Women in the News in 2019 Content Analysis

Emily B. Ndulue & Fernando Bermejo, Media Ecosystems Analysis Group (MEAG) March 2020

Overview The Media Ecosystems Analysis Group (MEAG), contracted by AKAS in conjunction with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, conducted content analysis using computational methods in support of three of the four key commitments of the Foundation’s gender equality in news initiative:

• Commitment 2: Use of Women as Sources of Expertise • Commitment 3: Stories Leading with Women Protagonists • Commitment 4: Coverage of Gender Equality Issues

To evaluate the current status of these commitments in global media, MEAG centered analysis on news coverage in six predetermined countries of focus: India, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Methodology Media Cloud, an open source database and analysis platform containing over 60,000 news media publications and over 1 billion news stories from around the globe, was the core research tool for this project. The platform allows for large-scale evaluation of news media coverage and ecosystems. Documentation on the various computational and analytical models contained within Media Cloud can be found on GitHub. Automated methods through Media Cloud were the primary data collection and analysis approach, supplemented with manual coding and researcher insight.

Analytical approaches varied based on commitments:

1. The analysis approach for Commitment 2: Use of Women as Sources of Expertise, was to evaluate the percentage of times that quoted speech in news articles could be attributed to a woman; notably, while a quote represents having a voice in a news story, it may not be the same as being denoted an expert. This commitment required more significant manual coding than other commitments. 2. To evaluate Commitment 3: Stories Leading with Women Protagonists, researchers analyzed the percentage of headlines that featured women’s names. 3. To evaluate Commitment 4: Coverage of Gender Equality Issues, a complex keyword-based query was developed to capture coverage that touched on

gender equality issues. Various descriptive analyses were then run on the resulting coverage corpus.

Analysis of all commitments took into consideration the themes of coverage. The Media Cloud system processes all English-language stories using a set of trained models to predict what themes the stories focus on; these machine learning modules were built based on the New York Times annotated corpus. In order to compare these findings with previous work on this subject, the themes used by the Global Media Monitoring Project (GMMP) were selected. Researchers then determined which themes from the New York Times corpus (NYT) best corresponded to the GMMP themes.

Table 1. GMMP Themes and Corresponding NYT Themes Selected for Analysis

GMMP Theme NYT Theme(s) Politics and Government “politics and government" Economy "economic conditions and trends" Social and Legal "law and legislation” Crime and Violence "crime and criminals", "violence" Arts and Media "media" , “music” , “motion pictures” , “theater” , “books and literature” , “television” , “culture" Science and Health "science and technology" , “medicine and health" (Note: “medicine and health” was present far more often in the corpus than “science and technology.”) Sports1 “athletics and sports” Celebrity Omitted, no corresponding NYT theme

The corpus of analysis for Commitments 2 and 3 was comprised of 80 total key publications from the six countries of focus (see Appendix 1: Key Publications). These publications were selected based prominence in the media ecosystem, web traffic to publication homepage per SimilarWeb data, and number of stories in the Media Cloud system.

Table 2. Key Publication Count Per Country

Country Number of Key Publications India 16 Kenya 10 Nigeria 10 South Africa 10 United Kingdom 14 United States 20 Total 80

1 The GMMP had grouped “Arts and Media” with “Sports,” which researchers separated for this analysis.

The corpus of analysis for Commitment 4 was comprised of all news publications contained in Media Cloud for each of the six countries of focus; this totaled to 350 publications from India, 69 publications from Kenya, 246 publications from Nigeria, 136 publications from South Africa, 444 publications from the United Kingdom, and 10,668 publications from the United States. The 2019 calendar year was the timeframe of analysis across all commitments. Greater detail on methodology for each commitment can be found later in this report.

Results Findings from these commitments indicate that there is much room for improvement to achieve gender equality in news media globally. Overall, women are quoted and featured in headlines less than 30% of the time. Further, coverage of issues related to women’s equality accounted for less than 1% of news stories in 2019.

However, stories in the theme of Science and Health and the theme of Art and Media were more likely to have quotes attributed to women and headlines featuring women. The main driver of news coverage to the issue globally was International Women’s Day, demonstrating the importance of such commemorative events as press drivers. National policy changes, such as the ban on “Triple Talaq” (Islamic instant divorce) in India also drove coverage to the issue of gender equality.

In general, the United Kingdom performed better on the commitments than the other nations studied, ranking first in two of the three commitments studied. Conversely, India ranked last among all nations in two of the three commitments.

Table 3. Rankings by Country and Commitment

India Kenya Nigeria South UK US Africa

Commitment 2: Percent of 6th 4th 5th 2nd/3rd 1st nd rd Quotes Attributed to 2 /3 (14%) (20%) (16%) (29%) Women (25%) (25%)

Commitment 3: Percent of 3rd/4th 2nd 6th 5th 1st 3rd/4th Headlines with a Woman’s (23%) (15%) (20%) (30%) Name (21%) (21%)

Commitment 4: Percent of 6th 1st 4th 2nd 3rd 5th News Stories on Women’s (0.18%) (0.68%) (0.46%) (0.65%) (0.48%) (0.37%) Equality Issues

Commitment 2: Use of Women as Sources of Expertise Methodology To evaluate this commitment, an individual being quoted in a story—i.e., being given voice in a news media article—was used as a proxy for the individual being a source of expertise. This approach allowed for digital computation at scale across countries. Drawing from all 2019 stories from the 80 key publications, a random sample of 1,000 quotes was taken from each country to analyze data at the country level; with a confidence level of 95%, this sample size produced a margin of error of 1% overall and of 3% at the country level.

One quote was extracted from each story sampled using Stanford CoreNLP (see documentation). This human language technology tool then made an attempt to name the speaker of the quote based on sentence syntax heuristics. Human coders then reviewed the quote in context and corrected the speaker information when needed (approximately 65% of the time). Attributions that were not to an individual speaker name, such as an organization, corporation, or written document, were set aside and not processed further.

Country Quotes Sampled and Coded Quotes Attributed to a Speaker India 1,000 775 Kenya 1,000 732 Nigeria 1,000 666 South Africa 1,000 772 United Kingdom 1,000 745 United States 1,000 810 Total 6,000 4,500

Speaker names were processed through Genderize.io, an open source gender identification tool that uses census data and other name-based data sets from multiple countries to label gender based on first names (see Genderize.io documentation at: https://genderize.io/). Notably, Genderize.io only accounts for gender in a binary. When Genderize.io was unable to determine a gender, it was labeled as “Unknown.” Finally, the data was processed through theme classification to produce findings at the country and thematic level. Limitations of this methodology include the use of quotes as a proxy for being an expert source, and the possible errors introduced through sampling, manual coding of speaker attribution, and Genderize.io automated name gender attribution.

Results

Overall • Women were not quoted at an equal rate to men in any country or thematic area. In fact, it was rare for the percentage of quotes attributed to women to be above 30% in any subset of the data.

• News media in the United Kingdom performed the best of all countries examined on this commitment. The country had the highest percent of quotes attributed to women, at 29%.

• Indian news media performed the worst of all countries on this commitment. It had the lowest percent of quotes attributed to women, at just 14%.

• Across all countries, there were no themes in which 50% or more of the quotes were attributed to women. In general, stories in the theme of Science and Health and the theme of Art and Media were more likely to have quotes attributed to women. Stories in the themes of Economy and Sports were less likely to have quotes attributed to women.

Figure 1. Overall Gender Breakdown in Quoted Speakers2

India 80% 14% 6%

Kenya 74% 20% 6%

Nigeria 81% 16% 3%

South Africa 70% 25% 5%

UK 69% 29% 2%

US 71% 25% 4%

Men Women Unknown

2 The “Unknown” category represents when the Genderize.io tool cannot determine a gender.

Table 4. Themes Ranked by Percent of Quotes Attributed to Women

Overall South Average India Kenya Nigeria UK US Africa Rank

Science and 3rd 1st 2nd 2nd 1st/2 nd 1st 1st Health (17%) (40%) (19%) (40%) (38%) (46%)

Arts and 1st 3rd 1st 4th 1st/2 nd 2nd 2nd Media (27%) (29%) (25%) (36%) (34%) (46%)

Social and 2nd 4th 5th 1st 4th 4th/5th 3rd/4 th (18%) (17%) (6%) (41%) (23%) Legal (27%)

Crime and th th 2nd 3rd 3rd 5th 3rd 3rd/4 th 4 /5 Violence (33%) (16%) (39%) (19%) (29%) (13%)

Politics and 4th/5 th 7th 4th 6th 3rd 6th 5th Government (11%) (12%) (26%) (26%) (22%) (13%)

6th 6th 7th 7th th th 4th/5 th Sports th th 6 /7 6 /7 (12%) (14%) (0%) (16%) (14%) (27%)

7th 5th 6th 5th 6th/7 th 7th Economy th th 6 /7 (6%) (15%) (3%) (28%) (15%) (14%)

Table 5. Thematic Areas with the Greatest Proportion of Quotes from Women

Rank Country Theme % of Quotes Attributed to Women 1/2 United Kingdom Science and Health 46% 1/2 United Kingdom Arts and Media 46% 3 South Africa Social and Legal 41% 4/5 South Africa Science and Health 40% 4/5 Kenya Science and Health 40%

Table 6. Thematic Areas with the Lowest Proportion of Quotes from Women

Rank Country Theme % of Quotes Attributed to Women 38 Kenya Politics and Government 11% 39/40 India Economy 6% 39/40 Nigeria Social and Legal 6% 41 Nigeria Economy 3% 42 Nigeria Sports 0%

India Of the 1000 quotes sampled from Indian news, 765 (77%) could be attributed to an individual speaker. 3 Only 14% of those quotes were attributed to a woman; in contrast, 80% of quotes were attributed to a man.

