD, 1.94 0.485 1.94 0.485 1.05 0.263 -4 NH3-N 0.006 0.3 0.0138 0.69 0.00046 0.023 -0.02 NON-N 0.26 0.013 0.723 0.0362 0.31 0.016 -20 VH 0.001 0.2 0.001 0.2 0.001 0.2 =0.005 TotalHg 0.0001 1 0.0001 1 0.00002 0.2 =0.0001 Cr", 0.0033 0.0066 0.0074 0.0148 0.002 0.004 =0.5 Oil 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.04 =0.05 F- 0.08 0.08 0.0911 0.0911 0.2 0.2 <=1.0 Bacteria(1/LI 14 867 136 Coliforrn(1/L1 73.3 0.0073 1.9x1.0 1.9 158 0.0158 -=10000 Note: VH representvolatile hydroxybezene.

Table 23 Water quality of Qianjiang river Unit of concentrotion3mg/l

Monitoring Factor P S Hadns DO COD~ NN3.- NOr ONc date Sectin Index N N N3NC6 Boizi Average 8.16 32.0 4.71 9.2 1.9 0.012 0.004 0.00 0.002 qiao Pij 0.77 | j 0.32 0-6 0.027 0.004 -Cheng Average 7.96 76.0 5.27 7.6 2.3 0.007 0 003 0.00 0.002

97.3.12 bei Pij 0.64 - _ j _ 0.38 0.35 0.02 0.004 Liang Average 8.05 81.0 5.16 8.8 |2.7 0.022 0.03 0.00 0.002 Chahe Pi 0.7 _ _ _ | 0.45 1.1 0.02 0.004 Xiaba Average 8.07 58.0 5.61 7.0 4.0 0.312 0.380 0.40 0.002 Pii 1 0.71 1 i _ 1 0.67 15.6 2.53 0.02 0.004 Baizi Averoge 8.23 20.0 4.40 7.6 1.6 0.015 0.003 0.02 0.002 qioo Pii 0.82 _ _ _ _ 0.27 0.75 0.02 0.001 0.004 Cheng Average 8.18 17.0 7.18 8.0 1.9 0.21 0.006 0.02 0.002 be7 Pij 1 0.79 | _ _ I 0.32 1.05 0.04 0.001 0.004 97.8.13 L Average 8.18 30.0 5.16 8.0 2.0 0.021 0.016 0.01 0.002

Chahe Pij 0.79 0.33 1.05 0.11 0.000 0.004 Xiabo Average 7.41 45.0 6.06 6.2 4.8 1 0.017 0.151 0.28 0.002 1 XloPii 10.27 0.8 0.85 1.01 0.014 0.004 l 1 1~~~~~~~6.5 Evaluatingstandard |-8. |5 |6 | 02 s0.1 520 s.5

100709/R6/dra-annE.doc August 1999 CEMRIS/SOGREAH Annex E - i App E-i Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall EnvironmenialImpact Assessment Report

Table 24 Monitoring result & single factor index assessment of Long river In Shexhu county In 1996-1998 0 (saturatedDO at 16C is 9.95) unit :mg/L(except pH) Monitoring 1c 1Item17T TT Dote°dSedon Inex pH SS DO COD SOD, Cr6 NH3-N nitrite Indexof permanganate Seclion1' Average 6.5 15.5 8.05 13.6 1.07 0.025 0.001 0.025 3.38 SingleFactor Index 1 0.38 0.91 0.27 0.5 0.05 0.17 0.56 96.4 Seclion2' Average 6.66 64.5 6.86 14.9 1.84 0.038 0.004 0.068 3.74 SingleFactor Index 0.68 0.62 0.99 0.46 0.76 0.2 0.45 0.62 Section3' Average 6.49 32.9 8.07 13.6 1.63 0.029 0.005 0.064 2.59 SingleFactor Index 1.02 0.38 0.91 0.41 0.58 0.25 0.43 0.43 SectionI Average 7.63 5.83 8.70 6.12 0.50 0.014 0.020 0.011 2.70 SingleFactor Index 0.42 0.25 0.41 0.13 0.28 1 0.073 0.45 97.4 Secli1n2' Average 7.31 21.3 7.79 12.5 2.32 0.017 0.020 0.026 3.64 SingleFactor Index 0.21 0.44 0.83 0.58 0.34 1 0.173 0.61 Sedion3 Average 7.43 84.5 7.81 16.1 0.73 0.014 0.016 0.025 3.60 SingleFactor Index 0.29 0.43 1.07 0.18 0.28 0.8 0.17 0.60 Se.liol, Average 7.96 222.8 8.04 1.16 0.01 0.01 0.67 Seclionl' SingleFactor Index 0.64 0.39 0.29 0.2 0.067 0.11 98.4 Secfion2' Average 7.77 150.4 7.89 2.07 0.01 .. _ 0.02 1.95 98.4______SingleFactor Index 0.51 1 0.42 0.52 0.2 0.13 0.33 Average 7.83 91.8 7.87 1 1.84 0.01 0.017 1.89 _Seclion3' SingleFaclor Index 0.55 - 0.42 - 0.46 0.2- 0.11 0.32

100709/R6/dra-annE.doc August 1999 August 1999

CEMRI/SOGREAH Annex F Chongqing UrbanEnvironment Project Overall EnvironmentImpact Assessment Report

PEOPLE'SREPUBLIC OF CHINA CHONGQINGMUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT

CHONGQINGURBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT DESIGNREVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES

OVERALLENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

ANNEX F SUPPORTING MODELLING RESULTS

100709/R6/R6 AnnexRev.doc August 1999

CEMRI/SO5REAH App F-1 Chongqing! Urban Environment Project Overall Environmentol Impact Assessment Report

ANNEX F

DHI Model and Its Parameter and Forecast Targets

MIKEI1 HydrodynamicModel (HD)

MIKE11hydrodynamic model (HD) is a one-dimensionmodel. It is establishedbased on continue equation and vertical integral equationthat is Saint Vernant equation

-+- q (4-1) ax at

.aQ+ ( X ) agh+ -0 (4-2) at ax ax C2 AR

Where Q = discharge, m3s'1 A = flow section, m2 q = side discharge, m2s-1 H = water level of aquifer, m C = Chezy resistant coefficient, m112 s-4, m112/s (use Manning Equation)

C =RX n

R = hydrodynamic or resistant radius, m a = distribution constant of momentum

This equation can be solved through two-way scan hide limited formation.

MIKEWater Quality(WQ)

MIKE11 model is used in researchof general sanitary parameter.The change of organic compound and its internal relationshipare considered,including degradation of organic compound, oxygenof photosynthesis,breath of animal and plant, exchangebetween oxygen in water and air, suspendsolid, exchangebetween BOD and organic compound in sludge of river bottom. Change of pollutant is affectsby externalfactors suchas temperature,sunshine ond wastewaterdischarge.

