book reviews

Climate's Impact on Food Supplies: Strategies and Technologies for Meteorology: The Earth and Its Weather (Second Edition). By Joseph Climate-Defensive Food Production. Edited by Lloyd E. Slater and S. Weisberg. 1981. 427 pp. $20.95. Hardbound. Houghton Mifflin Susan K. Levin. 1981. 243 pages. $20.00. Hardbound. Westview Co., 2 Part St., Boston, Mass. 02107. Press, Inc., Boulder, Colo. The first edition of this book, developed for introductory-level mete- This book is based on a symposium held at the American Associa- orology courses for nonscience students, appeared in 1976. Al- tion for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) National Annual though this second edition represents an improvement over the first, Meeting in San Francisco, Calif., January 3-8, 1980. It assesses it is still fraught with errors, omissions, mistakes, and careless and theories of how climate influences food production and distribution, occasionally meaningless statements. The frequency of these prob- discusses how societies can contend with climate-induced food lems makes this book inappropriate for introductory students, who shortfalls, and explores policies and technologies that promise to re- are most often insufficiently experienced to judge the quality of new duce climate's impact on agriculture and increase food production material. through unorthodox methods. Many of the individual problems discussed below are bothersome The book has an excellent introduction by Walter Orr Roberts and by themselves, rather than erroneous. The large number of such 12 chapters, each written by an authority or authorities on its sub- cases, however, suggests at best a lack of care in preparation. For ject. Most of the chapters deal with the problems of drought and example, there are at least four places in the text where Fahrenheit food shortages and of agriculture in areas of low rainfall. The titles equivalent temperatures are incorrect for the quoted Celsius values and authors are: 1) Climate's Impact on Food Supplies: Can It Be (two on p. 62, one on p. 51, and one on p. 321). Perhaps this mistake Identified—F. Kenneth Hare; 2) Climate, Food and Society—Stan- is not totally unexpected, since the equation on p. 384 for converting ley Ruttenberg; 3) Uses of Climatic Knowledge in the Food Systems Celsius to Fahrenheit also is incorrectly given. There are only a few of Developing Countries—Roger R. Revelle; 4) Climate-Defensive apparent typos; e.g., radiation temperature of the sun is given as Policies to Assure Food Supplies—Martin E. Abel, John A. 6000°C (p. 47); near-surface density of the atmosphere is said to be Schnittker, and Diane C. Brown; 5) Botswana's Food: A Case of 1.2 g/m3 (p. 30); and 1 km is equated with 100 m (p. 399). Livestock Versus Climate—Martin E. Abel and Susan K. Levin; 6) In general, the figures have not been used to advantage. I wonder Case Studies of the Multinational Corporation as a Food/Climate why Fig. 8-7 appears again as Fig. 9-3 (Figs. 5-3 and 12-5 also are Buffer—David P. Harmon, Jr.; 7) Three Approaches to Reducing identical). Five colored plates are presented in the text, but a black Climate's Impact on Food Supplies—Lloyd E. Slater; 8) The Prom- and white picture shows the refraction of light through a prism (Fig. ise of Food and Climate Information Systems—James D. McQuigg; 2-11), and a rainbow appears in Fig. 2-13 (again black and white) 9) A Microecological View of Arid Land Agriculture—Howard E. without any comment as to the sequence of colors. The picture of Worne; 10) Technologies and Strategies in Weatherproofing Crop clouds shown in Figs. 4-8 and 4-9 (also black and white) are of ex- Production—Norman J. Rosenberg; 11) New Options for Climate- treme contrast and exhibit no obvious characteristics by which Defense Food Production—Carl N. Hodges; and 12) Synthetic clouds could be identified. Foods: Eliminating the Climate Factor—Lloyd E. Slater. Figure 2-7 is said to be a pyrheliometer, whereas it is in fact a The last two chapters were given titles that qualify them for inclu- pyranometer. The text which refers to Fig. 3-5 (a picture of Death sion. They provide excellent overviews of what might be done to in- Valley) discusses the rainiest place on earth! Figure 6-9 is referenced crease food supplies that are independent of climate and weather var- to show cross-isobaric flow, but in fact shows flow parallel to iso- iability. The significant research by Carl N. Hodges and his staff at bars. Figure 6-14 is intended to show the location of the subtropical Tucson needs to be brought to the attention of climatologists and jet between about 20° and 30°N latitude, but instead shows a polar those interested in the world food supply, but it is unique and has not jet located between 35° and 65° latitude. A discussion of thunder- had the visibility it deserves. Carl Hodges' chapter is a very impor- storm frequency in Florida refers to a picture of a flooded city (Fig. tant contribution to this book. The editor and author, Lloyd Slater, 8-3). Figure 8-5 (presumably showing tornado damage) is referred to cleverly used the title "Synthetic Foods: Eliminating the Climate in a discussion of tornado frequency by state and season. Figure 9-4 Factor" to include it in a book on climate's impact on food supply, is said to show a wind rose and weather vane. Both circular figures but it adds greatly to the value of the book by providing an overview are too small for any information to be gleaned from them, and the of the role of synthetic food in meeting man's food needs.—Louis M. wind vane looks like no vane I've seen. The text accompanying Fig. Thompson 9-6 refers the reader to isotherms, though none are to be seen. The discussion of a station model (p. 277) claims maximum and min- Louis M. Thompson is Associate Dean for Academic Programs, Col- imum temperatures are shown on Fig. 9-16, but no temperatures are lege of Agriculture, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. given. The text discussing the climate of polar regions refers to a pic- ture of varves (Fig. 13-2). Figure A-2 is said to be a bimetalic ther- mograph—clearly, not so. I suggest that such carelessness is unac- 0003-0007/82/020199-01 $04.25 ceptable in a textbook. © 1982 American Meteorological Society In a more serious vein, consider the following: argon is not in- cluded in the discussion of the major constituent gases of the atmos-