Figure 2. Gender Breakdown for Quoted Speakers (India)

6% 14%

80%

Unknown Women Men

Looking at the data thematically, quotes from women were most likely to be found in Arts and Media, in which 27% of quotes were attributed to women. Just 6% of quotes were attributed to women in the Economy theme.

Figure 3. Gender Breakdown in Quotes by Theme (India)

Arts and Media 67% 27% 6% Social and Legal 77% 18% 5% Science and Health 72% 17% 11% Politics and Government 82% 13% 5% Crime and Violence 85% 13% 2% Sports 88% 12% Economy 90% 6% 4%

Men Women Unknown

3 The remaining quotes were attributed to an institution, group of people, a report, or otherwise could not be identified. This is true for all countries in this commitment analysis.

Kenya

Of the 1000 quotes sampled from Kenyan news, 732 (73%) could be attributed to an individual speaker. Only 20% of those quotes were attributed to a woman; in contrast, 74% of those quotes were attributed to a man.

Figure 4. Gender Breakdown for Quoted Speakers (Kenya)

20%

74%

Unknown Women Men

Women were most represented in the Science and Health theme (made up entirely of Medicine and Health stories in this sample) with 40% of quote attribution. Politics and Government ranked at the bottom, with just 11% of quotes attributed to women.

Figure 5. Gender Breakdown in Quotes by Theme (Kenya)

Science and Health 52% 40% 8% Crime and Violence 62% 33% 6% Arts and Media 71% 29% Social and Legal 82% 18% Economy 70% 15% 15% Sports 86% 14% Politics and Government 83% 11% 6%

Men Women Unknown

Nigeria

Of the 1000 quotes sampled from Nigerian news, 666 (67%) could be attributed to an individual speaker. (This figure was lower for Nigeria than other countries due to an observed stylistic convention in Nigerian news coverage wherein not all quotation-marked sentences were followed by an attribution.) Only 16% of those quotes were attributed to a woman; in contrast, 81% of those quotes were attributed to a man.

Figure 6. Gender Breakdown for Quoted Speakers (Nigeria)

3% 16%

81%

Unknown Women Men

Thematically, Arts and Media had the greatest proportion of women quoted, at 25%. Sports had no quotes attributed to women, but as there was only one quote from a sports-themed story in the sample set, this sample size is too small for strong conclusions. Economy had the second-to-least percentage of women quoted, at just 3%.

Figure 7. Gender Breakdown in Quotes by Theme (Nigeria)

Arts and Media 75% 25% Science and Health 77% 19% 4% Crime and Violence 84% 16% Politics and Government 86% 12% 2% Social and Legal 94% 6% Economy 94% 3%3% Sports 100%

Men Women Unknown

South Africa

Of the 1000 quotes sampled, 772 (77%) could be attributed to an individual speaker. (The remaining quotes were attributed to an institution, group of people, a report, or otherwise could not be identified.) Only 25% of those quotes were attributed to a woman; in contrast, 70% of those quotes were attributed to a man.

Figure 8. Gender Breakdown for Quoted Speakers (South Africa)

25%

70%

Unknown Women Men

Stories in the theme of Social and Legal were most likely to have a quote attributed to a woman; 41% of quotes in this theme were attributed to a woman. Science and Health was a close second, at 40% of quotes attributed to women. 16% of quotes were attributed to women in the Sports theme, which was the lowest ranked thematic category for this country.

Figure 9. Gender Breakdown in Quotes by Theme (South Africa)

Social and Legal 59% 41% Science and Health 49% 40% 11% Crime and Violence 49% 39% 12% Arts and Media 57% 36% 7% Economy 67% 28% 5% Politics and Government 70% 26% 4% Sports 84% 16%

Men Women Unknown

United Kingdom

Of the 1000 quotes sampled, 745 (75%) could be attributed to an individual speaker. (The remaining quotes were attributed to an institution, group of people, a report, or otherwise could not be identified.) Only 29% of those quotes were attributed to a woman; in contrast, 69% of those quotes were attributed to a man.

Figure 10. Gender Breakdown for Quoted Speakers (United Kingdom)

29%

69%

Unknown Women Men

The themes of Science and Health and Arts and Media were tied for the best representation of women; 46% of quotes were attributed to women in both themes. Sports and Economy were tied for the lowest percentage of quotes attributed to women, at 14% each.

Figure 11. Gender Breakdown in Quotes by Theme (United Kingdom)

Science and Health 50% 46% 4% Arts and Media 54% 46% Politics and Government 72% 26% 2% Social and Legal 77% 23% Crime and Violence 80% 19% 2% Sports 86% 14% Economy 86% 14%

Men Women Unknown

United States

Of the 1000 quotes sampled, 810 (81%) could be attributed to an individual speaker. (The remaining quotes were attributed to an institution, group of people, a report, or otherwise could not be identified.) Only 25% of those quotes were attributed to a woman; in contrast, 71% of those quotes were attributed to a man.

Figure 12. Gender Breakdown for Quoted Speakers (United States)

25%

71%

Unknown Women Men

The greatest percentage of women were quoted in the Science and Health theme, at 38% attribution. Stories in the Economy theme were the least likely to have quotes attributed to a woman, at just 15%.

Figure 13. Gender Breakdown in Quotes by Theme (United States)

Science and Health 58% 38% 4% Arts and Media 60% 34% 6% Crime and Violence 68% 29% 3% Sports 73% 27% Social and Legal 71% 27% 2% Politics and Government 75% 22% 3% Economy 78% 15% 7%

Men Women Unknown

Commitment 3: Stories leading with women protagonists Methodology To evaluate this commitment, an individual being named in a headline was used as a proxy for the individual being a protagonist of the story. This allowed for digital computation at scale across countries. Drawing from all 2019 stories from the 80 key publications, a sample size was calculated for each publication to produce a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 2%4. A random sample of stories was then taken from each publication per the calculations.

Table 7. Publications and Stories Analyzed Per Country

Country Number of Publications Total Stories Sampled India 16 36,256 Kenya 10 18,789 Nigeria 10 21,495 South Africa 10 18,353 United Kingdom 14 27,076 United States 20 42,933 Total 80 164,902

Headlines were extracted from each story sampled, then processed through CLIFF-CLAVEN, a named entity recognizing machine learning module (see CLIFF-CLAVEN documentation). When a headline was found to contain one or more names, the name(s) were extracted and processed through Genderize.io. In order to account for cases in which headlines only contained an individual’s last name, researchers manually coded the full name and gender of all individuals only referred to by a last name who were mentioned 25 times or more (approximately 175 people). Unless otherwise noted, percentage findings are based on the percent of headlines that contain one or more names, i.e. “named headlines,” not on the total number of headlines. Finally, the data was processed through theme classification to produce additional findings at the thematic level. Limitations of this methodology include the use of headline as a proxy for being a protagonist, and the possible errors introduced through sampling, automated entity detection with Cliff-Claven, and Genderize.io automated name gender attribution.

4 This created a margin of error at the country-level of less than 1% for each country when using a 95% confidence level.

Results Overall • Women were not included in headlines at an equal rate to men in any country, publication or thematic area. In fact, it was rare for the percentage of women in named headlines to be above 30% in any subset of the data.

• The United Kingdom performed the best of all countries examined on this commitment. The country had the highest aggregate percent of named headlines containing women, at 30%, and was home to six of the ten top-performing publications.

• Nigeria performed the worst of all countries on this commitment. It had the lowest aggregate percent of named headlines containing women, at just 15%. Six of the bottom ten performing publications overall were from Nigeria.

• At the publication level, the percent of named headlines containing women ranged from 46% in Buzzfeed, a US-based publication, to just 6% in This Day, a Nigeria-based publication.

• Across all countries, stories in the themes of Arts and Media and Science and Health had higher rates of women in the headline than the other themes examined. Stories in the theme of Economy had the lowest rate of women in the headline.

• Across all countries, the top-mentioned women still received fewer headlines than the top-mentioned men. In the US, Donald Trump received more headlines than the combined total of all headlines mentioning any woman.

Figure 14. Overall Gender Breakdown in Named Headlines5

11% 3% 4% 13% 6% 7% 21% 15% 30% 21% 23% 20%

83% 82% 79% 73% 78% 76%

India Kenya Nigeria South UK US Africa

Men Women Unknown

5 The percentages do not add to 100%, as some headlines contained more than one named individual. I.e., if a headline stated “Trump and May to meet in London,” the headline would be counted towards the men’s percent and the women’s percent.

Table 8. Top Publications by Percent of Named Headlines that include Women

Publication Country % of Named Headlines with Women 1 Buzzfeed United States 46% 2 Mpasho News6 Kenya 44% 3 The Sun7 United Kingdom 40% 4 Daily Mail United Kingdom 38% 5 Daily Express United Kingdom 35% 6 The Guardian United Kingdom 35% 7 The Standard United Kingdom 34% 8 Information Nigeria Nigeria 33% 9 The Times United Kingdom 31% 10 The Times of India India 30%

Table 9. Bottom Publications by Percent of Named Headlines that include Women

Publication Country % of Named Headlines with Women 71 Business Daily Kenya 11% 72 The Wall Street Journal United States 11% 73 Capital News Kenya 10% 74 Leadership Nigeria 9% 75 Vanguard Nigeria 9% 76 The Nation Online Nigeria 8% 77 Today Nigeria 8% 78 The East African Kenya 8% 79 All Africa News: Nigeria Nigeria 7% 80 This Day Nigeria 6%

Table 10. Themes Ranked by Percent of Named Headlines that include Women

Overall South Average India Kenya Nigeria UK US Africa Rank

st st/ nd st st nd st Arts and st 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 (36%) (32%) (37%) (43%) (32%) Media (35%)

6 Mpasho News is a celebrity news site; the subject matter of the publication is likely to contain more women. 7 The Sun, along with following publications Daily Mail and Daily Express, has more coverage in the theme Arts & Media (which contains celebrity coverage); this is likely a driver of the higher percentage of women.

