Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 "REVIEW ARTICLE ON PARIKARTIKA"
Nilima zarikar 1 kanchan Borkar 2, Anantkumar shekokar 3 1 P.G.Scholar , 2 Associate professor , 3Professor and HOD, Dept of shalya tantra, S.V.N.H.T’S Ayurved college, Rahuri, Dist- Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India.
ABSTRACT Nowadays due to faulty lifestyle, patient suffering from constipation with a rectal disease are quite high in number Parikartika is characterized by kartanwat and chhedandvat shool in Guda. Parikartika is a word which has been referred to in Bruhat-trayi (earlier three Samhitas of Ayurveda) not as separate entity, but as a complication of other diseases pertaining to ano-rectal region. The description of Parikartika resembles the signs and symptoms described for anal fissure. The symptoms include cutting or burning pain in anus, pain in umbilical region and radiating pain in the genitals and thighs. In Parikartika Vata is the dominant dosha. This is because of the site, Guda, which is actual site of Vata especially Apanavayu. According to Acharya Sushruta, there is vitiation of Vayu and Rakta. Pitta is the main dosha in Rakta so Pitta is also vitiated simultaneously.Thus when the ruksha mala passes through unlubricated Guda there is formation of crack with severe pain & burning or difficulty in passing flatus or stool, as per the doshik predominance. Both Charaka and Sushruta have advocated for treatment of Parikartika Pichha Basti with Madhuyashti, Madhu and til. KEYWORDS: Parikartika, constipation ,guda ,kartanvat ,chhedanvat shool, fissure in ano. INTRODUCTION Ayurveda is an ancient medical science. It is a boundless ocean of knowledge. Probably is the only medical science which has such elaborate knowledge about the life of living beings. In brief Ayurveda deals with physical. Mental and spiritual healthy life of persons. Today in the fast running life human being is inviting many diseases because of junk food, Viruddha Ahar-Vihar, Contaminated food etc. These disturb digestive system and cause constipation, hyperacidity, loss of appetite etc resulting into anorectal diseases. Parikartika disease is one of them. In this concern Ayurveda gives requisite guideline for health than other medical sciences. Acharya Sushrut has described Parikartika in “Vaman virechanvyapad chikitsa” (treatment of side effects of therapeutic vomiting & medicated purgation) in chikitsa sthan Acharya Charak has also motioned Parikartika under heading “Vaman Virechan Vyapad”. Acharya Vagbhat has stated Parikartikain “Arishta Lakshan”(Unauspecious prognostic features). The major reference stated by Acharya Kashyapa is found in ‘Garbhini chikitsa’ (ANC & PNC treatment)
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MODERN VIEW : Anal fissures are longitudinal or elliptical tears in the distal anal canal, extending below the dentate line to the anal verge. The condition is the commonest cause of severe anal pain. fissure in ano is characterized by excruciating pain during and after defecation and drop by drop bleeding per anus with spasm of anal spinctuer. NIRUKTI: It refers to a condition in which patient experiences a sensation of pain as if the Guda is being cut around with scissor. The disease is characterized by excessive cutting pain around the anus. Kashyapa says that parikartika is the one having cutting and tearing pain in Guda pradesha VYUTPTTI: The term Parikartika comprises of two words Pari and Kartika.The suffix Pari when used it means “all over” or “whole” or “every entity” or “every aspect”Kartika is derived from “Krita” verb, which means to cut. It is a noun form.Thus the word Parikartika as a whole means “to cut circumferentially” or to cut all around. Jejjata has anticipated this condition and explained pin pointedly. According to him in Parikartika a specific pain i.e. A cutting and tearing pain around the anal region. Dalhana also gives the similar opinion Guda vidara, Guda kshata, Kasta guda, Kasta payu Vyakta malahe are terms used in different context, which denotes similar conditionlike parikartika NIDAN: In Parikartika, Vata is the dominant Dosha. The etiological factors of Parikartika can be divided in three types as per Aacharya Sushruta. 1. Nija Hetu (Endogenous factors): Vedana (pain) is the main symptom of Parikartika, so Vata Dosha vitiation must be there. Hence, all factors responsible for vitiation of Vata Dosha can beconsidered under Nidana of Parikartika. In the classics, factors responsible for vitiation of Vata 2. Aagantuja Hetu (Exogenous factors): The trauma at Guda leading to Parikartika. During the procedure of Basti or Virechana, iatrogenic complications may develop in the form of Parikartika. It may happen due to rough and thick Basti Netra. 3. Nidaanarthakaaree Roga (Complications of other diseases): Due to faulty procedure If Vamana and Virechana with Teekshna, Ushna and Pittaprakopaka medicine is given to the patients having Mridu Koshtha and Mandaagni then Pitta and Vata Prakopa
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 2 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 leads to Parikartika, Atiyoga of Virechana. If basti of Tikshna, Ushna & Lavan Dravya is given to the patient. Multiple or lateral fissures should arouse suspicion of another underlying pathology including Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus infection or syphilis The majority of fissures seen in patients with inflammatory bowel disease occur in the posterior midline and are painful in at least half of cases. Anal fissures are less likely to develop in those individuals who eat plenty of raw fruit and vegetables, and wholegrain breads, and more likely to affect those who eat highly processed foodstuff SAMPRAPTI: Due to nidana sevana Vata and Pitta prakopa. Prakupita doshas will travel down wards along with Adhogami Dhamanis and reaches Guda avayava. Due to excessive pressure and dusti in Rakta and Mamsa a kshata is produced. This condition is called as Parikartika. Samprapti Ghataka : Dosha- Vata & Pitta Dushya - Twak, Rakta And Mamsa Srotas - Purisha Vaha,Rakta& Mamsa Vaha Srotasha Udbhava Sthana - Pakwashaya Sanchar Sthana - Gudagata Sira Vyaktasthana - Gudanalika Rogamarga - Bahya Sadhyasadyata - Kasta Sadya Swabhava - Chirakaleena According to Kashyapa Samhita,the classification of Parikartika into 3 types is mainly based upon the character of pain i.e. 1. Vatika Parikartika - pain is shooting cutting or pricking in nature. 2. Paitika Parikartika - the character of pain is burning nature. 3. Shaleshmika Parikartika - dull ache pain represents the kapha preeminent Parikartika. Modern view: Hard stools and excessive straining causes pressure over anal canal. This results in tear of mucous membrane resulting into ulcer formation which is termed as fissure in ano. The prominent symptom is severe anal pain, usually on defecation, which may last betweena few minutes to a few hours afterwards with a tight, throbbing quality. It can be described as knifelike, cutting or tearing in character.Rectal bleeding is seen in 75–100% of cases and is
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 3 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 characteristically small in quantity, bright red and only occurs during straining or defecation. A minority of patients may also complain of mucous anal discharge and pruritus ani Sadhyasadhyata: The disease is characterized by formation of vruna in Guda nalika. Guda is a Marma sthana and adequate rest to this part is not possible. These factors make this condition very difficult for the treatment. Hence it is categorized as kruchra sadhya vyadhi. However if the vruna is restricted only to Twak and the patient is having good agnibala and Malabaddhata is not severe then it becomes sukha sadhya Treatment: The samprapti of parikartika involves Vata and Pitta prakopa, Rakta and Mamsa dusti, Malabdhata and kshata in Guda pradesha. Hence the treatment has to be aimed at Vata and Pitta shamana, Rakta and Mamsa prasadana, and Vatanulomana and vruna ropana.The disease clinically presents with Vedana, Malabaddhata and Rakta srava. So Vedana shamana, Malanissaraka and Rakta sthambana drugs are to be used. 1.general treatment 2. local treatment. 1.General treatment: The oral medication has multiple objectives. They include: Deepana and Pachana drugs for improving agni like, - Trikatu churna - Hingwastaka churna - Lavana bhaskar churna - Chitrakadi vati Malanissaraka and vatanulomana drugs for malabadhata like, - Avippatikara churna - Gandharva haritaki churna - Pancha shakar churna - Abhayarista Vedana shamaka drugs like, -Triphala guggulu vati - Yogaraja guggulu Sushruta has advised sheet ljala snana and dugdha sevana. Charaka has also advised dugdha sevana medicated with the bark of panchasksheeri vrikshas. Further charaka has advised to take aml dravya because it has the property of vata shamaka and increases the agni.
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2.Local treatment This includes Basti karma. Most of the drugs which are used in basti karma are vata pitta shamaka, vranashodhana and vrana ropaka. Basties are prepared in Ghrita, Tail and milk with the help of other different drugs. There are three types of Basti described Sushruta and other Ayurvedic authors viz. 1. Anuvasana Basti (ii) Pichha Basti and (iii) Sheetal Basti. In many compositions so many drugs have been used they have Vata and Pitta Shamak properties and Madhuyashti is many times used. Because it has property of cooling, Vata- Pitta- Rakta Shamak and widely it has been advocated by Sushruta for treatment of Traumatic wounds, Pittaja Vranas, Fractures, Bhagandara, Updansa and Ulcer etc. Kashyap has also advised for the Anuvasana Basti. Both Charaka and Sushruta have advocated for treatment of Parikartika Pichha Basti with Madhuyashti, Madhu and til. Modern view - Constipation should be treated with bulk laxatives and dietary fibre supplements in order to avoid straining, which can cause persistent trauma and bleeding. Sitz baths relieve the spasm associated with a fissure. Local application of anaesthetic cream such as 2% or 5% lignocaine may provide some symptomatic relief, but must be applied into the anal canal directly onto the fissure. However, data suggest this may not be an effective means of treatment Topical steroids such as 1% hydrocortisone cream have been used to reduce inflammation, and it has been suggested that a significant proportion of acute anal fissures do heal after 3 weeks application of Proctosedyl (cinchocaine and hydrocortisone) ointment DISCUSSION: It is well accepted that Parikartika as per Ayurvedic terminology resembles much to Fissure-in-ano as described in Modern medicines. ‘Fissure-in-ano’ clinically presents as a fissure or a crack in the anal orifice. The prominent symptoms include severepain during and following defecation, sometimes associated with bleeding. The disease parikartika occur due to pitta and vata .Due to these etiological factors vitiated doshas get accumulated in the guda region. The disease is most common in middle age group. CONCLUSION: Parikartika is very common among ano rectal diseases due to improper aahar-vihar. Most of the acute cases get cured by Ayurvedic management whereas modern treatment does not gives response.
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REFERENCES 1. S Das : A CONCISE TEXT BOOK OF SURGERY, Publisher Dr. S. Das, and 10th edition reprinted, 2018, Ch:45, Page no 1083. 2. Dr. Anantkumar shekokar, Dr. kanchan Borkar, shalya tantra- 1,shantanu prakashan, ahamadnagar, 4th edition 2014 page no. 170 3. Acharya Sushruta: Sushruta samhita:edited by kaviraj ambikadutta shastri:chaukhambha sanskrit sansthan varanasi, 1987:6th edition,Sutrasthana adhyaya22/5,7,8,11 , page no. 65 4. Acharya Sushruta: Sushruta samhita:edited by kaviraj ambikadutta shastri:chaukhambha sanskrit sansthan varanasi, 1987:6th edition,Cikitsasthana-adhyaya36 sloka -37 page no. 158 5. Acharya Sushruta: Sushruta samhita:edited by kaviraj ambikadutta shastri:chaukhambha sanskrit sansthan varanasi, 1987:6th edition, Nidansthanaadhyaya-1 sloka-25-26 page no. 230 6. Baileys H; Love Mc. N. Short Practice of Surgery, 24 ed. Hodder Arnold . 2004 ;71:1219- 1222 7. Acharya Sushruta: Sushruta samhita:edited by kaviraj ambikadutta shastri:chaukhambha sanskrit sansthan varanasi, 1987:6th edition, Nidansthanaadhyaya-2 sloka-9,10 page no. 230 8. Dalhana . Nibandhasam graha commentary on Susruta, Susruta Sam hita Chikitsasthana 34 sloka - 16 edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamjiacharya, 9th Ed. ChaukhambhaSanskrita Pratisthana, Varanasi, 2007:524 9. Agnivesa, Caraka Sam hita . Cikitsasthana - 26 sloka - 7 Hindi commentery Carakacandrika Dr. Brahmananda Tripathi (ed). Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, 2002;2:864 10. Agnivesa, Caraka Sam hita Cikitsasthana - 19 sloka- 5, Hindi commentery Carakacandrika Dr. Brahmananda Tripathi, Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, 2002;2:670 16. 118. 11. Agnivesa. Caraka Sam hita Siddhisthana -12 sloka-30, Hindi commentery Carakacandrika Dr. Brahmananda Tripathi, Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, 2002;2:1340 19.
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Vda. Ankita Shete MD Panchakarma, Pg Scholar, SMBT Ayurveda College, DhamanagaonIgatpuri. Guide Vd. Anil Wagh MD Kayachikitsa, Professor, SMBT Ayurveda College, DhamanagaonIgatpuri.
ABSTRACT: Ayurveda is science of life which helps us to maintain physical and mental health by balancing equilibrium of all Doshas ,Dhatus and Malas .which are the main pillars of the healthy body. Panchakarma is the therapy which rebalance the vitiated Doshas and brings back the equlilibrium through Panchakarma therapy we can easily remove the toxins out of the body.Diseases occurs only when toxins get accumulate in body, unhealthy diet ,lifestyle, stress leads to accumulation of toxins hence Panchakarma therapy is called as detoxification therapy, if cleanse the body. Shodhan improves Kayagni (digestive power and metabolism) cures the disorderes ,maintains the equilibrium of the Doshas ,improves colour,complexion ,mind and intelligenece. Considering all the benefits of the Shodhana it is belived that Shodhana has action over almost all the systems of the body especially gastro-intestinal system, endocrinal systems and metabolic activities. Panchakarma therapy eliminates the Doshas ,eradicates diseases and restores normal strength and complexion and if taken properly,it brings about longevity. On the other hand Panchakarma therapies eradicate diseases completely so much that they do not recur again unless there are very strong etiological factors ,on the contrarary they remove the vitiated Doshas from their very site of origin and it has provide wellbeing to various aspects of health, Acharya Charaka has mentioned INTRODUCTION: Ayurveda is science of life which helps us to maintain physical and mental health by balancing equilibrium of all Doshas,Dhatus and Malas.which are the main pillars of the healthy body. If any Doshas gets vitiated it leads to imbalancing of all Doshas, Dhatus and Mala which causes Diseases. In literature our body is nourished through a complex network of strotas or channels or tube like structures.Thisnework contain both microscopic and macroscopic channels.(Digestive
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 7 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 system,nervoussystem,circulatory system etc are few examples of these channels)Disease occur when toxins get accumulated in body and cloge these channels.Unhealthy diet ,lifestyle,stress,changes in environment etc leads to accumulation of toxin in body.These accumulated toxins have to be expelled out in order to keep our body healthy. Panchakarma is the therapy which rebalance the vitiated Doshas and brings back the equlilibrium through Panchakarma therapy we can easily remove the toxins out of the body.Diseases occurs only when toxins get accumulate in body,unhealthy diet ,lifestyle, stress leads to accumulation of toxins hence Panchakarma therapy is called as detoxification therapy,if cleanse the body. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Various aspect of Panchakarma 1) prevention of disease 2) promotion of rehabilitation of health 3) cure of disease 4) Preconception health 5) Pediatric health 6) Rejuvenational health 7) Geriatric health 8) Sensory health care 9) Psychiatric health 1)PREVENTION OF DISEASE: Panchakarma plays an important role in prevention of disease but also for curing the existing disease thus maintaining good health.Ayurveda advocates Shodhana on regular basis as vitiation of Dosha sets in whenever favourable condition arises.Ayurveda has elaborately explained the different stages of Dosha in different Rutu which is accumulated. On the basis of Doshas,the different Rutu (seasons) and Panchakarma are exaplained as follows. Table: Seasonal Panchakarma for prevention of diseases Season Panchakarma procedure vasant Vaman karma of Panchakarma Sharad Virechan karma and Raktamokshan varsha Basti Karma Hemant Swedana (steam) Vasant,Sharad Nasya and Pravrita Nitya Anjana,Dhumapana,Gandusha,Karna purana,Abhyanga,Pratimarshanasya
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2) PROMOTIONS AND REHABILITATION OF HEALTH: The world is undergoing a rapid change in all spheres,The eco system ,nature and living beings are under strong survival stress due to severe pollution rise and other socio-economic reasons,To achieve the goal of public health,just by taking the measures such as ,bringing doctor patient gap closer,invention of new molecules for the challenging diseases and sophisticated medical aids are not sufficient,perhaps it needs a more inclusive approach of many aspects which could influence and improve human health in far better way. 3) CURE OF DISEASE According to Ayurvedic literature,Ayurvedas second Prayojana (purpose) is to cure the disease and now a days ,even cure of condition of those who are advised surgery.some of the diseases and Panchakarma procedures are mentioned below- Table: Examples of disease and Panchakarma Disease Panchakrma Sthaulya Udwartana,RukshaChoornaPinda,Swedana and Lekhanabasti (obesity) Amlapitta(acidit Vamana and Shirovirechana y) Parinamshool Basti and Shirodhara (peptic ucer) Pakshaghat MriduVirechana,AsthapanaBasti,Anuvasanbasti,Snehana and Swedana (hemiplegia) Shwasa (asthma) Vamana.Virechana,andSwedana Ekakushta Vamana,Virechana,Raktamokshana and Nasya (psoriasis) Udararoga Nitya Virechana (ascites) Shirashoola Virechana,Nasya and Virechana (migraine) Anidra Nasya and Shirodhara (Insomnia) Sandhiwata Snehana,Swedana,Basti (Osteoartheritis) Amavata Deepana&Pachana,Virechana,Snehapan,Anuvasanbasti,Ksharbasti,Val (rheumatoid) ukaSwedana Prameha Vamana,Virechana,Udwartana,Takradhara (Diabetes) Agnimandya Vamana,Virechan and Pachana (Hypothyroidis m)
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PRECONCEPTIONAL HEALTH: In Ayurveda,there are specific actions mentioned to all people which not only increases the chances of conception but also of having a healthy child .Ayurveda suggests Panchakarma for all expectant parents.Just as a healthy seed bears healthy fruits,the first step in having healthy sperm and egg is achieved through a deep internal cleaning to balance the Doshas and remove toxins (Known as Ama)by detoxifying the body. PEDIATRIC HEALTH Childhood is considered as the most important phase in life,which determines the quality of health,wellbeing,learning and behaviour across the lifespan.this may be the reason for giving the foremost position for Balachikitsa among asthangas (8 branches) of Ayurveda.The regional growth of indigenous medicine gave significant contribution in the development of primary health care . In literature , Panchakarma is mentioned by all Acharya’s in Balaroga .(children health care&cure of disease),and as Amrita told by Acharya Kashyap. GERIATRIC HEALTH: Ageing is invitable .It is a natural phenomenon and intrinsic feature of life .Ayurvedic classics believe that human body is meant to be shatayushi (live for 100 years) provided one follows the right daily regimen (Din Charyas&Rutucharya)that includes Diet and exercise.The panchakarma procedures Nitya Abhyanga (whole body Massage),Swedana (steam),and Basti (therapeutic enema) are very much effective in reducing degenerative changes,strength and longevity along with oral administration of Rasayanaherbals.And also we are using now day Shirodhara, Katibasti, Janubasti, Greevabasti for improving geriatric health. SENSORY HEALTH CARE: The indriyas,or senses ,are the third majoi component of life described by Ayurveda as one branch of Asthanga Ayurveda .The indriyas act as a bridge between the non physical part of life.Atma or soul and the mind on one side.and the physical body and environment on the other.Theindriyas gather information from the outer world .Incoming perceptions get relayed to the mind in the form of sound .touch and temperature,light colour and form:taste and flavour;and smell. If the perceptual information gathered by the senses is of proper quality and quantity,it will create imbalance in the body .so that in this condition very useful panchakarma therapy for prevention and cure of sensory disorders like –snehana, swedana, vamana, virechana, nasya, tarpana, Anjana, Aschyotana, pindi, vidalaka, Dhomapana, kawal, Gandusha and karnapuran. PSYCHATRIC HEALTH: Mental health includes our emotional ,behavioral and social well being.And it is also concern on the level of thinking process.Mental illnesses such as depression ,anxiety or sleep problems are
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 10 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 seen very commonly among people who have a very unhealthy lifestyle.In Ayurveda ,management is counselling of the patient .and also suggest some effective regimens to stay happy and have a healthy mind .there are some effective Health.which detoxify and clear any blockage that may be present in the subtle channels of the brain as well as rejuvenating and strengthening the mind. THE PANCHAKARMA PROCEDDURE CONTAINS THREE STEPS: Purvakarma-preparations which have to be done before the detoxification. • Deepana • Pachana • Snehana • Swedana DEEPANA & PACHANA: These steps are adopted to cleanse the channels and Ama (toxins), so that the toxins are detached and eliminated easily during main detoxifying process ..The hard toxic clogs are loosened by increasing body fire or Agni.Medicines are administered internally for this purpose .This process is called Deepana and Pachana.The duration of this process is 3-5 days depending on the patient and diseases. SNEHANA: After Deepana&Pachana whole body is oleated with Snehapana (oral) and Abhyanga (massage).Patient s are asked to drink a specific amount of medicated ghee or oil for specific period.the amount of medicated ghee or oil is gradually increased on the daily basis .The course of Snehapana may take 3-7 days . Abhyanga (Massage) is done with medicated oil or ghee and may take 1 to 4 days or as required ,Snehapan and Abhyanga is a part of Snehapanatherapy,and it cures the vitiated VataDosha ,Which makes the body soft and disintegrates the accumulation of vitiated Doshas (Toxins or waste). SWEDANA: Swedana is the process of including sweat with the help of steam,made from medicated herbal decoctions .it is the pre operative procedure in various Ayurvedic detox therapies where the objective is to dilate the channels of the body to detach the vitiate Doshas (toxins or waste from the tissues .Ayurvedic fomentation is usually given after an oil massage. UDVARTANA: Udvartana is massage by medicated herbal powders. It dissolves excessive facts,strengthens the body parts and skin.