0003-0007/82/020199-02$04.50 © 1982 American Meteorological Society

Bulletin American Meteorological Society 199

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/11/21 06:09 AM UTC 200 Vol. 63, No. 2, February 1982 phere (p. 32). It is claimed that salt, when added to an ice surface, rated mixing ratio is stated as the reverse of that which is correct. The first releases heat to melt the ice, then lowers the freezing point (p. definition of trade winds claims that Northern Hemispheric trades 77). Stability is presumably only determined by reference to the dry move northeast ward and Southern Hemisphere trades move south- adiabatic lapse rate (p. 95). On p. 106, it is said that meteorologists east ward. often prefix middle clouds with the term "alto," when in fact that There are several statements which show either a lack of or no un- prefix is reserved by definition for middle clouds. The terms "scat- derstanding of certain atmospheric processes. On p. 101, the author tered" and "broken" are used on p. 109, but are not defined. On p. tells us "As an airmass rises, it takes longer to reach the dewpoint 154, we read that wind crosses isobars near the surface because "... than it would if it had remained stationary and stable near the earth's the Coriolis effect is only one of the major factors that affect the surface." Several sentences appear which not only are not connected movement of air across the face of the earth." Although true, the to the previous or subsequent material, but which make little sense reason for cross-isobaric flow is, in addition to pressure gradient and by themselves. For example, on p. 324, we find "Obviously, not only Coriolis forces, the influence of friction, which is ignored. The cap- do we lack knowledge of weather, but some people think we know tion for Map 3 shown on p. 198 claims that an occlusion is beginning much more than we do." On p. 340, climatology and meteorology to form in the cyclone located in the southwestern United States, yet are compared: "The meteorologist uses statistical analyses resulting the area shows only cold frontogenesis. On p. 259, we are referred to from research. The climatologist uses meteorologist's records of a "high pressure trough"! On p. 335, the author claims that if the means and variances." One wonders whether climatologists do not arctic ice melted, sea level would rise, disregarding the fact that sea use research material, or whether meteorologists only use statistical level would remain about the same since the arctic ice is floating on analyses. Again, on p. 345 we find "Synoptic climatology, as its water (except for that on Greenland), thus already compensating for name implies, correlates all the available data into a single picture of its density difference with water. an area for such purposes as forecasting. This is in contrast with dy- Perhaps more serious than the above, the following statements are namic climatology, which is a more theoretical study, and which is clearly in error. On p. 25, we are told that latent heat released done on global scale." While parts of these statements are true, through condensation does not heat the air, yet on p. 98 we are told neither clearly explains either subgroup of climatology. On p. 338, that it does indeed heat air. On p. 26, the author implies that when we find "And meteorologists often use multiples of the standard at- moist air rises or falls, its temperature changes in accordance with mosphere." This is surprising, since atmospheric pressure near the the wet adiabatic lapse rate. On p. 44, we are told that insolation var- surface varies only by about ±5% of the mean. ies inversely with the angle of incidence, rather than with a cosine In my view, important information is missing from some discus- response. On p. 77 ". . . vapor pressure is a partial pressure, ex- sions. The location of the semi-permanent anticyclones and cyclones pressed in inches, millibars, or centimeters of mercury," apparently (p. 156) is given without reasons for their preferred locations. The a mixture of terms. Potential temperature is defined (p. 99) as discussion of thunderstorm climatology, i.e., distribution, frequency, ". . . the temperature rate of dry air as