HISTORY,

THE CULTURE, POLITICS THE ECUADOR

LITICS (NOW IN 2ND EDITION) READER

HISTORY, CULTURE, POLITICS

Edited byCarlos de la Torre and SteveStriffier

derson DUKE UNIVERSITY PRESS DurhamandLondon 2008

ela Maria Smorkaloff

RE, POLITICS Contents

Acknovvledgrnents ~ Introduction

© 2008 Duke University Press AlI rights reserved 1 Conquest and Colonial Rull Printed in the of Arnerica on acid-free paper oc Tamara Bray. Ecuador's Pre-Coh Typeset in Monotype Dante by Achorn International Frank Salomon. Ancestors, Grave Library of Congress CataIoging-in-Publication Data appear Cañari "Inca-isrn" 27 on the last printed page of this book. Susan V. Webster. Building aLife Architect and Entrepreneur Sherwin K. Bryant. Finding Freed Karen Vieira Powers. A Battle of\l Colonial North Andes 68 Sarah C. Chambers. Manuela Sáer ~ BlancaMuratorio. The State, Mis: Upper Amazon, 1767-1896 ¡

II A New Nation 99

Andrés Guerrero. The Constructic Discourse and the "Miserable Century IO] Friedrich Hassaurek. Four Yearsa Juan Montalvo. Selection from]u A. Kim Clark. Railway and Natío] Ronn Pineo. and Coas Rob Rachowiecki. Mountaineerin Perspective 148

III The Riseofthe Popular

AlbertB. Franklin. Portrait of a P~ JoséMaría Velasco Ibarra. You Ari Contents

Acknowledgments ix Introduction

Conquest and Colonial Rule 9

aper~ Tamara Bray. Ecuador's Pre-Columbian Past 15 FrankSalomon. Ancesrors, Grave Robbers, and the Possible Antecedents of ppear Cañari "Inca-ism" 27 Susan V. Webster. Building a Life in Colonial : José Jaime Ortiz, Architect and Entrepreneur 40 Sherwin K. Bryant. Finding Freedom: Slavery in Colonial Ecuador 52 Karen Vieira Powers. A Batde ofWills: Inventing Chíefly Legitimacy in the Colonial North Andes 68 Sarah C. Chambers. Manuela Sáenz: Americanaor Quiteña? 79 • Blanca Muratorio. The State, Missionaries, and Native Consciousness in the Upper Amazon, 1767-1896 86

11 A New Nation 99

Andrés Guerrero. The Construction of a Ventriloquist's Image: Liberal Discourse and the "Miserable Indian Race" in the Late Nineteenth Century I03 Friedrich Hassaurek. Four Years among the Ecuadorians II7 Juan Montalvo. Selection fromJuan Montalvo (1832-1889) 121 A. Kim Clark. Railway and Nation in Liberal Ecuador 126 Ronn Píneo. Guayaquil and Coastal Ecuador during the Cacao Era 136 Rob Rachowiecki. Mountaineering on the Equator: A Historical Perspective 148

III The Rise ofthe Popular 155

AlbertB. Franklin. Portrait ofa People 159 JoséMaria Velasco Ibarra. You Are Not My President 163 p aq

RaphaelV. Lasso. The Wonderland 167 Noemí Espinosa. Traditional Pooc Jorge Icaza. Patrón and Peon on an Andean Hacienda 169 Rudi Colloredo-Mansfeld. Globaliz Pablo Palacio. The Man Who Was Kicked to Death 175 among Otavalo's Merchant A Henri Michaux. The Indian's Cabin 182 ,f X. Andrade. Pancho Jaime 385 JoséMaría Velasco Ibarra. "Heroic Pueblo ofGuayaquil" 185 Javier Vásconez. BigAngel, My Le María Fernanda Espinosa. Nature BarryLyons, with Angel Aranda an IV Global Currents 189 Iván Oñate. The Writings ofIván Galo Plaza Lasso. Two Experiments in Education for Democracy 193 'l{' Adrián Bonilla. The Origins ofthe Ecuadorian Left 200 Suggestions for Further Reading ¡,.j, Carmen Martínez Novo. The Progressive CathoIic Church and the Acknowledgment ofCopyrights Indigenous Movement in Ecuador 203 Index 427 Salomon Isacovici andjuan Manuel Rodríguez. Man ofAshes 209 Pablo Cuvi. Men of the Rails and ofthe Sea 218 [ean Muteba Rahier. Creolization and African Diaspora Cultures: The Case ofthe Afro-Esmeraldian Décimas 226 HernánIbarra. Julio Jaramillo and Music as Identity 237 SteveStriffier. The United Fruit Cornpany's Legacy in Ecuador 239 Tom Miller. The Panama Hat Trail 250 Diane C. Bates. Deforestation in Ecuador 257 >f. Carlos de la Torre. Civilization and Barbarism 267 i Felipe Burbano de Lara. Deinstitutionalized Democracy 271