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NAVANA NASYA; Nasya is carried out by using Anu taila,It improves skin texture,strengthen of neck and chest region increases beauty of face and freshness mouth. DHOOMA NASYA: Inhalation of medicated smoke removes kapha and VataDoshaSanchaya from throat area ,nasal area cleaning of sinuses.This prevents infection all these procedures keep nasal and pharyngeal track healthy. PRADHANKARMA; • VAMANA • VIRECHANA • NIROOHABASTI • ANUVASANBASTI • NASYA VANAMANA: The process of expelling vitiated Doshas (toxins or waste) through the upward tract (mouth) is called Vaman karma (induced emesis).It is mainly indicated in vitiated Kapha-Pitta Dosha and Kaphaja disorder .Many drug can be used for Vamana Karma but the most common drug is Madanphala.Drugs which are Ushna (hot) ,Tikshna (sharp),Sukshma (subtle),Vyavayi (those causing looseness of joints ),by virtu of their own potency .reach the heart, and circulate through the vessels. Because of their Agneya nature (predominance of Agni Mahabhuta) they liquefy the compact (adhered)Doshaslocated in the gross and subtle channels of the entire body.like honey kept in a pot smeared with fat,the vitiated doshas ,after seprataion ,starts floating without adhesions in the body which has been oleated (by the administration of oleation therapy).Because of its nature to move through subtle channels and flowing (towards the gastro-intestinal tract)the vitiated Doshas reach the stomach,and gets propelled by Udana Vayu. VIRECHANA KARMA: The process of expelling vitiated doshas (toxins or waste )through the downward tract (rectum) is called Virechana Karma.(theraputeic purgation). The Virechana karma is medicated purification ,cleansing the body from excess Pitta –Kapha accumulation ,purifying blood and clearing toxins .The therapy primarily concentrate on the toxins accumulated in the liver and gall bladder ,thus cleansing the gastro –intestinal tract completely.
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NIROOHABASTI : Niroohabasti is the specialized Panchakarma procedure to cure Vata related disorders.It is the best treatment for the vitiated Vatadosha or Vataj disorder . In this procedure using decocations administered through the rectal route ,it pacifies the aggravated Vatadosha. ANUVASAN BASTI: AnuvasanaBasti is used to treat the people suffering from severe dryness,who have good digestive fire and purely Vatavyadhi (nervous system,musculoskeletal system disorder).This procedure with small amount of oil can be used an equilibrium of VataDosha.warm oil with a little amount of shatapushpakalka and Saindhav is used. PASCHAT KARMA: Modification in diet and lifestyle after the detoxification process. Peyadi or TarpanadiSamsarjana karma Brimhana Abhyanga,Utsadana and Basti Use oral administration of Rasayana&Vajikaran DISCUSSION: Shodhan improves Kayagni (digestive power and metabolism) cures the disorderes ,maintains the equilibrium of the doshas,improvescolour,complexion ,mind and intelligenece. It also improves the vigor and vitiality and enables the person to live a long and healthy life.properly conducted Vamana removes aggravated kapha and also makes the body light,improves the functions of sensory organs and clears the channels of chest ,flanks and the head region.Properly conducted Virechana ,removes aggravated Pitta and clears all channels of body.Jathragni gets kindled and lightness sets in .properly performed Basti karma ,establishes proper expulsion of the feces,uurine and the flatus .increases appetite, taste and creates euphoria.properly conducted Nasya Karma removes the aggravated Dosha seated above Urdhvajatrupradesha (head and neck) clear the channels of circulation. Considering all the benefits of the Shodhana it is belived that Shodhana has action over almost all the systems of the body especially gastro-intestinal system, endocrinal systems and metabolic activities .It is belived that Shodhana will improve all the waste products of the metabolism an d removes all the the waste products of the metabolism and removes the free radicals thus providing a platform from which the whole body rejuvenates.and it is clinically noted that biochemical of the body go towards the normal range after panchakarma procedure .It is essential to examine the status of Dosha,Bheshja,Desha,Kala,Bala,Sharir,Ahara,Satmya,Satva.Prakriti Vayaavastha before performing Panchakarma.
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CONCLUSION: Panchakarma is one of the unique contribution to the health of human beings .these modalities of treatment can create wonder if performed judiciously .Success of Panchakarma is dependent on properly performed Purva .Pradhan and Paschat Karma .Panchakarma therapy eliminates the Doshas ,eradicates diseases and restores normal strength and complexion and if taken properly,it brings about longevity. The elimination therapies ,on the other hand,eradicate diseases completely so much that they do not recur again unless there are very strong etiological factors ,on the contrarary they remove the vitiated Doshas from their very site of origin and it has provide wellbeing to various aspects of health,AcharyaCharaka has mentioned. REFERENCE:
1. Vd Acharya J.T. Charaksamhita, Chaukhambasanskritasansthana, sutrasthana, chapter 2, sutra15 2. Times of India, Sushami Dey, Aug13, 2015 3. Life style diseases increasing in India, deccan herald 9-10-2015 4. Lifestyle diseaseshttps//en.m.wikipedia.org.wiki. 5. Shastri A.K., Sushrutasamhita, Chaukahambasanskritasansthana, Sutrasthana, 1989 \ 6. Dr Kunte A.M., Chaukhamba, Ashtanghridaya, Sanskritsansthana, varanasi, sutrasthana, chapter 2/1-3, 2011,pg 24 7. VdAthavale A.D., AshtangSangraha, ShreemadAtreyaPrakashana, Pune, Sutrasthana chapter3/16-17 pg no17,1980 8. Dr Kunte A.M., Chaukhamba, Ashtanghridaya, Sanskritsansthana, varanasi, sutrasthana, chapter 2/4-5, 2011 ,pg 25 9. VdAthavale A.D., AshtangSangraha,ShreemadAtreyaPrakashana, Pune, Sutrasthana chapter3/26, pg no18 ,1980 10. VdAthavale A.D., AshtangSangraha, ShreemadAtreyaPrakashana, Pune, Sutrasthana chapter3/26, pg no18 ,1980 11. VdAthavale A.D., AshtangSangraha, ShreemadAtreyaPrakashana, Pune, Sutrasthana chapter3/31, pg no18 ,1980 12. Dr Kunte A.M., Ashtanghridaya, ChaukhambaSanskritsansthana, Varanasi, sutrasthana, chapter 2/8-, 2011pg 26 13. Dr Kunte A.M., Ashtanghridaya, ChaukhambaSanskritsansthana, varanasi, sutrasthana,chapter 2/10, 2011pg 27 14. Dr Kunte A.M., Ashtanghridaya, ChaukhambaSanskritsansthana, varanasi, sutrasthana, chapter 2/12, 2011pg 27 15. Dr Kunte A.M., Ashtanghridaya, ChaukhambaSanskritsansthana, varanasi, sutrasthana, chapter 2/15, 2011pg 28
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 14 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 ROLE OF HOMOEOPATHY TREATMENT IN MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASE
DR. CHANDRAKANT SANAP DR. Siddharth Jondhale MD (HOM.) 2 nd Part. (P.G.Guide ) Dept. Of Organon Of Medicine. Professor & P.G. Guide Guru Mishri Homoeopathic Medical College, Shelgaon Ta-Badnapur Dist-Jalna.
ABSTRACT: Background Homeopathy is one of the most frequently used areas of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Previous research has focused in particular on the pharmacological effectiveness of homeopathy. There is intense discussion among German family medical practitioners as to whether family medicine should adopt elements of homeopathy because of the popularity of this treatment method. Aim For the first time in Germany, patients with chronic conditions was asked about their views on the medical care provided by homeopathic medical practitioners. Methods The survey used questionnaire-based, semi-structured expert interviews, the contents of which were then analyzed and summarized. Results A total of 21 women and five men aged from 29 to 75 years were surveyed. A.) Keywords: family medicine, homeopathy, patient– physician interaction, qualitative research B.) Introduction: Homeopathy enjoys a high regard among patients that shows no sign of diminishing.[ 1–3] In terms of research on the specific effectiveness of treatment methods, homeopathy is one of the areas of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) that has been relatively well investigated, although the methodological quality of the studies often leaves a lot to be desired.[ 4] Authors who view the evidence base more positively have also come to the conclusion that it is not clear whether homeopathy is superior to the placebo as a treatment concept.[ 5] At the forefront of the attitude of conventional (academic) medicine towards homeopathy is the fact that there is no definitive evidence of additional benefit over and above the placebo effect.[ 6] According to Shang et al, it is the treatment setting from which patients are most likely to benefit: ‘Context effects can influence the effects of interventions, and the relationship between patient and carrier might be an important pathway mediating such effects’.[ 4] However,
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 15 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 C.) Methods The central research question was: ‘How do male and female patients experience the medical care they receive from office-based male and female homeopathic medical practitioners, what experiences have they had from this medical care and how does this compare with conventional medical services?’ Questionnaire based, semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were used. The survey method of the expert interview as described by Mouser and Nagel[ 22 ,23 ] was chosen because of the wish to address the interview partners as user-oriented experts in relation to the healthcare system. The analysis was based on the summary qualitative content analysis approach as described by Mayring.[ 24 ,25 ] The areas of focus of the interview guide, which were developed based on the literature, were as follows: •experiences with homeopathic medicine/current assessments •homeopathic medicine versus conventional medicine •communication and interaction •significance of health and illness. D.) Results Twenty-one women aged from 31 to 75 years and five men aged from 29 to 50 years were interviewed. The interviews, held in German were transcribed word for word in German. For reasons of anonymity and for ease of translation, sections of the interviews quoted in this article that were spoken in dialect were converted into standard German. Men were difficult to recruit, which may have reflected the greater reluctance of men to talk about health-related matters. E.) Contact with the homeopathic medical practitioner Almost irrespective of whether the contact with the homeopathic medical practitioner came about more by chance, whether it was an expression of deep dissatisfaction with conventional medicine, or whether it was a result of family tradition, it proved to be very important that during the initial contact ‘genuine interest’ on the part of the homeopathic medical practitioner was experienced in terms of the individual patient and his or her symptoms. F.) Discussion There were two key findings from participants reporting on long-term experiences with medical doctors who also practiced homeopathy. First, there was a high level of appreciation for the communication with homeopathic medical practitioners who were seen as consistently treating patients with respect. During the extensive initial consultation, a ‘fit’ is created in the doctor–patient relationship which allows an initial level of trust to develop with the effect that the patient is
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 16 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 subsequently not unsettled by abbreviated advice or paternalistic attitudes. The homeopathic medical practitioner becomes the preferred support companion for the disease and how it is experienced. Second, patients were impressed by the search for the ‘right’ medication and this was seen as practically free from side effects and promoting self healing forces. Homeopathy thereby became a meta metaphor for natural medicine, in contrast to allopathic where side effects, which can sometimes be severe, are often experienced. In each case, homeopathy appeared to this group of patients as the ideal individualised form of medicine. G.) Funding The study was financed by AOK Baden-Wu¨rttemberg (Health Funds) and through in-house funds from the Health Services Research Center in Bremen. The complete version of the underlying research project can be found at www.akg.uni-bremen.de/pages/arbeitspapier Beschreibung.php?ID=28&SPRACHE=DE (accessed 29/11/13). H.) Ethical Approval The project design was submitted to the Data Protection Officer at the Legal Department of the University of Bremen. Written certification was obtained stating that there are no data protection concerns relating to the project. The Legal Department/Data Protection Officer did not feel the project needed to be submitted separately to the Ethics Commission. I.) Peer Review: Not commissioned; externally Peer Reviewed. REFERENCES: 1. Bu¨cker B, Groenewold M, Schoefer Y and Scha¨fer T. The use of complementary alternative medicine (CAM) in 1001 German adults: results of a population-based telephone survey. Gesundheitswesen 2008;70:e29–e36. 2. Tindle HA, Davis RB, Phillips RS and Eisenberg DM. Trends in use of complementary and alternative medicine by US adults: 1997–2002. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 2005;11:42–9. 3. Thomas K and Coleman P. Use of complementary or alternative medicine in a general population in GreatBritain. Results from the National Omnibus survey. Journal of Public Health 2004;26:152–7.
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 17 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 HOMOEOPATHIC APPROACH IN LUNG DISEASES
Dr. Farooqui. J. A (MD. Hom.) Part-II, Department of Repertory Dr. Kanchan S. Desarda (MD.Hom.) Professor & P.G. Guide, Department of Repertory GURU MISHRI HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL COLLEGE, SHELGAON, JALNA
ABSTRACT: Lung diseases are the leading cause of death in many countries, especially among elderly population. It is very that the number of deaths related to lung diseases will increase proportionately with the aging global probable population. Mostly smoking, infections and genetics are responsible for most lung diseases. KEYWORDS : Bronchitis, cough, mucous, exudates, expectorant, sputum, pneumonia. INTRODUCTION: The lungs are a part of a complex apparatus, expanding and relaxing thousands of times each day to bring in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide Lung diseases can results from problemsin any part of this system lung diseases are some of the most common medical conditions in the world. On the basis of site of affection lung diseases can be classifieds follows LUNG DISEASES AFFECTING AIRWAYS. - Acute bronchitis - Chronic bronchitis - COPD - Emphysema LUNG DISEASES AFFECTING AIR SAC/ALVEOLI. - Pneumonia - Tuberculosis - Pulmonary oedema LUNG DISEASES AFFECTING INTRESTITIUM. - Interstitial lung diseases sarcoidosis, autoimmune diseases. ASTHMA: Global rates of asthma have increased significantly, it being major public health problem since 1970s. Around 235 million people worldwide are affected by asthma. Rates vary between countries with prevalence between 1% and 18%. It is more common in developed countries. Asthma
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 18 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 is twice as common in boys as girls. In contrast adult woman have a higher rate of asthma than many more common in young than old. However middle income countries makeup more than 80% of the mortality. DEFINITION: Asthma is a syndrome characterized by airflow obstruction that varies both spontaneously and with specific treatment. The prevalence of asthma has increased markedly over the past30yrs. In developed countries approximately 10% of adults and 15% of children has asthma. During recent years it has been acknowledge that certain cases of asthma are due to hyper sensitiveness to certain substances which occur either in air or present in foodstuffs. Asthmatic symptoms occurs when the lining of your airways swell and the muscles around them tighter. Mucous then fills the airways further reducing theamount of air that can pass through. Pneumonia It is a life threatening disease diagnosed by inflammation orswelling of one or both the lung. It can be by viruses andbacteria. CLASSIFICATION : Community acquired pneumonia Health care associated pneumonia Classic pneumonia Classic pneumonia is lobar pattern and evolves through fourphases Edema: Protein aceous exudates are present in alveoli. Redhepatistion : erythrocytes and neutrophills are present in the intra alveolar Grey hepatisation : neutrophils and fibrin depositions areabundant Resolution: macrophages are the dominant cell type. Condition autoimmune disease. Signs and symtoms Productive cough Fever with shaking chills Shortness of breath Sharp or stabbing chest pain Fatigue Sputum TUBERCULOSIS: Historically called as "consumption" (due to weight loss). It isa life threatening disease caused by bacterium tuberculii. Itmainly affects the lungs and also other parts of the body likebrain, kidney etc. Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 19 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905
SPREAD: Through air, when who have active tuberculosis intheir lungs, cough, spit, speak, sneeze. Most infections do nothave symptoms in which case it is known as latenttuberculosis. About 10% of latent infection progress to activedisease which if left untreated is fatal. Classic symptoms of TB are Chronic cough with blood containing sputum Fever Night sweats Weight loss Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms. HOMOEOPATHIC MANAGEMENT: There are many remedies given for infectious lung disease,Some are as follows ARSENIC ALBUM: It is capital remedy for asthma. Striking symptoms is paroxysm, almost come on at about midnight with anguish and suffocation, he comes our bed and keeps panting and wheezing bathed in profuse perspiration the paroxysm abate as soon ashe begins to cough and throw of mucous of tenacious viscidcharacter Indicated in asthma cause dur to suppressed eruptions (Eczemaand measles). Wheezing respiration with frothy expectoration Indicated in last stage of pneumonia with gangrenous expectorations. Acute shaft darting pain in apex and upper thirdof right lung: BELLADONNA: Indicated in pneumonia when there is coughing with stitches inchest especially right side of chest. Great cough, chyne, stokesrespiration. Intense heat burning throbbing. Complaints betterat semi erect position. Indicated in laryngitis and bronchitis.Which worse especially at night. Sensation as if foreign bodyin the throat. ACONITE: Indicated in first stage of pneumonia where history exposure todry cold winds into consideration. Hard dry painful cough.Great congestion of lungs, when hepatisation commenced bryonia takes the place. Expectorations are little blood streaks.Also indicated in asthma where there is sudden violent cough,croupy. Suffocating cough with marked restlessness. LODUM: Indicated in pneumonia first and second stage. Hepatisation spreads rapidly with persistent high temperature. Absence of pain inspite of great involvement. Worse inwarmth
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Sputum is blood streaked. Indicated in TB Scrofulous swelling and indurations of glands large, hard,usually painless "IODINE is torpidity and sluggishness" The very indolence of disease suggests iodum Eats ravenously yet emaciates "Enlargement of all the glands except mammae, these wasteand atrophy SPONGIATOASTA Remedy for asthma for dry cough. Which is deep barking,hacking type with extreme dryness of all air passages. Asthmatic cough which worse on cold air Indicated in laryngeal phthisis. PHOSPHOROUS: When typhoid symptoms occurs in pneumonia the phos porous will come in beautifully. when bronchial symptoms are therephosphorous is the remedy. Cough with pain under sternum asis something where torn loose. There are mucous rales,laboured breathing sputa yellowish, mucous with blood streakstherein or rust coloured as under bryonia. SULPHUR: It is a remedy which can be indicated in any stage ofpneumonia. It will prevent i ſ given in the beginning, if thesymptoms indicate it. It will prevent hepatisation and causeimperfect and slows resolution to react. When the case hastyphoid tendency and the lung tends to breakdown where thereare rales.Mucopurulent expectoration, slow speech dry tonguesulphur is the remedy. Dyspnoea occurring at night between12- 2. Causing the patient to sit up in bed is a valuablesymptom TUBERCULINUM: Patient with tuberculosis family history or with tubercularmanifestations. Emaciation with hunger. Feeble vitality: tired:debilitated; loosingflesh. Worse in close room damp weather, better by cold wind andopen air. Desire for alcohol, ham, smoked meat, cold milk,sweets, refreshing things. Other indicated remedies are BLATTA ORIENTALIS in asthma triggered by dustexposure. It is prescribed for cough with difficult respirationand pus like mucous. BROMIUM is selected when there is cough with rattling ofmucous, suffocation and difficulty in breathing after. NUX VOMICA is the prominent homoeopathic remedyindicated in asthma in winter. Patient wakeup with difficulty, wheezing and whistlingbreathing. KALI CARB is the remedy. Well indicated fortough, stringy expectoration. CONCLUSION:
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While most cases of interstitial lung disease occur at a gradual progression, other cases appear more rapidly and their causes are unknown. Treatment options sometimes vary and whileprescription medicines can slow the progression of interstitial lung disease, it is often not enough to help a patient recover full breathing capacity. These are the most common medications; however there are numerous others that can help relieve lung disorders. REFERENCES: 1. Harrison's manual of medicine 19 edition. 2. Medicine prep manual for undergraduates fifth edition George Mathews, pravin Agarwal 3. Boericke' mannual of material medica. 4. Allens keynotes of material medica 5. https//www.webmd.com 6. clinical materia medica, E A farrington. 7. comparative materia medica, E A farrington
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 22 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 APPROACH OF HOMOEOPATHY IN MANAGEMENT OF POST -MENOPAUSAL WOMEN IN OSTEOPOROSIS.
