Advances in Environmental Biology, 10(1) January 2016, Pages: 155-160 AENSI Journals

Advances in Environmental Biology

ISSN-1995-0756 EISSN-1998-1066

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Impact of Samanduri Drain on Water Resources of

1Abdul Nasir, 1Muhammad Salman Nasir, 1Imran Shauket, 1Shafiq Anwar and 2Iqra Ayub

1Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 2Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan

Address For Correspondence: Muhammad Salman Nasir, Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. E-mail: [email protected]

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Received 28 December 2015; Accepted 28 January 2016; Available online 24 February 2016

ABSTRACT Wastewater generation both in industrial and domestic sector increases due to overpopulation and rapid industrialization. Due to inadequate treatment facilities and sewerage system, the waste water dispose off into water bodies causing serious environmental and health implications. The study was undertaken in 2014-15 to assess the present status of water quality of study area that is District Faisalabad. Samples were taken from wastewater channel ( Drain) that carries wastewater of Industrial Estate of Faisalabad as well as the domestic sewers to assess the pollution contribution of these sources to the River Ravi and also its effect on groundwater. Physico-chemical parameters of the samples were analyzed during the study, as well as possible sources of contamination were investigated. The average value of BOD and COD of wastewater samples were 87.5 mg/l and 183.55 mg/l respectively. The quality of groundwater pumped near drains for drinking was found the worst as on average 90 percent samples were found unfit with respect to TDS, Na, K, Cl, and SO 4. The DO, BOD and COD level of river water after mixing effluent was 2.3 mg/l, 18.8 mg/l and 35 mg/l respectively. The study showed that the pollution level in river is rising from upstream to downstream due to discharge of domestic wastewater effluents, agricultural activities and solid waste dumping directly into the drain and also deteriorate the groundwater of Faisalabad. Therefore, it is need of time to take iron steps to make sure that wastewater is treated before discharging into drain so that water pollution can be minimized and treated water can be used for beneficial purposes.

KEYWORDS : Wastewater, Sewerage, Water quality, River Ravi, groundwater

INTRODUCTION

Pakistan’s population at the time of independence was only 32.5 million and increased rapidly up to184.35 million in 2013 (national institute of population, 2013). This increasing trend in population poses serious threats on limited natural resources of country [14]. Depletion and deterioration of surface and ground water resources made Pakistan a water deficit country. This situation is due to shortage of surface storage and shift of fresh water use from agriculture to domestic as well as industrial use [4]. Improper disposal system of domestic and industrial wastewater causing serious threats for fresh water resources, human health and agricultural productivity. This situation is more critical in those urban and industrial areas where ground water deterioration caused various water-borne diseases and irremediable damage to environment [11]. Total discharge of wastewater in 14 major cities of Pakistan is 962,335 million gallons from which 674,009 million gallons produce from municipal use and 288,326 million gallons from industrial use. Total wastewater

Copyright © 2016 by authors and American-Eurasian Network for Scientific Information (AENSI Publication). 156 Muhammad Salman Nasir et al , 2016 Advances in Environmental Biology, 10(1) January 2016, Pages: 155-160 discharge into major rivers is 392,511 million gallons which consists of 316,740 million gallons of municipal and 75,771 million gallons of industrial effluents [17]. About 2000 million gallons of sewage is discharge to local surface bodies every day (PAK-SCEA, 2006). Major industries that contribute to wastewater pollution in Pakistan are food processing, tanneries, refiners, textile and sugar industries, paper and pulp industries and petrochemicals [24]. Faisalabad, the city of textile, is the 3 rd most populous city of Pakistan. According to an estimate 1,100 MCM/year effluents were generated in Faisalabad [18] and dispose off through surface drains; Paharang and Madhuana. Awagat Branch joins Madhuana and Samundri Branch and converts into Samundri main drain. It carries wastewater from residential and industrial area of Faisalabad and Samundri disposes off into river Ravi at Bullahy Shah Mamoon Kanjan district Faisalabad (Report EPA, 2010). The Samundri drain had average discharge of 400 cusecs. This drain is responsible for adding 54.82 tons/day of organic loads to the river Ravi. River Ravi originates from the basin of Bangahal. In Pakistan it enters Shakargarh Tehsil of Narowal at Jassar. Water of Ravi is severely polluted by indiscriminate disposal off untreated effluents, generated from different residential and industrial areas of Lahore and Faisalabad. It is estimated that 8 MCM/day of waste is dispose off into the river Ravi without any treatment. Hazardous chemicals and organic waste affected aquatic life very badly in drain as well as river Ravi (EPD, 1990). These are the impacts of Samundri drain on surface water; meanwhile ground water has also been affected due to seepage of chemicals into soil and come in contact with groundwater. Hazardous chemicals and pathogenic microorganism present in wastewater affected public health very badly. The impact of Samundri drain on ground water quality has not been investigated so far.