the air is affected adiabati- and season of maximum frequency, is incomplete at best (p. 217). A cally." On the same page, when discussing characteristics of the adi- map showing the distribution of thunderstorm or tornado frequency abatic chart, we are told that "the curve for a mass of moist air al- would have been most helpful. Although clouds and cloud sequences ways ends at a point that is warmer than that for a mass of dry air at are claimed to be good forecast tools, meaningful sequences of any given pressure." This is not true at higher elevations where the clouds are not discussed. moist adiabats parallel the dry. On p. 145, in a discussion of condi- C. H. Reitan reviewed the first edition of this text (BULLETIN, 57, tions which result in atmospheric circulation, the only forces listed 1160-1161), and correctly (to my mind) gave it poor marks. It is in- are Coriolis, differential heating of the earth (presumably inferring deed disconcerting that this second edition, containing several of the pressure gradient force), and gravity. There is no mention of friction earlier errors plus new ones, has appeared. I am particularly sensitive near the earth's surface. In the subsection on geostrophic winds to the present case, since I had refereed the manuscript of the first on p. 150, the author implies that this wind represents the balance of edition and had pointed out many of its current problems at that Coriolis, pressure gradient, centrifugal, and frictional forces. On time. With the publication of this second edition and its errors and p. 160 we are told that the surface of the earth moves in an east-to- problems as discussed above, I question the publisher's methods of west direction. The subsequent sentences describe how friction slows evaluating manuscript material. Perhaps they are not sufficiently east-moving westerly winds and speeds easterly winds, suggesting stringent either in correcting errors or redirecting inept discussion. that the statement of the earth's rotation direction is not merely a With several good introductory meteorology texts on the market typographical error, but more likely another indication of the care- (e.g., Miller and Thompson, Elements of Meteorology; Anthes et al., lessness with which this text was prepared. The Atmosphere; and Neiburger et al, Understanding our Atmos- When referring to Fig. 7-14 (two satellite photos), the author pheric Environment; to mention a few), I cannot favorably recom- states, "Note that the bottom right-hand photo was taken just 4 mend an error-prone, incomplete, and carelessly written text such as minutes after the bottom left-hand photo. Yet the difference is star- that by Weisberg.— Wayne M. Wendland tling. Obviously this was a fast moving wave cyclone!" The cloud pictures are clearly different. However, the subsatellite point of the Wayne M. Wendland is Head of the Climatology Section at the Illinois first photograph is Indiana, whereas that of the second is central State Water Survey. Manitoba. On that portion of the photographs which overlap, the clouds appear identical! On p. 321 we are told that warm cloud seed- ing is not effective, whereas on p. 323 the author suggests that it is. On p. 392 we are told that winds aloft are measured by a rising bal- loon fitted with a liquid-filled tube topped by a small float, rather than by the more common radio-beamed tracker. Proceedings: First Canadian Solar Radiation Data Workshop. Edited Although the glossary represents an improvement over that of the by John E. Hay and Thorne K. Won. 1980. 166 Pages. $15.00. first edition, several definitions are incomplete or plainly wrong. For Hardbound. Atmospheric Environment Service, Canada. example, a cloud ceiling is defined as the height of the lowest cloud layer, without regard for cloud amount. Climate is defined as ". . . weather conditions, described on the basis of average daily ob- This volume documents a workshop held in Toronto, Canada, dur- servations . . ." The Pleistocene is defined as the geologic epoch be- ing two days in April 1978. The workshop comprised eight invited ginning approximately 500000 years ago. The definition of satu- papers and discussion sessions. All except one of the original papers