V Domination and Struggle 277

.,¡ Carlos de la Torre. Nina Pacari, an Interview 279 SarahA. Radcliffe. Wornen's Movements in Twentieth-Century Ecuador 284 Pablo Ospina. The Galápagos: Environmental Pressures and Social Opportunities 297 Norman E. WhittenJr. Emerald Freedom: "With Pride in the Face of the Sun" 302 Suzana Sawyer. Suing ChevronTexaco 321 Dorothea Scott Whitten. Arts ofAmazonian and Andean Women 329

VI Cultures and Identities Redefined 337

[ean Muteba Rahier. National Identity and the First Black (1995--96) 341 Braá D.Jokisch and David Kyle. Ecuadorian Intemational Migration 350 Mary]. Weismantel. Cities ofWomen 359 Noemi Espinosa. Traditional Foods ofEcuador 371 Rudi Colloredo-Mansfeld. Globalization frorn Below and The Political Tum among Otavalo's Merchant Artisans 377 ,f X. Andrade. Pancho Jaime 385 uayaquil" 185 Javier Vásconez. Big Angel, My Love 388 María Fernanda Espinosa. Nature and Humanity through Poetry 396 BarryLyons, with AngelAranda and Dina Guevara. "Simple People" 403 Iván Oñate. The Writings ofIván Oñate 415 tion for Democraey 193 Lefi: 200 Suggestions for Further Reading 419 olie Church and the Acknowledgment of Copyrights 423 Index 427 Man of Ashes 209 218 Diaspora Cultures: 226

239

57 267 emocracy 271

279 wentieth-Century

Pressures and Social

ith Pride in the Face of

d Andean Women 329

First BlackMiss Ecuador temational Migration 350 workers, peasants, indigenous peo­ s groups have established remark­ ts. New actors with new demands won elections and now have an Nina Pacari, an Interview , Ecuador's indigenous movement region. They have not only chal­ Carlos de la Torre act profit from their lands, but have proven that they can bring Translated byMayté Chiriboga and Carlos de la Torre tíll, Likewise, labor unions have 'cal economy and prevented the 's excesses. But they have done Ecuador is undergoing racial and being examined and challenged. Nina PtUari grew up in an urban indigenous family in the town of CottUtUhi in the inal citizens have been slow to northern highland provim:e of Imbabura. As an Indiangirllivingamongmestizos, PtU­ ari experienced rtUism, bu; also Iearned tonegotiate thedominan: culture whiledevelop­ impoverished country, Ecuador­ inga strong sense of ethnicpride. Trained asa lawyer, PtUari went on to become oneof affairs. Regarclless of political Ecuador's mostimportant indigenous leaders, eventually becoming thefirst indigenous ntext of one of the most burden­ womanelected toEcuador's National Assembly as wellas theministerofforeign affairs krable world market, and a con­ underthegovernment of Ludo Gutiérrez. ígninvestment. This is not to say ey have been completely unable In September 2004, just after the indigenous movement was expelled from for other countries in search of the government of Colonel Lucio Gutiérrez, the minister of foreign affaírs, d the World Bank to implement Nina Pacari, explained the short, strange alliance in these terms: g indigenous people and Afro­ erimented with a range of agro­ We were able to do something, despite having an ally who did not fulfill heart, to name a few-in order to his program, a shortsighted ally who does not even know where he is go­ eh experiments reflect a basic fact. ing. We were able to shatter the stereotype of the incapacity of the indig­ ps now know that gaining access enous people, and that is an accomplishment. We achieved an important ian state is not only fragmented, objective; the indigenous people recovered their self-esteem. A second ac­ f changes demanded by popular complishment was that we positioned the indigenous people at an inter­ nmental regulations, popular or­ nationallevel, and this would not have been possible if we had remained erm political order and economic at the margins. The third potentiality was the quality of our public work, ning a regionwide lesson: capi­ ethical and visionary, in the Ministry of Agriculture as well as in the Min­ e another in . istry of Foreign Affairs.