Dr. Lokesh Pradeep Mantri (P.G.Scholar) Dr. Anagha Beedkar (P.G.Guide)
(Guru Mishri Homoeopathic Medical College, Shelgaon ,Badnapur)
ABSTRACT : Postmenopausal women tend to more susceptible to primary osteoporosis due to association with oestrogen deficiency this occur mostly in senile age & more common in condition is characterised by a reduction in the amount of bone in the skeleton which radiologically manifested when approximately 40% of skeleton has been lost at this time cortical of long bone much thinner & cancellous bone less dense where vertebral bone having fish head appearance where histologically bone becoming normal where disease manifested symptomless in which fracture of bone most common[11] as a part of disease concern osteoporosis also clinically difficult to manage where as homoeopathic medicine play very important role in osteoporosis as well as homoeopathic medicine not only play curative role but also play preventive role & reduce post complication like fracture, paralysis & disability in postmenopausal women. KEYWORD- Postmenopausal women, Osteoporosis, Bone, Homoeopathy, Osteopenia, Degeneration, Pain, Fracture, Backache, WHO INTRODUCTION: Normally bone is made up off 2/3 part of mineral that is calcium hydroxyapatite.& (1/3) part organic matrix osteoid mainly collagen type 1 `` osteoporosis is a condition where decrease in both the bone matrix & bone mineral component ``.[2] Other definition decreased bone mass per unit volume normally mineralised bone .due to loss of bone protein.[1] Incidence of osteoporosis in India is generally 10.4% in men & above 52 years is 18.6 % in men while prevalence in pre -menopausal women is 3.5% while newly developed postmenopausal women is 18.4% while postmenopausal women 37.3% while post- menopausal women above 5 year 37.3 % [3] Who definition based on T score the overall prevalence of osteoporosis was 14.5% in men & 18 % in women at the lumbar spine and 5.7% in men & 12.7% in postmenopausal women at the hip overall total osteoporotic patient Osteopenia was noted in 39.4% men & 21.6% women since above two study shows that postmenopausal & important character while studying osteoporosis. [4]in the
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 23 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 maximum cross sectional study shows that Indian men & women above 40 year higher prevalence rate where as post menopausal above 5 year`s getting higher incidence. DEXA criteria for osteoporosis as Determined by WHO are BMD of spine & hip of 2-5 SD`s or more below the mean for healthy young women range below 2.5 stated osteoporosis & osteopenia between 1-2.5 SD`s or below that. Osteoporosis again classified in two types according to their etiopathogenesis 1] primary 2] secondary Where primary again sub divided in two subtype 1] Type 1 2] Type 2. Type 1- [postmenopausal osteoporosis] is characterised by bone loss after menopause due to decrease oestrogen level. Mostly seen in trabecular bone approximately 2-3% of total bone /year except cortical bone where vertebral & Radius bone are more common ..[2] Type 2 – also called senile osteoporosis here bone loss is more gradual 0.5-1 % /year & involve both corticular& Trabecular bone here increase risk of vertebral & Hip fracture mostly men & female are involved above age of 70 year .[2] Most common causes of primary osteoporosis .[1,2] Type 1 Type 2 Female sex Old age Early menopause or late menarche Thin built Prolonged amenorrhea is greater than 1 year. Oophorectomy during reproductive life
Combine cause of type 1 & type 2 .[1,2]
1] treatment causing osteoporosis like drug 2] smoking 3] Alcohol consumption 4] High caffeine intake 5]Inactivity 6] History of recurrent fall & fracture 7] paralysis 8] Space travel 9] calcium, protein, & vitamin D low in diet [vitamin D deficiency]
Causes of secondary Osteoporosis .[1,2] 1] Drugs like-Glucocorticoid therapy , heparin, methotrexate, ethanol, Anti-covulsant, Furosemide , Gonadotropin realising Hormone, Cyclosporine, Lithium Excessive thyroxine intake.
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2] Prolonged immobilisation 3] excessive smoking 4] excessive Alcohol consumption 5] endocrinal abnormalities - Hyperthyroidism, Hyperparathyroidism Cushing’s syndrome, Hypogonadism 6] chronic illness like Rheumatoid arthritis, cirrhosis, Sarcoidosis, renal tubular acidosis. 7] neoplasm like -multiple myeloma, lymphoma, leukaemia 8] Genetic disease like Osteogenesisimperfect 9] Anorexia nervosa MOST COMMON CLINICAL FEATURE: As a earliest of disease most commonest site of pain in middle or low thoracic or high lumbar region specially in sudden movement like sitting, sneezing cough, lead to osteopenia which relives by rest only ..[1,2] Most common symptom in back pain decrese in bone mass causes reduction in strength of bones which lead pathological fracture that is vertebral fracture multiple compression fracture in bone multiple compression fracture with loss of height in bone leading pathological fracture neurological deficient mostly uncommon osteoporotic fracture like colles fracture [distal radius] ,hip fracture & femur fracture specially neck of femur & Trochanteric are most common . backache & progressive loss of height are later feature seen in osteoporosis.[1,2] Which also present associated feature like Brittle hair, cervical spine compression, loss of vertebral height, skin wrinkles degenerative hip & fracture of long bone..[1,2] In type 1 – pain & stress fracture of vertebra distal forearm most common. In type 2- pain & stress fracture with multiple wedge .hip, tibia, proximal part extracapsular . Dorsal kyphosis.[1,2] Investigation- Radiograph – Minimum 30% of the bone mass must be loss for osteoporosis 1] in spine- loss of vertebral height due to symmetric transeverse compression..[1] 2]Biconcave central compression [codfish spine] due to the pressure of the bulging disc into the bodies ..[1] 3] Anterior wedge compression.[1] 4] bone density of vertebra reduced..[1] Other bone- 1] Ground glass appearance due to generalized rarefaction 2] singh`s index in the grading of trabecular pattern mostly found in hip bone. Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 25 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905
3] metacarpal index 4] pathological fracture..[1] Densitometry- Techniques for bone mass measurement – a advance technique use for measurement of bone mass measurement with an advance instrument 2] DEXA[dual energy X-ray absorption] scan is also one of the instrument for bone mass scan. WHO give diagnostic criteria based on BMD where T score measured .[1,2] BMD T Score .[2] Normal < 1SD below normal
Osteopenia 1-2.5 SD below normal
Osteoporosis >or= 2.5 SD below normal with no history of fracture
Severe osteoporosis >or= 2.5 SD below normal with history of fracture
Laboratory test- serum calcium, phosphorus, & alkaline phosphatase level also one of test..[1] Bone biopsy in a case postmenopausal disease with age more than 50 year..[1] HOMOEOPATHIC MANAGEMENT: Homoeopathy play a great role in management of osteoporosis in nearly some evidence having play role in management of osteoporosis in which medicine select with individualisation& totality of symptom. Some best homoeopathic drug which play most important this are 1] calcareaphos: Mostly adapted to person who anaemic & dark complexioned dark hair & eyes thin spare subject children emaciated unable to stand slow in learning to walk sunken flabby abdomen cranial bones thin & brittle spine week disposed to curvature tendency to bone soften or spine to curve non union of bone rheumatism of cold weather headache of school girl lack of animal heat. [5]pain along the sutures & symphyses non union of fractured bones swelling of condyle and arms spina bifida tendency of bone bend & curve caries of hip joint & heel with stinking pus & suppuration of bone edges of callous form in bone [6]best act on especially low potency great remedy for non union fractured bone remedy is use for stimulate callus formation remedy also use in rickeet[7] weakness of bone defective bone growth defective nutrition predispose to glandular disease worse when thinking of symptom rheumatic pain every cold causes pain [8] bones are slow in forming bone pain are shooting, drawing aching burning & pressing complain better during rest & aggravated by
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 26 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 exertion, stiffness & in moving in bed Electric shock like pain so patient could not standing. Women with dysmenorrhoea marked back pain are more marked.[9] 2] calcarea flu Mostly use for dispersing bony growth, ulceration of bone & fistula . a giant cell sarcoma of upper maxilla causing deformity known as frog face periosteal swelling one on right radius one on left ulna lumbago for strain worse after rest better after moving suppuration of bone complain.[8] act on periarticular tissue hereditary malfunction of pitututary. Stony hardness of gland especially parathyroid gland and thyroid gland. Exudation from surface of bone which quickly harden a nodular or jagged from osteosarcoma &supparation of bone disease.[6]help for bone formation useful in case of bony infiltration mostly in periosteum. General stiffness It cured exostosis of bone specially at angle of 8 th rib.best remedy for malnutrition of bone caries, necrosis with boring type of pain especially all bone.[10] 3] Aurum Metalicum - Mostly suited to sanguine ruddy people with black hair & eyes lively restless anxious about the future old people weak vision tired of life due to bone pain osteopenia mostly in cold air osteopenia also due to emotion caries of cranial bone & bones of the palate are especially met by this remedy. Violent bone pain at night. There is an offensive order & discharge of small pieces of bone pain in the bone of extremities necrosis of all bone with marked osteoporosis exostosis also present in old aged[7] syphilitic affection all major bone bone feel painful as if broken bone pain aggravated lying down and also from touch caries of mastoid process & of nasal bone exfoliation of portion of frontal bone swelling of periosteum of bone bone pain aggravated at night. Periosteal inflammation marked. The chloride of gold & platinum useful in caries & necrosis.[6] 4] phosphorus- Adapted to tall slender person with sanguine temperament young people who grow rapidly oversensitive to noise touch odours burning in all part of bone especially spine, between scapula severe restless due to osteopenia great weakness and prostration with nervous dribbling & trembling left sided bone pain are marked rib pain especially marked chest pain coughing aggravation before midnight amelioration on painful side degeneration of all bone in body especially on spine, all long bone, paralysis of body destructive metabolism bone fragility. Burning pain in back weakness along with trembling all over body formication of hands & feet sensation as if joint suddenly give way. patient feeling so emaciated rheumatic stiffness in all joint tearing & drawing pain in all bone with osteopenia bone pain especially in cold weather joint following sprain staggering while walking due to bone pain . bone easily fractured along with large quantity of blood loss. Rachitic necrosis of lower jaw exostosis especially of the skull tearing pain in all bone
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5] Silicea- This is best drug for osteoporosis specially all bone disease caries & necrosis of bone there is organic changes deep & in slow action osteopenia more in cold there is great defective assimilation in all bone intolerance of alcoholic stimulant there is great soreness of all bone specially all lower limb bone tibia, femur all tarsal &metatarsal bone.[10] curvature of bone defected offensive sweat hip joint disease caries with inflammation of all long bonebone easily fractured due to defective assimilation. Spinal weakness with leg trembling due to defective assimilation of bone pain & uneasiness in bone action of silica is on slow on proving so all complain developed slowly osteoporosis also a slow developed disease dread of failure feeling due to bone complain suppuration of sweat lead to bone complain like osteoporosis. In silecea bone become softer since childhood. All cartilaginous tissue easily brittles including bone also..[9] silecea is intolerance of milk so deficiency of calcium lead to osteoporosis. 6] Symphytum- The root contain a crystalline solid that stimulate the growth of epithelium on ulcerated surface mainly administered internally specially ulcer it act on tendon & periosteum act on joint prevent osteoporosis in bone & in non union of fracture pricking pain & soreness of periosteum.[10] this is best orthopaedic herbal medicine in homoeopathy bones are easily fractured great soreness with osteopenia are marked stitching pain at point of injury. Along with bone fractured there is marked injury to the soft part of body. Any bone injury very nicely healed with symphatum 30 specially complete recovery within 48 hours also done with an evidence in homoeopathy. Seems to a there is act especially in all joint. There is marked inflammation in bone including periostitis.[o8] 7] Fluoric acid – Best homoeopathic medicine specially act on chronic disease with syphilitic & mercury history act especially on lower tissue like bone where destructive pathology formed mostly complain of old age or prematurely aged with weak early decayed of bone[10] caries & brittle bone osteopenia are more marked along with degenerative necrosis of all maximum bone. Cause of osteoporosis specially a zinc like wine. There is great numbness of all limbs motion, bending, lead to great osteopenia [o8] osteopenia is summer & in winter also exostoses of bone of face 8] Ruta- This remedy is most useful in complain of osteopenia well acted on periosteum & cartilage at all over in body all part of body as if painful as if bruised great homoeopathic remedy for chronic sprain feeling intense lassitude weakness & despair there is marked injurious in bone like fracture & degeneration especially in chronic pathology.[10] osteopenia specially in sitting, stooping, going up & down stair best homoeopathic drug in any type of fracture with great osteopenia or any type bone
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 28 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 pain osteopenia also lifting any object.also useful any mechanical injury of bones & periosteum any single movement lead to great pain mostly best acted type 2 & secondary osteoporosis related disease. Best acted drug where menses are suppressed.[5] REFERENCES : 1) Allen H. keynotes and characteristics with comprenson of some of the leading remedies of the materiamedica. 8th edition new Delhi:B.Jain Publisher [p]Ltd 2) BoerickeW.pocket Manual of Homoeopathic material medica and Reporetory .9 th edition New Delhi:B.Jain Publisher [p]Ltd 3) Clarke J.H. A Dictionary of practical materiamedica New Delhi:B.Jain Publisher [pvt]Ltd 4) Deepak, Chaudhary Fundamental of orthopaedics .newdehli: Jaypee publisher.,, 5) Dewey, W.A.. Practical Homoeopathic therapeutic. New Delhi: B Jain Publisher,2002. 6) Ebenzar, John. Text Book Of Orthopedic .newdehli :Jaypee publisher .,,2006. 7) kent, James Tylor. Lectures on homoeopathic materiamedica .New Delhi: Introduced Jugal Kishore B Jain Publisher,[n.d.] 8) Lilienthal, Samuel. Homoeopathic Therapeutic. New Delhi: B Jain publisher pvt ltd.,2004. 9) Rains,A.J.Harding and H.David Ritchie. BAILLEY & LOVES SHORT PRACTICE OF SURGERY .London :H.K.LEWIS & CO.LTD,1975. 10) www.ijem.in https://www,ijem.in/article.asp?issn=2230-8210 ;year=2018;volume = 22 ;issue= 1;spage=67;epage =73;aulast=kadam 11) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov search on google scholar date
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 29 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 HOMEOPATHIC MEDICINES IN VARICOSE VEINS
Dr. Padmashri Nilesh Samel (M. D. Medicine part I ) Gurumishri College, Shelgaon, Jalna. Guide Dr. Ratnaparkhi P.M.
ABSTRACT: Varicose veins can develop in any part of the body but most commonly appear in the legs and feet. Varicose veins in the legs develop as a result of pooling of blood due to improper functioning of valves in the veins of the legs.The veins that are enlarged, twisted or engorged are known as varicose veins. KEY WORDS: Varicose veins, Engorged, Perforating veins, Dilated tortuous, Spider veins, Thrombophlebitis, Itching, Edema, lipodermatosclerosis. INTRODUCTION: The veins that are enlarged, twisted or engorged are known as varicose veins STAGES OF VARICOSE VEINS: 1. The venous drainage system of the lower extremity 2. consists of three sets of veins: 3. Deep veins 4. Superficial veins 5. Perforating veins. 6. All veins contain delicate one-way valves that 7. Normally open to allow blood to flow toward the heart and prevent blood from flowing in a retrograde fashion after the valves close. VEINS OF LOWER LIMBS: : Superficial veins : 1. Long saphenous vein 2. Short saphenous vein Deep veins : 1. Anterior & Posterior Tibial veins 2. Peroneal vein 3. Popliteal vein 4. Femoral vein Perforator veins THE LONG SAPHENOUS VEIN AND DEEP FASCIA 1. lymphatic trunks draining the dorsum of foot and anterior and medial aspects of the legs and thigh . 2. This lymphatic drain in superficial inguinal lymph nodes. 3. Varicose veins 4. Dilated,tortuous and elongated veins with reversal of blood flow mainly due to valvular incompetence 5. Only in humans Includes Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 30 Worldwi de International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905
varicose veins in legs
Hemorrhoids
Varicocele 1. Oesophageal varices
PHYSIOLOGY OF VENOUS BLOOD FLOW 1. Venous return from leg is governed by Arterial pressure 2. Calf musculovenous pump 3. Gravity 4. Thoracic pump 5. Vis a tergo of adjoining muscles 6. Valves in veins AETIOLOGY 1. Congenital. 2. Primary (undetermined cause). 3. Secondary:- Post-thrombotic
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4. Post-traumatic A. (Anatomic distribution of veins): 5. Superficial. 6. Perforator. 7. Deep. (Pathophysiologic mechanism): Reflux. 8. Obstruction. 9. Reflux and obstruction. RISC FACTOR 1. Age 2. Gender 3. Height 4. left>right 5. Heredity 6. Pregnancy 7. Obesity and overweight Posture DIAGNOSING VARICOSE VEINS 1. An ultrasound of the lower limbs is recommended to check and locate any damaged valves. 2. It also helps rule out the presence of any blood clot 3. Other investigations include 4. Color Duplex Ultrasound scan 5. Venograms (X-rays of the area taken after injecting a special dye). FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO VARICOSE VEINS Age: • The chances of developing varicose veins increase with age. Aging causes the wear and tear of the valves in the veins, allowing blood to flow back into the veins where it gets collected. • characters that Contribute to Varicose Veins Obesity : • Obese people often develop varicose veins without any knowledge, as the veins are not visible beneath the layers of the skin (due to accumulated fat). With time, the pressure from the leaking veins causes damage on the surface of the skin, and the problem becomes visible. This also puts many overweight people at a higher risk of developing leg ulceration. • Standing/Sitting for a Long Time: • Sitting or standing for long durations causes leads to poor blood circulation in the legs. When we sit, it becomes harder for the veins to move the blood to the heart. Over time, this can cause swelling in the ankles, blood clots, and varicose veins. Sitting with the legs crossed or bent for long durations can make the problem worse. Old Age: • With age, the veins lose elasticity and cause them to stretch. This causes the valves in the veins to become weak. As a result, the blood that should be moving towards the heart starts flowing backward. Pregnancy: • During pregnancy, it is very common for a woman to develop varicose veins since the volume of blood in the body increases, but overall, the flow of blood from the legs to the pelvis decreases. Varicose veins often develop or become worse during the later stages of
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pregnancy since the uterus starts to exert increased pressure on the veins in the legs. This condition often improves post pregnancy within three to twelve months. Gender : • Females are more likely to develop varicose veins due to hormonal changes they experience throughout t heir lifetime. Pregnancy, pre -menstruation, menopause, hormone replacement therapy and the use of birth control pills all cause hormonal changes in a woman’s body. Female hormones are known to relax the walls of the veins. COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO VARICOSE VEINS 1. The complications of varicose veins include bleeding, venous ulcers, varicose eczema, superficial thrombophlebitis and DVT (deep vein thrombosis). 2. Bleeding: Veins that are close to the skin may rupture and bleed. 3. The bleeding may occur spontaneousl y or be the result of a minor injury. 4. Spontaneous rupture occurs with the weakening of walls of the veins. This happens when the veins stretch due to enlargement over time. 5. In addition to this, the pressure inside the veins is already high due to the poo ling of blood. 6. The weak vein walls and high pressure inside the veins can lead to a spontaneous rupture of veins. SIGNS • Special tests-positive
• Superficial thrombophlebitis • Ankle flare • Spider veins • Reticular veins • Saphena varix • Talipesequinovarus • Champagne bottle sign • Atrophic blanche • Special tests-positive • Superficial thrombophlebitis • Ankle flare • Spider veins • Reticular veins • Saphena varix • Talipesequinovarus • Champagne bottle sign • Atrophic blanche.
