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ANTH 312: Archaeology, Art and Architecture of the Region

“In short, despite the critical role that the Inca played in South American history, their heartland remains largely unexplored and the cultural processes that led to their development remain to be investigated” (Bauer 2004 Ancient Cuzco, p. 185)

Description: This course is an overview of the archaeology and colonial history of the Cusco () Region. The course traces the evolution of cultural complexity in the area culminating in the rise and conquest of the . We then focus on the art and architecture of the Spanish colonial era until Peru’s independence in 1821. The course begins with a 2-week online component with intensive reading and online testing. The following three weeks are spent in Cusco itself, with a combination of afternoon lectures, field trips to local museums, galleries, archaeological sites, and historical places. Two of the three weekends will include longer field trips, including the Inca site of . During the 6th and final week of the course students will complete a 10-15 page research paper.

2-3 hours of tours every weekday with occasional classroom sessions to review readings.

Learning Outcomes Upon completion of this course, students will be able to • describe the evolution of complexity in Peru, with an emphasis on the Cusco region. • describe the basic cultural elements of Inca civilization, including key aspects of Inca art, architecture, and technology. • distinguish the major art styles present in the Cusco region from the European invasion to Peruvian Independence.

Value of Course Components: Attendance and Participation 25% Daily reading discussions: 25% Evaluation of notebook 25% Final essay (10 pages) 25% Due June 22, American Antiquity style.

Schedule and Readings ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Thursday, May 12 Longhena, Maria and Walter Alva 1999 The Andean Civilizations through the Centuries. In The Incas and Other Andean Civilzations, pp. 18-63. Barnes and Noble, New York. NOTE: the end of the pdf (page 64 forward) includes sections on and Colombia that are not required +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Friday, May 13 Bauer, B. S. 2004 Introduction to the Inca. In Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca, pp. 1-13. University of Texas Press, Austin.

Bauer, B. S. 2004 The Archaic Period and the First People of the Cuzco Valley. In Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca, pp. 31-38. University of Texas Press. Austin.

Bauer, B. S. 2004 The Formative Period and the Emergence of Ranked Societies (2200 BC - AD 200). In Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca, pp. 39-46. University of Texas Press, Austin. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Saturday May 14 • GRADUATION DAY…. Have some fun! +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2

Sunday May 15 Bauer, B. S. 2004 The Qotakalli Period: Time of Regional Development (AD 200-600). In Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca, pp. 47-54. University of Texas Press, Austin.

Bauer, B. S. 2004 The Wari Period (AD 600-1000) in the Cusco Region. In Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca, pp. 55- 70. University of Texas Press, Austin. NOTE: You can skip the sections on the Cusco Valley survey, which begin at the bottom of page 62 and end on page 67. Start reading again on page 67 with the section called “Dating the Period of Wari Influence in the Cuzco Region”

Bauer, B. S. 2004 The Cusco Valley during Inca Imperial Rule. In Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca, pp. 91-106. University of Texas Press, Austin ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Monday, May 16 D'Altroy, T. and K. Schreiber 2004 Andean Empires. In Andean Archaeology., edited by H. Silverman, pp. 255-279. Blackwell, Oxford. NOTE: You can skim the Wari (also spelled Huari) section on pages 271-278, but note that we will visit the Wari site of Pikillacta.

Moseley, M. E. 2001 The Inca Model of Statecraft. In The Incas and Their Ancestors, pp. 51-86. Thames and Hudson, New York. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Tuesday, May 17 Cummins, Thomas B. F. 2015 Inka Art. In The Inka Empire: A Multidisciplinary Approach, edited by I. Shimada, pp. 165-196. University of Texas Press, Austin.