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/11/21 06:09 AM UTC Bulletin American Meteorological Society 201 have been included in the Proceedings. The major recommendations The Violent Face of Nature: Severe Phenomena and Natural Disasters. of the discussion sessions also have been included. By Kendrick Frazier. 1979. 386 pp. $12.95. Hardbound. William The editors indicate that the objectives of the conference were Morrow & Co., Inc., 105 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016 twofold: the primary objective was to aid in the development and use of a Canadian solar radiation data base and to assure its meeting It is almost impossible to summarize all that is known about the user needs. In this regard workshop planners invited papers on: the violent face of nature in less than 400 pages. Yet Kendrick Frazier procedures for monitoring solar radiation in Canada; the solar radi- has, from a multi-disciplinary viewpoint, come the closest of any of ation data archive; the climate data archive; and network assessment the books I have read. and design. These four papers provide the reader with a remarkably Frazier treats the natural disaster as a geophysical event. Hence a fine summary of the accuracy and limitations of solar radiation meas- disaster happens only when the event has impact on people who are urements in Canada, the location and time periods for such meas- in the wrong place at the wrong time and are either making or have urements, the sources (with names and addresses) of the various made the wrong decision regarding themselves and/or their prop- solar radiation data bases in Canada, and, finally, limited informa- erty. Thus a volcano, a tornado, or a thunderstorm can (and should tion on statistical analyses of solar radiation data that have been be) a thing of beauty when viewed from a safe vantage point. By un- completed and are now available. The paper on network assessment derstanding natural phenomena, how they are predicted, how they and design by R. G. Wilson is an excellent perspective on spatial in- can be modified or controlled, and how to plan for their eventual terpolation of network measurements and the significance of time occurrence, Frazier hypothesizes that it should be possible to lessen averaging of data to this interpolation. It allows the reader to appre- losses resulting from them. ciate, to some extent, the influence of synoptic-scale weather systems Frazier's approach, like that of so many in the media, centers on the spatial and temporal aspects of interpolating these Canadian around "gloom and doom." Chapter after chapter reads like a typi- network data. Unfortunately, this fine paper was the only one that cal disaster movie. Although the technique has value, Frazier's use is dealt, to any degree, with the significance of the meteorology of hackneyed. The use of extremely vivid examples (some with invalua- Canada in shaping the spatial and temporal nature of the Canadian ble historical perspective) helps to compensate. solar radiation data base. The book is written without the usual scientific fanfare. There are For those who may wish to calculate solar radiation values for no equations, and for the most part scientific jargon has been re- Canada, there are two papers included on calculation of solar radia- placed with "lay" descriptions. However, Frazier periodically lapses tion on horizontal and inclined surfaces, by J. Hay and J. Davies. into repeating verbatim what his scientific counselors have given These two papers are tutorial, quite readable, and a good summary him. Terms such as basaltic, fumaroles, polar vortex, type 1 and 2 of the authors' work in both areas. Their paper on calculation of ra- thunderstorm cloud patterns, and NWS Central Region appear diation on horizontal surfaces also summarizes the work of others without adequate explanation. who have developed theoretical models or empirical methods of cal- Frazier covers well the myriad of operational and research pro- culating solar radiation on horizontal surfaces. grams in the geophysical disaster area. With no way to treat all of the Finally, there are two papers from the solar energy community on research, he focused on the more operationally-oriented work. solar radiation data requirements. One discusses the engineering as- However, The Bureau of Land Management's lightning detection pects of solar energy collectors, and the other the design of solar program, so important in the western United States Forest Fire heated facilities. Both give the reader a good idea of the general ap- Fighting Program, is not discussed. proach taken by engineers and design architects in these areas and Believe it or not, there is not a single weather map in the entire text, the status of each at the time of the workshop (1978). although there were numerous opportunities to use such maps to ad- The editors also indicated a secondary objective of the workshop vantage. Frazier was content to follow the lead of most other authors was to provide a Proceedings which would be "an intelligible and and stick with the standard stock of weather photographs. This is relevant statement of Canadian activities in solar data acquisitions unfortunate, because there are so many new photographs that could and utilization ... for those wishing to use or to emulate the Cana- have enhanced his written message. dian solar radiation data base." In this regard the Proceedings clearly Some photographs had no apparent relationship to the text or to show the high quality work that has been done in solar radiation re- their captions. For example, the satellite photograph showing the search and its applications in Canada. No doubt the editors have a developing winter storm which paralyzed parts of the eastern United great deal of pride in documenting these important studies. States in January 1978 was coupled with a caption talking about All in all this is a useful volume, as it contains a small number of forecasting skill. Surely a forecast weather map paired with a satel- well-written papers covering many broad areas of the solar radiation lite photograph of the fully developed storm would have helped the and solar energy fields. Quite likely it will continue to be useful in reader visualize the forecasting-verification couplet better. future years. Frazier's scientific counselors were mainly from the "eastern" (i.e. Those of you who have the pleasure of knowing John Ronald Lat- east of the Continental Divide) establishment, so it is not surprising imer ("Ron") of the Atmospheric Environment Service, Canada, to see his treatments slighting the western perspective. For example, (now retired) will be further pleased to note that the editors have dedi- cloud seeding efforts in California focus on winter weather patterns, cated this volume to Ron and have included a fine photograph of while those in the East concentrate on summer events. Similarly, him. The tribute is indeed appropriate.—Kirby J. Hanson winter storm patterns and their effects are different out west. Eastern Pacific tropical cyclones outnumber their Atlantic/Gulf of Mexico/ Caribbean counterparts, even though their effects on land are usually Kirby J. Hanson is a Senior Research Scientist of the Air Resources less. Western U.S. floods from decaying tropical storms are rare, but Laboratories, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, at have been in the news during the past decade. They are not men- Boulder, Colo. tioned in the book. I was somewhat disappointed with Frazier's treatment of the media and the role they play in natural disasters. For warning dis- semination and disaster education they can't be beat. Their history of giving freely to ensure the safety of their constituents has been noted constantly in post-disaster surveys. Recently television has leaped into the lead in displaying evolving weather situations to its viewers. Satellite displays and station-owned radars, coupled with