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SYMPTOMS 1. Dilated tortuous veins 2. Dragging p ain worsening on prolonged standing /sitting 3. Bursting pain on walking 4. Swelling of the ankle 5. Itching , edema ,thickening eczema of feet. 6. Night cramps 7. Appearance of spider veins in affected leg. 8. Discoloration/ulceration 9. Skin above ankle may shrink (lipodermatosclerosis) b/c fat 10. underneath skin becomes hard. 11. Bleeding blow outs 12. Local gigantism 13. Varicose veins may not cause any symptoms in most of the cases and only appear as dark/purple-colored prominent vei ns in the leg. DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (DVT) :
VENOUS ULCERS • A venous ulcer is a painful sore that develops on the leg near the ankles in case of varicose veins. VARICOSE ULCER
VARICOSE ECZEMA Varicose eczema (also known as stasis / gravitational eczema
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SU PERFICIAL THROMBOPHLEBITIS : • Superficial thrombophlebitis refers to an inflammation of the vein near the surface of the skin. Saphena varix • A saphena varix is a dilatation at the top of the long saphenous vein due to valvular incompetence. It may reach the size of a golf ball or larger.
• Champagne bottle sign Spider Veins 1. They are also called telangiectasia. 2. Homeopathy has an excellent scope for treating varicose vein. 3. Homoeopathic treatment for Varicose Veins offers a very gentle and a subtle way to cure varicose veins from its root. 4. The benefits of using these remedies for varicose veins are as follows: Calcareacarbonica • Is an excellent remedy for varicose veins. • Varicose veins t hat hurt while the person is standing or walking may respond to this remedy. • Weight problems. • painless and appear only as prominent veins on the legs. • Burning sensation in veins. • A marked coldness in feet, excessive sweat on feet (sour smelling). Carbo vegetabilis • Useful in spider vein • Poor circulation with icy coldness of the extremities, and mottled skin with distended veins and a bruise. • "marbled" look, may indicate a need for this remedy. The person's legs feel weak and heavy, and often itch and burn. • Poor digestion, a feeling of faintness, and a craving for fresh or moving air are strong indications for Carbo vegetabilis . • This remedy is often indicated for older people, or those who are slow to recover from an illness. Hamamelis • it is utilized for varicose veins of the legs and thighs with clog, swelling, greatness, or soreness. Pulsatilla • Swollen veins in the legs. • Is often helpful for varicose veins that develop during pregnancy.
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Lycopodium • When this remedy is indicated, drawing or tearing pains are felt in the legs. Zincummetallicum • When this remedy is needed, the legs are fidgety and restless, with weakness in the muscles. Arnica (Leopards Bane) • Is utilized for varicose veins that vibe and look wounded, and are painful and swollen to contact. BIBLOGRAPHY REFERENCE: 1. Kumar and clark clinical medicine edition 8 Edited by Parveen Kumar and Michael clark 2. Medicine Prep Manual for Undergraduates 5 Edition Edited by K George Mathew and Praveen Agrawal 3. Davidson’s Principles and Practice of Medicine Edited by Stuart H. Ralston, Ian D. Penman, Mark W.J. Strachan, Richard P. Hobson 4. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine Volume 1 & 2 Edited by Jameson, Fauci, Kasper, Hauser, Longo, Loscalzo 5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1526945/ 6. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/240129
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 36 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON VOTING BEHAVIOR OF DIFFERENT SOCIO-REGIONAL SECTIONS OF VOTERS IN INDIA.
Rahul Singh Research scholar, Department of Political Science, HemchandYadav University Durg (C.G) Dr. Vibha Singh Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Kalyan PG College, Bhilai (C.G) ABSTRACT: Media plays an important role in today’s era, it has become important instrument in modern democracy. Different media like print, television, Social media has become an important political tool to convert potential voters in final casting of votes. Research is concerned with role of social media which has significantly contributed and influenced the results of major big democracies like United States of America. The rigorous use of social media which started in 2008 presidential election campaign of Barak Obama is the beginning of new era. Important part of voters decision making which can be determined by parameters like Usageof social media, Comparativestudy with other media sources, Social identity and prejudicesand rationality in decision making which is the concludery part. Study emphasized on Indian voters who are part of biggest democracy of world and through various studies conducted previously concluded Indian voters are also significantly exposed to various social media platforms. Impact of social media on votingpattern is concluded in various prior researches as well as reports in this field. Our present study is concerned with comparative analysis of parameter’s listed above and to what extent voters are influenced and how political parties using social media as an political tool to convert potential voters into their vote banks. KEY WORDS: Social media, voters, democracy, political tool,election campaign. INTRODUCTION: With growing Mobile internet penetration and cheaper availability of smart phones, Access to social media is increasing both in urban as well as rural India. With due lapse of time social media has become an integral part of voters life. People previously using social media for connecting with friends, family and colleagues both nearby and all round globe .But now social media platform is more of getting information regarding what is happening across world. Social media users which are potential voters in another term, political parties are using this platform for influencing and targeting their vote. According to Lokniti-CSDS Mood of the Nation(MOTN) survey, every sixth user is a
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 37 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 member of a political Whats App group. And in this way social media is seems to taking an important place in political campaigning. As per the report, Mobile Internet in India 2017, published jointly by the Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI) and KANTAR-IMRB, estimates 291 million urban mobile internet users and 187 million rural mobile internet users as of December 2017. Social media is playing a significant role in Indian democracy as well. A research done by Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI) and Indian Market Research Bureau (IMRB) in 2013 highlights that 74 percent of all active Internet users in India use social media. According to the report, 77 percent of the users use mobile for social media (Iamai.in, 2013). Being world largest Democracy India is having a vast regional and religious diversity for targeting various groups of voters by the use of social media platforms like Facebook ,twitter,instagram,Whats App etc. Influence on the voters can be both positively or negatively, these social media platforms can be used for creating communal tension among different section of people ,majority of rural voters is lacking literacy regarding constitutional provisions as well rationality and they can be dictated by their political masters for their political gain by thrashing social fabric of society .This political gains may fetch votes in upcoming election for particular political party or candidate or by outburst of any riots for creating fear psychosis in mind of votersbelonging to some another minority community, for example outburst of communal riots in Muzaffarnagar in Uttar Pradesh by one single message on social media. LITERATURE REVIEW: Many previous studies conducted by researcher at national and international level which are having different research findings is the basis of present study. GayatriWani, Nilesh Alone (2014) with the increased use of social media the concerned study focused mainly on use of social media as a tool for election campaign. India which is having more than 65 % of its youth below age-group of 35; Social media plays vital role in the life of this young youth. The study mainly covers the brief details of most popular social media among the Indian youth and the various existing system used for studying the impact of social media on Indian political system. Bhuvanesh Kumar Sharma (2017) One important finding of this study is that the respondents voting behavior highly influenced by the comments/tweets/remarks made by politicians on social media. The conclusion of this study is that the age doesn’t influence voting behavior however education has significant effect on voting behavior on the basis of comments/tweets/remarks of politicians.
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OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH: 1) To find impact of social media as an Influencer to voters of India. 2) Increase in use of social media as compared to other traditional media . 3) Rise of social media usage among different communities and section of people. 4) What role do social media play in Final casting of vote by voters. METHODOLOGY: Methodology of concerned researchis confined on secondary source like previous studies, reports, journals, articles and Newspaper. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS: Usage of social media Recently a joint survey conducted by IMAI-Kantar IMRB showed the number of internet users is expected to reach 500 million by June 2018 in previous survey in 2017 growth in internet users is 11.34% over December 2016. According to report as on December 2017 ,the overall internet penetration is 35 percent of total population. There were 362.87 million broadband subscribers in the country at the end of December 2017 as per TRAI. Internet users have registered an annual growth of 18% in 2018 and are estimated to grow by 11% in 2019 . 87% of the of internet users have used internet in the last 30 days. Comparision between internet penetration, Usage and effect among different regional variation. 1) Urban vs Rural Urban India usage of internet is contributed by both broadband and mobile or smart phone internet. Smartphone ownership is twice high in cities than villages. Rural India will keep on increasing trend in adoption of internet and is expected to see double digit growth in next few years.
400 350 300 250 200 Rural 150 Urban 100 50 0 2017 2018 2019
Urban penetration - 66% ,Rural Penetration -25% Source: CSDS Survey.
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As per survey of CSDS LOKNITI 86% internet users in urban India use internet for online communication,85% for entertainment , 70% for social networking , 44% online finance and transactions and 35% for online services. In rural India , entertainment is at top priority contribute for 58% internet users followed by 56% for online communication , for social networking 49% users and 35% for online services , 16% for transaction. 2) Exposure of social media in different caste and communities Social media uses across different section like upper caste ,Dalits , Tribals,OBC and Muslim communities.
80 70 60
50 High 40 Moderate 30 Low 20 No Exposure 10 0 Upper caste OBC SC ST Muslim Others
Source: Deducted from the composite Social Media Exposure Index 2019 of CSDS. a) By analysis Upper caste has twice the Moderate or high exposure to social media as compared to Dalits and Tribals. b) Muslim community perform well as compared to Dalit and tribal community in terms of exposure to social media and stand second next to upper class exposure to social media. This data revels the conscious efforts by Muslim community to get happening going on social media. According to recent study rise of Islamophobic hate speech on Facebook has coincided with a rise in real-world violence against Muslim which can be traced to Muzaffarnagar riots in which social media platform like Facebook is used to fuel hate speech and hamper communal harmony in society . This can be used as source of anti-Muslim vote bank in nearby election. After pulwama attack on February 2019, 41.19 % of the messages on social media were inflammatory and against a religion, community, profession or others. In this category, 23.64% of messages targeted Kashmiris,32.72% of the messages were anti-Muslim and 43.63 % of messages were against journalists, civil society members and celebrities.
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RISE OF SOCIAL MEDIA AND DECLINE OF TRADITIONAL MEDIA; Usage of traditional media declined as per survey data suggest social media users grown as compared to decline of T.V news viewers and News paperreadership.In 2014, 29% of voters had said that they read newspaper daily, In 2019 ,this figure declined to 18% in survey conducted by CSDS(Lokniti).The proportion of those watching TV news daily has declined from 46% in 2014 to 35% in 2019.It seems voters have moved to newer mediums of getting information including social media , this has clearly impacted their consumption of news through traditional media sources. SOCIAL MEDIA INFLUENCE ON FINAL CASTING OF VOTE: According to survey conducted by National Election Study for 2019 election, the survey found BJP’s vote share among voters with high social media exposure to be at 43 percent, those with moderate exposure at 39%, among those with low exposure at 37% and among those with no exposure at all at 36%. It can be deducted from the above data that voters with high exposure to social media voted in favor of BJP. CONCLUSION AND FINDINGS; From the research study of various sources following conclusion can be deducted- 1) Social media plays significant role for influencing young voters. 2) Social media is replacing traditional media in urban area and its penetration is increasing in rural areas significantly. 3) Social media provide platform to get connected to the parties they favors also it helps to keep track on political activities and provide firsthand information to the voters regarding political Development in less time. 4) Social media not only create awareness to voters but also motivate voters to vote. It is found from research that parties which are more interactive in social media favored by the voters who are active users on social media. Social media is more popular means among Muslims as compared to other backward sections like schedule caste and schedule tribes. Rural India is actively engaging and increasing its participation in social media to get political happenings and development. REFERENCES: 1) Bhuvanesh& Parma, Swarna. (2017). Impact of Social Media on Voter's Behaviour- adescriptive Study of Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. 10.13140/RG.2.2.29416.26880 2) Biswas. A, Ingle.Nikhil and Roy.M(2014): Influence of Social Media on Voting Behavior . Journal of Power, Politics & GovernanceJune 2014, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 127-155 3) CSDS. (2021). Retrieved 3 February 2021, from https://www.csds.in/report_release_social_media_and_political_behaviour_ 4) Lehnhart, A., Purcell, K., Smith, A., &Zickuhr, K. (2010). Social media and young adult: Social media and mobile internet use among teens and young adults. Pew Internet & American life project. Washington, D.C 5) https://journalism.uoregon.edu/news/six-ways-media-influences-elections. 6) https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/does-media-influence-voting-behaviour-this- research-offers-some-insights-119052000062_1.html. 7) https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/the-new-media-s-role-in-politics/. 8) https://www.lokniti.org/media/upload_files/Does%20Media%20Exposure%20Affect%20Voting %20Behaviour%20and%20Political%20Preferences%20in%20India. 9) https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/csds-lokniti-mood-of-the-nation-poll-applies-balm-on-bjp- s-wounded-pride-1241552-2018-05-25.
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 41 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 INFLUENCE OF PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT ON IMPLEMENTATION OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION SCHEMES FOR STUDENTS WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES IN INCLUSIVE CLASSROOM SETTINGS IN THE PATTANAMTHITTA DISTRICT OF KERALA
Fr. Baiju Thomas Research Scholar Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Faculty of Disability Management and Special Education, Vidyalaya Campus, SRKV Post, Coimbatore – 20,
ABSTRACT: The investigation was intended to study the influence of parental involvement on the implementation of inclusive education schemes (IES) for students with intellectual disabilities (SwIDs) in inclusive classroom settings in the Pathanamthitta District of Kerala. It is well recognized that SwIDs do better at school when their parents are involved in their education, and supporting parents’ involvement is an important objective of IES all over the Pathanamthitta District of Kerala. Because disabled parents have limited opportunities to participate in and contribute to their communities' social life, it’s been suggested that parental involvement is maybe even more important for disabled parents than for non-disabled parents. The SwIDs' education has a humanitarian as well as a practical value. For the present study's survey, a total of 59 parents were chosen. The study makes use descriptive survey method to investigate Parental involvement in the implementation of inclusive education schemes for SwIDs. The goal of the study was to develop a better understanding of the key role that engaging parents of SwIDs can plays in their learning, as well as to examine prior research on the major effects of parental involvement in inclusion education schemes in Kerala's Pathanamthitta district. The current study findings show that SwIDs adhere to an average level of benefits from IES applied in their schools, which provide greater possibilities for learning and developing a successful opportunity for independent lives in modern society. Finally, the analysis showed parents as social actors whose involvement is related to positive outcomes for SwIDs in inclusive environments in the Pathanamthitta District of Kerala. KEYWORDS: Parental Involvement, Influence, Implementation, Inclusive Education Schemes, and SwIDs.
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INTRODUCTION: Since its formation on November 1, 1982, the Pathanamthitta district has been very able to provide the necessary education to children. Many centuries ago, educational activities continued in the district. Discussing the 2011 Indian Census, Pathanamthitta district has 1,197,412 inhabitants and it covers Kerala's third-least crowded district (out of 14), together with Wayanad and Idukki (District Census 2011). This conviction enabled them to cooperate with the school to assess, comprehend, and meet their children's educational needs. All of these initiatives nurtured good relationships between the community, schools, and government departments. All of the district's new programs focused on developing a child-centered, activity-oriented, and environment-based pedagogy. The pedagogy has been eagerly adopted by many schools in the district. While this district does have a sufficient number of schools for primary education, even the common person does not take the educational activities in the schools in high esteem. In such conditions, appropriate action for enrolment and retention of children in the district's government and aided schools should be taken. The IES schemes are also an attempt to provide an opportunity for the poorest children to improve their human capabilities by providing community-owned quality education in a mission mode. Parental involvement forms a deeper understanding of rules and partnership between and among the parent- student-school trial (Epstein et.al.2002). Parental involvement increases student mental well-being (Epstein et.al.2005). The types and quality of parental involvement have an impact on student, parent, and teacher outcomes (Epstein et.al.1995). Parental involvement may be executed as a stand- alone program or a module in widespread school-based programs (Schmidt, M., &Datnow, A.2005). Involvement of parents in inclusive education schemes fosters positive relationships, promotes new habits, and boosts self-esteem and optimism among parents, children, and teachers. The key component that leads to student and school achievement is parental involvement. While parental involvement is widely recognized as important to children's education and well-thought-out as a key component of educating SwIDs, more evidence on the degree of beliefs that parents of learners with special needs had about involving in their children's learning is still needed. This research examined the viewpoints of parents of SwIDs on their role beliefs for participation in their children's education and whether there were any differences based on gender, socio-economic status, or educational status. Parents of SwIDs had strong beliefs about their ability to comprehend and handle their children's needs, which impacted they are partaking in their children's education. Parents think they realize their children better than anyone else and are in a better position to classify their children's social and learning needs, according to parental involvement on the implementation of inclusive education schemes (IES) for students with intellectual disabilities (SwIDs) in an inclusive classroom setting in the Pathanamthitta District of Kerala.