Thus ends the interview, a two-hour conversation that provides a window into the world of the first woman and indigenous person to be appointed minister of foreign affairs, Doctor Pacari began the dialogue with details about her childhood.

Altogether, we are eight siblings: five females and three males. of which five of us are professionals but for one sister and two younger brothers p aq

280 Carlos de la Torre

who decided ro become merchants and musicians. We are urban indíg­ nation in Quito. For example, enous, and carne from the few families, almost the exception, who lived was a restaurant along 10 de A in the urban area of Cotacachi. My father comes from a family of farmers but the four of us were not a from the Quinchuqui community. My mother, from the Peguche cornmu­ sorne Chinese rice. We agreed nity. My maternal grandparents had settled in Cotacachi, where they set not carrying books: "Wemust1 up weaving workshops. When my mother married my father, they settled we are students," we said. So in Cotacachi. My father improved his economic situation with the weav­ with us for them to believethai ing business. He had prosperous moments as well as bad times. He did not Indians, if we were seen with b accumulate for the sake of it, but to give us an education. when we appeared before ther Being urban indigenous we lived a double exc1usion-exclusion from ted into the restaurant. Then the indigenous rural world because we did not live in a community, and be handled. exclusion frorn the nonindigenous world. In those times, we were almost When riding a bus, we did I the first indigenous students to go to school. My brother and unc1e were the people in the bus said to m forced to cut their braids during the first year. By the second year, when think they must have been ann they transferred to the Franciscan nun's school, they made their first corn­ them. We just continued as if I munion with their complete attire and full braids. [This changeJ was a Once, we went on a trip to result of the parent's struggle. An issue that had a very deep impact during time to enter the swimming F school was a book reading contest, and the school had to be represented about to enter, we were stop] by the best student. In those times, I was their best student; nevertheless, Auki Tituaña [current mayor I was not chosen to represent the school in the contest. I felt this was rae­ wife, were also there. My fríen, ism. It was a world where excellence was not acknowledged. carne out to apologize and mak My father wanted me to become a teacher, and therefore I studied at walking around Baños instead. the San Pablo del Lago School. The indigenous classmates did not mingle In 1987, I had to goto a confe with the mestizo world; I got along with them, however. I also felt part hotel where I was once denied of the urban world, which was my background; at times, my indigenous explained to the hotel people d classmates were annoyed at me, and I felt forced to be exclusively with ayear and I was not allowedb them. I did not agree with this and explained that I also wanted to relate circumstances. There has beer with the mestizas. In order for them to understand that I was on both sides, have made themselves known I beca me part of a dance group with the indigenous classmates. Finally, it general, people have become was established that an intercultural process is possible. It was a boarding ness as well. school where indigenous and mestizo students frorn different provinces of After graduating as a lawyei the country "shared" together. This personal experience from our youth law in . I was link.ed taught us to recognize ourselves and share with the dífferent races we razo; the movement took me have in Ecuador. Colta and Cajabamba integran At school I was taught history of the Incas, the Puruháes, the Caras; ev­ well. Since 1989, at their reques erything was in the pasto I asked myself: And, what am I?I am indigenous, Nationalities of Ecuador [CON I have not died, how is it that they affirm that all has ended? This was a land and territory administrad shock to me. tion. At the end of 1995, we be, I studied law at Universidad Central in Quito, a very