Overall South Average India Kenya Nigeria UK US Africa Rank

Science and 2nd 1st/2 nd 2nd 2nd 1st 2nd 2nd Health (30%) (35%) (26%) (30%) (45%) (28%)

Politics and 3rd 4th 5th 5th/ 6th 4th 5th 3rd Government (17%) (13%) (6%) (14%) (25%) (18%)

Crime and 6th/ 7th 3rd 3rd 4th 3rd 6th 4th Violence (10%) (25%) (21%) (19%) (30%) (16%)

6th/ 7th 7th 4th 3rd 7th 3rd Sports 5th (10%) (5%) (13%) (22%) (14%) (24%)

Social and 5th 5th 7th 5th/ 6th 5th/ 6th 4th 6th Legal (14%) (10%) (3%) (14%) (20%) (19%)

4th 6th 6th 7th 5th/ 6th 7th Economy 7th (15%) (9%) (4%) (7%) (20%) (10%)

Table 11. Thematic Areas with the Greatest Proportion of Women in Named Headlines

Country Theme % of Named Headlines with Women 1 United Kingdom Science and Health 45% 2 United Kingdom Arts and Media 43% 3 South Africa Arts and Media 37% 4 India Arts and Media 36% 5 Kenya Science and Health 35%

Table 12. Thematic Areas with the Lowest Proportion of Women in Named Headlines

Country Theme % of Named Headlines with Women 38 South Africa Economy 7% 39 Nigeria Politics and Government 6% 40 Kenya Sports 5% 41 Nigeria Economy 4% 42 Nigeria Social and Legal 3%

India

Of the 36,256 stories sampled, 11,825 headlines (33%) had one or more individuals named in the headline. Only 21% of the headlines with named individuals included a woman; in contrast, 79% of named headlines contained the name of a man.

Figure 15. Gender Breakdown in Named Headlines (India)

Men 79%

Women 21%

Unknown 11%

At the publication level, the percent of named headlines that included at least one woman’s name ranged from 30% (The Times of India), to just 13% (both Economic Times and Mint).

Figure 16. Percent of Named Headlines that include Women, by Publication (India)

35% 30% 29% 30% 27% 25% 25% 22% 22% 21% 20% 19% 18% 17% 17% 16% 15% 14% 15% 13% 13%

10%

Mint DNA NDTV First Post Outlook The Hindu India Today The Asian Age Hindustan Times Financial Express Economic Times The Times of India The Indian Express BusinessDeccan Standard Chronicle

The New Indian Express

Looking at headlines by theme, women were more likely to be included in headlines for stories about Arts and Media or Science and Health. Arts and Media was the only theme

where women were mentioned in headlines more than one-third of the time. Conversely, women were only included in 10% of named headlines for stories about Sports or about Crime and Violence.

Figure 17. Gender Breakdown in Named Headlines by Theme (India)

Arts and Media 72% 36% 15% Science and Health 69% 30% 8% Politics and Government 84% 17% 7% Economy 82% 15% 8% Social and Legal 80% 14% 12% Sports 82% 10% 11% Crime and Violence 86% 10% 9%

Men Women Unknown

For context, the number of named headlines for each theme is listed below. (Note: Stories may be tagged with multiple themes.)

• Arts and Media: Books and Literature (119), Culture (24), Media (61), Motion Pictures (1,164), Music (215), Television (227), Theater (31) • Science and Health: Science and Technology (2), Medicine and Health (318) • Politics and Government: 5,347 • Crime and Violence: Crime and Criminals (738), Violence (5) • Sports: 89 • Social and Legal: 199 • Economy: 469

Politicians and actresses are the most-frequently mentioned women across all individuals mentioned in sampled headlines. These top-mentioned women still receive less headlines than the top-mentioned men.

Table 13. Top-Mentioned Women in Headlines (India)

Name Headline % Description Count 1 Mamata Banerjee 218 2% Politician 2 Mayawati 93 1% Politician 3 Sonia Gandhi 76 1% Politician 4 Priyanka Gandhi 71 1% Politician 5 Nirmala Sitharaman 70 1% Politician 6 Sushma Swaraj 48 <1% Politician (died 2019) 7 Smriti Irani 43 <1% Politician 8 Priyanka Chopra 41 <1% Actress

Name Headline % Description Count 9 Alia Bhatt 39 <1% Actress 10 Kangana Ranaut 32 <1% Actress

Table 14. Top-Mentioned Men in Headlines (India)

Name Headline % Description Count 1 Narendra Modi 1396 12% Politician 2 Donald Trump 567 5% Politician (US) 3 Rahul Gandhi 507 4% Politician 4 Amit Shah 211 2% Politician 5 P. Chidambaram 134 1% Politician 6 Virat Kohli 130 1% Athlete 7 Imran Khan 110 1% Actor, also the name of a Pakistani politician 8 MS Dohni 95 1% Athlete 9 Arun Jaitley 72 1% Politician 10 Rajnath Singh 62 1% Politician

Kenya

In Kenya, of the 18,789 stories sampled, 4,929 headlines (26%) had one or more individuals named. Only 23% of the headlines with named individuals included a woman, compared with 73% of named headlines containing the name of a man.

Figure 18. Gender Breakdown in Named Headlines (Kenya)

Men 73%

Women 23%

Unknown 13%

At the publication level, the percent of named headlines that included women ranged from 44% (Mpasho News), to only 8% (The East African). The high value for Mpasho News, which is a Lifestyle and Celebrity news site, skews the overall country level result, which would be below 20% without that publication.

Figure 19. Percent of Named Headlines that include Women, by Publication (Kenya)

50% 45% 44% 40% 35%

30% 26% 24% 25% 21% 20% 17% 15% 15% 15% 11% 10% 10% 8% 5% 0%

Kenyan Post Nairobi NewsThe Standard Business DailyCapital News Mpasho News Kahawa Tungu The Daily NationAll Africa: Kenya The East African

The greatest representation of women in named headlines was found in the Science and Health and Arts and Media themes; for both themes 35% of named headlines include women. Sports ranks at the bottom, with just 5% of named headlines including women.

Figure 20. Gender Breakdown in Named Headlines by Theme (Kenya)

Science and Health 61% 35% 10% Arts and Media 61% 35% 15% Crime and Violence 72% 25% 13% Politics and Government 86% 13% 8% Social and Legal 72% 10% 27% Economy 87% 9% 6% Sports 91% 5% 9%

Men Women Unknown

For context, the number of named headlines for each theme is listed below. (Note: Stories may be tagged with multiple themes.)

• Arts and Media: Books and Literature (40), Culture (0), Media (83), Motion Pictures (40), Music (259), Television (127), Theater (3) • Science and Health: Science and Technology (0), Medicine and Health (306)

• Politics and Government: 1,953 • Crime and Violence: Crime and Criminals (334), Violence (4) • Sports: 22 • Social and Legal: 93 • Economy: 126

The women who are mentioned most frequently in headlines in Kenya are primarily news anchors who have become celebrity personalities in their own right. Also included on the list are several politicians and two prominent women who died in 2019. Top-mentioned women still received less coverage than top-mentioned men.

Table 15. Top-Mentioned Women in Headlines in Kenya

Name Headline % Description Count 1 Aisha Jumwa 33 1% Politician 2 Betty Kyallo 12 <1% News anchor 3 Esther Arunga 12 <1% Politician and news anchor 4 Jacque Maribe 11 <1% News anchor 5 Joyce Laboso 11 <1% Politician (died 2019) 6 Diana Marua 10 <1% Wife of famous musician (Bahati) 7 Janet Mbugua 8 <1% News anchor 8 Sabina Chege 8 <1% Politician 9 Anne Kiguta 7 <1% News anchor 10 Caroline Mwatha 7 <1% Human rights activist (died 2019)

Table 16. Top-Mentioned Men in Headlines in Kenya

Name Headline % Description Count 1 William Ruto 451 10% Politician 2 Uhuru Kenyatta 316 6% Politician 3 Raila Odinga 221 4% Politician 4 Mike Sonko 139 3% Politician 5 Donald Trump 117 2% Politician (US) 6 Omar al-Bashir 54 1% Politician (Sudan) 7 Ferdinand Waititu 40 1% Politician 8 Ken Okoth 40 1% Politician (died 2019) 9 Yoweri Museveni 38 1% Politician (Uganda) 10 Eliud Kipchoge 37 1% Athlete

Nigeria

In Nigeria, of the 21,495 stories sampled, 6,162 headlines (29%) had one or more individuals named. Only 15% of named headlines included a woman, which is the lowest of any country; in comparison, 83% included a man.

Figure 21. Gender Breakdown in Named Headlines (Nigeria)

Men 83%

Women 15%

Unknown 6%

At the publication level, the percent of named headlines that included women ranged from 33% (Information Nigeria), to just 6% (This Day). The overall average is skewed by Information Nigeria, a general news site; without this publication the average would be below 15%. Only four of the ten publications had headline attribution levels above 10%.

Figure 22. Percent of Named Headlines that include Women, by Publication (Nigeria)

40%

35% 33%

30%

25% 22%

20% 16% 15% 15% 9% 10% 9% 8% 8% 7% 6% 5%

Pulse Today This Day PM News Vanguard Leadership

The Nation OnlineAll Africa: Nigeria Information Nigeria Latest Nigerian News

Arts and Media and Science and Health are the themes with the greatest proportion of women mentioned in headlines, at 32% and 26% respectively. Women account for less than

10% of named headlines in three thematic areas: Politics and Government (6%), Economy (4%), and Sports (3%).