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/11/21 06:09 AM UTC 202 Vol. 63, No. 2, February 1982 the use of crawls to aid the hearing impaired, are just a few of televi- niques. The final section describes the results of several field studies sion's innovations. Add to this the phone book disaster guides, in areas of the United States and China where wind-blown dust is a shopping bag preparedness printings, and a host of other new con- serious problem." cepts, and it is apparent that the role of the media (and related media- type channels) has not been satisfactorily treated in Frazier's book. I was also disappointed that Frazier failed to treat the SK YWARN Program. This National Weather Service effort is now operating na- Cloud Forecast Simulation Model (Roger C. Whiton, Emil M. tionally, thanks to the support of the amateur radio community, Berececk, and John G. Sladen, 1981, USAFETAC/TN-81 /004, 126 local and state law enforcement groups, cooperative weather ob- pp., n.p., paperbound, from NTIS). servers, and others. The role of SKYWARN in weather warnings is perhaps even more important than some of the technology Frazier highlights. The number of forecasting success stories attributable in Consequences of Climatic Change (C. Delano Smith and M.L. part to the SKYWARN program grows almost daily. Frazier does at Parry, Eds., 1981, 143 pp., $3.50, paperbound, Department of Geog- least mention the earthquake SKYWARN program (i.e., watching raphy, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom) animal behavior). is a product of a conference held at the University of Nottingham by Many of the "rules" for preparing and responding to disasters the Historical Geography Research Group of the Institute of British were treated textually rather than in reproducable display format. Geographers and attempts to link "two extremities of the research The sermonic approach of Chapter 12 will likely turn readers off; spectrum in the context of climatic change—the archeological and hence, its message will be lost. Frazier deserves credit, however, for the climatological." Chapter titles include: Evaluating the impact of disspelling many of the myths surrounding weather disasters and climatic change; Climate and settlement in late-medieval central recognizing the trade-offs one may have to make when faced with England; Climate and economy in eighteenth century Iceland; The multiple hazards. Desert myth evaluated in the context of climatic change; and Cli- Another important aspect of Frazier's book is his emphasis on the matic change and ethnic movements in the Early Iron Age. multi-disciplinary approach to hazards. In fact, this is the first book I have read that recognizes the joint role social scientists, physical scientists, the media, emergency service agencies, and politicians Desertification (M.R. Biswas and A.K. Biswas, Eds., 1980, 523 pp., have in dealing with natural hazards. Unfortunately Frazier doesn't $87.00, hardcover, Pergamon Press). In order to initiate concerted carry out his hypothesis fully. More quotations from other than international action to combat the spread of desert conditions, the physical scientists would have given the reader a more balanced United Nations convened a world Conference on Desertification in perspective. Nairobi, Kenya, in September 1977. Associated case studies on Frazier also fails to mention one of the main reasons inter-discipli- desertification prepared by many countries for the Conference are nary approaches are scarce. The scientists themselves fail to follow included in this volume. There are sections on Australia, China, through on their studies to ensure they reach their intended au- Iran, Israel, the United States, and the U.S.S.R. dience. This book could suffer the same fate unless it is brought to the attention of the appropriate groups outside the meteorological and geological communities. Development and Persistence of Adaptation to Ozone Exposure in Notwithstanding the flaws I have noted, Frazier does an excellent Ozone-Sensitive Southern California Residents (William S. Linn job of tackling highly complex subjects and describing them in lay and Jack D. Hackney, 1981, CRC-APRAC Project CAPN-31-79 terms. Someone who knows little of geophysical processes could (1-80), 28 pp., n.p., paperbound, from NTIS). walk away after reading this book and be able to talk intelligently about the subject. In fact, the absence of formulas and most complex Doppler Radar-Research and Application to Aviation Flight jargon, as well as the overall writing style, makes this book ideally Safety, 1977-1979 (J. T. Lee, 1981, DOT/FAA/RD-81/79, 46 pp., suited for an introductory level weather course (either as a supple- n.p., paperbound, from NTIS). mental text or as a reference). Science teachers, emergency service personnel, engineers, scouts, politicians, and a host of others would all benefit from reading it.—H. Michael Mogil A History of Tropical Cyclones in the Central North Pacific and the H. Michael Mogil is the Deputy Meteorologist-in-Charge at the NWS Hawaiian Islands, 1832-1979(Samuel L. Shaw, 1981, S/N 003-017- Forecast Office, Ft. Worth, Tex. 00500-3, 137 pp., $6.50, paperbound, National Weather Service, available from the Superintendent of Documents).