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PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT IN INCLUSIVE EDUCATION: The primary objective of this study is to examine parental involvement in educating their disabled children in inclusive classrooms in Kerala's Pathanamthitta district. It is impossible to overestimate the significance of parental and family involvement in the overall scheme of inclusive education. Families and local communities must be involved to ensure that everyone receives a high- quality education. The majority of parents want their disabled children to be accepted into the actual world and also to be treated with respect and support as non-disabled children. Families and community organizations may help promote inclusive education by assisting and collaborating with school officials in creating or providing suitable preparations and accommodation for special peers' learning. Students learn better, remain in school further, and participate in school more fully when their parents become active in their child's learning (Henderson and Mapp, 2002). Parents' participation in inclusive education schemes fosters healthy partnerships, promotes new habits, and boosts self-confidence and confidence in oneself, their children, and their educators. The main factor that contributes to student academic achievement is parental participation. Parental influence, education, and family activities all have a significant influence on child educational attainment and education outcomes (Epstein, 2001; Redding, 2002). Educators see parental participation in the learning of their special needs children as a form of parental support in a child's education since it connects two essential environments in a kid's development: home and school. It is “parental involvement in their child's academic process and learning” (Jeynes WH.2005). Parental participation is a relationship among parents and educators since it involves not only parents and educators, but also the school principal. The educators made it very clear that they are the only ones looking for ways to get parents involved in school events. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The study looks at a diverse of investigation meanings on the importance of parents' involvement in inclusive education. The greatest support for such special children is collaboration between parents and educators. They will make sure that children learn as many of the requisite talents and capabilities to be effective in place as possible if they work together. Parents are the most knowledgeable about their children. The research begins with a basic summary of the key concepts of inclusion before delving into whether there are any meaningful links between parental participation and the implementation of inclusive education schemes. To achieve this aim, the study attempts to identify numerous findings of parents' opinions on inclusive practice and how they can contribute to effective scheme execution. Therefore, the study entitled:” influence of parental involvement on the implementation of inclusive education schemes (IES) for students with
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 44 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 intellectual disabilities (SwIDs) in inclusive classroom settings in the Pathanamthitta District of Kerala”. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: 1. To find out the awareness on Inclusive Education Schemes (IES) for students with intellectual disability among parents involved in an inclusive setting in the Pathanamthitta District of Kerala. 2. To find out the advantages of Inclusive Education Schemes (IES) from the part of parents responsible for providing inclusive education for students with intellectual disability in the Pathanamthitta district of Kerala. RESEARCH QUESTIONS: 1. What is the awareness of Inclusive Education Schemes (IES) for students with intellectual disability parents involved in an inclusive setting in the Pathanamthitta district of Kerala? 2. What are the advantages of Inclusive Education Schemes (IES) for students with intellectual disabilities from the part of parents’ involvement in an inclusive setting in the Pathanamthitta district of Kerala? METHODOLOGY; RESEARCH DESIGN OF THE STUDY: A survey design was utilized for this study. The present study is a descriptive survey that aims at analyzing parental involvement in the implementation of IES for SwIDs in inclusive classroom settings in the Pathanamthitta district of Kerala. Table No.1: 1 Distribution of Patents based on gender, locality, age. Type of family, employment status, educational qualification, social economic status Special educators Variables Groups Category N % 1 Below 30 years 12 20.3 2 31- 40years 17 28.8 Age 3 Above 40 years 30 50.8 Total 59 100.0 1 Literate 48 81.4 Qualification 2 Illiterate 11 18.6 Total 59 100.0 1 Joint 21 35.6 Type of family 2 Nuclear 38 64.4 Total 59 100.0 1 Employed 12 20.3 Employment 2 Unemployed 47 79.7 status Total 59 100.0
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1 Urban 25 42.4 Locality of 2 Semi Urban 19 32.2 School 3 Rural 15 25.4 Total 59 100.0 1 Low 26 44.1 Socio 2 Medium 32 54.2 economic 3 High 1 1.7 status Total 59 100.0 1 Male 33 55.9 Gender 2 Female 26 44.1 Total 59 100.0 POPULATION AND SAMPLE OF THE STUDY: Population for the present study comprised of parents involved in the education of SwIDs in inclusive classroom settings in the Pathanamthitta district of Kerala. The sample for the present study consisted of 56 parents of SwIDs from the district. The parents were selected by a simple random sampling technique. THE TOOL USED IN THE STUDY: Parents of SwIDs in 25 special schools in Kerala's Pathanamthitta district and surroundings were a cover letter and survey questionnaires were included in the survey. A brief overview of what inclusion education schemes are, what all the research is about, and the measures parents would take to engage in the study was also included in the parent survey package. The data of the respondents was collected using a two-part questionnaire in this report. DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES: The researcher explained the study's reasoning and goals to SwIDs' school administrators and parents. Parents were told that they would be asked to fill out questionnaires regarding their personal opinions. DATA ANALYZE: The data was collected, coded, and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, release 21.0). THE MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY: 1. What is the awareness of Inclusive Education Schemes (IES) for students with intellectual disability parents involved in an inclusive setting in the Pathanamthitta district of Kerala? To find the level of awareness of Inclusive Education Schemes (IES) for students with intellectual disability among parents involved in an inclusive setting in the Pathanamthitta District of Kerala., the respondents are asked 10 questions on a five-point Likert scale. The responses are
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 46 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 graded as follows: 1 for 'Strongly disagree,' 2 for 'disagree,' 0 for 'uncertain,' 3 for 'agree,' and 4 for 'Strongly agree.' The total score for the ten questions is determined for all 59 respondents, from which the mean percent score for students' degree of knowledge of Inclusive Education Schemes
(IES) were calculated. This score is classified into one of the four groups 1. Poor or low if the mean % score is less than 35%, 2. Average if the mean % score is between 35 to 50 percent, 3. Good or medium if the mean % score lies in the interval 50 to 75% and 4. Excellent or high if the mean % score is above 75%. Table: 1.2Mean, Standard deviation and z value for awareness on Inclusive Education Schemes (IES) Variable N Mean Std. Mean CV z p value Deviation %score Awareness 59 24.78 6.41 49.56 25.87 -0.264 0.793 Interpretations The mean percentage score level of awareness of Inclusive Education Schemes (IES) for students with intellectual disability among parents involved in an inclusive setting in the Pathanamthitta District of Kerala is 49.56% which indicate that level of awareness of Inclusive Education Schemes (IES) is average. The CV suggests that this score is not steady, as it exceeds 20%. To determine whether the observed sample data are representative of the population or to ascertain that the degree of awareness of Inclusive Education Schemes (IES) for kids with intellectual disabilities among parents working in inclusive settings in Kerala's Pathanamthitta District is average. To evaluate the aforementioned hypothesis, we conduct a one-sample Z test, the results of which are shown in Table 2. The table reveals that the p-value is more than 0.05, indicating that the test is not significant. As a result, we find that awareness of Inclusive Education Schemes (IES) for kids with intellectual disabilities among parents working in inclusive settings in Kerala's Pathanamthitta District is approximately 50%, or average. 2. What are the advantages of Inclusive Education Schemes (IES) for students with intellectual disabilities from the part of parents’ involvement in an inclusive setting in the Pathanamthitta district of Kerala? To find the level of advantages of Inclusive Education Schemes (IES) for students with intellectual disability among parents involved in an inclusive setting in the Pathanamthitta District of Kerala., the respondents are asked 10 questions on a five-point Likert scale. The responses are graded as follows: 1 for ‘strongly disagree,' 2 for 'disagree,' 0 for 'uncertain,' 3for 'agree,' and 4 for Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 47 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905
‘strongly agree.' The total score for the ten questions is determined for all 59 respondents, from which the mean percent score for the number of benefits of Inclusive Education Schemes (IES) for students with intellectual disabilities is calculated. Table:1. 3: Mean, Standard deviation and z value for advantages on Inclusive Education Schemes (IES) Variable N Mean Std. Mean CV z p value Deviation %score Advantage 59 22.69 5.47 45.39 24.10 -3.238 0.002 INTERPRETATIONS : The mean percentage score level of advantages of Inclusive Education Schemes (IES) from parents responsible for providing inclusive education for students with intellectual disability in the Pathanamthitta district of Kerala is 45.39% which indicate that level of advantages of Inclusive Education Schemes (IES) is average. The CV suggests that this score is not steady, as it exceeds 20%. To determine whether the sample data we discern are representative of the population or to confirm that the level of benefits associated with Inclusive Education Schemes (IES) among parents responsible for ensuring inclusive education for students with intellectual disabilities in Kerala's Pathanamthitta district is on the average. To evaluate the aforementioned hypothesis, we used a single sample Z test, the results of which are shown in Table: 1. 3. The table reveals that the p-value is less than 0.05, indicating that the test is significant. As a result, we find that the level of support for Inclusive Education Schemes (IES) among parents responsible for delivering inclusive education to students with intellectual disabilities in Kerala's Pathanamthitta district is less than 50%, on average. CONCLUSION: This study aimed to determine teachers' perspectives of the relevance, practices, and challenges associated with parental engagement in inclusive classrooms in Kerala's Pathanamthitta district. In a person's life, the family is the most important unit Parents are the pillars of this unit. Because they know their child better than anyone else and have a greater notion of whatever he or she is prepared to learn, parents are natural teachers. They devote more time to the kid. Parents play an important role in the lives of impaired children by encouraging them to gain life skills and adjust to real-world situations as independently as possible. Parental involvement is critical to the success of inclusion. Time and right techniques are required for effective collaboration among parents and teachers. As per the findings of the current study, SwIDs receive an average level of benefit from IES implemented in their schools, which provides more opportunities for learning and establishing a sustainable possibility for autonomous life in the modern world.
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REFERENCE: 1. Epstein, J. L. (1995). School/family/community partnerships. Phi delta kappan, 76(9), 701. 2. Epstein, J. L., & Salinas, K. C. (2004). Partnering with families and communities. Educational leadership, 61(8), 12-19. 3. Epstein, J. L., & Van Voorhis, F. L. (2001). More than minutes: Teachers' roles in designing homework. Educational psychologist, 36(3), 181-193. 4. Guilmoto, C. Z., &Rajan, S. I. (2013). Fertility at the district level in India: Lessons from the 2011 census. Economic and Political weekly, 59-70. 5. Henderson, A. T., &Mapp, K. L. (2002). A New Wave of Evidence: The Impact of School, Family, and Community Connections on Student Achievement. Annual Synthesis, 2002. 6. Jeynes, W. H. (2005). The effects of parental involvement on the academic achievement of African American youth. The Journal of Negro Education, 260-274. 7. Perkins, S., Schmidt, U., Eisler, I., Treasure, J., Yi, I., Winn, S., &Berelowitz, M. (2005). Why do adolescents with bulimia nervosa choose not to involve their parents in treatment?. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 14(7), 376-385. 8. Redding, R. E. (2002). The impossibility of parental licensure. 9. Schmidt, M., &Datnow, A. (2005). Teachers’ sense-making about comprehensive school reform: The influence of emotions. Teaching and teacher education, 21(8), 949-965. 10. Wagner, M., Kutash, K., Duchnowski, A. J., Epstein, M. H., &Sumi, W. C. (2005). The children and youth we serve: A national picture of the characteristics of students with emotional disturbances receiving special education. Journal of emotional and behavioral disorders, 13(2), 79-96.
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 49 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 DIVERSITY OF ROTIFERS FROM SOME WELLS OF CHANDGAON, SHRIGONDA, AHMEDNAGAR, MAHARSHTRA.
A. V. Mindhe Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, S.B. Kul College, Kedgaon. V. R. Divekar Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, S.B. Kul College, Kedgaon.
ABSTRACT: Rotifers are important components of freshwater ecosystems. They play a crucial role in aquatic food chains, as food for predators, in eco-toxicological and pollution studies, and most importantly in aquaculture. More than 2030 species have been recorded worldwide, whereas roughly 360 have been reported from India.Rotifers are found in almost all freshwater habitats. However most rotifer studies are from accessible and prominent habitats like rivers, lakes, ponds and reservoirs. Domestic wells and bore wells have not yet been explored as such for rotifers. In the present study, we will document rotifers from some rural and urban wells of Chandgaon and Ahmednagar city. A total of 6 rotifer species have been recorded till now. Further studies are sure to reveal more interesting species. KEYWORDS : Rotifer, Domestic wells, Chandgaon, Ahmednagar, Pollution INTRODUCTION: Rotifers are commonly referred as “wheel animals” or “wheel animalcules”. They are microscopic, bilaterally symmetrical animals having limited power of locomotion. Rotifers are defined as microscopic, free living, pseudo-coelomate animal with anterior cilia, and the corona. A hardened body covering called lorica, the movable pieces acting as a jaw and the primitive proto- nephredia. Rotifers were first discovered by Rev. John Harris in 1696. There are about 2030 species of rotifers have been discovered in the world. Out of these 360 species found in Indian subcontinents. Rotifers are present where the water is present such as pond, lakes, pools, mosses, rivers, and wells etc. About 95%known species are occurs in freshwater, only 50 rotifers have been reported from marine and brackish water bodies. Rotifers are mostly belonging to the three major classes such as Monogonata, Bedelloidaand Seisondea. IMPORTANCE OF ROTIFERS : • Major food source for aquatic ecosystem.
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• They are good bio-indicators of water quality and are used for the ecological monitoring of water bodies. • They are acting as a bio-filter in waste water treatment plant. • Due to it’s transparent body and shorter life spans, it become a good experimental model. • Rotifers are rich in proteins so it might be the good source of protein diet for human also. DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF ROTIFERS : • Rotifera is only group of metazoans where the males are rare, females are dominant and parthenogenesis is common. • The mastax is unique characterstics of rotifers which helps feeding and crushing the food. • The corona is the picular character of the rotifers. • Presence of loricacharacteristic features of this group. • Cyclomorphosis is common. • Transparent body. • Rotifers can enters into state of dormancy. STUDY AREA:
Chandgaon is small village in Shrigonda Taluka in Ahmednagar District of Maharashtra State, India. It is located 70 KM towards the south from the head quarters Ahmednagar. It is about 10 KM from Shrigonda. The latitude 18.96 N and longitude 72.82 E are the geo coordinate of the Chandgaon. OBJECTIVES: 1. To find out diversity of rotifers from domestic wells of chandgaon. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Water samples were collected from 5 domestic wells in Chandgaon in the month of November 2019 - February 2020. Out of the five wells the three wells are near the human habitation Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 51 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 and mostly interfered by natives so they are slightly polluted with organic wastes. While remaining two wells are far away from the human habitation and are not very much polluted. Some features of these wells are as follows. Depth ranging between 40-50 feet, approximate age 25-35 years, Sample was collected in two times during this investigation at the interval of one month, from November 2019 February 2020. During the sampling, water was filtered through Plankton net with mesh size 53 µm. approximately 40-50 Liters of water were filtered through the plankton net making concentration of 100 ml. Collected samples immediately preserved in 4% formaldehyde for definite storage. LABORATORY METHODOLOGY: After the preservation of samples in the 4% formaldehyde, bottles were properly labeled for date, time, and the name of site from where it collected. Data was also recorded in project notebook immediately. The diversity of species then recorded. The water samples were then observed under a compound microscope at 4x and 10x magnification. The identification was carried out using available standard keys Koste (1978) and Sharma (various papers) and the species diversity was seen using a Sedwick Rafter counting cell (Plastic and Glass). RESULTS: DIVERSITY STUDIES: Eleven species of rotifers were reported from the study. The eleven species belong to six families and seven genera. The sampling of wells revealed a fair diversity as compared to other commonly sampled habitats.However, results are interesting as it can set up a way for further detailed studies. Four species of Lecane genus ( Lecanearcula Harring, 1914, Lecanebulla (Gosse, 1851), Lecanelunaris (Ehrenberg, 1832), Lecaneleontina (Turner, 1892) were documented, followed by two species from Keratella . Other genera were represented by 1 species each. Highest diversity was seen in the A5, whereas lowest was seen in A1 Table 1: List of rotifers documented during the study Sr. No Family Genus
1 Brachionidae, Keratella tropica (Apstein, 1907) 2 Brachionidae, Keratella cochlearis (Gosse, 1851) 3 Brachionidae, Brachionus diversicornis (Daday, 1883) 4 Lecanidae Lecane arcula Harring, 1914 5 Lecanidae Lecane bulla (Gosse, 1851) 6 Lecanidae Lecane lunaris (Ehrenberg, 1832) 7 Lecanidae Lecane leontina (Turner, 1892)
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8 Trichotriidae Trichotria tetractis (Ehrenberg, 1830) 9 Philodinidae Rotaria rotatoria rotatoria (Pallas, 1766) 10 Lepadellidae Colurella obtusa obtusa (Gosse, 1886) 11 Synchaetidae Polyarthra vulgaris Carlin, 1943 Table 2: Occurrence of rotifer species from collection sites Sr. No Species Sample 1 Sample 2 1 Keratella tropica (Apstein, 1907) + - 2 Keratella cochlearis (Gosse, 1851) - + 3 Brachionus diversicornis (Daday, 1883) - + 4 Lecane arcula Harring, 1914 + - 5 Lecane bulla (Gosse, 1851) + + 6 Lecane lunaris (Ehrenberg, 1832) + + 7 Lecane leontina (Turner, 1892) - + 8 Trichotria tetractis (Ehrenberg, 1830) + - 9 Rotaria rotatoria rotatoria (Pallas, 1766) + - 10 Colurella obtusa obtusa (Gosse, 1886) - + 11 Polyarthra vulgaris Carlin, 1943 + _ Total 07 06 All the rotifers that were recorded were indicators of alkaline water condition, again a common feature of Western part of India. Acidophilic species are generally common in the North and North East India. Thus the study reveals many bio-indicator species. CONCLUSION: The present study on the diversity of rotifers from freshwater wells of Chandgaon has revealed a fair faunal diversity. REFRENCES: 1. Arora J. and Mehra N. (2009).Seasonal dynamics of zooplankton in Shallow eutrophic, man-made hypo saline lake in Delhi (India). Hydrobiologia.626:27-40 2. Hulyal S. and Kaliwal B. (2008).Water quality assessment of Almatti Reservoir of Bijapur (Karnataka State, India) with special reference to zooplankton. Environ Monit Assess 139:299-306 3. Kudari V., Kadadevaru G. and Kanamadi R.(2005).Zooplankton composition in some ponds of Harveri Districts, Karnataka. Zoos Print Journal 20 (12):2094-2099. 4. Majagi S. and Vijaykumar K.(2007). Ecology and abundance of zooplankton in Karanja reservoir. Environ Monit Assess 152:451-458 5. Sharma B. and Sharma S.(2008). Faunal diversity of rotifers of Nokrek Biosphere Reserve, Meghalaya, India. Journal of threatened taxa. 3(2):1535-1541. 6. Sharma B.(1993). Freshwater rotifers from somedomestics wells from West Bengal, India. J. Indian Inst. Sci. 73,463-468. 7. Vanjare A. and Pai K.(2013). Ecology of freshwater rotifer in seasonal pond of the University of Pune (Maharashtra, India). Applied ecology and environmental research.11 (4):525-539. 8. Vanjare A.I. Padhye S.M. and Pai K. (2010) Zooplankton from a polluted river Mula (India) with record of Brachionus rubens epizoic on Moina macropa Budapest. Opusc Zoology 41 (1): 89-92.
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 53 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 THE ROLE OF EDUCATION IN THE EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN TOWARDS ENTERPRENEURSHIP
Researcher Shital Shivaji Giri New High School & Secondary School Raghunath Nagar, Tq – Gangapur, Dist – Aurangabad.
ABSTRACT: Women education in India has a major pre occupation of both the government and civil society as educated women can play a very important role in the development of the country. Education is milestone of women empowerment because it enables them to responds to the challenges, to confront their traditional role and change their life. So that wecan’t neglect the importance of education in reference to women empowerment and indisposed to becoming super power in recent years. Education of women is the most powerful tool to change the position in society. Women education in India has been a need of the hour, as education is a foundation stone for the empowerment of women. Education also brings a reduction in inequalities and functions as a means of improving their status within the family and develops the concepts of participations. KEYWORDS: The Concept of Women Empowerment, Entrepreneurs, Women Empowerment through Education,Women Entrepreneurs and Empowerments in India. INTRODUCTION: Empowerment can be viewed as means of creating a social environment in which one can make decisions and make choices either individually or collectively for social transformation. The empowerment strengthens the innate ability by way of acquiring knowledge, power and experience. Empowerment is the process of enabling or authorizing individual to think, take action and control work in an autonomous way. It is the process by which one can gain control over once destiny and the circumstances once live. There are always a number of elements in the society which are deprived of their basic rights in every society, state and nation, but these elements lack in the awareness of their rights. If we enlist such element from the society, then women would top this list. In fact, women are the most important factor of every society. Even though everybody is aware of this fact, but nobody is ready to accept this fact. As a result, the importance which used to be given to women is declining in today’s society. As consequences of this growing tendency of under estimating women such as to make them occupy a secondary position in society and to deprived them of their basic rights, the need for empowering women was felt. Empowering women has
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 54 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 become the focus of empowering women has become the focus of considerable discussion and attention all over the world. Today we enjoy the benefits of being citizens of a free nation, but we really need to think whether each of the citizens of our country is really free or enjoying freedom, in the true sense of the term. The inequalities between men and women and discrimination against women are an age – old issue all over the world. Thus women quest for equality with man is a universal phenomenon. Women should equal with men in matters of education, employment, inheritance, marriage, and politics etc. Their quest for equality has given birth to the formation of many women’s associations and launching of moments. The constitution of our nation doesn’t discriminate between men and women, but our society has deprived women of certain basic rights, which were bestowed upon them by our constitution. Empowerment allows individuals to reach their full potential, to improve their political and social participation, and to believe in their own capabilities. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: This study is based on the secondary data. It is collected from websites, books, and related research papers. THE CONCEPT OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT: Women empowerment in simple words can be understood as giving power to women to decide for their own lives or inculcating such abilities in them so that they could be able to find their rightful place in the society. According to the UN “women empowerment mainly has five competence: Generating women sense of self – worth, women right to have and to determine their choice, women’s right to have access to equal opportunity and all kinds of resources, women right to have the power to regulate and control their own lives, within and outsides the home and, women ability to contribute in creating a more just social and economic order. THE CONCEPT OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS: A women entrepreneur is a women or group of women who initiate, organize and operate business enterprise for personal gain. Women entrepreneur is a person who accept challenging role to meet her personal needs and become economically independent. WOMEN EMPOWERMENT THROUGH EDUCATION: Women empowerment is the pivotal part in any society, state or country. It is a woman who plays a dominant role in the basic life of a child. Women are important sections of our society. Education as means of empowerment of women can bring about a positive attitudinal change. It is therefor, crucial for the socio economic and political progress of India. The constitution of India
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 55 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 empowers the state to adopt affirmative measures for prompting ways and means to empower women. Education significantly makes difference in the lives of women. Women empowerment is a globalissue and discussion on women political right are at the fore front of many formal and informal campaigns worldwide. The concept of women empowerment was introduced at the international women conference at NAROIBI in 1985. Education is milestone of women empowerment because it enables them to responds to the challenges, to confront their traditional role and change their life. So we can’tneglect the importance of education in reference to women empowerment. ROLE OF WOMEN IN SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS: A British council study on the social enterprise landscape in India revealed that in comparison to male – led social enterprises, female- led social enterprises tend to focus on improving the lives of women and on education and literacy. They were also more likely than male – led social enterprises to address the needs of children and persons with disabilities. Many women led social enterprises work on empowering women and solving women specific issues. WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS AND EMPOWERMENTS IN INDIA: Women tend to create something to make a positive impact on the world. Women bring to the table a specific skill set, be it stronger communication skills or better listening skills. Typical women entrepreneurs tend to be a little risk averse, aiming at slow and steady growth, also tending to help empower other women in the process.Bridging skill gaps, social and cultural gaps. Letting a women know that she is in no way inferior to others, all of this will help ensure empowerment of women and this help make the women entrepreneur more empowered.as well as confidence, courage, creativity, conviction, clarity, contribution, connections, commitment. These all are the traits which are needed for successful women enterprises. Women have full freedom to work and prosper. CONCLUSION: Women play an imperative role in making a nation progressive and guide. Ittowards development. They are essential possessions of a lively humanity require for national improve met, so if we have to see a bright future of women in our country, giving education to them must be a pre- occupation empowerment means moving from weak position to execute a power. The education of women is the most powerful tool to change the position of society. Education also brings a reduction in inequalities and functions as means of improving their status with within the families. To encourage the educations of women at all levels and for delusion of gender bias in providing knowledge and education, established schools, colleges, and universities even exclusively for women in the state the education develops the idea of participations in governments, panchayats, public matters etc. for eliminations of gender discrimination. BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1) Sughuna M (2011) : Education and women empowerment in India, International Journal of Multidisciplinary research are. VOL. 1. Issue.8 2) Shindu J (2012) :Women’s empowerments through education. Abhinav Journal, Vol.1.Issues-11.p.3 3) Mahaling K (2014) :Women’s empowerments through Panchayat Raj Institutions. Indian journal of research Vol.3 issue-3. 4) Khalil (2010) : Role of women in Development, working model paper from online journal. 5) RajvanshiAnuja (2017) : Women entrepreneurs in India : Challenges and Opportunity, IOSR. Vol.4. 6) ArakeriShanta (2013) : Women Entrepreneurship in India, International journal of management and social science. Vol.2
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 56 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 D. H. LAWRENCE’S SONS AND LOVERS: A PSYCHO-ANALYTICAL APPROACH.