different experi­ together with comrade LuisM ence frorn Cotacachi. I speak for myself, but I experienced more discrimi­ leader of the organization, anc Nina Pacan, an Interview 281 nd musicians. We are urban indig­ nation in Quito. For example, at a restaurant, we were not admitted. It es, almost the exception, who lived was a restaurant along !O de Agosto Avenue, I don't remember its name, her comes from a family of farmers but the four of us were not allowed to enter, and were left deprived of mother, from the Peguche commu­ sorne Chinese rice. We agreed that the reason for this was that we were ettled in Cotacachi, where they set not carrying books: "We must bring books if we want them to believe that ther married my father, they settled we are students," we said. So we started carrying books and notebooks economic situation with the weav­ with us for them to believe that we were students; even though we are still ents as wellas bad times. He did not Indians, if we were seen with books, we were perceived differently. In fact, [ve us an education. when we appeared before them as students, we were immediately admit­ l double exclusion-exdusion from ted into the restaurant. Then we understood how such situations must re did not live in a community, and be handled. il"ld. In those times, we were almost When riding a bus, we did not speak Spanish. We spoke Quichua, and school. My brother and unde were the people in the bus said to us, "Talk like Christians." We just laughed, I irst year. By the second year, when think they must have been annoyed, as we did not take notice or confront ~s school, they made their first com­ them. We just continued as íf nobody had said anything. nd full braids. [This change] was a Once, we went on a trip to Baños with mestizo friends. When it was ~ that had a very deep impact during time to enter the swimming pool, my friends went in first. As we were Id the school had to be represented about to enter, we were stopped: admittance to Indians was forbidden. ¡vas their best student; nevertheless, Auki Tituaña [current mayor of Cotacachi] and my sister Arqui, Auki's XlI in the contesto I felt this was rae­ wife, were also there. My friend was enraged and complained. The owner vasnot acknowledged. carne out to apologize and make excuses. Our trip was ruined, so we ended ~ teacher, and therefore 1 studied at waIking around Baños instead. digenous classmates did not mingle In 1987, I had to go to a conference. As it turned out, it was the very same ith them, however. I also feIt part hotel where I was once denied admittance. This time, I was welcomed. I ckground; at times, my indigenous explained to the hotel people that I had come to the hotel in such and such I felt forced to be exdusively with ayear and I was not allowed in. Naturally, those were other times, other lained that 1 also wanted to relate circumstances. There has been a process in which the indigenous people derstand that I was on both sides, have made themselves known, gained respect, and opened horizons; in e indigenous classmates. Finally, it general, people have become more sensitive. There is now a new open­ ocessis possible. It was a boarding ness as well. dents from different provinces of After graduating as a lawyer at Universidad Central, I began to practice rsonal experience from our youth law in Riobamba. I was linked to the indigenous movement of Chimbo­ share with the dífferent races we razo; the movement took me in as their member. The communities of CoIta and Cajabamba integrated me as a member of their community as Incas, the Puruháes, the Caras; ev­ well. Since 1989, at their request, Ijoined the Confederation of Indigenous : And, what am I? I am indigenous, Nationalities of Ecuador [CONAIE], as a legal advisor to help manage the that al1 has ended? This was a land and territory administration. I was the first woman to hold this posi­ tion. At the end of 1995, we became the founding members of Pachakutik in Quito, a very different experi­ together with comrade Luis Macas as president,]osé Maria Cabascango as , but I experienced more discrimi- leader of the organization, and me as land and territory leader. p Q