MIKE 21 IHydrodynamic Model

MIKE 21model is the base model of whole MIKE 21 system.The model includescontinue equation and momentumequation:

a@ + ap + q = S- e (4-3) at ax ay

100709/R6/dra-aonnF.doc August 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH App F-2 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall EnvironmentalImpact AssessmentRepori

op+a (p )+ pq( +g + 2h h+ haP0 ar C h o- h 94 d pp (4-4)

-q-2Eoho&)--pE @h (-&+-)+-IF, =Si

(4-5)

where: E (x,y,t) -- surface wave of water body (m) 2 p (x,y,t) -- discharge density in X axis (m /s) 2 q (x,y,t) -- discharge density in Y axis (m /s) h (x,y,t) -- water depth (m) S-- source value of unit level area (mis) Si, i,Y-- impulse value of source X and Y axis (m2 /s2 ) e -- evaporation rate (m/s) 2 g -- acceleration of gravity (mis ) C -- Chezy resistant constant (m'/s) f -- resistant coefficient of wind V, V,, V\ (x,y,t) -- sub-velocity of wind in X and Y axis (m/s) P. (x,y,t) -- air pressure (kg/m/s 2 ) (p. -- density of water (kg/m 3) 1 52 -- Chezy constant (depend on latitude) (s5) 2 E (x,y) -- momentum diffusion coefficient (m /s) x,y -- apace coordinate (m) t -- time (s) i, Fr -- component of wave stress

MIKE21 Transfer-diffusion Model (AD)

MIKE2 1 model is used to simulate movement of dissolved compound or suspend solid in convection and diffusion. The control equation is called as transfer-diffusion equation:

(hC) + (pC) + (qC) = at ax ay _ _ ~~~~~~~~~(4-6)

CX (h - x )+jh 0 ,0

where C -- concentration of compound (any unit) h,p,q-- as above Dy, Dy -- diffusion coefficient in X and Y axis (m 2 /s) F -- liner failing coefficient (1ls)

S -- QQ*(C5-C) 3 2 Q5-- source or catchment volume of unit level area (m /s/m ) Cs---compound concentration of source

100709/R6/dro-annF.doc August 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH App F-3 Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overall Environmental Impact Assessment Report

MIKE 21 Water Model (WQ) MIKE 21 model includes transmit-diffusion model. It can simulate reaction of multiple elements. Concentration and movement of pollutants will be affected many factors such as sunshine, salt content, temperature and discharge. In general, reliability of simulation results depends on load and bounder conditions and background concentration. The accuracy of simulation results depends on size and space of net.

Estimation of Model Parameter and Identification of Model

The model is identified by 1987'hydrological data in rich water period and dry period , and verified by 1994' hydrological data in rich water period and dry period . Water quality is identified and verified by 1995' pollution load. a) One-diimensionModel (MIKE11)

The upper reachesand lower reachesbounders of model are located in Zhutuo and Qingxichang, apart from 274 km, in addition including two branches:Jailing Riverlower reaches (60km ) and Wujiang lower reaches(70.63 km). Model used dischargeand water level of Qingxichang Stationas bounder conditionsof lower reaches.

Having compared the simulateddischarge of 1987's and real monitoring value, simulatedwater level and real monitoring level, the simulateddischarge tallied with monitoring accumulated discharge. The differencebetween them is lessthan 11%.When verify model using 1993 to 1994' simulated dischargeand real discharge,the former tallied with the later as same as simulated water level and monitoring level, differencebetween them is lessthan 2%.

The model has been verified based on 1994'hydrodunamicconditions and 1995' load. It also was verified using many data from five stationsin YangzteRiver and two stationsin .ialing River.

There are some monitoring data of Coliform in rich water period and dry period in 1996 and 1997 but 1995, so it is impossibleto verified by 1995' data. Compared roughlythese real monitoring data with 1994' simulatedfigure, simulatedresult was lower 5-20 times than real monitoring figure. The reason is that the real figure was total Coliform-group bacteria, while calculated figure was only nightsoilcoliform. The colligorm-group bacteriafigure of lower reaches-'-Cuntan Stationwas higher 3-8 times than that of upper reaches--Huangqian Station, it was that pollution load in urban region caused it. There was the highest record about Coliform in Jialing River,it is close to simulatedfigure. So the real value can be replaced by simulatedfigure that multiple 10 times. There was no monitoring data about 1995' phosphorus,it is impossibleto verify by 1995' data. There were monitoring data about TP in 1997' normal, rich water and dry periods. The Mean concentrationsof TPin 1997/1996' three periods in YangtzeRiver and Jialing Riverwere calculated as following:

Cuntan : mean concentration: 0.100 mg/I;

minimum concentration: 0.068 mg/I; maximum concentration: 0.149 mg/I.

Daxigou: imean concentration: 0.070 mg/I;

100709/R6/dro-annF.doc August 1999 CEMRI/SOGREAH App F-4 Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject Overall EnvironmentalImpact AssessmentReport

minimum concentration: 0.040 mg/I; maximum concentration: 0.1 08 mg/i.

Revising results as following:

Cuntan: dissolved phosphorus 0.013 mg/I, granule phosphorus 0.072 mg/l Daxigou: dissolved phosphorus 0.01 8 mg/I, granule phosphorus 0.083 mg/l

Usually, the estimation for Jiaiing River was higher, while for Yangtze River was lower. It is difficult to revise phosphorus only by limited data.

Above analysis indicated that every simulated pollutant concentration tallied with real figure, they have a good relationship.

b) Two-dimension Model (MIKE21)

Two-dimension model was used in part water quality simulation in lower reaches of outlets of wastewater treatment plants. River is about 20 km long. The space of time in model is related with net space. In order to ensure model stability, fine net space will have little time space. When existing model has 5 seconds of time space, it has good resolving power.

This model operated by bounder condition of one-dimensionmodel of two rivers. Bounder condition of upper reacheswas discharge,that of lower reacheswas water level. Revisesof two-dimensionhydrodynamic model includesadjusting river relief map, riverbed resistantcoefficient, volution adherencecoefficient. This report adopted riverbed resistant coefficient: 32-35 (takethe small figure in shallowwater area), volution adherence coefficient: 0.5. Compare this calculation resultswith one-dimensionsimulated figure and velocity map of Cuntan Station,they have tallied well.

SeeTables C.2 and C.3.

Table 1 The lowest Discharge from 1950 to 1987, Mean Discharge in March from 1980 to 1987, Mean Discharge in March, 1987

Lowest Discharge | Mean discharge in Mean discharge in May Station Name May (1987) M3/s Date (1980-1987) (m3 /s)

Cuntan Station in 2,270 03/24/1987 2,978 2,540 Yangtze River Wanxian Station in 2,690 03/07/1979 3,891 3,260 Yangtze River Beibei Station in 238 03/13/2987 413 285 Jialing River I

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Table 2Pollution Load per Capita

_ SS COD BOD T.N NH3-N T-P Coliform tmg/l) (m9g/) (mgtl) (mg/I) (m9gA) (mg/I) (No./p*d) Smollindustry 350 400 180 40 25 5 Businessand institute 300 360 180 40 25 5 Resident 400 46 1230 45 27 6 Afterseptic tank Smallindustry 210 360 162 38 31 4.75 Businessand institute 180 324 162 38 31 4.75 Resident 240 414 207 43 34 5.7