Dr. Kishor K. Wagh Rajarshi Shahu Arts, Commerce & Science College, Pathri.
D.H. Lawrence is the most talked and most disputed novelist of the 20 th century. Lawrence's 'Sons and Lovers' is the well known examples of this century. The purpose of the research paper is to focus on the characters of this novels with the help of psycho-analytical approach. Man's character is revealed when he comes in contact of other man or women. His mental and physical changes interrelate while he is living in his house or society. For Lawrence himself the relation between man and woman was the most important problem of his age. The relationship depends upon their behaviors. Human beings have some born tendencies. These tendencies work together, when they are given an outlet. Sex is the vital factor. Sex has different fact in different situations. Two small children of a mother have jealousy for each other on the same ground. Freud declared sex to be the basic human instinct. Lawrence's novels show the emotional turmoil and happiness that accompany the fulfillment of desire and sexual love between a man and a woman. There is also a running battle between man and woman before they accept each other's otherness. They find their fulfillment and development to their utmost level in a perfect sex circuit and a sex union, based upon greater hope of constructive and creative activity. The very basic purpose of this research paper is to know how sex, love and life are depicted in D.H. Lawrence works. Each of them is based on psychological and metaphysical theories. Different sexes cause certain psychological problem that results human imbalance and inconsistent human behaviour. To clarify the abnormal behaviour of different sexes in the novel is the sole aim of this Research paper . The modern novelist has been greatly influenced by Bergson's Theory of Time. He divides it into Inner Time or Psychological Time and Clock Time. It helps to study human consciousness and discovers that there are layers within layers in it. Sex is the root cause as D.H. Lawrence shows that the flesh is wiser than the intellect. Sex outside marriage and sex within it, is the common theme. When two sexes come together, they attract each other. They also hate each other. To achieve love, man has to form a good relation with other sex. The sex battle is fought because of money and status. The battle is also based on misunderstanding. If there is a battle between sexes, it is a battle which the male always wants to win.
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The contemporary novelists are engaged with psychological theories propounded by Freud and Havelock Ellis. A new biological method is also brought into practice. The novels Sons and Lovers is based on these theories. D.H. Lawrence's main contribution to the English novel can be measured in terms of intensification of inner life rendering to emotional flow. He is a pioneer of such novel before James Joyce and Dorothy Richardson. Aristotle, the Greek thinker also gave importance to such relationship between character and the action. This can be studied fully using these methods in detail. PSYCHOANALYTICAL CRITICISM: Sigmund Freud, an Austrian psychiatrist, is the first to develop the techniques of psychoanalysis. To him the impulses to avoid all un pleasure, governs all psychic activity and all other activities are prompted by wish for pleasure. This is what he calls the Pleasure Principal . (N.Krishnaswa:, 2001. p. 48).That's why, he is not the first to talk about Human Mind, Repression, and DreamTheories and so on, but he is the first to put all these things in a scientific manner and that's why critics called him the Father of Psychoanalysis in modern times. Freud tried to sort such cases putting more stress on the instinct of sex which he later called as libidinal forces or libidinal desires. He stressed lot on the instinct of sex and its repression stored in the unconscious, in turn it cause neurosis and imbalanced behavior. FREUDIAN CONCEPT OF HUMAN MIND: Psycho-analysis itself is a form of the therapy which aims to cure mental disorder by investigating the reaction conscious and unconscious. According to Freud, the intern's religious experience or noble deeds may be sublimated expression of the repressed sexual urges of the unconscious. The super –Ego in Freud represents the conscious. The unconscious, says Freud, is the infantile mental life. (Singh Hukum: 1989. P. 43). All of his work depends upon the notion of the 'unconscious', which is the part of the mind beyond consciousness which nevertheless has a strong influence upon individual’saction. Freudian psychoanalytic theories help to study Shakespeare's 'Hamlet'. Hamlet's father is murdered by his own uncle. Hamlet's uncle who then marries Hamlet's mother. The ghost of father appears to Hamlet and tells him to revenge the murder by killing his uncle. But Hamlet makes delay. Hamlet cannot revenge this crime because he is guilty and commit the same crime himself. He has an Oedipus complex that is a repressed desire for his own mother, Freud in the interpretation of Dreams(1909) says that Hamlet is unable to take revenge on the man who shows him the repressed wishes of his own childhood.Inthe Dream, Freud, said that it is the mind's reaction in the sleep to the experience of the previous day.(Singh Hukum: 1989. p.44).
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FREUDIAN TOUCH IN HIS NOVELS: This is not crystal clear that Lawrence has read something of Freud and his books before writing Sons and Lover but later we find him in discussion with Frieda about Freud's contribution to modern thought. Most of the physiological proceedings and the human psyche revealed in his novels are closed to Freud's ideas related to instincts of sex as the dominant factors and its repression causing neurosis with some exceptional contradictions. In his essay Fantasia of the Unconscious Lawrence has explained that a novel must be pure passionate experience. The same is made clear in a letter to his friend Earnest Coolings where he talks of Religion of blood. In this letter Lawrence has stated. My own great religion is a belief in the blood.The flesh, as being wiser then the intellect we can go wrong in our minds. But what our blood feels and believes and says is always true. The intellect is only a beat and bridle. All I want is too answer my blood direct without dribbling intervention of miner of moral or what not. (Moore: 1951. P.187) WHAT IS PSYCHO- ANALYSIS? The Concise Oxford Dictionary defines psychoanalysis as a form of therapy which aims to care mental disorders 'by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious element in the mind.' The definition clearly makes a structural distinction between matter body and mind.Sigmund Freud, 1856-1939 an Austrian psychoanalyst is the first to develop the techniques of psychoanalysis and his ideas in turn have greatly influence various disciplines. According to Freud the impulse to avoid all unpleasure i.e. to increase pleasure governs all psychic activity and all other activities are prompted by this wish for pleasure. This is what he calls Pleasure principle. He makes a distinction among the terms conscious, unconscious, and pre conscious.The unconscious a crucial motion in Freudiantheory, is a primary process that seeks immediate gratification. This could be through, sometimes even hallucination, but the end results is always disillusionment and unpleasure.The unconscious is driven by the Id which operates at the bracket of the Pleasure Principle and is linked to creative thought. (Krishnaswamy, Varghes, Mishra: 2001. P:50). Sigmund Freud's book, The Interpretation of Dream 1900, which described a discovery that would become the centerpiece of a new discipline called psychoanalysis. His discovery was that the human minds dimension that is only partially accessible to consciousness and only through the indirect means such as dreams or neurotic symptoms.The unconscious as he called it is a repository of repressed desires feelings memories and instinctual drives many of which according to Freud have to do with sexuality and violence. Freud realized that the unconscious often expresses itself in the form of dreams. Freud insisted that sexuality was evident throughout life from childhood on. (At the core of Freud's sexual theory it is calledOedipus complex.)All male children, Freud urged,
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 59 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 experience an early attachment to the mother that is sexual in nature similarly the female child experienced an early desire for the father which takes the form of a simultaneous desire to be her mother. In Sons and Lovers , Walter Morel is smart and young. He is full of color and animation. His physical appearance attracted Gertrude when she met him for the first time. Mrs. Morel is short stature, with a delicate body. Her hair is bright as gold. She has blue eyes and a broad brow. When she was nineteen, she was courted by a young man. John Field. Paul meets Miriam when they are still quite young. Miriam is romantic, religious possessive and sexually inhibited. In the second phase of their relationship. Paul initiates Miriam into sexual life. Clara is all fire and passion. Her body exudes sexuality. Paul is just swept off by her physical charm. His relationship with Clara has grey eyes, a skin life white honey. Paul felt comfortable with her because she was married and possessed. The trust of experience Paul went off almost straight to Clara, his Queen of Sheba. He touched her and tried to smooth her dress on her breast which made both of turn aflame with blushes. When Mrs. Radford had gone to sleep, Paul embraced passionately the naked body of Clara as she warmed herself on the heart. Clara is a mother figure who gives her body to him to satisfy his physical needs. The woman characters sound more like an eroticist. Lawrence's solemnity about sex is very masculine. Lawrence in his Foreword to Sons and Lover wrote that man acquired the knowledge of the Unknowable or god in the flesh in woman, and a woman sought and attained her fulfillment through the deep sensual love. She expected her husband to respond to her vitally in sex in order to establish dynamic rapport, which could be the basis of muted satisfaction and nourishment, renewal and reintegration. 'Sons and Lovers' is the first Freudian novel in English. It presents the mother fixation, according to the psychological scheme. Paul Morel is a classic instance of Oedipus fixation. Relationship between people remains to be the main theme of Lawrence's all novels. Novels to him were all Passionate experience. His creative genius is found in his novels. IT'S APPLICATION TO SONS AND LOVERS: D.H. Lawrence is one of the great exponents of the psychological novel. His Sons and Lovers is the first significant novel of psychological analysis in the 20 th century. Lawrence believed in the law of polarity. If two characters coming in contact with each other in any form of matured relationship can achieve polarization, they can achieve happiness. Lawrence does not deny the conflict. In' Sons and Lovers Her middle class values are very trivial and hollow in themselves and make her contemptuous of her husband.
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Her love of religion, philosophy and politics is only an accessory to her ambition of attaining social recognition. Walter's vitality and zest for life that had initially attracted her to him despite of his being only a miner, fail to keep her satisfied for a long. She tries to reform him according to her own new notion of respectability and thus threatens his identity. Walter who at one time is full of Colour and animation' soon begins to lose the natural exuberance of his spirit. The life force in him was all "Passionate experience". His creative genius is found in this novel. Walter who at one time is full of ' Colour and animation' soon beings to lose the natural exuberance of his spirit. The life force in him dwindles fast and he is ruthlessly driven on to a path of disintegration and dissipation. As Lawrence puts it, She could not be content with the little that he might be she would have him the much that he ought to be so, in seeking to make him noble than he could be she destroyed him. (Lawrence D.H.:, P. 60). The mutual, in compatibility of Mrs. Morel and her husband not only destroys the prospects of their personal happiness but also vitiates the lives even of their children. They come to despise their father and develop an unhealthy attachment with their mother. Mrs. Morel, too frustrated in her married life makes husband substitutes of her sons. She is jealous of the girls that come to see William.She makes no attempt to hide her hostility towards Gyp thegirl with whom William gets infatuated in London. Her open condemnation of Gyp makes William feel guilty of his love. He suffers from an acute mental conflict but this is a conflict that can not be resolved. He has developed such a relation with his mother that it can neither release him nor offer him any emotional fulfillment. He gets weary of the world and ultimately dies.Paul experiences no better a fate than William. He gets friendly with the romantic and ambitious Miriam. But Miriam is as desirous of having a complete hold on Paul as his mother. She too fails to achieve polarization. The worst part of her domineering tendencies is that on account of her extreme religiosity and her sexual inhabitudes; she lacks the capacity to offer anything in return. Paul too seeks both intellectual inspiration and physical gratification from Miriam but on account of the strong mother pull, is incapable of arousing Miriam. Clara being all fresh and no intellect make no demands to exercises a hold on Paul's soul. She can satisfy his passion without threatening his identity. She offers no rivalry to Mrs. Morel and is therefore more acceptable to her. For a while Paul and Clara appear to be perfectly happy together. But even this happiness proves to be deceptive. Clara is intellectually so deficient that she can not keep Paul's soul steady for a long time. Paul too lacks the pure animality of Baxter. He feels satisfied by Clara as inordinate demands for love making. So the two are soon tired of each other. Sons and Lovers is a graphic way of showing how two persons Mrs. Morel and her husband Walter can live together and yet be as far apart. The reason for this occurrence is that they had denied
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 61 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 each other in life. Sons and Lovers depicts for the most part the conflict between husband and wife. Terrible in its concentration and expenditure of energy. In Sons and Lovers Paul is devoted to his mother. His soul seemed always attentive to her and the deepest of his love belong as to his mother. She is the strongest influence Julian Monynahan remarks that Sons and Lovers present the mother fixation. Paul could not face his mother he was urged on to life by the reciprocal love of his mother on attaining to manhood he could not love any woman in the normal adult manner, the physical contact with a woman caused a terrible split and conflict in him. Both Paul and Miriam struggled to liberate themselves from inhibitions of mother and purity holds, but they were unable to do. CONCLUSION Lawrence's novel Sons and lovers is based on sex. This novel is being studied by using descriptive and psychoanalytical method. Different sexes cause certain psychoanalytical problems that result human imbalance and inconsistent human behavior. The characters in this novel reveals the real cause of sex. D.H. Lawrence believed in blood consciousness. He was against intellect. He wanted to realize life through his physical sensation. He gave important to instincts. He hates philosophies that clog the free play of the impulses, Lawrence was an impulsive man. In Sons and Lovers Clara Dawes loves Paul sexually. The love she offers is a non human love. She is separated from her husband, Baxter Dawes. She is a woman of considerable physical appeal. She has a skin white as honey. Paul is attracted by the skin. She also hates men. She is neither sensitive nor intellectual. She realized that Paul needs passion which Miriam could not give. But she gets tired of Paul. Since Lawrence wants to understand life through instinct and not though reason so his primary concern is with the emotion of his character. His men and women cease to be men and women in flesh. There are number of views and impressive regarding the element of conflict in the novel. There is the problem of establishing new relation or the readjustment of the old one between men and women. These relations make conflict. Arnold Kettle says that Lawrence sees human relationships essentially in terms of a conflict. Brain and body or spirit and flesh are such factors that come in the conflict. REFERENCES: 1. Krishnaswamy, N. Pleasure principle, Sahitya Academy: New Delhi, 2001. P. 48. 2. Singh, Hukum. D.H. Lawrence: Sex love and life. Kanpur: AradhanaBorhters, 1889. P. 44. 3. Moore. T. Harry.: The collected letters of D.H. Lawrence . 1998. P. 187. 4. Krishnaswamy, Varghes, Mishra: 2001.P:50. 5. Lawrence, D.H. Sons and Lovers. New York: Batan Books, 1985.P.60. SOURCES: 1. Lawrence, D.H. Sons and Lovers. New York: Batan Books, 1985. 2. Paul,Rajendra. D.H. Lawrence's 'Sons and Lovers' . New Delhi: Rama Brothers India Pvt. Ltd., 2004.
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 62 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 AREA OF GENRAL LAND USE PARNER TAHSIL
Sunita R. Jadhav Department of Geography, Arts, Commerce & Science College Alkuti 414305
ABSTRACT : Agriculture is the main occupation of this region the most commonly grown crop is Bajara, Wheat, Jawar, Maize, Vegetable, Pulses, foder crops, Oil seeds, Sugar Cane & Fruits Etc. The study area show low rainfall with high varidity, Average rainfall in the district 600 to 700 mm Ahmednagar district. The District has an area of 17412 sq.kms while the area of the district accounts for 5.5 present of the total area of the state. The district is first in the since of area. The district is named after the town Ahmednagar. Ahmed Nizam shah. The founder of the Zizam Dynasty. KEY WORDS : Agricultural Land Use, Crop. INTRODUCTION : The Study of crop combination region constitute an important aspect of agricultural geography as it provides a good basis agricultural regionalization use of land is an important factor for planning process because of the predetermined nature of land resource in Ahmednagar district covered an area of about three fifth area under plough in Kharif (62 percent to net sown area) and less than two fifth was under Rabbi (38 Percent to net sown area) season in the Ahmednagar district Ahmednagar district experience two agriculturist season kharif and rabbi kharif season starts from June first week to ends of October month. In this season, soyabean, bajara, maize, vegetables like tomato, onion, green peas, Rabbi season starts from October and ends in march the major crops in this season are jawar, wheat, gram, onion, sugar cane etc. while summer crops ie. Maize, groundnut fruits and vegetables are grown in irrigate parts of the district. STUDY AREA : Ahmednagar is the largest district of Maharashtra state with geographical area of 17418 km Ahmednagar is centrally located in western Maharashtra. The Ahmednagar district is laid between 18.2” to 19.9” north latitude and 73.9” to 75.5”East longitude and is bounced on the north by nasik district on the north east by Aurangabad district in the east by beed and osmanabad on the south by solapur and in the south west by solapur and in the south west by Thane and pune district Ahmednagar district covers an area of 17048:00 sq.km. according to physiographical set up study region and Harishchandragad , plateau and plains drained by Bhima and Godavari rivers average rain fall receives 575.8 mm The Mean daily maximum temperature is 40 degree centigrade and daily minimum temperature is 11.7 degree centigrade. The black soil medium black soil. Red soil, gray soil appear in Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 63 Worldwi de International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 study region, The major crops namely, jawar, wheat , Bajra, Sugar cane, maize, Gram, Onion, Oil seeds and vegetables crops are cultivated in study region METHODOLOGY : Collection of secondary data – Agricultural Paramiles district statistical abstracts district planning map district resources map, villag e level amenities and facilities data to be collected for sample village canals water rotation data for the analysis of water distribution system questionnaire survey discussion with local peoples India Map:
Maharashtra Map:
Ahmednagar District:
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Parner Tehsil :
RESULT AND DISCUSSION: Parner Tehsil is an important region in agricultural practice. The crop viz, Jawar, Bajara, Maize, Vegetable, Pulses, Fodder, crops, oil Seeds, Sugar Cane and fruits were cultivated in the tehsil. The variations in areal extent under these crops were mostly depends on adoption of improved varieties of seeds for sowing local environment and traditional approach of farmers in the area under review besides these soil types and rainfall influencing on the crop cultivation and cropping pattern. 1) BAJARA : Bajara is the Kharif crop in Parner Tehsil the average annual rainfall amount and soil types in the tehsil support the cultivation of Bajara in every village SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION : 1) Bajara is successfully grown is parner tehsil 2) Land occupying between 20 to 40 percent to net sown area 2) JAWAR : Jawar is the principal crop in Kharif and rabbi season. The average annual rainfall amount and soil types in the parner tehsil support the cultivation of Jawar in every village in the tehsil
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION:
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The area of Jawar more than 10 percent land to net sown area. 3) Sugarcane: Sugarcane is one of the important cash crops of the parner tehsil. The crop is cultivated in all village of the tehsil. Spatial Distribution: 1) Sugarcane is successfully grown in the parner tehsil. The crop is grown on heavy black soils. With irrigation facilities. 2) Less than 5 percent land to net sown area under sugarcane is found in parner tehsil 4) Wheat : Wheat is rabbi season crop in tehsil the crop is grown on heavy black soils with well irrigation facilities Spatial Distribution: 1) The area of wheat more less than 05 percent land to net sown area in parner tehsil. 5) Pulses : The Chief pulses grown in the parner tehsil are mug, Tur, green peas , val, also grown on a small scale. Spatial Distribution: 1) 5 to 10 percent land under pulses is found in parner tehsil. 6) Oil Seeds : Sunflower, Soyabean , Groundnut, Kardai, Til, Karal etc. oil seeds are produced in the tehsil. Spatial Distribution: 1) 5 to 10 percent land under oil seeds is found in parner tehsil. 7) Vegetables : The main vegetables grown in the district are cabbage, tomato, brinjal , onion, green peas,orange, pomegranate ect. The distribution of fruits and vegetables are influenced by transport. Market centers and irrigation. Spatial Distribution: 1) Less than 5 percent land under vegetables is found parner tehsil pomegranate, orange, tomato, onion, green peas. Area of Genral Land use Parner Tahsil. Type of Land Area in km2 Area% Agriculture 1,477.63 76.55 % Forest 187.92 9.74 % Other 264.73 13.71% Total 1,930.28 100.00% The table Show the Crop Combination in Parner Circle of Parner Tahsil. Table 1: Crop Combination.
