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The Physical Uplift of the Race: the Emergence of the African American Physical Culture Movement, 1900-1930

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The Physical Uplift of the Race: the Emergence of the African American Physical Culture Movement, 1900-1930 University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations Dissertations and Theses August 2015 The Physical Uplift of the Race: The Emergence of the African American Physical Culture Movement, 1900-1930 J. Anthony Guillory University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2 Part of the African American Studies Commons, Cultural History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Guillory, J. Anthony, "The Physical Uplift of the Race: The Emergence of the African American Physical Culture Movement, 1900-1930" (2015). Doctoral Dissertations. 360. https://doi.org/10.7275/6956904.0 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2/360 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Physical Uplift of the Race: The Emergence of the African American Physical Culture Movement, 1900—1930 A Dissertation Presented by JOSEPH ANTHONY GUILLORY Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2015 W.E.B. Du Bois Department of Afro-American Studies © Copyright by Joseph Anthony Guillory 2015 All Rights Reserved The Physical Uplift of the Race: The Emergence of the African American Physical Culture Movement, 1900—1930 A Dissertation Presented by JOSEPH ANTHONY GUILLORY Approved as to style and content by: __________________________________________ John H. Bracey, Chair __________________________________________ Amilcar Shabazz, Member __________________________________________ John Higginson, Member ________________________________________ John H. Bracey, Department Chair W.E.B. Du Bois Department of Afro-American Studies Dedication #TeamGuillory ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praise to my God, through whom all of the things in my life have been possible. There were so many times that I have thought about quitting, but the determination and drive that you instilled in me kept me going. I have to thank my family for fostering in me a spirit of achievement. Thank you for your love and support throughout this incredibly long journey. To my ridiculously beautiful and patient wife, thank you for enduring my mood swings, anxiety attacks, and restless nights. “Aquemini” forever! I want to thank my best friend E. Davis for staying up late with me on so many occasions as I worked through my thoughts. Thank you Shaun, Roderick, and Marvin, for your positive energy. Thank you Emahunn and Alex for your brotherhood. Emahunn I feel like we connected in ways that transcended our coursework. Thank you for literally sprinting with me up a hill! Alex, thank you for all those fun nights at your apartment. They got me through some pretty dark days. I cannot say enough about the generous folks at the libraries of UMass Amherst, Amherst College, Virginia Union University and Virginia State University. This simply would not have happened without you. I would like to thank my dean, Arlene Rodriguez, for giving me a job at Springfield Technical Community College and for creating for me opportunities that contributed to the completion of my degree. Finally, to my professors at Texas Lutheran University and the University of Massachusetts Amherst, thank you for spending so much time working with me. I am what I am now because you cared. v ABSTRACT THE PHYSICAL UPLIFT OF THE RACE: THE EMERGENCE OF THE AFRICAN AMERICAN PHYSICAL CULTURE MOVEMENT, 1900—1930 MAY 2015 JOSEPH ANTHONY GUILLORY, B.A., TEXAS LUTHERAN UNIVERSITY M.A., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST PH.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by John H. Bracey My dissertation, “The Physical Uplift of the Race: The Emergence of the African American Physical Culture Movement, 1900—1930,” situates the early twentieth century of African American physical culture within a historical narrative that shaped philosophical viewpoints of African American urban community development. Previous inquiries of related topics attempt to describe a physical culture movement that was somehow separate and apart from the larger historical narrative of African people in the United States. My work does not continue in that vein. My objective is to illustrate how the black physical culture movement was primarily a reaction to African Americans’ new geo-political realities and communal aspirations as they began to establish communities outside of the rural South. In part one of my dissertation I interrogate the relationship between the African- American physical culture movement and black social scientists’ investigations social issues that plagued the increasingly urbanizing black population at the turn of the twentieth century. I argue that black social reformers adopted aspects of the physical culture movement to remedy issues related to poor health, inadequate childcare, vi inadequate education, and youthful mischief. I conclude this section by arguing that, despite their early achievements in spreading movement aims, on the eve of Depression era, black physical culture proponents began to compete with the spoils of their own success. This last point has great implications for modern African American student- athletes and the communities who support them. In part two I analyze the black playground movement as a manifestation of “race adjustment” as depicted within the pages of Baltimore’s Afro-American newspaper. My first argument is that from 1909 to 1925, the Afro-American, which began as one of the most important black periodicals, became increasingly disillusioned with the idea of reaching an accommodation with the larger white population. This is evidenced by its evolving definition of the term race adjustment and the newspaper’s subsequent advocacy for race progress. My second argument is that the Afro, which had been known as an overtly political instrument for black self-determination, adopted as one of its principal campaigns the construction of playgrounds for reasons related to race advancement. I conclude by arguing that the struggle to erect playgrounds in black Baltimore unfolded in ways that differed greatly from the effort to establish playgrounds for white and European immigrant youth. My epilogue outlines some areas for future research. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................... v ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... vi INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. BLACK INTELLECTUAL THOUGHT AND THE IMPETUS FOR BLACK PHYSICAL CULTURE, 1900—1930 .................................................... 28 2. DEVELOPMENT OF INTERCOLLEGIATE AND COMMUNITY LEVEL PHYSICAL CULTURE AND ITS CHALLENGES ............................... 70 3. THE AFRO-AMERICAN AND THE TENETS OF RACE ADJUSTMENT, 1900—1925 ......................................................................................................... 115 4. THE BLACK PLAYGROUND MOVEMENT AS RACE ADJUSTMENT WITHIN THE AFRO-AMERICAN , 1900-1928 ...................... 165 EPILOGUE ...................................................................................................................... 222 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................... 228 viii INTRODUCTION My intention in writing this dissertation is to situate the emergence of African American physical culture in the twentieth century within a historical narrative that accounts for the philosophical viewpoints of those African Americans who tried to resolve the various social issues that affected a rapidly urbanizing African-American population between 1900 and 1930. I will illustrate how the emergence of the black physical culture movement was, in many ways, a reaction to African Americans’ new geo-political circumstances and communal aspirations. This dissertation is divided into two parts. In part one I interrogate the relationship between the African-American physical culture movement and intellectuals’ attempts to resolve many of the social issues affecting the growing black urban population. I argue that intellectuals adopted aspects of the physical culture movement to help them resolve many of the issues that hindered racial progress in American cities. My evidence shows that physical culture proponents advocated for the implementation of athletics into black schools, colleges, and community institutions because they believed that doing so would help to improve blacks’ material conditions. I also argue that, despite their early achievements black physical culture proponents struggled to protect the movement from a results-driven sport consumerist takeover. In part two I consider the significance of the black playground movement as a theme of race adjustment within the pages of Baltimore’s Afro-American Newspaper from 1900 to 1929. My first argument is that during this period, the Afro-American, which began as a publication in line with Booker T. Washington’s accomodationist approach, became increasingly disillusioned with the idea of a peaceful
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