282 Carlos de la Torre r Within Pachakutik there are two paths, two criteria. One is that the Let's talk aboutyour transitthrough J indigenous movement is in charge and directs. The other is that the party I ist discourse, and on the other hand, , should be more open, include more social movements, with the indig­ 1 ment with the International Monetar enous people being the backbone. I First, you must understand tha How doyou interpretthemobilizationsand thealliances with themilitary that ended must not be perceived as if it . with the removal of presidentjamil Mahuad in january 2000? was that the programmatic pe battle from within. Within the The CONAIE Congress that took place in Santo Domingo de los Colorados economic measures proposed . in 1999 caused much concern among sorne sectors of the grass roots and sures were implemented, such sorne leaders, because of the relationship between Antonio Vargas and ele­ the polítical costs was that we t. ments of the armed forces who were part of the high command. The army which we could not stop becaw provided infrastructure, food, and field stoves for our congress. Second, of Economy or presideney. when CONA1E decided to lead the mobilization against Mahuad, Pachakutik

took a relatively subordinate attitude toward CONAIE. Sorne members of Wasn't that the momentto break thej Pachakutik, such as Napoleón Saltos, stated that the same mistake of 1996 I don't think the timing was al could not be repeated; that we needed a new strategy to forge an alliance only fifteen days in power. Wc with the military. My hair stood on end. from polítical office. And we e, Hence, why the alliance with Gutiérrez'sparty, Sociedad Patriótica, during the 2002 unable to hold office and gover electionsi What areyou doing now? Several scenarios arose. Our objective was to have common Center-Left I continue with my work at th candidates. There was a process of dialogue with Izquierda Democrática, academics and in the polítical " but they sustained that we would only be admitted as subordinates. The invited to go to Mexico by the , second scenario was to have León Roldós as presidential candidate and Auki on anthropology in Bogotá, afb Tituaña as vice-president. But Roldós resigned his candidacy. So we ran to Confederación de los Pueblo alone. When Antonio Vargas became the candidate for Amauta jatari, the Pachakutik congressional block Indigenous Evangelícal polítical party, there were two Indian candidates. wornen's issues it is the same, Hence, CONA1E, instead of considering that we would both go-thinking was going to rest a little, but I l not only as Indians, but also as a prospect for society with Tituaña as an in­ etc. I feel well, working eagerly, fluential administrative role model-decided not to endorse any candidate. Therefore, Auki decided not to participate, since he would not go against CONAIE'S decision. Consequently, we had to find a mestizo candidate. We spoke with Alberto Acosta, who did not show any interest. We were also talking to the Sociedad Patriótica simultaneously, and an alliance with ten programmatic points was agreed on.

Was there any objection with allyingwith a Golpista[coup leader]?

For us, the concept of coup d'état does not existo Our analysis is different. But, despite the fact that he is an ex-military, there was still potential if the program is fulfilled. Nina Pacari, an Interview 283

Iélths, two criteria. One is that the Let's talk aboutyour transit throughpower. Wasn't it a contradiction between a left­ directs. The other is that the party ist discourse, and on the other hand, governmentpractices such as signing an agree­ social movements, with the indig­ ment with the International Monetary Fundi'

First, you must understand that it was the government of an alliance and eaUiances with themilitary that ended must not be perceived as if it were a single unit. Perhaps, the limitation nJanuary 2000? was that the programmatic points could fail. In that case, we agreed to battle from within. Within the cabinet, we felt that the first draft of the n Santo Domingo de los Colorados economic measures proposed was absolutely appalling. Not all the mea­ ome sectors of the grass roots and sures were implemented, such as the increase of the price of gas. One of ip between Antonio Vargas and ele­ the political costs was that we had to sign the letter of intent with the IMF, irt of the high command. The army which we could not stop because we were not "within" either the Ministry d stoves for our congress. Second, of Economy or presidency. izationagainst Mahuad, Pachakutik toward CONAIE. Sorne members of Wasn't that the moment to break the alliance? tated that the same mistake of 1996 I don't think the timing was appropriate. It was not fitting to leave after 'a new strategy to forge an alliance only fifteen days in power. We would have been perceived as if fleeing l. from political oflice. And we even thought that we would be perceived as y, Sociedad Patriótica, during the 2002 unable to hold oflice and govern.

What areyou doing now? was to have common Center-Left I continue with my work at the international level, since I have been in logue with Izquierda Democrática, academics and in the political world for twenty years. For example, I was be admitted as subordinates. The invited to go to Mexico by the university; I was invited to teach a seminar s aspresidential candidate and Auki on anthropology in Bogotá, after which I will go to Puerto Rico. I belong resigned bis candidacy. So we ran to Confederación de los Pueblos de Nacionalidad Kichua del Ecuador. The e candidate for Amauta jatari, the Pachakutik congressional block has requested me to be their advisor. On there were rwo Indian candidates. wornen's issues it is the sarne, either one activity or another. I thought I that we would both go-thinking was going to rest a little, but I am still intensely busy in meetings, events, etfor societywith Tituaña as an in­ etc. I feel well, working eagerly, always with the same disposition. cidednot to endorse any candidate. ate, since he would not go against d to find a mestizo candidate. We t show any interest. We were also taneously,and an alliance with ten

lpista [coup leader]?

not existo Our analysis is different. ítary, there was still potential if the