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Sr.No Village Name Crop Crop Combination 1 Nighoj 02 Sugarcane Onion 2 Jamgoan 04 Onion Fodd Crops 3 Hivare Korda 04 Onion Fodd Crop 4 Sawargaon 04 Onion Fodd Crop 5 Devibhoyare 04 Sugarcane Fodd Crop 6 Parner 04 Onion Fodd Crop 7 PimpalgaonRotha 04 Fodd Crop 8 Karegaon 04 Fodd Crop 9 Pimpri Jalsen 04 Onion Fodd Crop 10 Takali Dhokeshwar 04 Onion Fodd Crop 11 Ralegan Siddhi 04 Sugarcane Fodd Crop 12 Karjule Hareshwar 04 Sugarcane Fodd Crop 13 Kalewadi 04 Fodd Crop 14 Randhe 04 Onion Fodd Crop 15 Darodi 04 Onion Fodd Crop 16 Lonimavala 04 Onion Fodd Crop 17 Babulwade 04 Onion Fodd Crop 18 Alkuti 04 Onion Fodd Crop 19 Walavane 04 Fodd Crop 20 Supe 04 Fodd Crop 21 Hanga 04 Fodd Crop 22 Shirapur 02 Sugarcane Fruits 23 Panoli 04 Fodd Crop 24 RuiChhtrapati 04 Fodd Crop CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION: Alkuti, Vadzire, Lonimawala. Randhe No.1 village are the fruit areas of parner circle. The following crops region has found in study area include jawar, bajara, vegetables, oil seeds, sugarcane etc. REFERENCES: 1) Majid Husain (1996) “Systematic Agricultural Geography ” Represented 2004, Rawat Publication, Jaipur and New Delhi, PP.217,218. 2) Weavre J.C.(1974) “ Crop Combination regions in the middle west “ The Geographical Review 44(1954) PP. 3) Socio – Economic abstract of Ahmednagar district (2011) PP-1-2. 4) Singh J.(1974) “ An agricultural atlas as India a geographical analysis, Kurukshetra , Vishal Publication, P-299 5) Masjid Husain (2007) Systematic Agricultural Geography, Rawat Publication, Jaipur (P.P.220-22)
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 67 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 “SCREENING THE EFFECT OF LEAF EXTRACT OF DATURA METEL ON LEAF SPOT OF TURMERIC CAUSED BY COLLETOTRICHUM CAPSICA.”
Dhole A. C. Shree Kumarswami College, Ausa Dept of Botany.
ABSTRACT: The medicinal plant Datura metel belonging to family Solanaceae screened for its antifungal activity against pathogen Colletotrichum capsica. The significant inhibition at 2.5% concentration recorded by poisoned food technique. ••• KEYWORDS: Colletotrichum capsica, Leaf extract of datura metel, curcuma longa. ••• INTRODUCTION: Turmeric is one of the most important spice crops grown in India. Is is a major cash crop due to its multidimensional use. Turmeric has medicinal properties like stomatic, carminative, tonic, blood purifier vermicide and antiseptic. Turmeric has major role in cosmetic and skin diseases also. Recent medical research demonstrations reported that turmeric possesses anticarcinogenic, anticoagulant, antimutagenic and antioxidative properties. Leaf spot of turmeric caused by Colletotrichum capsica is one of the worst pathogens which shows the effect on quantitative and qualitative production of turmeric. The fungicides used to control the fungal pathogens are hazardous to the environment and there is possibility of passing toxicity into the growing plants and finally into food chain. Therefore, present investigation has been carried out in relation to efficacy of datura metel against Colletotrichum capsici. ••• Materials & Methods: First of all, the infected leaves of leaf spot of turmeric were collected.Isolation, purification & identification of the pathogen was done. The leaves of datura metel were collected and washed by using sterilized distilled water for three times. The leaves were crushed by 10% alcohol with the help of motor and pastel.
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The extract was filtered with musclin cloth. The plant Leaf extract was added in 100 ml of 10% alcohol & the required concentration of plant extract was obtained by adding 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 ml in 100 ml of warm media. The media were poured in sterilized Petri plates. These plates were inoculated by 5 mm disc of Colletotrichum capsica in the centre of czapek-done agar medium. The linear growth was measured in mm (Biswas et al.1995). ••• Results and discussion: The effect of leaf extract of Datura metel was observed. The results are depicted in table N0.1. Table: Effect of Datura metel L on mycelial growth of Colletotrichumcapsica Conc. Mycelial growth(mm) (ug/ml) Incubation period (Days) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1.0 11.00 15.00 19.33 23.00 27.66 30.00 34.66 40.00 1.5 0.00 8.33 10.66 14.33 16.00 18.66 20.00 22.00 2.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.00 2.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Control 14.00 18.33 24.66 28.00 35.00 48.33 61.00 75.00 S.E 3.098 3.763 4.990 5.765 7.101 9.226 11.504 13.356 C.D at 20.156 24.482 32.404 35.504 66.222 74.838 76.197 86.890 P=0.01 C.D at 12.181 14.795 19.619 22.665 27.919 36.274 45.228 52.511 P=0.05 Photo:
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From the result it is clear that as the concentration of Datura metel increases there was decrease in mycelial growth was 75mm on 8 th day of incubation. Mycelial growth decreases at higher concentration and incubation period. The mycelial growth at 1.0% was 38.00 mm, at 1.5% , 20.00 mm at 2.0% 8.00 mm at 2.5%0.00 mm, 8 mm on 8 th day of incubation. The maximum inhibition was at 2.5% concentration of Datura metel. REFERENCES: 1. Avdhvesh Narain & satapathy, J.N. (1976).Antifungal characteristics of vinca rosea extracts. Indian phytopath.300:36-40. 2. Bansal R.K. and Gupta.R.K.(2000).Evaluation of plant extracts against fusarium oxysporum, wilt pathogen of fenugreek. Indian phytopathol.35(1):107-108. 3. Biswas subruta,Das, N.K.,Quadri,S.M.H & sarechandra,B(1995. Evaluating different plant extracts against three major diseases of mulberry.J.Indian phytopath.48(3):283.342-346.\ 4. Harshab T.S(2014) Antifungal activity of leaf extract of three citrus species against Colletotrichum cspsici.J.Pharma & sci.Innvo.Research paper,369-370. 5. Purnima Dargan & Saxena, s.k.(2002).Effect of plant extract of klithania somnifera on fruit rot of tomato caused by Aspergillus niger in presence of Drosophila busckii.Indian phytopath.5(1):112-113 6. Srivastava,A.K and Biharilal (1997). Studies on biofungicidal properties of leaf extract of some plants. Indian phytopath.50(3):408-411.
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 70 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 IMPACT OF SYNTHETIC PYRETHROID ON DNA, RNA,AND DNA/RNA RATIO ON FRESHWATER FISH CHANNA PUNCTATUS
Dr. U. P. Lande Assistant Professor, Department of Zoolgy, Shri Shivaji College of Arts, Commerce & Science, Akola, (M.S.), India
ABSTRACT: In the present investigation an attempt was made to evaluate the impact of sub lethal concentration of pyrethroid exposed to freshwater fish. The DNA, RNA and RNA/DNA ratio were estimated in kidney and brain of freshwater fish Channa punctatus . The sub lethal concentration of pyrethroid (0.00078 µl/lit) for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of different time intervals. The concentration of pyrethroid showed reduced level of DNA content 0.22, 0.27, 0.23, 0.25 in control whereas 0.25, 0.23, 0.22, 0.28 was observed in experimental. RNA content 0.001, 0.001, 0001, 0.002 in control and 0.0018, 0.0017, 0.0015, 0.0012 in experimental. While the DNA / RNA ratio significantly changed 0.0071, 0.0070, 0.0074, 0.0041 respectively at the different periods as compared with control of the experimental in Channa punctatus . KEY WORDS: Channa punctatus, Pyrethroid, DNA, Kidney, RNA INTRODUCTION: Environmental problem in the developing world is clearly linked to imbalanced ecosystem. Environmental contamination by pesticides has been documented in both biotic and abiotic components. Pollution is impairment of quality of some part of environment by addition of the harmful impurities. There are many reasons for environmental pollution. The industrial waste materials discharged in river water contains waste material, due to which water gets highly polluted or contaminated. In industrial waste many harmful subjects are preset, which cannot destroy, means some subjects are non-degredable and some reacts with water and forms poisonous substances which results in pollution of water. The increased use of the insecticides in agriculture has contributed to the improvement of agriculture production. However, many adverse effects have been recognized. The mode of action of these compounds has been subjected to intensive study The pollution of environment due to use of pesticides have become an increasing problem over the last century with the development of industry agriculture and increase in population. The random use of different pesticides often causes lot of damage on non- target organism. Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 71 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905
Modern agricultural pesticides undoubtedly contributed to increase crop yield but also produce widespread pollution of the natural environment with damage to inland fisheries (Johnson 1968). Environmental problem in the developing world is clearly linked to unbalanced ecosystem. The random use of the different pesticides often caused lot of the damage on non-target organism. Organophosphate pesticide constitutes a large proportion of total synthetic chemical employed for the control of pests in the field of the agriculture, veterinary pesticides, and public health. Pyrethroid insecticides shows their toxic effect by inhibiting impulse transmission Caside et al; (1983) most studies carried out with pyrethroid deals with its acute toxicity rather than biochemical effect (Reddy and Yellema 1991). In invertbrates and vertebrates, pyrethroid acts mainly on the nervous system pyrethroid affected to both a stomach poison and contact insecticide (Jin 1998). The action is especially critical to fishes and aquatic insects where ATP are enzymes provides the energy necessary to active transport and are very important at site of oxygen exchange. Synthetic pyrethroids are extremely effective against insects but are relatively safe to mammals and birds. One potential problem of pyrethroid is the extrem toxicity to aquatic organisms which will produce toxic effects. Sieghfried also suggested that aquatic insects show higher susceptibility to the pyrethroid than terrestrial insects because of lower level of expore to lipophilic compounds in the aquatic environment which leads to lower potential to detoxify lipohilic xenobioties such as insecticides. The synthetic pyrethorid a new class of agricultural insecticides has emerged as a complement to organophasphate and other type of pesticides. Therefore it was considered to analyse the effect of pyrethroid on DNA, RNA, RNA/ DNA Ratio in muscles of a freshwater fish Channa punctatus. Materials and Methods: The experimental fish Channa punctatus were collected from Sonala Dam around Sonala village and local market. The fishes were measuring 12-13 cm in length and about 13-25 gm in weight. The fish were brought to the laboratory in polythene bags containing aerated water and acclimatizing in glass aquaria in the laboratory conditions for about a week. During this period fish were fed on commercially available food for experimental purpose the pesticide mixture was prepared by dissolving enough pesticide in 100ml of water. A calculated quantity of stalk solution was added to fresh water in the industrial aquarium. Fishes were divided into two groups control and experimental. The fish were acclimatizing for a week according to APHA (AWWA/WPCA, 1998) standard method. The tap water was used as experimental medium for holding different test. The test fish was fed on food available in the market
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 72 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 excess food and fecal matter were removed from the glass, aquaria ones in a day or thrice at least in week the test fish was handled carefully so that the stress was minimum. For toxicity evaluation synthetic pyrethroid was selected. These synthetic pyrethroid was cypermethrin. The cypermethrin is alternative for oganophosphate and organachlorine. The insecticide diluted in laboratory tap water.The LC 50 of cypermethrin is 0.0007 ul/ltr for 96 hours was determined to decide its sub lethal concentration for experimentation. Control and experimental groups of fishes were scarified after 24 hr. of 96 hrs. The pesticides used in present works.Brain and kidney were removes and washed in saline and deep frozen.A 10% homogenate was prepared in buffered saline (0.15 mol/l Nacl and 0.15 mol/l sodium citrate, pH (7.0). Homogenate was centrifuged at 8,000 rpm for 15 minute and resulting supernatant was taken for estimation of macromolecular constituents. DNA and RNA were estimated by diphenylamine and orcinol method respectively (Schneider, 1957). Absorbance was recorded at 595, 665 and 660 nm for DNA, RNA respectively. RESULT AND DISCUSSION: In the present study observed that when the freshwater fish Channa punctatus exposed to sub lethal concentration of cypermethrin showed a significant observation, of biochemical such as DNA, RNA and RNA/DNA ratio. Pyrethroid a, cypermethrin was treated with freshwater fish Channa punctuates for toxicity evaluation the freshwater fish Channa punctatus exposed to sublethal concentration of cypermethrin showed histological alternation in the DNA and RNA ratio. Pyretheroids are not well known for their toxic action in animals therefore repeated administrations of subtethal and lethal doses of cypermethrin were found to be induced behavior tolerance in the aquatic animals. Sublethal concentration of the cypermethrin increased the mucus secretion, fast movement and it is believed that the behavioural changes are the most sensitive measure of the neurotoxicity. The fish Channa punctatus exposed to the cypermethrin showed irregular and erratic swimming, and slow movement of fishes. It is also losing their swimming balance and showed irregular movements. The body colour of fishes gets whitish due to sublethal concentration of the cypermethrin. DNA : In the present investigation the freshwater fish Channa punctatus exposed to sub lethal concentration of cypermethrin observed in muscle that, the DNA content were (0.22, 0.27, 0.23, 0.25) in control whereas (0.25, 0.23, 0.22, 0.28) which are decreasing in order observed in
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 73 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 experimental (Table -1). The result showed that all the values of DNA contain showed decreasing tread. RNA : In the present investigation the fresh water fish Channa punctatus exposed to the sub lethal concentration of cypermethrin and observed in muscle of fish 0.001, 0.001, 0001, 0.002 in control and 0.0018, 0.0017,0.0015, 0.0012 RNA contains of experimental values of the fish Channa punctatus showed decreasing trend. DNA / RNA Ratio : While the DNA / RNA ratio significantly changed (0.0071, 0.0070, 0.0074, 0.0041) respectively at the different periods as compared with control of the experimental in Channa punctatus . In this study it is observed that when freshwater fish Channa punctatus is exposed to sub lethal concentration of the pyretheroids showed a significant decreased in level of DNA, RNA, while DNA/RNA ratio significantly changed From the above result it is noticed the that effect of sub lethal concentration affected the DNA, RNA and RNA/DNA ratio. Hrs. Control DNA Control RNA RNA/DNA RNA/DNA (DNA) (Expt) (RNA) (Expt.) Contra (Expt.) 24 0.2278 0.2517 0.0012 0.0018 0.0052 0.0071 + 0.0181 + 0.0065 + 0.0027 + 0.0308 + 0.0013 + 0.0014 48 0.2755 0.2398 0.0018 0.0017 0.0065 0.0070 + 0.022 + 0.0053 + 0.003 + 0.044 + 0.0015 + 0.0012 72 0.2517 0.2878 0.0020 0.0012 0.0079 0.0041 + 0.025 + 0.0297 + 0.004 + 0.0019 + 0.0012 + 0.0018 96 0.2398 0.2278 0.0019 0.0015 0.0079 0.0065 + 0.020 + 0.0321 + 0.003 + 0.0046 + 0.0012 + 0.0016 CONCLUSION: The purpose of present study was to investigation on different aspect of fish Channa punctatus. The LC50 values of cypermethrin 0.0007 / at 24, 48, 72, hrs. were determined. The DNA, RNA and DNA/RNA ratio from muscle of fish Channa punctatus was determined. The results showed that effect of sublethal concentration affected the DNA, RNA and RNA/DNA ratio, so very lower concentration may affect fishes. Therefore, prevention must be taken to save the aquatic environment and health of fish from pesticides in toxification.
REFERENCES : 1. APHA/AWWA (1998), standard method for examination of toxicity of cypermethrin on fishes, 20 th Edition, APHA, Washington. 2. Bradhury SP, Coast JR, and Mckim JM, (1986): Toxicokinetic of fenvelate in rainbow frout ( Salmo gairdnen ) Environ. Toxicol Chem, B-555-567. 3. Bradhury SP, Mckim JM and Coat TR. 1987 Physiological response of rainbow trout (Salman gairneri) to acute fevalerate intoxfication, Pestic Biochem, Physio . 27 : 275-288.
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4. Bradhury SP and Loats IR (1989) : Toxological and toxicodynamia of pyrethroids inseaticides in fish Environ. Toxinal Chem . 8: 373-386. 5. Erkman, B.M. Caliskan & S.Y. Yerli 2000 : Histological effect of cypermethrin on gill of the lepistes retialtes vet. Hum Toxical 42 : 5-7. 6. Holbrook DJ (1980). Effect of toxicant on nudic acid, DNA and the protein meabolisam in : Introduct to biochemical toxicaloely (Eds. E. Hodgson, and E.E. Guthrei) Blackwal Sc. Publication, Oxford, 261-284. 7. Jaiswal, K. Sarojini R. and nagabhushnam R. (1991) Chonic effect of nepthelene in total protein, free amino acid, RNA and DNA in certain tissues of fresh water prawn . J. Environ, Bio . 2(1) 51-56. 8. Lowry MS and Sanero GN, 1990, Stavation effect on protein synthesis in red and white muscle of the barred sand bass, paralabox nebulifex Physiol, Zool 63, 630-648. 9. Schimmel S.C., Garnas RL, Partic JM and Moore JC 1963. Acute toxicity bioconcentration and persistence of AC 222, 705 benthiacrats and C. Chloropyrifus, fenvolterute, methyl and cypermethrin in environment J. Agric Food Chem . 31 : 104-113. 10. Tripathi G. 1992 Relative toxicity of aldrin, fenvalrate, capton and diazion to freshwater food fish charias, botatus, Biomed, Envio Sci . 5 : 33-38. 11. Tripathi G. Harsh and Verma (2001) Fenvtevale indued macromoleular changes in the catfish clarius batrechus Environ Bio. 23, 143-146. 12. Worthing CR and Walker SB 1987, The Pesticide nonual (8 th Ed.) The Lavenham Press Ltd., Lavaham, Great Britain, 851.
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 75 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 HISTOLOGICAL MODULATIONS OBSERVED IN SOME SELECTED ORGANS OF THE FRESHWATER FISH OPHIOCEPHALUSPUNCTATU S EXPOSED TO CYPERMETHRIN Dr Shubhangi V. Gawande Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, ShriShivaji College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Akola
INTRODUCTION: Modern civilization with its rapidly growing industrial units and population has led to an accelerated degradation of fresh water resources. Cypermethrin is synthetic parethyroid and potential insecticides derived from the flower heads chrysanthemum’ cineraride folium species (Casida 1980, 1982, Joy et al 1989, Radhaian and Rao, 1990) it is used to control many pest inducing lepidopteropests of cotton, fruit and vegetables crops and is available as an emusifiable concentrate or watt able powder. In the present study an attempt was made to evaluate the toxic effect of cypermethrin histological changes observed in the kidney and brain on a snake headed fish ChannaPunctatus . The pesticides reaching the aqueous food chain through bio –accumulation, bio- Concentration and bio accumulation, processes. Murthy, (1986). There is a approach in taking preventive measures to control entry of the pesticides, which enter air water, food, farm products including animal feeds (Somasundarametal, 1987, Menzer, 1991). In aquatic environment one of the most manifestation of the toxicities of chemical is over stimulation or depression of respiratory activity (Muirhead Thomson, 1970) the effect of toxicant on the respirations eg. Fish and invertebrates have received wide spread attention and were reviewed by Hughes (1976) and Hright (1978) MATERIALS AND MATERIALS: The experimental fish of ChannaPunctatus were collected from the local Wadalilake around
Amravati region and brought to the laboratory. They were washed with KMn0 4 solution to avoid dermal infection The fish were acclimatized to the laboratory condition for 15 days. During this period fish were fed on commercially available food for experimental purpose the pesticide mixture was prepared by dissolving sufficient amount of pesticides in 1000 ml of water. A calculated quantity of stock solution was added to the water in the experimental aquarium. CLASSIFICATION: Phylum – Chordata
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Group – Vertebrata Subphylum – Gnathostomata Series – Pisces Class – Actinopterygii Order – Ophiocephaliformis Genus – Ophiocephalus(Channa) Species – punctaus . ACCLIMATIZA TION METHODS : All fishes of average size that is (10 -13cm) and weight (13-25gm) were used. The fish were collected from Wadali Lake. The difference between largest on smallest specimens not more than (1 - 2 cm) length and weight (1-10 gm) when the fish are f irst brought in to the laboratory they were transferred to the glass aquarium and were inspected for any possible injury or infection : only the healthy fish were selected for experiment. The fish were acclimatizing for a week according to APHA (AWWA/GPC A, 1998) Standard method. The tap water was used as experimental medium for holding different tests. The test fish was fed on food available in the market excess food and fecal matter were removed from the glass, aquaria once in a day or thrice at least in weak the test fish was handle carefully so that the stress was minimum. The freshwater fish ChannaPunctatus exposed to sublethal concentration of synthetic pyrethroid a cypomethrin. The LC 50 values were calculated 0.00078 µl/lit at 96 hrs exposure period . OBERVATIONS AND RESULTS Histology of Controlled Brain : • The histology of brain showed normal configuration the neural cells were uniformly arranged. • The brain showed many neural bundles in between the neuronal cells of cerebrum many glial cells al so were seen. • Also pyramidal cells with binuclei and glial cells also observed.