Figure 23. Gender Breakdown in Named Headlines by Theme (Nigeria)

Arts and Media 69% 32% 9% Science and Health 68% 26% 7% Crime and Violence 77% 21% 7% Sports 81% 13% 11% Politics and Government 93% 6% 3% Economy 95% 4%2% Social and Legal 95% 3% 3%

Men Women Unknown

For context, the number of named headlines for each theme is listed below. (Note: Stories may be tagged with multiple themes.)

• Arts and Media: Books and Literature (37), Culture (0), Media (80), Motion Pictures (159), Music (257), Television (92), Theater (14) • Science and Health: Science and Technology (0), Medicine and Health (175) • Politics and Government: 3,497 • Crime and Violence: Crime and Criminals (254), Violence (3) • Sports: 48 • Social and Legal: 142 • Economy: 248

Actresses, musicians and politicians are the most frequently mentioned women in Nigerian headlines. There are also two women who are connected with gender issues: a woman filing a high-profile rape case, and a teen captured by Boko Haram. The top-mentioned women receive less headlines than the top-mentioned men.

Table 17. Top-Mentioned Women in Headlines in Nigeria

Name Headline % Description Count 1 Aisha Buhari 43 1% First Lady 2 Tacha 24 <1% Reality TV star 3 Busola Dakolo 17 <1% Lawyer, Nigerian #MeToo figure 4 Leah Sharibu 15 <1% Teen captured by Boko Haram 5 Cardi B 14 <1% Musician (US) 6 Kemi Olunloyo 12 <1% Journalist and activist

Name Headline % Description Count 7 Tiwa Savage 12 <1% Musician 8 Genevieve Nnaji 9 <1% Actress 9 Juliet Ibrahim 9 <1% Actress (Ghana) 10 Amina Zakari 8 <1% Politician

Table 18. Top-Mentioned Men in Headlines in Nigeria

Name Headline % Description Count 1 Muhammadu Buhari 1487 22% Politician 2 Atiku Abubakar 316 5% Politician 3 Godwin Obaseki 131 2% Businessman 4 Yemi Osinbajo 131 2% Politician 5 Olusegun Obasanjo 125 2% Politician 6 Donald Trump 101 2% Politician (US) 7 Bukola Saraki 90 1% Politician 8 Ahmed Ibrahim 83 1% Politician Lawan 9 Kayode Fayemi 75 1% Politician 10 Goodluck Ebele 70 1% Politician Jonathan

South Africa

In South Africa, of the 18,353 stories sampled, 4,232 headlines (23%) had one or more individuals named. Only 20% of named headlines included a woman, as compared with 78% including a man.

Figure 24. Gender Breakdown in Named Headlines (South Africa)

Men 78%

Women 20%

Unknown 7%

At the publication level, the percent of named headlines that include a woman ranged from 25% (IOL), to 13% (Mail and Guardian).

Figure 25. Percent of Named Headlines that include Women, by Publication (South Africa)

30% 25% 25% 23% 22% 22% 20% 20% 18% 18% 16% 16% 15% 13%

10%

IOL SABC eNCA

The Citizen Sowetan Live Business TimesDaily Maverick Eyewitness News Mail & Guardian News South Africa

Arts and Media stories were most likely to have a woman in the headline, with 37% of named headlines in this theme containing the name of a woman. Conversely, only 7% of named headlines include women in the Economy theme, while 92% of named headlines include men.

Figure 26. Gender Breakdown in Named Headlines by Theme (South Africa)

Arts and Media 65% 37% 7% Science and Health 60% 30% 11% Sports 81% 22% 2% Crime and Violence 72% 19% 12% Politics and Government 85% 14% 4% Social and Legal 87% 14% 5% Economy 92% 7% 4%

Men Women Unknown

For context, the number of named headlines for each theme is listed below. (Note: Stories may be tagged with multiple themes.)

• Arts and Media: Books and Literature (77), Culture (1), Media (76), Motion Pictures (84), Music (145), Television (76), Theater (20) • Science and Health: Science and Technology (0), Medicine and Health (126) • Politics and Government: 1,676 • Crime and Violence: Crime and Criminals (337), Violence (11) • Sports: 63 • Social and Legal: 83 • Economy: 212

Women politicians are the most frequently mentioned women in South Africa. However, they received less headlines than the leading men mentioned, also politicians.

Table 19. Top-Mentioned Women in Headlines in South Africa

Name Headline % Description Count 1 Helen Zille 44 1% Politician 2 Zandile Gumede 32 1% Politician 3 Busisiwe Mkhwebane 31 1% Politician and advocate 4 Nancy Pelosi 13 <1% Politician (US) 5 Kanya Cekeshe 11 <1% Activist 6 Jessie Duarte 9 <1% Politician 7 Semenya 9 <1% Athlete 8 Nomgcobo Jiba 8 <1% Politician and advocate 9 Beyonce 8 <1% Musician (US) 10 Bathabile Dlamini 7 <1% Politician

Table 20. Top-Mentioned Men in Headlines in South Africa

Name Headline % Description Count 1 Cyril Ramaphosa 517 12% Politician 2 Donald Trump 216 5% Politician (US) 3 Jacob Zuma 172 4% Politician 4 Pravin Gordhan 92 2% Politician 5 Ray Zondo 87 2% Politician 6 Julius Malema 61 1% Politician 7 Tito Mboweni 55 1% Politician 8 David Mabuza 48 1% Politician 9 Herman Mashaba 44 1% Politician 10 Bheki Cele 37 1% Politician/Law Enforcement

United Kingdom

In the UK, of the 27,076 stories sampled, 9,259 headlines (34%) had one or more individuals named. 30% of the named headlines included a woman, which is the highest level for any country. In contrast, 76% of named headlines included a man.

Figure 27. Gender Breakdown in Named Headlines (United Kingdom)

Men 76%

Women 30%

Unknown 3%

At the publication level, the percent of named headlines including women ranged from 40% (The Sun), to 15% (The Economist).

Figure 28. Percent of Named Headlines that include Women, by Publication (UK)

45% 40% 40% 38% 35% 35% 34% 35% 31% 29% 30% 28% 25% 25% 24% 23% 22% 20% 20% 15% 15% 10% 5% 0%

BBC The Sun Nature The TimesITV News Daily Express The Daily Mail The Guardian The Telegraph The Economist Channel 4 News The Independent The Financial Times The Evening Standard

Across the countries studied, UK-based stories covering the themes of Science and Health and Arts and Media had the highest rates of women in headlines, at 45% and 43%

respectively. In themes specific to the UK, Sports had the lowest percent of named headlines containing women, at 14%.

Figure 29. Gender Breakdown in Named Headlines by Theme (United Kingdom)

Science and Health 61% 45% 4% Arts and Media 65% 43% 3% Crime and Violence 74% 30% 4% Politics and Government 82% 25% 2% Social and Legal 79% 20% 3% Economy 83% 20% 3% Sports 89% 14% 5%

Men Women Unknown

For context, the number of named headlines for each theme is listed below. (Note: Stories may be tagged with multiple themes.)

• Arts and Media: Books and Literature (456), Culture (0), Media (102), Motion Pictures (402), Music (337), Television (549), Theater (92) • Science and Health: Science and Technology (2), Medicine and Health (318) • Politics and Government: 5,347 • Crime and Violence: Crime and Criminals (738), Violence (5) • Sports: 89 • Social and Legal: 199 • Economy: 469

Foreign and domestic politicians are the most frequently mentioned women in headlines. A young woman who left the UK to join ISIS in Syria also made the list, given extensive coverage and debate about whether she should be allowed to return to the UK. The top- mentioned women still receive less headlines than the top-mentioned men.

Table 21. Top-Mentioned Women in Headlines in the United Kingdom

Name Headline % Description Count 1 Theresa May 254 3% Politician 2 Meghan Markle 65 1% Former Royal/Celebrity8 3 Angela Merkel 32 <1% Politician (Germany) 4 Shamima Begum 22 <1% Teen who joined ISIS in Syria 5 Princess Diana 19 <1% Royal

8 Coverage of royals (and former royals) often was classified under the Politics and Government theme. Meghan Markle’s coverage therefore boots results for women mentioned in that theme.

Name Headline % Description Count 6 Lady Gaga 17 <1% Musician (US) 7 Jo Swinson 16 <1% Politician 8 Greta Thunberg 16 <1% Advocate (Sweden) 9 Jacinda Ardern 14 <1% Politician (New Zealander) 10 Holly Willoughby 13 <1% News anchor

Table 22. Top-Mentioned Men in Headlines in the United Kingdom

Name Headline % Description Count 1 Donald Trump 698 8% Politician (US) 2 Boris Johnson 631 7% Politician 3 Jeremy Corbyn 246 3% Politician 4 Prince Harry 103 1% Former Royal/Celebrity 5 Nigel Farage 68 1% Politician 6 Vladimir Putin 50 1% Politician (Russia) 7 Jeremy Hunt 49 1% Politician 8 Jurgen Klopp 47 1% Athlete/Coach 9 Unai Emery 46 <1% Athlete/Coach (Spain) 10 Jeffrey Epstein 45 <1% Financier noted for sex crimes (US)

United States

In the US, of the 42,933 stories sampled, 14,713 headlines (34%) had one or more individuals named. Only 21% of the named headlines included a woman, as compared with 82% of named headlines including a man.

Figure 30. Gender Breakdown in Named Headlines (United States)

Men 82%

Women 21%

Unknown 4%

At the publication level, the percent of headlines with names that featured women ranged from 46% (Buzzfeed), to 11% (The Wall Street Journal). The overall average skews up because Buzzfeed headlines include women far more often than the other publications studied.