Loadper capita SS COD BOD T.N NH3-N T-P F.Coli. (g/p-d) (g/p.d) (g/p-d) (g/p-d) (g/p-d) (g/p*d) (D/p-d) Smollindustry 49.0 56.0 25.2 5.6 3.5 0.7 1.OE+09 Businessand institute 33.0 39.6 19.8 4.4 2.8 0.6 1.OE+09 Resident 76.0 87.4 43.7 8.6 5.1 1.1 1.OE+10 Citylood per capita 158.0 183.0 88.7 18.6 11.4 2.4 1.2E+10 Afterseptic tank Smallindustry 29.4 50.4 22.7 5.3 4.4 0.7 1.0E+08 Businessand institute 19.8 35.6 17.8 4.2 3.4 0.5 1.8E+08 Resident 45.6 78.7 39.3 8.1 6.4 1.1 1.OE+09 Loadper capita in 1995 Citypopulation 94.8 164.7 79.8 17.6 14.2 2.3 1.2E+09 Floatingpopulation 24.0 41.4 20.7 4.3 3.4 0.6 7.2E+08 Urbanpopuiation 56.9 98.8 47.9 10.6 8.5 1.4 5.3E+08 Loadper capita in1987 Citypopulation 85 148 72 16 13 1,8 1.2E+09 Floatingpopulation 22 37 19 4 3 0,5 7.2E+08 Urbanpopulation 51 89 43 10 8 1,1 5.27E+08 Loadper capita in2000 City population 100 173 84 19 15 2,6 1.2E+09 Floatingpopulation 25 43 22 4 4 0,7 7.2E+08 Urbanpopulation 60 104 50 11 9 1,6 5.27E+08 Loadper copito in 2010 Citypopulation 104 181 88 19 16 3,0 1.2E+09 Floatingpopulation 26 46 23 5 4 0,7 7.2E+08 Urbanpopulation 63 109 53 12 9 1,8 5.27E+08

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Table 3showed river discharge and water level in simulation Date Discharge (m3/s) Water level (m) 6-10, Jan.1 987 3200-3400 158-163 19-23, Aug. 1987 19000-27000 168-173 6-10, Jan. 1994 3400-4100 158-163 19-23, Aug. 1994 7200-9100 161-166 6-10, Jan. 2010 3300-3500 174.0-174.5

Table 4 RevisesParameter of Two-dimensionModel

Parameter Value Unit Daily peak value of photosynthesis 1 Oxygen g/M2.d Breath of animal and plant 1.5 Oxygeng/m 2 .d Oxygen consumptionof sedimentation 0.5 Oxygeng/m 2 .d One-order foiling of dissolvedBOD when 200C 0.5 d' One-order failing of suspendedBOD when 200C 0.05 d ' One-order failing of riverbed BOD when 20°C 0.05 d ' Sedimentationof suspendedorganic compound 0.2 M/d One-orderfailing of NH3 when 20°C (nitrification) 0.5 d ' One-orderfailing of nitratewhen 20°C 0.2 d One-order failing of coliform when 200C 0.5 d-1 One-order failing of total coliform when 200C 0.8 d-'

Table 5Table Simulationof Outlet StructureUsing Sub-model ascend Outlet Structure outlet pipe 1 22 .3 4_ I5 number Q Pos. Q Pos. Q Pos. Q Pos. 0 Pos. (m3/s) (j,k) (m3/s) (j,kl (m3/s) I(j,k) (m3/s) (j,k) (rn3/s) (jf,k) 1 1.26 47,143 1.26 41,142 0.63 46,143 0.63 41,142 12.6 40,142 2 2.52 49,144 2.52 45,143 0.63 47,143 1.26 45,143 _ jiguans 3 3.78 51,145 3.78 49,144 1.26 48,144 1.26 48,144 hiII 4 5.04 53,146 5.04 53,145 1.26 49,144 1.26 47,143 5 1.89 50,145 1.89 49,144 6 1.89 51,145 1.89 51,145

7 2.52 52,146 2.52 53,146 _ 8 _ 2.52 53,146 2.52 55,146 total 12.6 - 12.6 - 12.6 12.6 -_ 12.6 1 0.391 76,113 0.39 82,114 0.195 77,113 0.195 84,115 3.9 90,117 2 0.78 74,112 0.78 78113 0.39 75,112 0.195 82,114 3 1.17 72,111 1.17 74,112 0.39 75,112 0.39 80,114 4 1 56 70,110 1.56 70,110 0.39 74,112 0.39 78,113 5 0.585 73111 0.585 76,113 6 ___0.585 72,111 0.585 74,112 7 1 - 0.78 71,110 10.78 72,111 _ a8 1 0.78 70,110 10.78 70,110

total 3.9 . 39 - 3.9 3.9 - 39 -

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(a) Interceptionwostewater but Three Gorges Reservoirhas not formed

This period is a one-yearinterim. Forecastby dry period and rich water period, compare of pollution concentrationbetween interception and no interceptionare listed in Table C.4 in Appendix C.

After interceptionwastewater, bank pollution belt beyond standard of CODcr and Kieldahl nitrogen has disappeared,water quality is closeto the standard of grade 11. There existstill pollution belt of BOD5 and TPin dry period of Jialing River,non-ionic ammonia belt in rich period ol:Jialing River,non-ionic ammonia belt in yangtze River.But their length and width and maximurnindexes have weakeneddistinctly. It provesthat interceptionengineering has positive effectsand remarkableenvironment effect.

Assessmentelements in drinking water sectionsare listed in Table C.5, Appendix C.

Bank pollution belt of CODcr, Kjeldahl nitrogen beyondstandard has not existedin main drinking water sourcesin two rivers. Belt length and width and maximum indexesof BOD5, TP, non-ionic ammonia have weakeneddistinctly. The main reason beyondstandard is causedby fertilizer in upper reachesand water and soil erosion.

Coliform-group bacteriadepends on water quality of upper reaches.Although industrial wastewaterdischarge has no large change,TP and non-ionic ammonia decreasebecause of domesticsewage catchment.

Sum up above, water quality of two river after interceptionwastewater will improve more greatly than no interception.To adopt preventioncontrol can reducegreatly coliform-group bacteria, water and soil erosionand effectsof TPand non-ionic ammonia. If industrialwastewater discharge reachesto set standard, the water quality after interceptionwill reach not only to standard of grade Ill, but also to gradell.

(b) InterceptionWostewater and Three Gorges Reservoirformed

The assessmentand forecast conditionsare consideredas: Three Gorges Reservoirform in 2003,complete in 2009, industrialwastewater discharge reach to set standard, compare with no interceptionengineering, adopt standard of grade It.

After Three Gorges Reservoirform, the pollution belt will widen becauseof low river velocity, diffusion parameter decreasemakes concentrationof bank pollution belt and width increase, makes pollution range and degree increase.Because forecast period is 2010 year, it is difficult to establishbackground concentrationof elements.So this report foresaw only the effectson surface water, not added backgroundconcentration.

When Three Gorges ReservoirForm at High Water Level

When Three Gorges Reservoirstores water of 175 m in dry period, and the dischargeof Cuntan much lower than 5000 m3/s, velocity of two rivers will is lower than 0.2 m/s. The water quality forecast for interception and no interceptioncan be seen in Table 6 and Table 7 (industrial wastewaterdischarge reachesset standard and total pollutant quantity is controlled).