Introduction to Groundwater Modeling: Finite Difference and Finite Element Methods (Herbert F. Wang and Mary P. Anderson, 1981, 237 pp., $29.95, hardbound, from W. H. Freeman and Co., 660 new publications Market St., San Francisco, Calif. 94104) "offers a practical intro- duction to finite difference and finite element techniques of ground- Atmospheric Aerosol: Source/Air Quality Relationships (Edward water modeling. Its goal is to enable the reader to solve techniques of S. Macias and Philip K. Hopke, Eds., 1981, 359 pp., $39.75, hard- groundwater problems with the digital computer." The book, pri- bound, American Chemical Society/Symposium series, c/o The marily designed for students, requires knowledge of calculus, phys- Maple Press Co., Board Road 5, York, Penn. 17402) contains papers ics, FORTRAN programing, and a brief introduction to matrices. presented at the American Chemical Society symposium "Chemical Professional engineers and geologists who desire an introduction to Compositions of Atmospheric Aerosol: Source/Air Quality Rela- ground water modeling should also find the book readable and tionships." The book is divided into four subjects: "The first group of useful, especially if they have access to a computer. chapters reviews and describes many of the recent modeling efforts. The next section is devoted to source characterization studies, while the third group includes chapters concerned with carbonacious On the Energy and Water Balance of the Earth-Atmosphere System aerosols—both source apportionment and measurement tech- in Europe (Mikko Alestalo, 1981, Report No. 19, 13 pp., n.p.,

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/11/21 06:09 AM UTC Bulletin American Meteorological Society 203

paperbound, from the Department of Meteorology, University of Helsinki, Finland).

WEATHER RADAR On the Maintenance of the Atmospheric Water Vapor Budget over Europe (Mikko Alestalo, 1981, Report No. 18, 24 pp., n.p., paper- FOR SALE bound, from the Department of Meteorology, University of Hel- sinki, Finland). WEATHER MODIFICATION, INC. owns Proceedings, Air Pollution Sessions, Canadian Meteorological and six C-Band Enterprise Electronics WR-100-2 Oceanographic Society 15th Annual Congress, Saskatoon, Saskat- weather radars. Two of these systems are cur- chewan, May 27-29, 1981 (The Special Interest Group in Air Pollu- rently surplus to our needs. These radars have tion Meteorology, 1981, 300 pp., $15.00 Canadian, paperbound, from CMOS, Suite 805, 151 Slater, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KIP been operated in summer convective cloud 5H3) is an unrefereed volume of papers from the first major meeting seeding and cloud seeding research, and are of the Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society's Spe- low time radars. They have dual scope with cial Interest Group in Air Pollution Meteorology, which was camera mount, full test equipment and are founded to aid communication between specialists in the field and to housed in Winnebago motor inns with built in stimulate ideas through the organization of meetings. A.P.U. They can be sold with or without I.F.F. and six level contouring. Seventh International Clean Air Conference (K. A. Webb and A. J. Smith, 1981, 833 pp., $49.95, hardbound, from Butterworths, Inc., 10 Tower Office Park, Woburn, Mass. 01801) gives the proceedings of a conference sponsored by the Clean Air Society of Australia and WEATHER MODIFICATION, INC. New Zealand and held in Adelaide, Australia, 24-28 August 1981. P.O. Box 198, Bowman, ND 58623 Telephone: (701) 523-5606 Snow Watch 1980 (G. Kukla, A. Hecht, and D. Wiesnet, Eds., 1981, Report GD-11, 148 pp., n.p., paperbound, from World Data Center A for Glaciology [Snow and Ice], University of Colorado, Campus Box 449, Boulder, Colo. 80309) gives the results of a workshop sponsored by the National Science Foundation in Washington, D.C., to review the status of data on large-scale snow cover extent and depth. Transition and Turbulence (R. E. Meyer, Ed., 1981, 242pp., $15.50, hardbound, Academic Press, Inc.) collects invited lectures presented at a Symposium on Transition and Turbulence in Fluids held in Solar Census: The Directory for the 80s (aatec publications, 1980, Madison, Wis., on 13-15 October 1980 under the auspices of the 484 pp., $24.00, paperbound, from aatec publications, P.O. Box Mathematics Research Center of the University of Wisconsin-Mad- 7119, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48107) was compiled from questionnaires ison, sponsored by the U.S. Army and supported by the Office of submitted by solar professionals throughout the United States. The Naval Research and the National Science Foundation. "The sympo- entries are divided into four major sections based on the primary sium was devoted to a review of the insights gained over the past two activities designated by the respondents: Manufacturers; Design: decades into the relation between transition and turbulence in fluids Architecture and Engineering; Research and Development; and and on the importance of this relation for the understanding of many Education and Information. The directory is thoroughly cross- real fluid motions." Chapter titles include: Transition in Flow referenced and contains four indexes: Alphabetical, Trade name, between Rotating Concentric Cylinders; New Observations in the Subject, and Geographical. Taylor Experiment; Transition to Turbulence in Thermal Convec- tion with and without Rotation; Instability and Turbulence in Jets; Instability and Transition in Pipes and Channels; On Transition to Solar Spectrum Synthesis. I. A Sample Atlas from 224 to 300 nm. Turbulence in Boundary Layers; Wall Phenomena in the Final Stage (Robert L. Kurucz and Eugene H. Avrett, 1981, Smithsonian Astro- of Transition to Turbulence; Subcritical Transition to Turbulence in physical Observatory, Special Report 391, 139 pp., n.p., paper- Planar Shear Flows; Remark on Engineering Aspects of Transition; bound, from the Publications Division, Distribution Section, Vortex Interactions and Coherent Structures in Turbulence; Inter- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Mass. 02138). actions between Large-Scale Coherent Structures and Fine-Grained The goal of the research reported in this book is "to determine the Turbulence in Free Shear Flows; and Coherent Structures in temperature and density structure of the solar atmosphere through Turbulence. computer simulation of the spectrum, based on detailed non-LTE model calculations." Water in Desert Ecosystems (D. D. Evans and J. L. Thames, Eds., 1981, 280 pp., $35.00, hardbound, Academic Press Inc., 111 Fifth Thunder, Singing Sand, and Other Wonders (Kenneth Heuer, 1981, Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10003) is one in a series of volumes giving 124 pp., $8.95, hardbound, Dodd, Mead & Co., 79 Madison Ave., the research results of U.S. scientists participating in the Interna- New York, N.Y. 10016), a general interest book on atmospheric tional Biological Program (IBP). The United States was one of 58 acoustics, examines the melodious sounds produced by atmospheric nations taking part in the IBP from July 1967 to June 1974. Section electricity, precipitation, temperature, wind, or a combination of titles include: Desert Systems: An Overview; Climatic Features of these factors. Deserts; Soils, Geology, and Hydrology of Deserts; Morphological