Methodology: Study area: The study area (District Faisalabad) lies in Rachna Doab and comprises about 28500 km 2area out of which 70 % is under cultivation. Samunduri drain flowing south west and passes through Faisalabad and collects the industrial and domestic effluent of all over the city and discharge it into river Ravi near Bulley shah mammon kanjan District Faisalabad as shown in fig 1. The river Ravi is one of the highly polluted river of Pakistan that is contaminated due to industrial effluents.

Fig. 1: Map of Samundri drain.

Sampling Plan: As part of the study, wastewater sample were collected from Samundri drain. Samples were taken from nine different stations twice in a year (April 2014 and October 2014). Each sampling point was marked with global positioning system (GPS). Three samples were collected from each station for chemical, biological and heavy metal analysis. Groundwater samples were collected along or near the Samundri drain, District Faisalabad. Samples were randomly taken from the whole area of newly installed pumps to investigate the different water quality parameters in the groundwater. The total 70 water samples were collected from the site. For surface water analysis water sample from river Ravi downstream and upstream of Samundri drain were collected. Wastewater, groundwater and surface water samples for physico-chemical analysis were collected in polystyrene bottle of 1000 ml capacity. The bottles were washed and rinsed thoroughly with distilled water. Two ml/liter of nitric acid were used as a preservative in the sampling bottles for heavy metals. BOD and COD samples were kept in the icebox during transporting to the laboratory.After collection of the samples; the samples were preserved and analyzed for different physical, biological and chemical parameters in the Environmental Engineering laboratory of Department of Structures & Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.

157 Muhammad Salman Nasir et al , 2016 Advances in Environmental Biology, 10(1) January 2016, Pages: 155-160

Determination of physio-chemical Parameters: Water samples were analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters. pH was determined by using pH meter while EC and TDS by HACH CO 150 Conductivity meter directly. Chloride, bicarbonates, Calcium was determined by titration method [7] while magnesium by using mathematical formulas [9]. Sodium and potassium were analyzed through Jenway flame photometer [10]. Heavy metals were analyzed with the help of hybrid generation method of AAS vario 6, analytic jena AG. [10].The chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration was determined by analyzing the oxygen demand by using the colorimetric method (Lovibond, Dortmund, Germany) [3].

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Water samples for the physico-chemical parameters were analyzed and compared with the standards for drinking water, wastewater and river water by World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Environmental Quality Standard (NEQS). The Samundri drain has an average discharge of 400 cusecs. The samples were analyzed in the low and high flow season of year 2014. The average value of BOD and COD were 87.5 mg/l and 183.55 mg/l respectively. The high BOD and COD values indicate the presence of organic and inorganic substances in the effluents. Starch may be one of the biggest contributors for it as it is being used extensively in textile industry. It shows a biologically degraded water quality situation for the ecosystem. Result of wastewater samples from Samundri drain has been shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 while average value has shown in figure 4.

Fig. 2: Wastewater sample data for the month of April 2014.

Fig. 3: Wastewater sample data for the month of October 2014.

Fig. 4: Comparison of average values of wastewater at different time.