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Table 6Pollution Beyond Standard Comparison Between Interception And No Interception Formand Hig v(ReservoirWate LevelI Riv CODcr Kjeldahlnitrogen Total phosphorus No-ionic ammonia er I Whether interception Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Stondardbelt length 4.7 0 17.4 0 17.4 0 0 0

Jiaiing (ml ___ River Maximum belt width 15.7 0 30 0 26.8 0 0 |

aximumo_ index 1.9 0.03 6.37 0.42 4.13 0.42 0.73 0.025 Standardbelt length 20 0 60.7 22 60.7 23 0 0

Yangtze (in) - I ______RI'vner°" Maximum belt width 27.7 0 43 16 39.5 15 0 0 River (in)______Maximumindex 2.27 0.12 7.84 1 48 5.13 143 0.87 0.175 Item Oil BOD5 Volatile phenol Colifori-group ______bacteria Whether interception Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Standard belt lenpth (m) 0 13.7 0 1.5 1.5 30.4 0 Jioling Maximum belt width (m) 0 26.4 0 8 8 whoie 0 River Maximum index 0.57 3.88 0.16 1.15 1.15 70.18 0 Standard belt length Im) 23 9.8 0 23 23 58.7 0 Yongtz Maximum belt width (m) 31 45.6 0 39.1 39.1 187.6 0 e River Maximum index 2.73 1.44 0.52 5.0 5.0 113.1 0

Table 7Comparison of pollution effects between Interception (high reservoir level), and current (except background concentration) beyond standard (grade 11)

River Item CODcr Kieldahl Total No-ionic Oil notrogen phosphorus ammonia Curraint interc Curr | interc Curre |nerc Current Intercept Cure intercep! *Ptio nt ptio rI epti| ion nt ion

Jialing belt length km 2.8 0 17.4 0 17.4 0 0 0 13.9 0 River belt width m 6.8 0 11.4 0 12 0 0 0 12.4 0 Maximum index 1.81 0.03 6.25 0.42 4.47 0.42 0.615 0.025 2.8 0.57 Yongtze belt length km 7.85 0 57.7 | 22 48 7 23 0 0 46.7 i 23 River belt width m 19.7 0 51.1 16 46 15 0 0 52.9 | 31 Maximum index 1.47 0.12 5.12 1.48 3.83 1.43 0.56 0 175 567 | 273

From these tables it is known that when Three Gorges Reservoiroperate at high water level, if wastewaterdischarges to riverswithin urban region, the water quality of two rivers will be contaminated by coliform-group bacteria,BOD5, Kjeldahl nitrogen, TP, CODcr. YangtzeRiver olso be contaminatedby industrialwastewater of oils.

After interceptionsewage, not only pollution effect reduce more than no interception, but also than current.After interceptionsewage, every elementmay reach to standard of grade 11,even when Three Gorges Reservoiroperate ot high water level. Dischargevolume of industrial wostewater into Yangtze Riverwas very large. Evenoll industrialwastewater discharge reachesset standard by 2000, there will exist bank pollution belt of oil, volatile phenol, Kjeldahl nitrogen, TP (not consider granule absorption and low dissolubilityof phosphate), becauseChongqing city is located in reor of reservoir.

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Whether compare with currentthat has strong self-purificationor with no interceptionsewage, the interceptionproject has remark effect to improvewater quality of two rivers when the reservoir operate at high water level,especially for coliform-group bacteriadecrease.

From above analysisit is known that with the economydevelopment, population growth, people's life enhance,the pollutant will increaseand river pollution will becomeserious, in other way, becauseChongqing becomereor of the reservoir,low flow velocity makesdilution and diffusion and self-purificationcut down, two riverswill increasepollution. It also limits developmentof economyand improvementof life. So underthe specialconditions of Chongqing, the interception engineeringwill saveland-use of urban region, also improve water quality, and reduce contaminationto reservoirwater quality.

Water quality changeof important protectiontargets can be seen in Table C.6 in Appendix C, and comparedwith current(grade 11standard ).

From this table it is known that pollution of main drinking water sectionsalong riverswithin interceptionrange will be reducedgreatly, especiallyfor coliform-group bacteria. BOD5, Kjeldahl nitrogen and TP belt beyondstandard will disappearin drinking water intakes.

Of wastewaterdischarging into two rivers, 60% comesfrom domesticsewage, even BOD5, CODcr reach to 91% and morethan 83%, Coliform-group bacteria 100% from domestic sewage.

Interceptionsewage to lower reachesof YangtzeRiver Tong jiatuo and Jiguanshitreatment plants will remove most pollution effectsfor drinking water sources,improve water quality of two rivers within urban region, decreasetotal pollutant quantity and also enhancewater quality of lower reachesand river landscape.

When Three Gorges Reservoirstore water at high level, environmentaleffects in urban region will be distinct, pollution of main drinking water sectionsalong rivers within interceptionrange will be alleviated more greatlythan currernt, especially,bank pollution belt of Coliform-group bacteria, BOD5, Kjeldahl nitrogen, TP in water intokeswill be removed.

From above analysis,it is known that water quality of two rivers after interceptioncan be improved more than before interception.To take comprehensiveprevention measures, to alleviate coliform, TP, non-ionic ammonia from upper reachesand water and soil erosionand to treat industrial wastewaterto standard,the surfacewater within interception river section not only reachesto grade Illi, but it is possibleto reach grade 11.

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Table 8Comparison of pollution beyond standard before and after catching River Waterperiod Item CODcr - BODS KeildahlNitrogen TP No-ionicammonia Catching Before afher Before aher Before after Before after Before after Beltlength (Im) 12 0 1Z.4 7.5 15.2 0 15.2 12 15.2 0 Dry Bellwide(m) I 0 13.5 1 1°2 0 19 13 11 0 Jialing Standardindexes 2.3 0.52 3.65 1.09 3.4 0.54 5.2 1.77 1.6 0.95 River Beltlength (m) 0 0 97_ 0 2.2 0 15.2 0 15.2 15.2 Rich Bellwide (m °0 0 _ 9 0 5.3 0 14 0 whole 39 Standardindexes 0.92 0.50 1.37 0.26 1.2 0.51 1.9 0.99 1 95 1.65 Calching Before aher Before after Before after Before after Before aher Beltlenglh (m) 22 0 20.2 0 23 0 27 23 29 19 Dry [Bel wideIm) 40 0 29- 0 47 0 127 55 53.4 52 Yangtze Standardindexes 1.95 0.68 2.58 0.31 2.9 0.85 4.65 2.1 1.16 River 1.09 Belllength (m) 2.8 0 I10.9 0 9.8 0 27 23 10 1 rich Bellwide (ml 8 0 30.7 0 20 0 49 36 194 93 ______Standardindexes 1.09 0.56 1.58 0.13 1.37 0.52 2.45 1.36 1.81 1.81 Waterquality standard of gradeIlinmg.i1 15 44 . 1 0.1 0.02

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Table 9Water Quality Assessment of Drinking Water Sources after Catching

Wastewater, no Three Gorges Reservoir concentration:mg/l standardbelt width m Distanceaway Water COD Kjeldahi ilrogen Totalphos horus No-ionicammonia River Nameof plant fromreference period concentr index width concen index widih concentr index width concen index wi point ation tration __ _ ation tration dth Gaoiahuayuan 500 rightbank. Dry 6.48 0.43 0 024 0.24 0 0.076 0.76 0 0.0188 0.94 0 Rich 7.29 0.49 0 0.46 0.46 0 0.076 0.76 0 0.039 2.0 Dry 616 0.41 0 0.266 0.27 0 0.079 0.79 14 0.0162 0.81 W hot

Jinling River Jiangbei 11600 leh bank Rich 7.06 0.47 0 0.45 0.45 0 0.073 0.73 0 0.037 1.9 W

I ~ ~ ~ _____e Dry 6.15 0.41 0 0.266 0.27 0 0.079 0.79 14 0.0161 0.81 0 Daxigou 12000, right bank Rich 7.06 0.47 0 0.45 0.45 0 0.073 0.73 0 0.037 1.9 wh