Nair, Stella and Jean-Pierre Protzen 2015 The Inka Built Environment. In The Inka Empire: A Multidisciplinary Approach, edited by I. Shimada, pp. 215-231. University of Texas Press, Austin. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Wednesday, May 18 Wethey, Harold E. 1949 The Evolution of Colonial Art in Peru. In Colonial Architecture and Sculpture in Peru, pp. 3-25. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

Mo, Charles L. 1992 The Cusco Circle of Andean Painting. In Splendors of the New World: Spanish Colonial Masterworks, pp. 29-65. Mint Museum of Art, Charlotte NC. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Thursday, May 19 Castedo, Leopoldo 1976 The Cuzco School in the Eighteenth Century. In The Cuzco Circle, pp. 41-60. Center for Inter-American Relations, New York.

The following readings are very short introductions to the key art/architecture styles we will see in Cusco. You can skim over the discussions of European artists/architects/buildings etc. This website is a good resource for definitions of various architectural elements: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Church_architectural_elements

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Bridge, Nicole 2105 The Early . In Architecture 101, pp. 111-115. Adams Media, Avon MA. 2105 The (Includes ). In Architecture 101, pp. 116-125. Adams Media, Avon MA. 2105 Style (Includes ). In Architecture 101, pp. 133-145. Adams Media, Avon MA. 2105 . In Architecture 101, pp. 150-154. Adams Media, Avon MA.

Authors, Various 2014 Mannerism. In Art in Time, pp. 298-299, New York. 2014 Counter-Reformation. In Art in Time, pp. 294-295, New York. 2014 Rococo. In Art in Time, pp. 260-261, New York. 2014 Neo-. In Art in Time, pp. 246-247, New York.

Hopkins, Owen 2014 Renaissance and Mannerism. In Architectural Styles: A Visual Guide, pp. 53-69. Laurence King, London. 2014 Baroque and Rococo. In Architectural Styles: A Visual Guide, pp. 70-94. Laurence King, London. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Friday, May 20: Depart for Cusco from JFK. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ CUSCO +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Saturday, May 21 Pick up by host families in Cusco airport at 10:00 am (LAN #2061) Lunch and dinner with host families (free time in the afternoon… relax and adjust to altitude, 11,000 feet above sea level). +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Sunday, May 22 Breakfast with host family Day trip to & Salineras (Maras) Heading northeast of Cusco, we will visit Moray. A huge system of circular platforms in 4 holes of up to 495 feet depth. It´s believed that it was a center of agricultural experimentation where each platform represents a different climate. The watering and drain system are still functioning. Lunch included. We will continue our trip and visit to and archeological explanation of the Salinas/Salineras site. Formerly Inca Salt pans. Still currently mined for livestock consumption. Return to Cusco

Reading Earls, John C. and Gabriela Cervantes 2015 Inka Cosmology in Moray: Astronomy, Agriculture, and Pilgrimage. In The Inka Empire: A Multidisciplinary Approach, edited by I. Shimada, pp. 121-147. University of Texas Press, Austin.

Hemming, John and Edward Ranney 1982 Moray. In Monuments of the Incas, pp. 94-97. Little, Brown and Company, Boston.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Monday, May 23 8:30 Placement exam and orientation 9:30 to 12:40 Spanish classes 12:50 Lunch with host family Afternoon: Orientation tour of central Cusco.

Reading: Bailey, Gauvin A. 2005 First Encounters. In Art of Colonial Latin America, pp. 17-68. Phaidon, London. NOTE: The pdf starts mid-chapter at page 34 with a discussion of Peru/ the Inca

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Bauer, Brian S. 2004 Inca Cuzco. In Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca, pp. 107-138. University of Texas Press, Austin. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Tuesday, May 24 8:30 to 12:40 Spanish classes 13:30 Afternoon guided visit to Sacsayhuaman located just outside the city of Cuzco. Visit to the ruins of and / Temple of the Water

Reading Hemming, John and Edward Ranney 1982 Sacsahuaman. In Monuments of the Incas, pp. 65-77. Little, Brown and Company, Boston.