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/11/21 06:09 AM UTC 204 Vol. 63, No. 2, February 1982 and Physiological Characteristics of Desert Plants; Modeling Soil- Water-Plant-Atmosphere Systems of Deserts; Flow of Water and Publishers' Addresses Energy under Desert Conditions; Water as a Factor in the Biology of North American Desert Plants; Potential Evapotranspiration for Academic Press, Inc., Ill Fifth Ave., N.Y., N.Y. Deserts; Actual Evapotranspiration under Desert Conditions; Pre- 10003 cipitation in the Desert; Modeling Desert Soil Water Systems; Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., P.O. Box 1425, Modeling Desert Runoff; and Desert Hydrologic Systems. Ann Arbor, Mich. 48106

Electric Power Research Institute, Research Report Center, P.O. Box 10090, Palo Alto, Calif. 94303 Weather: Facts and Feats (Ingrid Holford, 1977, 240 pp., $17.95, hardbound, Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., 2 Park Ave., New York, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Jan van Galen- N.Y. 10016), one in the series of Guinness record books, is aimed not straat 335, P.O. Box 330, 1000 AH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; for U.S. and Canadian customers: merely at amateur or professional meteorologists but at anyone Elsevier Publishing Co., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New interested in weather. The book lists all recorded absolute weather York, N.Y. 10017 extremes, while cautioning that "these have doubtless been sur- passed in regions which are so inhospitable that they remain unin- Lexington Books, D.C. Heath & Co., 1550 Northwest habited. Moreover, even electronic equipment cannot monitor the Highway, Park Ridge, 111. 60068 whole atmosphere all the time and much of what happens remains National Academy of Sciences/National Research unrecorded." The book also describes basic principles which cause Council, Printing and Publishing Office, 2101 weather and indicates standards by which local extremes can be Constitution Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418 judged. Tables of temperature and rainfall are also included, to guide those who journey for pleasure or business in dressing for a National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept. new environment. of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, Va. 21151