Figure 31. Gender Breakdown in Named Headlines by Theme (United States)

50% 46% 45% 40% 35% 29% 30% 27% 23% 23% 22% 25% 21% 21% 21% 21% 21% 20% 19% 19% 18% 20% 17% 16% 14% 15% 12% 11% 10% 5% 0%

ABC CBS CNN Vox NBC NPR CNBC Forbes The Hill Politico Buzzfeed Breitbart FOX News USA Today The Atlantic New YorkThe Times Daily Beast Los Angeles Times The Washington Post The Wall Street Journal

As in several other countries, the greatest percentage of women named in headlines came from Arts and Media, at 32%. Also similar to other countries, stories in the Economy theme were the least likely to have a woman in the headline.

Figure 32. Gender Breakdown in Named Headlines by Theme (United States)

Arts and Media 70% 32% 7% Science and Health 74% 28% 4% Sports 78% 24% 6% Social and Legal 82% 19% 2% Politics and Government 88% 18% 2% Crime and Violence 79% 16% 12% Economy 90% 10% 3%

Men Women Unknown

For context, the number of named headlines for each theme is listed below. (Note: Stories may be tagged with multiple themes.)

• Arts and Media: Books and Literature (408), Culture (8), Media (415), Motion Pictures (475), Music (438), Television (568), Theater (103)

• Science and Health: Science and Technology (0), Medicine and Health (587) • Politics and Government: 6,762 • Crime and Violence: Crime and Criminals (995), Violence (6) • Sports: 67 • Social and Legal: 610 • Economy: 469

Politicians are almost exclusively the most frequently mentioned women in the US-based headlines. The top-mentioned women still receive less headlines than the top-mentioned men. In fact, in the US, Trump received more headlines than all headline mentions of women combined.

Table 23. Top-Mentioned Women in Headlines in the United States

Name Headline % Description Count 1 Elizabeth Warren 238 2% Politician 2 Nancy Pelosi 236 2% Politician 3 Kamala Harris 183 1% Politician 4 Hillary Clinton 78 1% Politician 5 Kristen Gillibrand 56 <1% Politician 6 Theresa May 55 <1% Politician (UK) 7 Amy Klobuchar 44 <1% Politician 8 Kellyanne Conway 34 <1% Political professional 9 Marianne Williamson 25 <1% Author, politician 10 Ivanka Trump 25 <1% President’s daughter

Table 24. Top-Mentioned Men in Headlines in the United States

Name Headline % Description Count 1 Donald Trump 4062 28% Politician 2 Joe Biden 485 3% Politician 3 Robert Mueller 392 3% Law Enforcement 4 Bernie Sanders 222 2% Politician 5 Jeffrey Epstein 157 1% Financier noted for sex crimes 6 Pete Buttigieg 152 1% Politician 7 Michael Cohen 126 1% Lawyer 8 Barack Obama 110 1% Politician 9 Mike Pompeo 87 1% Politician 10 Boris Johnson 78 1% Politician (UK)

Commitment 4: Coverage of Gender Equality Issues Methodology MEAG researchers analyzed all 2019 stories in Media Cloud’s database from all available media publications in the six focus countries: India, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The full list of publications for each country can be accessed using Media Cloud’s Source Manager tool at www.sources.mediacloud.org.

Table 25. Publications and Stories Analyzed

Country Number of Publications Number of Stories (2019) India 350 8,347,385 Kenya 69 364,513 Nigeria 246 2,374,457 South Africa 136 1,597,193 United Kingdom 444 3,386,701 United States 10,668 40,812,709 Total 11,913 56,882,958

The Media Cloud system scanned the stories for matches to a complex keyword query designed to capture content related to gender equality issues. The query was developed and validated by MEAG, with input from other researchers working on gender issues in the media and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation staff.

Stories that matched the query were analyzed on dimensions including volume over time, top words and keywords in context, and top entities mentioned in coverage. Additionally, for each country, a random sample of 100 featured images was taken; these images were then ordered laterally (in rows) by similarity according to computer vision, which evaluates pixel similarity (see documentation at: https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.02534), to form visual mosaics that give a quick look at the images associated with news stories on gender equality.

Results Overall • Gender equality received less than 1% of news coverage in 2019 across all countries examined. Further, coverage never rose to even 5% of news stories during the year.

• Kenya and South Africa performed better than the other four countries, while India performed the lowest on both measures of attention to the issue: overall percent of coverage devoted to the issue, and coverage percent on the day of the year with the highest coverage (peak coverage).

• International Women’s Day was the main driver of news coverage to the issue globally, demonstrating the importance of such commemorative events as press drivers. National policy changes, such as the ban on “Triple Talaq” (Islamic instant divorce) in India also drive coverage.

• In all countries, men comprised the majority of the top-mentioned individuals in gender equality news coverage. Most of these individuals were political and governmental leaders.

Figure 33. Gender Equality Coverage as Percent of Overall Stories, 2019 Overall

0.68% 0.65% 0.46% 0.48% 0.37% 0.18% 0.00% Percent of all 2019 stories

India Kenya Nigeria South Africa United Kingdom United States

Figure 34. Gender Equality Coverage as Percent of Overall Stories, Peak Date in 2019

4.33% 3.35% 2.81% 1.94% 1.19% 0.84% 0.00% Percent at peak coverage day

India Kenya Nigeria South Africa United Kingdom United States

India

Only 0.18% of all stories in the Indian media in 2019 were about gender equality. 15,050 stories matched the query. Gender equality is covered less than half as much as climate change and is also covered less than poverty.

Figure 34. Comparative Levels of Coverage Across Issues in India

Key events that caused notable peaks in coverage were: • March 8, International Women’s Day. Coverage rose to 0.84% (212 stories), the highest of any point in the year. • July 5, national budget for 2019-2020 presented. Coverage rose to 0.54% (152 stories). • July 25, bill to make “Triple Talaq” (Islamic form of instant divorce) illegal was moved into consideration. Coverage rose to 0.41% (103 stories).

Figure 35. Top 100 Most Frequently Used Words in Gender Equality Coverage in India9

9 Word clouds were generated through a count of the top words used in a sample of 1,000 stories (or all stories, if less than 1,000). Words are sized by prevalence and ordered descending in display.

The top words found in coverage are shown above. Examination of these keywords in context yields interesting subtopics within the coverage:

• Women - women’s day, women’s football, women’s representation • Sector - healthcare sector, handloom sector, unorganized sector, informal sector • Violence - domestic violence, sexual violence, gender-based violence, violence against women • Child - girl child, child rights, child rape, child marriage • Sustainable - sustainable development goals • Inclusion - social inclusion, financial inclusion, female inclusion • Climate - climate change • Caste - caste and gender inequality, caste hierarchy and inequality • Toilets - building toilets, toilets for girls in schools, lack of separate toilets

Machine learning-derived theme detection finds the top five themes of this coverage to be: Women (33%), Politics and Government (32%), Finances (23%), Labor (20%), and Economic Conditions and Trends (18%).

The individuals who are mentioned most frequently in coverage of this topic are primarily politicians. Only five of the top 25 mentioned people, or 20%, are women.

Table 26. Top-Mentioned People in Gender Equality Coverage in India

Name M/ Story Coverage Context W % 1 Narendra Modi M 13% Prime Minister; various contexts 2 Rahul Gandhi M 4% Previous president of Indian National Congress and challenger to Modi for PM; various contexts 3 Donald Trump M 3% US President; Indian press published the text of the State of the Union which included query terms 4 Nirmala W 3% Minister of Finance and Minister of Corporate Affairs; Sitharaman India’s first full time woman Finance Minister 5 Amit Shah M 2% Minister of Home Affairs; various contexts 6 Mahatma Gandhi M 2% Various references 7 Pinarayi Vijayan M 2% Chief Minister of Kerala; commented favorably on women’s equality demonstration in the state 8 Ravi Shankar M 1% Union Minister overseeing Law and Justice, Prasad Communications and Electronics, and Information Technology; supported Triple Talaq ban 9 Arun Jaitley M 1% Former Minister of Finance and Corporate Affairs; various contexts 10 Rajiv Ghandi M 1% Former Prime Minister; various contexts 11 Anil Ambani M 1% Businessman; rhetorical reference point used by Modi opposition as an oligarch that Modi gives wealth to instead of common people/women 12 Piyush Goyal M 1% Minister of Railways; supported women’s financial empowerment when he was Finance Minister

Name M/ Story Coverage Context W % 13 Mamata W 1% Chief Minister of West Bengal, first woman to hold the Banerjee office; supported welfare scheme for girls 14 Manmohan Singh M 1% Former Prime Minister; various contexts 15 Arvind Kejriwal M 1% Chief Minister of Delhi; granted women free bus rides 16 Ram Nath Kovind M 1% President; various contexts 17 Naveen Patnaik M 1% Chief Minister of Odisha; declared a 33% quota for women in allocation of parliament seats 18 Indira Gandhi W 1% Former Prime Minister; various contexts 19 Nirav Modi M 1% Businessman; rhetorical reference point used by Modi opposition as an oligarch that Modi gives wealth to instead of common people/women 20 Yogi Adityanath M 1% Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh; commented on girls’ security 21 Sonia Gandhi W 1% President of the Indian National Congress political party; advocate for women in Congress 22 Rajnath Singh M 1% Minister of Defense; will admit women to military schools in 2021 23 Priyanka Gandhi W 1% General Secretary of All India Congress Committee in Vadra charge of Eastern Uttar Pradesh; various contexts 24 Imran Khan M 1% Prime Minister of Pakistan; various contexts 25 Barack Obama M 1% Former US president; various contexts

The image mosaic for India (see Appendix 2) has 45 images where at least one man is visible, and only 27 images where at least one woman is visible. Further, while there are several headshot images of a single man featured, there are few corresponding images of women. Crowds and law and order images (e.g., handcuffs, the army) are also featured.