Huaniiaoping 5000, left bank Dry 7.12 0.47 0 0.338 0.34 0 0.084 0.84 26 0.0197 0.99 33 Huanjiaoping5000lehbonk Rich 7.10 0.47 0 0.31 0.31 0 0.081 0.81 22 0.0139 0.7 0 Heshangshan 9000, left bank ~Dr 7.07 0.47 0 0.338 0.34 0 0.083 0.83 39 0.0194 0.97 36 Heshangshan__ 9000__leh__bank Rich 7.07 0.47 0 0.30 0.30 0 0.081 0.81 44 0.0138 0.7 0 YgngtzeRiver fry 7.05 0.47 0 0.339 0.34 0 0.083 0.83 39 0.0192 0.96 36 Hegnoyan 12000, lehftbank Rich 7.05 0.47 0 0.30 0.30 0 0.080 0.80 44 0.0137 0.7 0 Huan_iaodu 17000, righf bank Dry 6.97 0.46 0 0.336 0.34 0 0.082 0.82 26 0 0188 0.94 0 Huanjiaodu 17000 right bank Rich 7.01 0.47 0 0.30 0.30 0 0.080 0.80 0 0.0136 0,7 0 Surfacewater standard of grade111, (mg/I) 15 1.0 0.1 0. 100709/R6/dro-onnF.doc -ugusf -199

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Table 10 Water Environment Quality of Important Protection Target

mean concentration of section: mg/L, doliform-group bacteria :104/L, belt width :m.

Nameof Item COD. = = - = = _ = BOD5 Volatile phenol Coligotmn-grouip plant ____bacteria Catchin Current Catchin Current Catchin Current Catchin Current Catchin Curren CatchingCurrent Catchin Current Catchin Current

Mean 0.0007 0.1547 0 0 0 4.762 concentrati 0.0019 0.3583 0.0009 0.0408 0.0002 0.0062 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0008

gaojiah on______

uayuan Standard 0.0001 0.0239 0.0018 0.0816 0.002 0.062 0.005 0.01 0004 0.016 0.0516 0 0 0 4.762 index ______I__ _ _ _ Beltwidth 0 0 0 5.4 0 2.8 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 36.7 Mean 0.0511 0.3386 0.0004 0.0004 0 13.449 concentrati 0.0767 1.1105 0.0286 0.1646 0.0047 0.0211 0.0001 0.0001 00053 0.0181 Jiangbe on0.017 0.1129 0.2 0.2 0 13.449 i Standard 0.0051 0.074 0.0572 0.3292 0.047 0.211 0.005 0.005 0.106 0.362 index ______7_____7 ______Beltwidth 0 0 11.4 0 9.7 0 0 0 11.1 0 7.7 0 0 0 Mean 0.0489 0.3276 0.0003 0.0003 0 13.3911

concentrati 0.0809 1.1426 0.0285 0.1681 0.0051 0.022 00001 0 0001 0.0056 0.0187 Daxigo on Daxigo on ____ . ___ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0.01630.1092 0,15 0.15 0 13.3911 u Standard 0.0054 0.0762 0.057 0.3362 0.051 0.22 0,005 0.005 0.112 0.374 index ______I______I_ _ _I Beltwidth o 0.3 0 116 0 9.9 0 0 0 10.9 0 8 0 0 0

Mean 0 0106 0.0725 0.0001 0 0001 0 7.5594 concentrati 0 0118 0 5152 00048 0.0339 0.001 0.0054 0.0001 00001 0 0009 0.0062

Huaniia|an - - 00035D 0.0242 0.05 0.05 0 2.5594 aping Standard 0.0008 00343 0.0096 00678 0.01 0.054 0005 0.005 0018 0.124

index ______12_____ 5 ______152_ Beltwidth 0 o0 407 0 35.6 0 0 29 508 0 125 0 0 0 152.1

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M ean T _ _ _ _ _ 0077 0.0001 0_0001 3_04_4 concentrati00124 0.6146 0.005 0 0406 0 001 0 0063 0 0001 0 0001 0.0009 0.0067 Beiyangon _ I . I ton Standard 00008 0.041 0101 008 2 001 0063 OQ05 00036 0.0257 0.05 005 0 .0414 index 00005 .8 0.005 0 34

Beltwidth 0 0 0 42.8 0 37.7 0 0 26.8 505 0 12.2 0 0 0 188.1 Mean 00107 0 1023 0.0001 0 0001 0 3 9685 concentrati 0.0133 0.7690 0.0054 0.0504 0.0011 00076 O.000I 00001 0001 0.0075

heshan on ______I__ gshan Standard0 0009 0 0513 0 0108 0 1008 0011 0076 0.005 0005 0 02 0.15 0 0036 0 0341 0.05 0.05 0 --- 68

index______Beltwidth o 0 0 43.7 0 387 0 0 26.8 51.3 0 195 0 0 0 211 Mean 0.0147 0.1081 00001 0.0001 0 3 892 concentrati 0.0189 0.8014 0.007 0.0539 0.0015 0 0083 0.0001 0 0001 0.0014 0 0092 Hegaoy on I______negooy Standard 0.083_.1078 0.005 0.00 .02 0.84 e.0150.0049 0.036 0.05 0.05 0 3.892 an Standnexard0.0013 0.0534 0.014 0.1078 0.015 0.083 0.005 0.005 0.028 0.184 index ______I__ Beltwidth o 0 0 45.7 0 41 7 0 0 32.3 54.6 0 22.6 0 0 0 227.8 Mean 0.0135 0.1401 0.0001 0.0001 l 5.4542 concentrati 0.019 1.0859 0.0069 0.0714 0.0015 0.0102 0.0001 0.0002 0.0013 00090 Huanjiion n_ odu Standard 0.0013 00724 00138 0 1428 0.015 0.102 0.005 0.01 0.026 0.18 00045 0.0467 0.05 0.05 0 5.4542 index I I I I II_ . . . Bel width o 13.2 0 50 3 0 45.6 0 0 25 4 54 0 32.2 0 0 0o 226.6