Christie, Jessica Joyce 2012 A New Look at Q'enqo as a Model of Inka Visual Representation, Reproduction, and Spatial Structure. Ethnohistory 59:597-630. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Wednesday, May 25 8:30 to 12:40 Spanish classes Afternoon: Museo de Historia Regional and La Merced

Reading: Review the Cusco ceramic chronology. There is a table in the course readings called “Cusco chronology” and See Bauer 2004:12 Bray, Tamara L. 2015 Ceramics. In Encyclopedia of the Incas, pp. 70-73. Rowman and Littlefield, New York.

Flores Galindao, Alberto 1995 The Rebellion of Tupac Amaru and "All Must Die". In The Peru Reader: History, Culture, Politics, edited by O. Starn, C. I. Degregori and R. Kirk, pp. 147-161. Duke University Press, Durham NC.

Lechtman, Heather 2015 Metallurgy. In Encyclopedia of the Incas, pp. 188-190. Rowman and Littlefield, New York. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Thursday, May 26 Corpus Christie holiday in Cusco (no Spanish classes). We will meet mid-morning and proceed to the plaza.

Reading Burdette, Derek 2007 Changing Context, Changing Meaning: A Study of Processional Sculpture in the Corpus Christi Celebrations of Cuzco. Paper presented at the Institute of Latin American Studies Student Association of the University of Texas at Austin. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Friday, May 27 8:30 to 12:40 Spanish classes Afternoon: Santo Domingo Church, Monastery/, Coricancha Museum

Reading Bauer, Ralph 2001 "Encountering" Colonial Latin American Indian Chronicles: Felipe Guaman Poma De Ayala's History of the "New" World, pp. 274-312. vol. 25. University of Nebraska Press. Hemming, John and Edward Ranney 1982 Coricancha. In Monuments of the Incas, pp. 78-87. Little, Brown and Company, Boston. Urton, Gary 5

2015 Guaman Poma De Ayala, Felipe. In Encyclopedia of the Incas, pp. 152-154. Rowman and Littlefield, New York.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Saturday, May 28 9:00 Day trip to Tipon and Pikillacta ruins and Andahuayillas church Visit to and archeological explanation of the Tipón ruins and there incredible hydraulic system. Tipón is also known for its local dish, “cuy” or (a Peruvian delicacy) and participants will opt for a cuy meal or can substitute that for the boxed lunch…don’t panic! Afterward, participants will continue on to the Pikillacta archeological ruins, known as the “city of flees”. Return to Academia.

Reading Bauer, B. S. 2004 The Wari Period (AD 600-1000) in the Cusco Region. In Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca, pp. 55- 70. University of Texas Press., Austin.

Covey, R. Alan, Brian S. Bauer, Véronique Bélisle and Lia Tsesmeli 2013 Regional Perspectives on Wari State Influence in Cusco, Peru (C. AD 600–1000). Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 32(4):538-552. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Sunday, May 29 After breakfast, host families will bring students to Academia We will visit Pisac Indian market, one of the most well-known markets in the country. Bargaining is standard. Visit to Pisac site. Lunch in Urubamba. After lunch we will visit fortress, where the Inca fought their last battles with the Spanish invaders. We will visit a home of one of the residents of Ollantaytambo and discover how their living conditions and decoration hasn’t change in centuries. Return to Academia

Reading Hemming, John and Edward Ranney 1982 Pisac. In Monuments of the Incas, pp. 88-93. Little, Brown and Company, Boston.

Hemming, John and Edward Ranney 1982 Ollantaytambo. In Monuments of the Incas, pp. 98-117. Little, Brown and Company, Boston. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Monday, May 30 8:30 to 12:40 Spanish classes

Afternoon: Museo Inka (2 hours) and San Cristobal Church

Reading: Murra, John 1995 Cloth, Textile, and the Inca Empire. In The Peru Reader: History, Culture, Politics, edited by O. Starn, C. I. Degregori and R. Kirk, pp. 55-69. Duke University Press, Durham NC.