Kenya

In Kenya, 0.68% of all stories in 2019 were about gender equality. 2,475 stories matched the query. Gender equality is covered less than half as often as poverty, and also less often than climate change.

Figure 36. Comparative Levels of Coverage Across Issues in Kenya

Key events that caused notable peaks in coverage were: • March 8, International Women’s Day. Coverage rose significantly to 3.35% (41 stories), the highest of any point in the year. • June 5, President Uhuru Kenyatta spoke at the international Women Deliver 2019 Conference in Canada and pledged to actualize the Two-Third Gender Principle, a new constitutional requirement that neither gender should hold more than two-thirds of elected positions. Coverage rose to 2.5% (27 stories).

Figure 37. Top 100 Most Frequently Used Words in Gender Equality Coverage in Kenya

The top words in coverage are shown above. Examination of these keywords in context reveals the following subtopics within the coverage:

• Gender – two-thirds gender rule, gender equality, gender inequality, gender equity, gender gap • Women’s – women’s world cup, women’s rights, women’s day, women’s empowerment, women’s football • Digital – digital skills, digital credit, digital literacy, digital identity • Youth – youth empowerment, youth unemployment • Violence – gender-based violence, violence against women, domestic violence, sexual violence • Education – higher education, girls’ education, sex education • Sustainable – sustainable development goals, sustainable digital economy • Sector – private sector, informal sector, manufacturing sector • Inclusion – financial inclusion, diversity and inclusion • Child – girl child, child marriage, child protection, child mortality • Partnership – public-private partnerships, g20 global partnership • Media – social media

• Genital – female genital mutilation • Unemployment – youth unemployment • Corporate – corporate governance, corporate social responsibility • Winner – sole bread winner

Machine learning-derived theme detection finds the top five themes of this coverage to be: Women (33%), Politics and Government (28%), Finances (23%), Labor (15%), and Economic Conditions and Trends (15%).

The individuals who are mentioned most frequently in coverage of this topic in Kenya are members of government, including close to half women (44%). However, six of the top 10 people are women.

Table 27. Top-Mentioned People in Gender Equality Coverage in Kenya

Name M/ Story Coverage Context W % 1 Uhuru Kenyatta M 6% President; various contexts 2 Raila Odinga M 4% Former Prime Minister, leader of the opposition; political contexts especially regarding election 3 William Ruto M 3% Deputy President; various contexts 4 Cyril M 2% South African president; Kenyan coverage on Ramaphosa happenings in South Africa related to women 5 Donald Trump M 2% US president; reactions to Trump’s Global Gag Rule banning aid to NGOs that provide abortion services 6 Margaret W 2% Secretary of Public Service, Youth and Gender; various Kobia contexts, including her call for supporting women in the energy sector 7 Margaret W 1% First Lady; participation in Organization of African First Kenyatta Ladies for Development, call to improve women’s welfare 8 Anne Waiguru W 1% Governor of Kirinyaga County; comments on election 9 Lillian Omolio W 1% Former politician; involved in a scandal 10 Mumbi Ngugi W 1% High Court judge; ruled in landmark case on women’s inheritance 11 Esther Passaris W 1% Nairobi County Women Representative; represented Kenya in G20 Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion 12 Monica Juma W 1% Secretary of Foreign Affairs; various contexts 13 Mike Sonko M 1% Governor of Nairobi; various contexts 14 Eliud Kipchoge M 1% Kenyan long-distance runner; noted as inspiring to boys and girls 15 Justin Trudeau M 1% Canadian prime minister; hosted President Uhuru for the 2019 Women Deliver Conference in Canada 16 Wangari W 1% Activist, first African woman to win Nobel Prize; cited for Maathai her leadership posthumously 17 Kiraitu Murungi M 1% Governor of Meru County; various contexts

Name M/ Story Coverage Context W % 18 David Maraga M 1% Chief Justice of Supreme Court; noted government’s failure to enforce gender quota in representation 19 George Kinoti M 1% Director of Criminal Investigations; criticism of DCI for lack of response to femicide 20 Ferdinand M 1% Previous governor of Kiambu County; offered money for Waititu women willing to start small businesses 21 Mishi Mboko W 1% Mombasa Women Representative; noted leader 22 Tiger Woods M 1% American golfer; his niece played at the Kenya Open 23 Fred Matiang M 1% Politician; various contexts 24 Katja Iversen W 1% CEO of Women Deliver advocacy group; hosted Women Deliver Conference where Uhuru spoke 25 Bob Collymore M 1% Previous CEO of Kenyan telecom company; obituaries mentioned his efforts to close gender gap in business

The image mosaic for Kenya (see Appendix 3) shows has 36 images where at least one man is visible, and exactly the same number of images (36) where at least one woman is visible. Protest demonstrations are featured, as well as several images of governing bodies and policymaking. Images of money are also featured.

Nigeria

In Nigeria, 0.46% of all stories in 2019 were about gender equality. 10,819 stories matched the query. Gender equality is covered almost as often as climate change, but both of those issues are covered less than a third as often as poverty.

Figure 38. Comparative Levels of Coverage Across Issues in Nigeria

Key events that caused notable peaks in coverage were: • March 8, International Women’s Day. Coverage rose to 1.94% (143 stories), the highest of any point in the year. • October 1, Nigerian Independence Day. Coverage rose to 1.22% (93 stories). • July 21, reporting that the Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project had petitioned the International Criminal Court two days earlier to address the problem

of millions of out-of-school children in Nigeria, many of whom are girls. Coverage rose to 1.18% (60 stories).

Figure 39. Top 100 Most Frequently Used Words in Gender Equality Coverage in Nigeria

The top words in coverage are shown above. Examination of these keywords reveal the following subtopics within the coverage:

• Gender – gender equality, gender inequality, gender gap, gender commission • Sector – private sector, power sector, health sector, informal sector, education sector • Programme – school feeding programme • Children – out-of-school children, their children, Nigerian children • Inclusion – financial inclusion, social inclusion, inclusion strategy • Economy – digital economy • Tax – tax evasion, tax credit • Women’s – women’s rights, women’s day, women’s empowerment, women’s soccer • Innovation – financial innovation, innovation hub • Media – social media, the media, media practitioners • Entrepreneurs – women entrepreneurs, African entrepreneurs, female entrepreneurs • Digital – digital skills, digital economy, digital platform, digital divide • Violence – gender-based violence, domestic violence, sexual violence, violence against women • Unemployment – youth unemployment, unemployment rate • Child – child marriage, girl child, every child, child labour • Sustainable – sustainable development goals • Promoting – promoting gender equality, promoting financial inclusion, promoting peace

• Inequality – gender inequality, economic inequality, income inequality

Machine learning-derived theme detection finds the top five themes of this coverage to be: Politics and Government (38%), Finances (29%), Women (28%), Economic Conditions and Trends (20%), and Labor (17%).

The individuals who are mentioned most frequently in coverage of this topic in Nigeria are primarily members of government. Only four of the top 25 people (16%) are women.

Table 28. Top-Mentioned People in Gender Equality Coverage in Nigeria

Name M Story Coverage Context /W % 1 Muhammadu Buhari M 9% President; various contexts 2 Yemi Osinbajo M 3% Vice President; various contexts 3 Donald Trump M 2% President of the United States; various contexts as Nigerian media report on US news 4 Kolawole Oluwadare M 2% Director of Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project; SERAP actions on behalf of out-of-school Nigerian children, Nigerians in South Africa 5 Olusegun Obasanjo M 1% Former President; various contexts 6 Godwin Emefiele M 1% Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria; CBN’s microfinance efforts to empower micro- entrepreneurs including women 7 Aisha Buhari W 1% First Lady; various contexts 8 Atiku Abubakar M 1% Previous Vice President and candidate in 2019 presidential election; political contexts especially regarding election 9 Aliko Dangote M 1% Billionaire businessman; made philanthropic donations towards this issue 10 Nelson Mandela M 1% Former President of South Africa and civil rights leader; various references 11 Femi Gbajabiamila M 1% Speaker of the House; various contexts 12 Tony Elumelu M 1% Economist and philanthropist; investments in growing entrepreneurs 13 Cyril Ramaphosa M 1% South African president; various contexts 14 Babajide Sanwo-Olu M 1% Governor of Lagos; administration takes economic empowerment of women as a focus 15 Bukola Saraki M 1% Former politician; various contexts 16 Abiola Akiyode- W 1% Director of Women Advocates Research and Afolabi Documentation Center; party to a lawsuit against Buhari on federal spending 17 Godwin Obaseki M 1% Governor of Edo; fighting human trafficking, recognized by UN Women 18 Ahmad Lawan M 1% Senate President; various contexts 19 Mahmood Yakubu M 1% Chairman of National Electoral Commission; mentioned in reports on women in politics

Name M Story Coverage Context /W % 20 Akinwumi Adesina M 1% President of African Development Bank; spoke at UN event to reduce early marriage and rape 21 Femi Falana M 1% Human rights activist; critiquing Buhari’s government, including for not having enough women in cabinet 22 Walter Onnoghen M 1% Former chief justice; removed from position, coverage cites his replacing a woman justice 23 Aisha Yesufu W 1% Founder of Bring Back Our Girls campaign; party to a lawsuit against Buhari on federal spending 24 Oby Ezekwesili W 1% Co-founder of Bring Back Our Girls; party to a lawsuit against Buhari on federal spending 25 Adams Oshiomhole M 1% National Chairman of All Progressive Congress political party; various contexts

The image mosaic for Nigeria (see Appendix 4) has 38 images where at least one man is visible, and only 22 images where at least one woman is visible. Further, while the images of men appear to be of featured individuals, the images of singular women generally appear to be stock photos and are more casual or glamorous shots. Images of gavels, signifying law and order, are also featured.