Pergamon Press, Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Weather for Outdoorsmen (Walter F. Dabberdt, 1981, 240 pp., Elmsford, N.Y. 10523; (overseas) Pergamon Press, $16.95, hardbound, Charles Scribner's Sons, 597 Fifth Ave., New Ltd., Headington Hill Hall, Oxford, OX3 0BW, York, N.Y. 10017) is intended as "a complete guide to understanding U.K. and predicting weather in mountains and valleys, on the water, and in the woods." Meant for the general reader, it shows how many Plenum Publishing Corp., 227 W. 17th St., New York, weather changes can be predicted with a little knowledge and a few N.Y. 10011 simple instruments. The book also provides information on protect- Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 07632 ing oneself from hazardous weather conditions. Springer-Verlag, 175 Fifth Ave., New York, N.Y. 10010 The Wisconsin-11 AS A Set of Energy / Environment (WISE) Models for Regional Planning and Management: An Overview (W. K. Foell Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 et al., 1981, RR-81-17, 146 pp., $10.00, paperbound, from Interna- tional Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, A-2361 Laxenburg, UNIPUB, 345 Park Ave. South, New York, N.Y. Austria) is an extension of a research program initiated at the 10010 University of Wisconsin-Madison designed to integrate regional energy and environmental management from a systems perspective. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 135 West 50th St., New Section titles include Socioeconomic Models; Energy Demand York, N.Y. 10020 Models, Energy Supply Models, and Environmental Models, which John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 605 Third Ave., New York, includes such chapters as The Reference System Impact Model; the N.Y. 10016 Air Pollution Dispersion Model; The Localization Model; the SO2 Health Impact Model; and the River Body Thermal Pollution Model.

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/11/21 06:09 AM UTC Bulletin American Meteorological Society 205

PRESENTED IN COLORADO SPRINGS, COLORADO ADVANCES IN RADAR METEOROLOGY An Intensive Short Course

DATE: July 19, 1982 LOCATION: (1:30 p.m. -4:30 p.m.) Four Seasons Motor Inn July 20-22, 1982 2886 South Circle Drive (9:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m.) Colorado Springs, Colorado 80906 July 23, 1982 (303) 576-5900 (9:00 a.m. -12 noon)

LECTURERS: Dr. Richard J. Doviak Dr. Paul L. Smith (National Severe Storms Laboratory & (Institute of Atmospheric Science/ University of Oklahoma) South Dakota School of Mines & Technology) Dr. Dusan S. Zrnic Mr. Fred E. Nathanson (National Severe Storms Laboratory & (Technology Service Corporation) University of Oklahoma)

SUMMARY: This intensive short course is intended for engineers, physicists and meteorologists. It is an updated, expanded and slightly more advanced version of TSC's highly successful course entitled Radar Meteorology. After an introduction to the utilization of radar for meteorological measurements, the course emphasizes the use of the new combination of knowledge of the phenomena with the new technologies such as coherent radar and color displays. Doppler techniques to detect and predict tornadoes and other severe storms, the estimation of wind speed and turbulence, and the utilization of color displays will be emphasized. The relationship of these advances to the NEXRAD program will be covered as will some of the new airborne weather radar technology. Extensive notes and references will be supplied to all attendees. A degree or equivalent experience in engineering, physics, or meteorology is recom- mended.

COURSE OUTLINE: I. Principles of Weather Radar. Basic principles: pulse radars, transmitted and received signals, antennas, displays, radar cross section. Weather radar equations: solitary and distributed targets, radar reflectivity factor, Z. II. Relation of Z to Other Meteorological Quantities. Drop size distributions; Z-R relationships; Z-W relationships; Relation to storm types. Calibration techniques. III. Attenuation and Fluctuation. Attenuation vs. frequency rainfall rate, etc. Effect on airborne radar design. Polarization: selection and potential information. Estimation of intensity: integration, DVIP, independent samples, frequency agility. NEXRAD tradeoffs. Color displays: TV systems, block diagrams, typical results. IV. Doppler Effects. Pulse doppler processing; Introduction to spectra of signals, hardware, transmitter, SVP, FFT processing. V. Doppler Signals from Weather Echoes. Signal-to-Noise Ratio; Range correction of echo samples; Doppler weather spectra; Velocity spectrum width, shear and turbulence; Ambiguities. VI. Signal Processing. Intensity estimation; Mean frequency estimators; Spectrum width estimates; Performance on data; Com- parison of FFTand covariance processing. VII. Considerations for Weather Observations with Doppler Radar. Echo coherency; Techniques to extend unambiguous range and velocity; Effective antenna pattern lighting echoes; Spectral artifacts. VIII. Observation of Weather. Dual and single doppler radar; Severe storm observations; Doppler spectra of tornadoes; Clear air observations. Display techniques; Recent developments. FEE: $675. (Includes course materials and luncheons) Advance enrollment and payment/purchase order or written authorization from a duly authorized official of your facility required prior to the start of the course. Discounts available for groups of four or more.

REGISTRATIONS: Call toll free (800) 638-2628, in Maryland call (301) 565-2970, or write: TECHNOLOGY SERVICE CORPORATION • 8555 16th Street, Suite 300 • Silver Spring, Maryland 20910

TECHNOLOGY SERVICE CORPORATION 8555 16th Street Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 (301) 565-2970

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