Standardof grade 1 5 01 002 0 05 3 0002 lI mg/L ______I _ 2 _3_

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Table 11 SchemeList

_ Name 1ydrodynamicCondition PollutionLoad Conditions Remarks 95 emendation 1994 1995 year, no sewage current collection 1 2005 reference dry seasonin 1987, 2010 year, no sewage in terms of original master consideringthe Three treatment plan; Tangjiaqiao ForgesDam completed TreatmentPlant has operated 2 2010 reference dry seasonin 1987, 2010 year, no sewage in terms of original master consideringthe Three treatment plan; Tang iaqiao ForgesDam completed TretmentPlant has operated 3.1 2020 reference-1 dry seasonin 1987, 2020 year, no sewage in termsof RDA'sscheme; consideringthe Three treatment Tangjiaqiao Treatment Forges Dam completed Plant has operated 3.2 2020 reference-2 dry seasonin 1987, 2020 year, no sewage in terms of CPU'sscheme; consideringthe Three treatment Tongjioqiao Treatment ForgesDam completed Plant has operated 4 A first stage dry seasonin 1987, 2005 year; primary in terms of originol master consideringthe Three sewagetreatment plan; Tangjioqiao ForgesDam completed TreatmentPlant has ______operated 5 Bfirst stage dry seasonin 1987, 2010 year; enhanced in terms of original master consideringthe Three primary sewagetreatment plan; Tongjiaqioo ForgesDam completed TreatmentPlont has operated 6.1 secondstage-i dry seasonin 1987, 2020 year; biological in terms of RDA'sscheme; consideringthe Three sewagetreatment Tongjiaqiao Treatment Forges Dam completed Plant has operated 6.2 secondstage-2 dry seasonin 1987, 2020 year; biological in termsof CPU'sscheme; consideringthe Three sewagetreatment Tangjioqiao Treatment Forges Dam completed Plant has operated 7 ahead scheme1 dry seasonin 1987, 2005 year; enhanced in terms of original master consideringthe Three primary sewagetreatment plan; Tongiiaqiao ForgesDam completed TreatmentPlant has ______operated 8 ahead scheme2 dry seasonin 1987, 2010 year; biological in terms of CPU'sscheme; consideringthe Three sewagetreatment TangjiaqiooTreatment Forges Dam completed Plant has operated 9 delay scheme 1 dry seasonin 1987, 2010 year; primary in terms of original master consideringthe Three sewagetreatment plan; Tangjiaqiao ForgesDam completed TreatmentPlant has operated 10.1 delay scheme2-1 dry seasonin 1987, 2020 year; enhanced in terms of DRAscheme; consideringthe Three primary treatment Tongjiaqiao Treatment Forges Dam completed Plant has operated 10.2 delay scheme2-2 dry seasonin 1987, 2020 year; enhanced in terms of CPU'sscheme; consideringthe Three primary treatment Tongjiaqioo Treatment Forges Dam completed Plant has operated

Table 12 Outlet structureof WastewaterTreatment Plants Name Number of Up-Pipe (nos.) Distancebetween Two UP-Pipes(m)IDistribution of Discharge I I structure1 4 130 110,20,30,40

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2 struCture2 4 60 10,20,30,40 3 structure3 8 15 5,5,10,10,15,15,20,20 4 structure4 8 30 5,5,10,10,15,15,20,20 5 structure5 1 neatriver bank 100

Table 13 Outlet Load for SupplementScheme Outlet Number of Location Dischargeof Wastewater (m3/s) distributers ______(i, kJ scheme 1 scheme 2 scheme 3 scheme 4 _ 96, 156 0.21 0.21 0.70 0.93

______2 f97, 157 0.42 0.42 1.40 4.86 Jigounshi 3 98, 158 0.63 0.63 2.10 2.79

______4 99, 159 0.84 0.84 2.80 3.72 _ Total 2.1 2.1 7.0 9.3

______116, 148 0.22 0.22 0.35 0.47 2 115, 147 0.44 0.44 0.70 0.94 Tonjiaituo 3 114 146 0.66 0.66 1.05 1.41

__ _4 113 145 0.88 0.88 1.40 1.88 _ Total 2.2 2.2 3.5 4.7

SupplementScheme 1 (Sc.01)

Belt concentrationof Tangjiatuo outletsis higher than Jiguanshioutlets, for load of Tangjaituo (190000 m3 /d)in 2000 is greater than Jiguanshi(180000 m3/d). In addition, Jigaunshioutlet is locatedin river concavebank, flow speed higher, dilution quick, which Tangjiatuo outlet is located in river convexbank, flow slow, diffusion slow too. CODcr, BOD5, NH3-N, volatile phenol can reach standard, TP,Kjeldahl nitrogen, oil beyond standard, especiallyTP beyond standard very serious,for background value of TP has been beyondstandard of grade ll.

The pollution belt below Tangjiatuo outlet is about 3000 m long. Concentrationrange are these: CODcr: 9.7 mg/l - 11.56 mg/I; BOD5: 2.23 - 3.18 mg/I; TP: 0.172 - 0.203 mg/I; Kjeldahl nitrogen: 0.76 - 1.021 mg/I; oil: 0.048 - 0.082 mg/I; non-ionic ammonia: 0.016 - 0.017 mg/I; volatile phenol: 0.0010- 0.0011 mg/i.

The pollution belt of Jiguanshioutlet is about 2000 m. Concentrationrange are these: CODcr: 9.6 mg/l - 9.99 mg/I; BOD5: 2.18- 2.36 mg/I; TP:0.17 - 0.177 mg/I; Kjeldahl nitrogen: 0.75 - 0.806 mg/I; oil: 0.045 - 0.054 mg/I; non-ionic ammonia: 0.0163 - 0.0165 mg/I; volatile phenol: 0.00103 - 0.00104 mg/I. Water quality near sensitivetargets to environmentcan be seen in Table 14.

Table 14 Water Quality near SensitiveTargets of Yangtze Riverfor Scheme 1 (mg/A) target Dongfeng Ship Piont Tongjiatuo Daxingchang WangjiiangPlont index (left bonk I (leftbank) (rihtbnkleft bank) CODcr 9.9-1.1 9.6-9.8 9.5-9.6 9.4-9.5 BOD5 2.33-2.38 2.18-2.23 2.13-2.18 2.03-2.13

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TP 0.178-0.190 0.168-0.174 0.168-0.170 0.168-0.170 Kjeldahlnitrogen 0.79-0.99 0.75-0.77 0.74-0.75 0.73-0.75 Oil 0.049-0.070 0.047-0.049 0.046-0.047 0.045-0.047 Non-ionic 0.017 0.016 0.016 0.016 ammonia . Volatile phenol 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

So, under the conditionof wastewaterdischarge into natural river, if background concentrationappears weaken, most indexescan reachto standard of grade 111,but a few such as total ph-osphorusis beyondstandard very seriously.

SupplementScheme 2 (SC.02)

Pollutionbelt concentrationof Tangjiatuo outlet is lower than Jiguanshi,because load of Tangjiatuo in 2000 year (30,000 m3/d) is lessthan Jiguanshi (600,000 m3/d). But water level is high, dischargeis small, the reasonis averageflow velocitylower, diffused slowly.

Compared with supplementscheme 1, becauseof lorge load of BOD5 TP,Kjeldahl nitrogen, oil are beyondstandard of grade exceptCODcr, NH3-N, volatile phenol reach standard of gradell, TPis beyondstandard very seriously,the maximum index is 8.72, which resultedfrom backgroundconcentration had exceedgreatly standard. From above tow schemes,it is known, the contributionof backgroundconcentration is important. In order to make water quality of the large reservoirreach standard of grade 11,pollution control for two rivers shouldbe strengthen,and main pollutantsmust be reduce, especiallytotal phosphorus,because it is keyfactor for reservoireutrophication. SeeTable 15 Table 15 Water Quality near Sensitive Targets of Yangtze River for Scheme 2 (mg/I) target DongfengShip Plant Tangjiatuo Doxingchong Wangliang Piant index (left bank ) (leftbank) (right bank) . (left bank) CODcr 9.2-9.4 9.4-9.6 10.2-10.6 9.8-10.0 BOD5 1.93-2.1 2.0-2.2 2.4-2.6 2.2-2.4 TP 0.163-0.170 0.165-0.175 0.180-0.190 0.170-0.180 Kjeldahl nitrogen 0.70-0.72 0.72-0.76 0.86-0.88 0.80-0.84 Oil 0.040-0.045 0.045-0.055 0.060-0.065 0.050-0.060 Non-ionic 0.016 0.016 0.017 0.016 ammonia Volatile phenol 0.001 0.001 l0.001 0.001

Supplement Scheme 3( Sc. 03) BOD5, CODcr, non-ionic ammonia have reachedwater quality of grade 11,TP and Kjeldahl nitrogen concentrationsdecrease (still over standard) after primary treatment. Becauseprimary treatment has no effect to oil and volatile phenol, the simulated conclusionsare same as scheme2 completely.