South Africa

In South Africa, 0.65% of all stories in 2019 were about gender equality. 10,437 stories matched the query. Gender equality is covered less than climate change, and a full percent less than poverty.

Figure 40. Comparative Levels of Coverage Across Issues in South Africa

Key events that caused notable peaks in coverage were: • August 9, National Women’s Day in South Africa. Coverage rose to 4.53% (162 stories), the highest of any point in the year.

• March 8, International Women’s Day. Coverage rose to 3.85% (228 stories); while this was a greater number of stories, it is a smaller proportion of the day’s total stories.

Figure 41. Top 100 Most Frequently Used Words in Gender Equality Coverage in South Africa

The top words in coverage are shown above. Examination of these keywords in context reveals the following subtopics within the coverage:

• Gender – gender equality, gender pay gap, gender inequality • Violence – gender-based violence, violence against women, violence and femicide • Women’s – women’s rights, women’s day, women’s economic, women’s health • Sector – private sector, informal sector, public sector, agricultural sector • Rape – rape and sexual assault, gang rape, rape crisis • Media – social media, independent media, media reports • Gap – gender pay gap, gender gap, wage gap • Empowerment – black economic empowerment, empowerment of women • Youth – youth unemployment, youth development • Entrepreneurs – women entrepreneurs, young entrepreneurs, black entrepreneurs • Abuse – sexual abuse, substance abuse, domestic abuse • Sustainable – sustainable development goals • Digital – digital skills, digital literacy • Criminal – criminal justice system • Unemployment – youth unemployment, poverty and unemployment, unemployment rate • Inclusion – economic inclusion, financial inclusion • Workforce – digital workforce, health workforce, workforce transformation • Representation – political representation, representation of women, gender representation, women’s representation

• Crisis – national crisis, crisis of violence, climate crisis, current crisis

Machine learning-derived theme detection finds the top five themes of this coverage to be: Women (35%), Politics and Government (31%), Labor (21%), Finances (20%), and Economic Conditions and Trends (19%).

The individuals who are mentioned most frequently in coverage of this topic in South Africa are primarily members of government; seven (28%) of the top 25 people are women.

Table 29. Top-Mentioned People in Gender Equality Coverage in South Africa

Name M/ Story Coverage Context W % 1 Cyril Ramaphosa M 16% President; various contexts 2 Jacob Zuma M 3% Former president; various contexts 3 Nelson Mandela M 3% Former president and civil rights leader; various references 4 Donald Trump M 3% President of the United States; various contexts as South African media report on US news 5 Tito Mboweni M 2% Minister of Finance; various contexts 6 Thabo Mbeki M 2% Former president; various contexts 7 David Mabuza M 2% Deputy President; various contexts 8 Naledi Pandor W 2% Minister of International Relations and Cooperation; various contexts 9 Julius Malema M 2% Member of Parliament and leader o leader of Economic Freedom Fighters political party; accused of assaulting a woman police officer 10 Bheki Cele M 2% Minister of the Police; various contexts 11 Lindiwe Zulu W 2% Minister of Social Development; various contexts 12 Lindiwe Sisulu W 2% Minister of Minister of Human Settlements, Water and Sanitation; various contexts 13 Pravin Gordhan M 2% Former Minister of Finance; various contexts 14 Nkosazana W 2% Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Dlamini-Zuma Affairs; various contexts 15 Zizi Kodwa M 1% Deputy Minister of State Security; accused of sexual harassment 16 Gwede Mantashe M 1% Chairperson of African National Congress; various contexts 17 Maite Nkoana- W 1% Minister in the Presidency for Women, Youth and Mashabane People with Disabilities; various contexts 18 Stella Ndabeni- W 1% Minister of Communications; various contexts Abrahams 19 Blade Nzimande M 1% Minister of Higher Education, Science and Technology; various contexts 20 Ronald Lamola M 1% Minister of Justice and Correctional Services; various contexts 21 Ebrahim Patel M 1% Minister of Trade and Industry; various contexts

Name M/ Story Coverage Context W % 22 Jackson Mthembu M 1% Minister in the Presidency; various contexts 23 David Masondo M 1% Deputy Minister of Finance; various contexts 24 Barbara Creecy W 1% Minister of Forestry and Fisheries and Environmental Affairs; various contexts 25 Senzo Mchunu M 1% Minister of Public Service and Administration; various contexts

The image mosaic for South Africa (see Appendix 5) has 35 images containing at least one man, while just 28 images show at least one woman. This mosaic also features images of families, including an image of breastfeeding.

United Kingdom

In the UK, 0.48% of all stories in 2019 were about gender equality. 16,157 stories matched the query. Gender equality is covered less than poverty, and one-third as often as climate change.

Figure 42. Comparative Levels of Coverage Across Issues in the United Kingdom

Key events that caused notable peaks in coverage were: • March 8, International Women’s Day. Coverage rose to 2.81% (268 stories), the highest of any point in the year. • April 5, date that employer gender pay gap figures were released nationally. Coverage rose to 1.17% (84 stories). • October 25, Meghan Markle attends One Young World ambassadors gender equality summit. Coverage rose to 1.12% (104 stories); while this was a greater number of stories, it accounts for a smaller proportion of the day’s total stories.

Figure 43. Top 100 Most Frequently Used Words in Gender Equality Coverage in the United Kingdom

The top words found in coverage are shown above. Examination of these keywords reveal the following subtopics within the coverage:

• Gender – gender equality, gender pay gap, gender inequality • Women’s – women’s day, women’s march, women’s world cup, women’s football • Diversity – equality and diversity, diversity and inclusion, gender diversity • Violence – domestic violence, violence against women, sexual violence • Media – social media • Pension – state pension age • Abuse – sexual abuse, domestic abuse • Cancer – breast cancer, cervical cancer, cancer patients • Discrimination – sex discrimination, gender discrimination, age discrimination, pay discrimination • Sector – public sector, private sector, tech sector • Computer – computer programmer, computer science • Climate – climate change, climate emergency • Child – first child, child health, child support, child hunger, child marriage

Machine learning-derived theme detection finds the top five themes of this coverage to be: Women (30%), Labor (24%), Finances (20%), Politics and Government (19%), and Medicine and Health (14%).

Ten of the top 25 people mentioned in coverage (40%) are women. Many of the top people mentioned are domestic and international leaders. There is also a cluster of BBC journalists who were the focus of scrutiny for gender pay disparities.

Table 30. Top-Mentioned People in Gender Equality Coverage in the United Kingdom

Name M Story Coverage Context /W % 1 Donald Trump M 5% President of the United States; various contexts as UK media report on US news 2 Boris Johnson M 5% Prime Minister; various contexts 3 Jeremy Corbyn M 3% Member of Parliament and leader of the Labour Party; various contexts 4 Theresa May W 2% Former Prime Minister; various contexts 5 Meghan Markle W 2% Wife of Prince Harry; primarily celebrity coverage 6 Prince Harry M 1% Former Royal/Celebrity; various contexts 7 Emmanuel M 1% President of France; various contexts as UK media Macron report on French news 8 Jeremy Hunt M 1% Member of Parliament; various contexts 9 David Cameron M 1% Former Prime Minister; various contexts 10 Sajid Javid M 1% Member of Parliament; various contexts 11 Barack Obama M 1% Former president of the United States; various contexts as UK media report on US news 12 Angela Merkel W 1% Chancellor of Germany; various contexts as UK media report on German news 13 Hillary Clinton W 1% Former US Secretary of State; various contexts 14 Nigel Farage M 1% Politician, leader of Brexit party; various contexts 15 Nicola Sturgeon W 1% First Minister of Scotland; various contexts 16 Margaret W 1% Former prime minister; various contexts Thatcher 17 Harvey Weinstein M 1% American film executive accused of rape; coverage of #MeToo movement 18 John Humphrys M 1% Welsh broadcaster; leaked comments show him making light of gender pay gap 19 Vladimir Putin M 1% Russian president; various contexts 20 Carrie Gracie W 1% Scottish journalist; resigned from position with BBC international citing pay discrimination 21 Tony Blair M 1% Former prime minister; various contexts 22 Megan Rapinoe W 1% Member of US National Women’s Soccer Team; US women’s soccer team’s fight for equal pay 23 Elizabeth Warren W 1% US Senator; various contexts in coverage of US politics 24 Gary Lineker M 1% Former professional football (soccer) player and BBC sports broadcaster; news of his high salary was controversial in light of gender pay gap 25 Sam Smethers W 1% Chief Executive of Fawcett Society, gender equality group; commented on gender pay gap statistics

The image mosaic for United Kingdom (see Appendix 6) has more women than men, with 37 images showing one or more men, and 38 images showing one or more women. Several stories contained mugshots, of mostly men and of one woman. Images of hospitals and health workers are also presented.

United States

In the US, 0.37% of all stories in 2019 were about gender equality. 150,467 stories matched the query. Gender equality is covered about half as often as poverty, and three times less frequently than climate change.

Figure 44. Comparative Levels of Coverage Across Issues in the United States

Key events that caused notable peaks in coverage were: • March 8-9, International Women’s Day coverage. Coverage rose to 1.19% (1660 stories), the highest of any point in the year. • January 6, coverage of Golden Globes. Coverage rose to 1.13% (758 stories). • February 5, State of the Union address by President Trump. Coverage rose to 0.96% (1342 stories); while this was a greater number of stories than on January 6, it accounted for a smaller proportion of the day’s total stories.