Urton, Gary 2015 Quipu. In Encyclopedia of the Incas, pp. 234-236. Rowman and Littlefield, New York. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Tuesday, May 31 8:30 to 12:40 Spanish classes Afternoon: Pachacuti Monument and Church of Santa Clara 6

Reading Damian, Carol 1995 The Virgin of the . In The Virgin of the Andes: Art and Ritual in Colonial Cuzco, pp. 50-90. Grassfield Press, Miami Beach. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Wednesday, June 1 8:30 to 12:40 Spanish classes

Afternoon: San Francisco Church and Monastery, Santa Teresa Reading: None. If needed we will catch up on discussing the readings. 18:30 (at the school; Dance lessons, optional) ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Thursday, June 2 8:30 to 12:40 Spanish classes

Afternoon: Museo de Arte Precolumbiano (S. 20) (1.5- 2 hours) Reading:

Carcedo de Mufarech, Paloma 2000 Silver in Precolumbian Peru. In Rain of the Moon: Silver in Ancient Peru, edited by H. King, pp. 24-29. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Friday, June 3 8:30 to 12:40 Spanish classes Afternoon: Museo Machu Picchu Casa Concha

Reading Hemming, John and Edward Ranney 1982 Machu Picchu. In Monuments of the Incas, pp. 118-163. Little, Brown and Company, Boston. NOTE: This is long, but there are many images.

Von Hagen, Adriana 2015 Machu Picchu. In Encyclopedia of the Incas, pp. 186-188. Rowman and Littlefield, New York. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Saturday, June 4 Morning transfer to Urubamba train station. Check-in to hotel just after 9 am with circa 3-hour tour of Machu Picchu Lunch in Aguas Calientes about 2 pm Free time to relax in Aguas Calientes or optional visit to the thermal baths. Dinner 8pm and overnight in Aguas Calientes

Reading Niles, Susan A. 2015 Considering Inka Royal Estates: Architecture, Economy, History. In The Inka Empire: A Multidisciplinary Approach, edited by I. Shimada, pp. 233-246. University of Texas Press, Austin. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Sunday, June 5 Option to watch the sunrise at Machu Picchu. We went on the death hike, left Agua Calientes at 7:30 am. Lunch at Sanctuary hotel (at gate of ruins), back for short visit to site. Transportation from Machu Picchu to Aguas Calientes to take our return train to Cusco. Return to host families for supper. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Monday, June 6 8:30 to 12:40 Spanish classes 7

Afternoon: The Cathedral, Compania de Jesus +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Tuesday, June 7 8:30 to 12:40 Spanish classes Afternoon: The Monastery of St. Catalina

Reading: Review the Cusco School readings from earlier in the course—the monastery has an important collection.

6:30 PM Centro Cosco de Arte Nativo Dance Performance (6:30- 8:30)(tourist ticket) Line up 6:30, show 7? 604 Av El Sol, +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Wednesday, June 8 8:30 to 12:40 Spanish classes Afternoon: Archbishop’s Palace (San Blas) and San Blas Church; shopping Reading Dean, Carolyn 1996 The Renewal of Old World Images and the Creation of Colonial Peruvian Visual Culture. In Converging Cultures: Art & Identity in Spanish America, edited by D. Fane, pp. 171-182. Harry N. Abrams, New York.

18:30 Dance lessons at school (optional) +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Thursday, June 9 8:30 to 12:40 Spanish classes Afternoon: Museum of , Museum of Popular Art Reading: Cummins, Thomas B. F. 1996 A Tale of Two Cities: Cusco, , and the Construction of Colonial Representation. In Converging Cultures: Art & Identity in Spanish America, edited by D. Fane, pp. 157-170. Harry N. Abrams, New York.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Friday, June 10 Students will be picked-up and transferred to Cusco airport with host families at 11:00 since flight will depart at 13:00 with LAN #2040. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Saturday June 11: Lima

Museum to be determined. Depart for JFK after midnight