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Jiguanshitreatment plant proposalto use enhancedprimary system,remove rate of CODcr, BOD5, TPis higher than one of Tangjiatuo (aeration-sedimentation),the pollution belt from Tangjiatuo outlet is larger than Jiguanshioutlet. Removerate of Kjeldahl nitrogen and non-ionic ammonia in Jiguanshiis higher than in Tangjiatuo, but all are low. Howeverthe load of Jiguanshiis larger than one of Tangjiatuo, these pollutant concentrationsin Jiguanshioutlets still are higher than in Tongjiatuo outlets.

SeeTable 16 Table 16 Water Quality near SensitiveTargets of YangtzeRiver for Scheme 3 (mg/1)

target DongfengShip PlantTangjiatuo Daxingchong Wangjiang Plant index (left bank) (left bank) (right bank) (left bank) CODcr 9.15-9.2 9.2-9.4 9.5-'9.6 9.5-9.6 BOD5 1.93-2.0 2.0-2.2 2.1-2.2 2.1-2.2 TP 0.163-0.164 0.164-0.170 0.168-0.172 0.168-0.172 Kieldahlnitrogen 0.70-0.71 0.70-0.75 0.79-0.85 0.77-0.79

Oil - ______Non-ionic ammonia 0.016 0.016 0.046 0.016 Volatile phenol _ _ _

SupplementScheme 4 (Sc.04)

TP,Kieldahl nitrogen, oil are still beyondstandard, but most indexesdecrease Although pollution load growth, remove rate of CODcr, BODsincrease greatly, indexeshave decreasemnuch than scheme3, but rest indexesno distinctreduction. Remove rate of oil is very low (1 75), index rise with increaseof load. Although remove rate of TP is high (92%), indexstill is lorge due to high backgroundconcentration. The water quality of wastewateroutlets of two plants have same degree, but pollution belt of Jiguanshioutlet is larger than one of Tangjiatuo. SeeTable 17

Table 17 Water Quality near SensitiveTargets of Yangtze Riverfor Scheme 4 (mg/I) target DongfengShip PlantTongjiatuo Doxingchong Wangjiang Plant index (left bonk) (left bank) (right bank) (leftbank) CODcr 9.15-9.20 9.20-9.30 9.35-9.40 9.25-9.35 BOD5 1.93-1.96 1.94-1.98 2.00-2.04 1.96-1.98 TP 0.1630-0.1634 0.1634-0.1640 0.1644-0.1646 0.1638-0.1642 Kjeldahl nitrogen 0.694-0.73 0.73-0.77 0.79-0.81 0.75-0.79 Oil 0.04-0.05 0.05-0.07 0.07-0.08 0.06-0.07 Non-ionic 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 ammonia Volatile phenol -

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When river center discharge(3 holes)the maximum concentrationof net center near outletsis listed in Table 18.

Table 18 Maximum Concentration when River Center Discharge with Multiple Holes unit: mg/I Water Item CbDcr BOD5 TP Kielkdahl Oil period I_I_I nitroqen I Dry Concentration 7.3975 1.3591 0.5887 0.1214 0.02417 Coverstandard (%) 49.31 33.98 58.87 121.4 48.34 Impactconcentration 0.3075 0.1491 0.0327 0.0034 0.00417 Impactconcentration 2.05 3.73 3.27 3.4 8.34 coversstandard concentration (%) I Impactconcentration 3.89 12.32 5.88 2.88 20.85 coversbackground _____ concentration (%) I Rich Concentration 7.1466 1.2375 0.5620 0.1186 0.02077 Coverstandard (%) 47.64 30.94 56.2 118.6 41.54 Impactconcentration 0.0566 0.0275 0.0060 0.0006 0.00077 Impactconcentration 0.38 0.69 0.6 0.6 1.54 coversstandard concentration (%) Impact concentration 0.80 2.27 1.08 0.51 3.85 coversbackground concentration (%) I _ I__

The Table showedthat most pollutantsconcentration except TP can meet the need of assessmentstandord. TPbeyond standard resultsfrom backgroundconcentration. The largestvalue is 0.21 timesthan standard.The distanceapart from outletsis within 2000 m when pollutant mixed even.

When bank discharge (single hole) the maximum concentration see Table 19.

Table 19 Maximum Concentration when Bank Discharge unit: mg/I Water Item CODcr BOD5 TP Kjelkdohl Oil period nitrogen Dry Concentration 11.2628 3.2655 0.9742 0.06278 0.07782 Cover standard(%) 75.09 81.64 97.42 62.78 155.64 Impactconcentrotion 4.1728 2.0555 0.4182 0.05278- 0.05782 Impactconcentration covers 27.82 51.39 41.82 52.78 115.64 standard concentration (%) I Impactconcentration covers 37.05 169.88 75.22 527.8- 289.1 background concentration

Flood Concentration 7.2023 1.2980 0.5415 0.0123 0.02274 Cover standard(%) 48.02 32.45 54.15 12.3 45.48 Impact concentration 0.1123 0.088 0.0215- 0.0023- 0.00274 Impact concentrationcovers 0.75 2.2 2.15 2.3 5.48 standard concentration (%) Impactconcentration covers 1.58 7.27 4.13- 23 13.7 backgroundconcentration

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Note: mearnsrelative background concentrationin Wujiong. Water body affectsgreatly pollutant concentrationwhen bank discharge, and the background concentrationis lower than YangtzeRiver.

Compared with river centerdischarge, concentrations of CODcr, BODS,oil and Kjeldahl nitrogen in dry period are larger much. TPand Kjeldahl nitrogen in rich water period is low, the reason is low backgroundconcentration. The oil concentrationin dry period can not reach standard, the maximumvalue beyondstandard is 0.56 times. The most far distanceapart from outlet is about 5000 m when pollutant mixed even.

When river center discharge(single hole), the maximum concentration,Table 20.

Table 20 MaximumConcentration when RiverCenter Discharge with Single Hole Unitmg/I Water Item CODcr BODi TP Kjelkdahl Oil period _ nitrogen Dry Concentration 7.96 1.6319 0.6484 0.1277 0.03181 Cover standard (%) 53.07 40.80 64.84 127.7 63.62 Impact concentration 0.87 0.4219 0.0924 0.0097 0.01181 Impact concentration 5.8 10.55 9.24 9.7 23.62 coversstandard concentration (%) Impact concentration 12.27 34.87 16.62 8.22 59.05 covers background concentration (%) Flood Concentration 7.2416 1.2835 0.5721 0.1197 0.02206 Coverstandard (%) 48.28 32.09 57.21 119.7 44.12 Impact concentration 0.1516 0.0735 0.0161 0.0017 0.00206 Impactconcentration 1.01 1.84 1.61 1.7 4.12 coversstandard concentration (%) impact concentration 2.14 6.07 2.90 1.44 10.3 covers background concentration_(%) .

The maximum concentrationis three timesthan river center dischargewith multiple holes.