Figure 45. Top 100 Most Frequently Used Words in Gender Equality Coverage in the United States

The top words found in coverage are shown above. Examination of these keywords in context reveals the following subtopics within the coverage:

• Gender – gender equality, gender inequality, gender pay gap, gender identity • Economic – economic development, economic opportunities, economic empowerment, economic growth, economic impact • Women’s – women’s world cup, women’s rights • College – community college • Global – global development • Child – child care, child support, child abuse • Discrimination – sex discrimination, gender discrimination, pay discrimination, age discrimination, pregnancy discrimination • Violence – domestic violence, gun violence, sexual violence • Disparities – racial disparities, health disparities, wage disparities, wealth disparities, pay disparities • Media – social media, media coverage • Workplace – workplace retaliation complaint, workplace killings, workplace shootings • Climate – climate change • LGBTQ – lgbtq community, lgbtq youth, lgbtq rights, lgbtq employees, lgbtq people • Inequality – income inequality, gender inequality, economic inequality • Immigration – immigration and customs enforcement, immigration reform • Equity – gender equity, private equity, social equity, billionaire equity, racial equity

Machine learning-derived theme detection finds the top five themes of this coverage to be: Politics and Government (29%), Women (24%), Labor (23%), Finances (22%), and Medicine and Health (11%).

The individuals who are mentioned most frequently in coverage of this topic in the US are primarily members of government, with women members making an appearance along with men. Ten out of the top 25 (40%) mentioned people are women. Megan Rapinoe and Alex Morgan of the US Women’s National Soccer Team also makes the list, the first women sports stars to show up in coverage across the countries examined.

Table 31. Top-Mentioned People in Gender Equality Coverage in the United States

Name M/ Story Coverage Context W % 1 Donald Trump M 15% President; various contexts 2 Barack Obama M 5% Former president; various contexts 3 Elizabeth Warren W 3% Senator and candidate for Democratic nomination for president; various contexts especially election 4 Kamala Harris W 3% Senator and candidate for Democratic nomination for president; various contexts especially election 5 Bernie Sanders M 3% Senator and candidate for Democratic nomination for president; various contexts especially election

Name M/ Story Coverage Context W % 6 Hillary Clinton W 2% Former first lady and former Secretary of State; various contexts 7 Joe Biden M 2% Former vice president and candidate for Democratic nomination for president; various contexts especially election 8 Ivanka Trump W 2% First Daughter; promotion of domestic family leave and women’s empowerment initiatives abroad 9 Nancy Pelosi W 2% Speaker of the House; various contexts 10 Megan Rapinoe W 1% Member of US National Women’s Soccer Team; team’s championship and fight for equal pay 11 Robert Mueller M 1% Former Director of FBI, Special Counsel for US Department of Justice; coverage of collusion investigation 12 Bill Clinton M 1% Former president; various contexts 13 Cory Booker M 1% Senator and former candidate for Democratic nomination for president; various contexts especially election 14 Mitch McConnell M 1% Senator; various contexts 15 Michael Cohen M 1% Former personal attorney to Donald Trump; coverage of collusion investigation 16 Pete Buttigieg M 1% Mayor and candidate for Democratic nomination for president; various contexts especially election 17 Alexandria W 1% Representative; various contexts Ocasio-Cortez 18 George W. Bush M 1% Former president; various contexts 19 Gavin Newsom M 1% Governor of California; various contexts 20 Kirsten Gillibrand W 1% Senator and former candidate for Democratic nomination for president; various contexts especially election 21 Harvey Weinstein M 1% Film executive accused of rape; coverage of #MeToo movement 22 Melania Trump W 1% First Lady; various contexts 23 Brett Kavanaugh M 1% Supreme Court Justice accused of sexual misconduct; mentioned in coverage of abortion legal issues 24 Alex Morgan W 1% Member of US National Women’s Soccer Team; team’s championship and fight for equal pay 25 Andrew Cuomo M 1% Governor of New York; various contexts

The image mosaic for the United States (see Appendix 7) has more women than men, with 29 images showing one or more men, and 26 images showing one or more women. Images of criminal justice also appear.

Appendix 1: Key Publications (Used for Commitments 2 and 3)

Country Publication Name Publication URL SimilarWeb Traffic, Oct- Dec 2019 India NDTV http://www.ndtv.com/ 471,600,000 India India Today http://indiatoday.intoday.in/ 274,100,000 India The Times of India http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ 190,600,000 India Hindustan Times http://www.hindustantimes.com/ 156,300,000 India The Indian Express http://indianexpress.com/ 114,300,000 India Mint http://www.livemint.com/ 99,310,000 India Economic Times http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ 86,660,000 India The Hindu http://www.thehindu.com/ 82,090,000 India First Post http://www.firstpost.com/ 51,800,000 India Financial Express http://www.financialexpress.com/ 37,940,000 India Business Standard http://www.business-standard.com/ 24,690,000 India Deccan Chronicle http://www.deccanchronicle.com/ 13,700,000 India The New Indian Express http://www.newindianexpress.com/ 12,240,000 India DNA http://www.dnaindia.com/ 8,566,000 India Outlook http://www.outlookindia.com/ 6,264,000 India The Asian Age http://www.asianage.com/ 2,887,000 Kenya The Daily Nation http://www.nation.co.ke/ 29,930,000 Kenya The Standard http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/ 26,250,000 Kenya Nairobi News http://nairobinews.nation.co.ke 6,218,000 Kenya All Africa http://allafrica.com/kenya/ 5,424,000 Kenya Business Daily http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/ 4,991,000 Kenya Mpasho News https://mpasho.co.ke 2,905,000 Kenya Kahawa Tungu http://www.kahawatungu.com 2,411,000 Kenya Kenyan Post http://www.kenyan-post.com 1,998,000 Kenya The East African http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/ 1,471,000 Kenya Capital News ttp://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news 1,111,000 Nigeria The Nation Online http://thenationonlineng.net/ 24,390,000 Nigeria Vanguard http://www.vanguardngr.com/ 23,010,000 Nigeria Pulse http://pulse.ng/ 15,580,000 Nigeria Information Nigeria http://informationng.com/ 12,330,000 Nigeria PM News http://pmnewsnigeria.com/ 11,630,000 Nigeria This Day http://www.thisdaylive.com/ 6,612,000 Nigeria All Africa http://allafrica.com/ 5,424,000 Nigeria Latest Nigerian News http://www.latestnigeriannews.com/ 3,054,000 Nigeria Today https://www.today.ng/ 1,687,000 Nigeria Leadership http://leadership.ng/ 1,293,000 South Africa IOL http://www.iol.co.za/ 39,900,000 South Africa Business Times http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/businesstimes/ 27,300,000 South Africa The Citizen http://citizen.co.za/ 17,250,000

Country Publication Name Publication URL SimilarWeb Traffic, Oct- Dec 2019 South Africa Eyewitness News (EWN) http://ewn.co.za/ 16,790,000 South Africa Sowetan Live http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/ 13,080,000 South Africa Daily Maverick http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/ 7,751,000 South Africa eNCA http://www.enca.com/south-africa 6,158,000 South Africa Mail & Guardian http://mg.co.za/ 4,027,000 South Africa SABC http://www.sabc.co.za/ 880,925 South Africa News South Africa http://www.news.co.za/ 165,975 United Kingdom BBC http://www.bbc.co.uk/ 1,641,000,000 United Kingdom The Daily Mail http://www.dailymail.co.uk/ 1,012,000,000 United Kingdom The Guardian http://www.theguardian.com/ 800,400,000 United Kingdom Daily Express http://www.express.co.uk/ 499,900,000 United Kingdom The Sun http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/ 363,900,000 United Kingdom The Independent http://www.independent.co.uk/ 292,400,000 United Kingdom The Telegraph http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ 198,100,000 United Kingdom Nature http://www.nature.com/ 72,740,000 United Kingdom ITV News http://www.itv.com/news/ 71,480,000 United Kingdom The Financial Times http://www.ft.com/ 60,850,000 United Kingdom The Times http://www.thetimes.co.uk/ 56,940,000 United Kingdom The Evening Standard http://www.standard.co.uk/ 52,230,000 United Kingdom Channel 4 News http://www.channel4.com/news/uk 42,980,000 United Kingdom The Economist http://www.economist.com/ 31,820,000 United States CNN http://www.cnn.com/ 1,606,000,000 United States FOX News http://www.foxnews.com/ 988,000,000 United States New York Times http://www.nytimes.com/ 738,100,000 United States The Washington Post http://www.washingtonpost.com/ 450,500,000 United States Buzzfeed http://www.buzzfeed.com/ 439,600,000 United States USA Today http://www.usatoday.com/ 366,600,000 United States Forbes http://www.forbes.com/ 356,200,000 United States CNBC http://www.cnbc.com/ 292,300,000 United States NBC http://www.nbcnews.com/ 214,700,000 United States NPR http://www.npr.org/ 197,900,000 United States Breitbart http://www.breitbart.com/ 173,300,000 United States The Hill http://thehill.com/ 153,100,000 United States The Wall Street Journal http://online.wsj.com/ 149,600,000 United States Politico http://www.politico.com/ 140,900,000 United States CBS http://www.cbsnews.com/ 127,000,000 United States The Daily Beast http://www.thedailybeast.com/ 126,300,000 United States Los Angeles Times http://www.latimes.com/ 114,400,000 United States ABC http://abcnews.go.com/ 110,300,000 United States Vox http://www.vox.com/ 96,330,000 United States The Atlantic http://www.theatlantic.com/ 96,330,000

Appendix 2: Mosaic of Gender Equality News Story Images - India

Appendix 3: Mosaic of Gender Equality News Story Images - Kenya

Appendix 4: Mosaic of Gender Equality News Story Images - Nigeria

Appendix 5: Mosaic of Gender Equality News Story Images– South Africa

Appendix 6: Mosaic of Gender Equality News Story Images– United Kingdom

Appendix 7: Mosaic of Gender Equality News Story Images– United States