158 Muhammad Salman Nasir et al , 2016 Advances in Environmental Biology, 10(1) January 2016, Pages: 155-160

The BOD and COD values are far beyond the standard values of NEQS. DO of wastewater is 0.70 mg/l that is very low. The maximum unfit samples were found for drain in respect of pH, EC and Sulphate. It was due to the reason that the drain was heavily loaded with different type of wastes generated by different industries in the area. The concentration of chemical parameters was high because of low flows within the city. Most of the drains in Faisalabad is unlined due to that groundwater are more adversely contaminated by seepage of wastewater. Soil of the study area is loamy to sandy loam. Porosity of loam soil is 46.3 % and for sandy loam is 45.3 %. Rate of water penetration into the soil is an important factor that effect water quality. The water penetration is disturbed due to different ions present in soil. Salts concentration in soil is usually reported as the electrical conductivity. Salts that is present in the soil water solution move with the soil water in the downward direction through soil profile [21]. The results of groundwater sample near the drains showed that value of physical and chemical parameters are more than the permissible limits of WHO. Its mean wastewater from the drain was affecting the groundwater through infiltration. The quality of groundwater pumped near drains for drinking was found the worst as on average 90 percent samples were found unfit with respect to TDS, Na, K, Cl, and SO 4. The result of water analysis shows that groundwater is adversely affected due to the seepage of wastewater upto 0.8 km and its surroundings. Drinking such water increases concentration of these chemicals in the blood resulting in abnormal saline composition. This may cause high blood pressure and a number of cardiovascular problems to the consumers [20]. The detail analysis result of groundwater has been shown in figure 5.

Fig. 5: Groundwater sample analysis.

The river water at upstream and downstream of Samundri drain was analyzed which shows that effluents from industries are discharged into drain without treatment. Temperature is one of the most significant physical indicators of marine life. As temperature of river water rises, the rate of photosynthesis increases, thereby providing sufficient amounts of nutrients [5]. The water temperature values were found to be within the permissible limit of the NEQS and WHO standards. pH is important to measure the status of a river so that it can be used for drinking purpose [22]. The DO level at upstream side was 7.88mg/l and at downstream side BOD and COD level were found to be 18.8 mg/l and 35 mg/l respectively. Detail of sample analysis was shown in figure 6 and figure 7.

Fig. 6: River water analysis before entering Samundri Drain.

The fig 8 shows the comparison of River water samples before and after entering wastewater into river. It shows that water has pH (8.00-8.99) and lies within the permissible limit of NEQS for drinking water. It seems that Total dissolved solids (TDS) and conductivity is increased due to industrial and domestic inflow of wastewaters.

159 Muhammad Salman Nasir et al , 2016 Advances in Environmental Biology, 10(1) January 2016, Pages: 155-160

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) measures the quantity of oxygen that is dissolved in water. Oxygen enters into water by aeration and photosynthesis process. It’s difficult for aquatic life to survive if DO level is below 5.0 mg/L [12,13]. DO level was changed from 8.3 mg/l to 2.3mg/l as shown in fig 8 that is much below the desired value (5 mg/L) as per NEQS guidelines for river water quality due to heavy organic load enter into river water from drain.

Fig. 7: River water analysis after entering Samundri Drain.

Fig. 8: Comparison of River water analysis.

The BOD level of river water has increased after mixing wastewater but below the permissible limit. Direct entry of organic industrial and domestic wastewater into the river caused high organic pollution, and increase BOD and COD values in the downstream side. Generally, the BOD level of unpolluted water is 2 mg/l and after receiving wastewater this value goes upto 10 mg/l, while COD in unpolluted waters is 20 mg/L and 200 mg/L in waters receiving effluents [25,6,2] Hence, the data shows that the rate of contamination of river water is increased due to discharge of untreated wastewater of Samunduri drain.

Conclusion: The water quality of water resources like river Ravi and groundwater of Faisalabad especially near the drain is deteriorating due to several factors; most noteworthy is the anthropogenic activities like, agriculture, industry, domestic use of water and discharge of drain in to the river without any pre-treatment. The BOD and COD level of wastewater of Samundri drain are beyond the permissible limit of NEQS standard. The seepage of drain water deteriorates the groundwater and made it unfit for drinking. The result shows that river water is badly affected due to mixing of industrial and domestic wastewater. The higher value of DO will affect the aquatic life by reducing the oxygen level. Therefore, there is an urgent need to take essential steps to treat industrial wastewater before discharging into the drain so that pollution load can be minimized and the water can be used for beneficial purposes.

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