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Table 21 Water Quality Forecast of Yangtze River for Sludge Discharge of Wanzhou and Fuling Water Plants Before the reservoircomplet After the reservoir corplete Waterplant X=1050 y=10(100) X=1050 y=10(100) X=2050 X=3050 SS COD SS COD SS COD SS COD BeforeWanzhou water plant 1495 0.0813 3 Water plant 3 (no treatment) 24911 0.1358 3.98 0.2173 1.7574 0.0918 1.4408 0.0737 Water plant 3 (treatment) 0.0087 0.0106 0.0143 0.0170 0.0102 0.0119 0.0084 0.0096 Tongziyuan(no treatment) 1.2352 0.0680 1.968 0.1088 Treatment 0.0042 0.0052 0.0667 0.0083 Fuling water plant no-normal 0.0024 0.0030 0.0130 0.0158 Normal 0.0468 0.0285 0.2519 0.1517 *note: 0 lengfhways distance apart from outlet: Wanzhou 50mOFuling 100 mO 0 Add MnOFefor Fuling. Outlet of Fuling y= 1000x= 1050mOl before three gorges reservoir complete: effect is a littlewhen normal dischargeflwhen non-normal discharge 7 x 10-mg/1091 x 10-'mg/lo after three gorges reservoir completeflwhen normal discharge: 1 x 10-mg/104 x 10'mg/lflwhen non- normal discharge:4 x 0-3mg/105x 10-mg/l1

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Table 22 Environmental Capacity of Yongtze River and Jialing River within Urbon Area

Dryperiod (Mar. Stondard(mg/ll Dryperiod Environmentalcapacity Remonent capacity ection of 1987)mean Item oncentrati. 3 dischorge (m/s) on

BOD5 1.2 73.872 44.323 8.947 CODCr 115 9.62 369.360 132.477 TP 0.1 2.462 .221

Beibei285 opRete 0.025 105 0.615 11.231 1.625 1.009 No-ionic 0.02 0.003a091 0.492 .418 ommonia I Oil 0.05 .06 1.231 0.246 Volatile 3.002 01.0050.001 .049 .123 3.024 0.098 ohenol . _-. BODs 3 4 2.7 73.872 98.496 7.387 32.011 CODcr 15 11.7 369.360 81.259 TP .1 0.057 2.462 1.059 Daxigo 285 No-ionic .02 006 .492 345 U ammonia 0.492_0_345__02___00_ Oil 0.05 0.07 1.231 0492 Volatile 0.002 b005o 001 .049 .123 0.025 .098 p_henol _ _ BODs 3 0.7 584.496 779.324 448.113 2.945 CODcr 15 7.8 2922.480 1402.790 TP .1 19.483 19.483 Huanng S5Reservoir 0.2 0o .066 4.7 971 798 p.1 qan 25ole D025 05 .7917.871 .741 No-ionic 0.02 0.011 3.896 1.753 ammonia . . Oil 0.05 3.02 9.742 .845 Volatile 0.002 005 0002 0.390 0.974 .000 0.584 phenol _ . BOD5 1.5 584.496 779.324 92.248 487.080 CODcr 15 = .6 2922.480 1052,093 Wangl TP .1 ).00 19.483 19.483 ongme 255 No-ionic 02 004 896 117

ammonia . -Oil 0.0S I0 04 9742 1.948 Volatile 0.002 0.00S 0.001 0.390 974 0.195 779 phenol _

BOD5 3 4 1.2 658.368 877.824 395.021 614.477 CODcr 15 13.7 3291.840 85.293 TPnatural .1 21.945 .000 Resenrvoir 0.10 Cuntan 2540 complete .025 05 5.486 110.973 1 0.973 No-ionic .02 0.004 4.389 .511 ammonia_ 0.05 002 10.973 .583 olatile D.020 105 0.001 439 1097 .439 878 - ______phenol

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lntcake | Rw | ntake | |Fine ||Aeration l screen pumping _>screen Grit tank _ bar station bar

Ce2 Excessivepipe buils in the first stoge

AL2/ Secondary Cotctn oufo X oxidation sedimentatio disinfectiingoufw ditch n tank tank

Reundsug|ldeCnestoDwtrn 1 Delivered pumping g shop ~~~~~~~~~out station ~Excessivesludge

Figure D.3: Treatment Processof Tangjiatuo Wastewater Treatment Plant

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Fe3 & Floofer Air filter Deliveredout Deliveredout flocclt deliveredout + Coprs Sea+orq Airblower

+ . + . ~~~~~~MixingPrimary 5econdary| Inlake-*1 = | > > X > ~~~~~~~~~~~reaction sedimen~tatio Anoxic Aerobic sedimenfflti Intake station bar tank tank tank wel ntn ufo

Primary sludge

SludgePum _d Excessivesludge

compressor~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Sugepmpngsato

f f i~~~euf utowr Sirue lank|

e | -0Pring Unloaryund -_Delivered out

Limewhite

Figure D.4 Treatment Processof Jiguanshi Wastewater Treatment Plant

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|Sludgefrorn screen bar is deliveredout for landfill

Caught Sluicegate Rawscreen bar Finescreen _lDischarging pipe

Figure D.5 Fuling Wastewater Pre-treatment Process

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Domestic~~~~~ Collectionpoints

| Streetsweepin | oila units |

Isrlions ll

Treatmentodssl plot

Figure D.6 MSW Collection and Transportation in Chongqing Urban Area

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Treatment Storage Compressor Power ao tank generator

Industryor domesticuse

Figure D.7 Processof Landfill Gas Treatment and Recovery

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lank pumpingstation | enctor lank ditc

Excessivesludge |Returnedsludge pumping station |

Upper-flow t n Secondary Pump Condensationtank _ sdimentntionlank

Figure D.8 Leachate Treatment Process

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(table-flapflocculation inclined FeCI3 PAM pipesedimentation tank and flat- hlorin pipeline 11]sedimentatin nflowingsedimentation tank) t

|~~~~~~-x Foc aio Clea wae Secondary sdimeiio I1 I tonk pumping l ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~chamber

sludge

Figure D.9; Tongziyuan Water Treatment Plant, Wanzhou

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FeCI PAM Cl2

;Ii~jki |Inclinedpipe pre- | ecanic table-flap lr ik sedimentation mixing flocculolion |Cer tank tank inclinedipe watertank tank

Secondary pipeline sludge sedimentaiion Wateremission pumpg ,taton

Figure D.1 0; Wanzhou Nr 3 Water Treatment Plant

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* Coagulant ~~~~~~~~~~flocculonf oid

Yan9lteWalaer disiribut uionir_LHcereaction inclined M hiiI n Lattice River ~~ well __pipe pre-freatment lakreclcion lank

Chlorine

Inclinedpipe flt:secondary sedimenfationlan Filertank la purmping Urban I T water ~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~stationpipeline sludge sludge

Figure D.1 1:;Fuling Nr 3 Water Treatment Plant

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Alkalialuminium chlorate Chlorine

Inae Pipesftaic mixer Trble-flop Fur-valve Clear Meosuri flocculation fIter water ng valve inclined pipe lank sedimentationtank

Figure D.12; Qianilan, Sanyonggongand Baiilawan Water TreatmentPlants

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C12 Alkalialuminium c orate

ntake Mixing Table-Rap Fotr reaction flocculation valve teer 9 lank inclinedpipe __ station sedimenlolion lajnk

Figure D.13; Shl Zhu Water Treatment Plant

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