PC – Pyramidal Cell N- Nuclei, NC – Neuronal Cell
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Histological changes in the Brain of freshwater fish Ophiocephaluspunctatus : • The sublethal concentration of cypermethrin exposed to freshwater fish Ophiocephaluspunctatus observed severe damaged in the brain cells. • The neuronal cells were disintegrated. • The break down of neural bundles were seen, neuronal degeneration and modera te spongiosis in the white matter, pyramidal cells, vacuolar, formation take place in Ophiocephaluspunctatus.
CONCLUSION: ó The brain of the freshwater fish Ophiocephaluspunctatus exposed to cypermethrin. The histological instigation of brain showed seve re damage in the brain cells. The neural cells were disintegrated. ó The break downof neural bundles were seen. And also the mild vacuolar changes with empty spaces appeared due to concentration. This is freanges in metabolism under environmental deterioration. ó Similarly the kidney of the fresh water fish Ophiocephaluspunctatus . The histological investigating of Kidney showed disruption of tubular organization. Thereafter degeneration of tubular epithelial cells and lymphocytic infiltration was evident. Th e fusion of villi rupture commonly observed. REFERENCES: 1. Ayoola*, S. O. and Ajani E. K. (2008) – Histopathalogical Effects of cypermethrin on Juvenile African Catfish (Clariasgariepinus ) Dep of wildlife and fish. Man. University of Ibadan. 2. Prashanth M. S. (2011) – Histophalogical Changes Observed in the Kidney of Freshwater fish, CirrhinusMarigala exposed to cypermcthrin Reo. Res. In Sci. and Tech. 3 (2) : 59 -69. 3. Pugazvendan S. R. et al (2009) -Effect ofMalathionTozicity in the Freshwater fish Ophiocep halusPunctatus- A Histological and Histochemical study, W. J. of fish and Marine Sciences 1 (3) : 218 -224. 4. Logonathan K. et al (2006) – Zinc induced histological Changes in brain and liver of Labeorohita, Envibio . 5. Omitoyin, B. O. Ajani, E. K. and Fajim i, A. O. (2006) - Toxicity Gramaxone (Paraquat) to Juvenile African (Catfish, Clariasgariepinus (Burachell, 1822). American Eurasian, J. Agricand Environ Sci, 1 (1), 26 -30.
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 78 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 CHILD SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND THEIRLEARNING RESOURCES
Dr. Vijay M. Gawande Assistant Professor, Smt. Savitabai U. Deshmukh College, Digras
INTRODUCTION: Science as we know it today expanded during the nineteenth century. Before then most conceptsabout children were derived from religious teaching. Little thought was expended on wondering whychildren behaved in a certain way, much more went on working out ways of disciplining them andmouldingtheir character. The paper Children’s early learning and development sets out the theory and research underpinning children’s early learning and development behind the Framework for Early Learning 1. The paper essentially responds to the question - how should we envision and understand the child as a young learner? The paper begins by outlining the context for early childhood care and education in Ireland by referring to our economic and social climate, the increasingly multicultural nature of society and relevant legislation and policy. Drawing on centuries of research, the modern day view of the child is one of him/her being a competent learner, capable of making choices and decisions; a young citizen and participator in many contexts (family, early childhood setting, community, and society); actively learning in reciprocal relations with adults and other children. This new construction of childhood is oriented towards the child’s present rather than his/her future. Building on this image of the child, key messages about how children learn and develop are condensed in this executive summary. EQUALITY AND DIVERSITY: 1. All children are individuals, unique in their abilities, from a rich diversity of backgrounds, beliefs and cultures. 2. Children have the right to be treated with respect, positive regard and dignity. 3. Through participating in everyday activities and play, children absorb powerful messages from people, the environment and community regarding their identity, culture and social values. 4. Children should be enabled to acknowledge, respect and affirm diversity in order to promote equality and to challenge unfair discrimination. ACTIVE LEARNING AND MEANING MAKING: 1. Through active learning, the baby, toddler and young child follow their personal interests and goals through first hand experiences of the world around them, individually, in pairs, in groups, in families, and in the community. Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 79 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905
2. Learning is a continual process of meaning making; it is not a linear input/output process. 3. Active learning, physical and intellectual engagement with people (ideas) and materials (experiences), self and group directed problem-solving and repetition are at the heart of
learning and development. 4. The adult has a responsibility to provide rich environments where children are able to explore, touch, manipulate, and experiment with a variety of real life and diverse materials
and where children can ask questions, make hypothesis and develop their thinking
5. Children learn in collaboration with others yet have to construct learning for themselves. 6. True collaborative exploration takes place where all participants influence the direction,
timing, and outcome of the investigation. RELATIONSHIPS: 1. The importance of the role of the adult and the establishment of positive relationships between the adult and child are critical in enhancing and enriching the child’s learning and development. 2. The child should experience trust, autonomy, initiative, empathy, and self-confidence as the foundation for socialisation. The formation of attachment is especially important for the young child’s emotional and social development. 3. The participation of parents in their children’s learning improves children’s motivation and promotes a sense of partnership in the learning process. COMMUNICATION AND LANGUAGE: 1. Social interaction, language, and scaffolding by adults are central in forming the child’s mind. Children’s development of both receptive and expressive language is integral to all development particularly intellectual functioning and later literacy. 2. Some level of language development occurs naturally by children experiencing a language- rich environment; fuller development of children’s language capacities requires targeted teaching and encouragement of children’s verbal expression 3. Through language, the child becomes part of his/her culture, seeks the co-operation of others in his/her activities, in actions. SOME OF THE FOLLOWING FACTORS HAVE IMPORTANT ROLES IN SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHILDREN: 1. The Physiological factors. Growth and social functioning are influenced by physiological factors. The child who is slightly deficient in physical trait may experience, in relation to his own aspirations, a slight handicap in social relations in his age group. Certain factors of the nervous system and the endocrine glands play their part in determining the child's patterns of action and outlook on life. Bose
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 80 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 and Biswas (1972) conducted a study on the social world of some physically handicapped children developed marked differences between "ideal self' and "self concept" under the influence of uncongenial interactions with different personalities present in their social lives. As a victim of diseases, they were a social but not anti-social. 2. The family: Among the various social groups,the family occupies the first and the most significant influence for the social development of the child. It does not only provide the hereditary transmission of basic potontial for his development, but also provide environmental conditions, personal relationship and cultural patterns.The home derives its force in the life of the child from one salient psychological factnamely,the determinative weight of early associations and conditionings in later conduct.Research investigators have noted the potency of early conditioning and that long before thechild reaches school age his native tendencies are heavily overlaid with a superstructure of conditioned reactions. Chauhan (1963) found that truants lacked love of the mother in early years of development.Parent child relations have various dimension of interaction and as such, remain basic forsocialisation of the child. Child's acquisition from the parents in terms of "acceptance— rejection, 'dominance-submission', 'lovelate', 'democracy-authoritarianism, 'trust-distrust', 'reward-punishment', tolerance etc. determine his adjustment and potentiality ofbehaviour not only in the family but in other social spheres of interaction as well. Parent child relationship determine behavioural adjustment of the child in family as well in other areas.Jai Prakash and GovindTiwari (1974) conducted a study on parent-child relationship anddrop-out behaviour of 100 drop out and 100 non-dropout students taken from 201 primaryschools of Agra city. Author applied 5 point scale and an interview schedule. They foundthat the dropout parents, in their treatment toward children give significantly greater weightto punishment, cooperation and autocracy. The non-dropout parents lay significantly greateremphasis upon possession, trust, help, love and dominance. 3. Religion: Like home, religion has long been regarded as a primary social institution. Religion 226 Child Development : An Introductionplays a dominant part in the determinant of the direction of social functioning of the child.Religion is also of dominant influence in the determination of social attitudes. 4. Government: Government is tremendously potent factor in the determination of the conduct lines in the individual. Brij Mohan (1969) has advocated for the reorientation of social policy for the welfare of the children. Government frames social policy for removing poverty and appalling backwardness of the Indian masses that is just conducive to the individual development. 5. Language: Language, in many ways, is the most fundamental of institutions. The basis of the fundamental importance of langauge is social functioning. Suppose for example, that language and
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 81 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 the communicative arts were to be blotted out on the instant, social functioning, both of individuals and groups, would be temporarily at a standstill and impaired permanently. 6. Education: As a social institution that determines the growth of individual, education is second to none. It is the agency that society has set up to allow the child a period of experimental social functioning arid growth. The school, like the family, is a potent institution in the development of the social behaviour of the child. It provides a complex of social' situations or a miniature social world in which children live and perform their function in interaction and under the guidance of the teachers. 7. Peer group: The child is introduced to the social world outside his family, mainly for play purposes and for seeking friends of his choice in the immediate neighbourhood. The peer bgroup satisfy various needs of the children like acceptance, achievement, affection, approval belongingness, fame and recognition, expression of thought and opinion etc. They play an imprtant role in the social development of the child because of their emphasis on education in the rights of others, in acceptance of common group rules and discipline, in mutual understanding and cooperation, in play and activities and in the consciousness of a sense of justice. 8. Physical environment: In these days of considerable urbanisation, much attention has been given to the effects of certain special types of environments, such as population, congestion, upon social behaviour. It has been established that there is a lower incidence of juvenile delinquency in the areas contiguous to play fields than other parts of congested areas. 9. Class Status: The role of class status in adjustment is illustrated in the results of an investigation by Heintz (1949). Kuhlen and Lee (1943) pointed out that an acceptable social status is necessary for a satisfactory social development. Different patterns of social behavior are manifested by children from different social strata and socialisation in any given instance cannot he understood without taking this fact into account. In India, the constitution has provided special privileges to the scheduled caste and scheduled Tribes. Still they have not been fully assimilated into the main stream of Hindu society. Untouchability has been declared illegal. Still there is a social distance between so- called upper castes and lower castes. Prejudices are prevalent in Indian society. All these factors play an important in the socialisation process of Indian child. THE WHOLE CHILD IN CONTEXT: 1. Holistic learning and development involves all areas of development and embraces a view of the whole child developing in the context of family, home and community. 2. Young children do not learn in discrete units; they make connections across their learning with these connections changing and developing with new experiences. 3. A framework which uses themes (well-being, identity and belonging, communication and exploring and thinking) to present children’s early learning and development offers a way of
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moving from thinking about learning and development in discrete developmental domains to thinking about these in a more holistic and integrated way. 4. The traditional domains such as cognitive, social, physical, creative, spiritual development, and so on permeate the themes mentioned above. Consequently, the thematic framework supports children’s learning and development in a way which is more natural and enjoyable for young children. EARLY CHILDHOOD CURRICULUM: 1. The early childhood curriculum is concerned with the totality of the policies and practices established in the setting, the relationships between all participants, the experiences provided, the resources, the physical environment, the teaching and learning styles, and the systems of assessment. 2. An appropriate curriculum for young children views learning as a process. 3. The child’s interests, strengths, culture, needs, and learning styles are placed at the centre of planning for his/her learning and development. 4. Providing appropriate learning experiences for children requires practitioners to have knowledge of child development in order to support children’s learning and development and to forward plan for a wide range of appropriate curriculum experiences. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, early childhood care and education is enhanced by theories that foreground the cultural and socially constructed nature of learning. From this perspective, learning and development are inextricably intertwined and are enmeshed within the milieu of social relationships. The child develops not in isolation but in the context of family, neighbourhood, community, society and public policies. Children’s early learning and development, therefore, is a matter for the whole of society. REFERENCES: 1. Bose, S. and Bisws C (1972) - A study on the Social World of some physically handicapped childrenmd. Journal of Applied Psychology 9(1). 20-23. 2. Chauhan, N. S. (1963) -Truancy among school going boys of Agra unpublished Ph.D. thesis Sociology Agra Univ. 3. Geraldine French (2007) -Childrens early learning and development :A research paper,NCCA. 4. Kuhlen, R. C. and B. G. Lee (1943) - Personalitycharacteristics and social acceptability in adolescence.Journal of Educational Psychology XXXJV. pp. 321-340. 5. Laxmi Devi (1998) - Child Development An Introduction ,first edition ,AnmolPublication,pp 220- 225.
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 83 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 TITLE: “J. KRISHNAMURTI’S THOUGHTS OF SPIRITUAL GROWTH ANDOBJECTIVES OF VIPASSAN Ā MEDITATION” By Shruti Hariharan Aiyer PhD Research Scholar Guide Prof. S. Shivarajappa HOD, Maharaja’s College, Mysuru, 570006
ABSTRACT: J. Krishnamurti was a prominent scholar, author, philosopher and orator of 20 th century. His books, talks and discussions apprise the theory of ‘free mind’. Buddha preaches to find the truth by own investigation. His method of Vipassan ā is based on self- examining method of meditation. J. Krishnamurti gave several lectures on the method of Vipassan ā and its true sense. Though he never accepted of followership of any sect or religion, Buddha’s influence is seen in his theories of mind, consciousness and spiritual growth of a human being.This paper throws light on some of the key concepts and thoughts of J. Krishnamurti which represent Vipassan ā meditation. India is a land of philosophy. On the banks of the Ganges, many thoughts nourished and developed healthily. Since the ancient times, this ambience has given scholars to understand and establish their own experiences. Materialism of Ćā rv ākas , scientific view of Vai śeṣikas , logical theories of Naiy āyikas and psychological/ spiritual methods of Yogins and Bauddha’s etc. all breathe under the same sky for thousands of years. Yet, unfortunately, people lost the essence of individual freedom given in spiritual field in India. They started to believe in blindfolded followership and expected the extreme obedience from their disciples in 19 th and 20 th century. British rule was the main influent in the whole inferiority complex in social mind. Gotama The Buddha was the one of the greatest examples of Indian philosophers who believed in optimism. His methods and sermons were direct and simple, the gap of time made it difficult to comprehend. Subjective interpretations created confutions in some theories of The Buddha. His teachings were compiled and interpreted by his followers, commentators and translators according to their understanding. Bhikkhu Many scholars such as- Bodhi, Bhikkhu Thanissaro, Bhikkhu Sujato, HenepolaGunaratane have translated Suttas from Pali Canon. Among the principles of The Buddha, most disputed and discussed matter is ‘the concept of ćitta’ . It is an important aspect in Vipassan ā meditation.
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In the 20 th century, J. Krishnamurtitried to explain the concept of mind. He was a prominent scholar who studied Indian philosophies deeply and presented them with clearer vision. He dedicated his life to free the human mind. Born in 1895, in Mandanapalle, the Andhra Pradesh, he spent his schooling years struggling with formal education system. He discontinued his higher studies and started learning under Charles Webster Leaderbeat…?Annie Besant was among the early tutors of JidduKrishnamurti. Travelling all over the world, he learnt from many and spoke to different groups. He developed the thought of ‘no allegiance to any particular religion/ sect/ caste/ philosophy or even nationality’. Little shy and uncertain speaking soon became confident and deep. In his 90 years of life, he authored many books, 1 gave speeches to various countries 2. If we look in to his talks, discussions and books, we find that his theory of ‘open-mindedness’ or ‘all-inclusiveness’ is similar to TheBuddha’s subjectivity of spiritual experiences. J. Krishnamurti believed in self- realization, which is prescribed by The Buddha. Vipassan ā meditation is based upon observing within. This process is individual and subjective. Teacher guides you of the way to meditation. But the experiences might be different. Meditators are to find their own realizations by self- examination. We see the point made by J. Krishnamurti in his talks. 3 Another main objective of Vipassan ā is cultivation of wisdom. The Buddha believed that wisdom can be achieved by practice 4. J. Krishnamurti also dedicated his life to make all humans believe that they can do better spiritual progress on their own. That everyone has the right and capacity of being enlightened. Of course, it needs meticulous efforts. The Buddha repeatedly mentions to the audience not to believe in him blindly. In MajjhimaNik āya , The Buddha says that his preaching is to be used as a boat in a river to cross; not for the clinging. 5 One may take guidance from Vipassan ā teachers, but every step towards Nirv āṣa must be examined by the meditator himself. Blindfold faith in any person/ theory will not take the person towards any goal. J. Krishnamurti states that if one follows someone, one cannot follow the truth. For understanding the truth, one must lead a path alone.
1 ‘The First and Last Freedom’, ‘Beginnings of Learning’, ‘Truth and Actuality’, In the Problem is the Solution: Question and Answer Meetings in India’, ‘The First and Last Freedom’ etc. are J. Krishnamurti’s books
2Europe, Latin Ameraca, UK, India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Myanmar etc.
3JK talks archived at the website- https://jkrishnamurti.org/content/talks-and-dialogues-saanen-1968
4Bodhi Bhikkhu, 1984, The Noble Eightfold Path-The Way to the End of Suffering, Buddhist Publication Society, Sri Lanka, Pg. 21
5Sankrutyayan Rahul, 1933, MajjhimaNik āya, 38, Maha- Tannha- Sankhaya- Sutta, Translated in Hindi, Mahabodhisabha, Banaras, Pg. no 154
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In one of the speeches, J. Krishnamurti explains that each action comes back to us and restricts our mind to grow. We have to understand it and overcome it. The Karma theory in all Indian philosophies includes the principle of action- reaction-fruit cycle. The Buddha accepts it. Prat ītyasamutp āda theory explains how one engages himself/ herself in this birth and death cycle. By knowing it, one can put efforts to overcome it. J. Krishnamurti proposes the concept of ‘free mind’. Free from imprinted experiences of life. With patience and alertness, one can achieve a free mind. These imprints are the sa ṣsk āras told by The Buddha. Mind is filled with the impressions of worldly experiences. While observing jh āṣas , person is disturbed by them. To overcome from it, The Buddha suggests to detach the mind from objects. Cutting the compulsion of reactions to every object, mind can be free from bonding. Vipassan ā trains to be alert all the time and observe the mind patiently. The Buddha elaborates the topic of the imprints of the experiences in our mind. These are the big hindrances in the path of Vipassan ā. Then how to overcome from own thoughts? By having ‘right concentration’ 6. It is a secret J. Krishnamurti never revealed about. His associates never found which type of Sam ādhi he followed. His view was that bringing awareness to the ind is a fruit of intelligence. Understanding the cause-and-effect theory ( Prat ītyasamutp āda), the mind will be open and blank; with the awareness and alertness. This is the desired state of mind Vipassan ā expects. Avinash De Sousa, a psychiatrist and psychotherapist from Mumbai writes Krishnamurti’s view in his research paper titled ‘Mind and Consciousness As per J. Krishnamurti’- “A mind should be investigative and scientific in its approach, and not bound in something or compelled.” Scientific investigation of a mind in personal level is the prime objective of Vipassan ā. Krishnamurti says feelings are part of mind 7. It consists of many- desires, hatred, jealousy, love, confusions etc. Life is a series of these feelings, segments and ideas of feelings. One must see it from various possibilities. This thread of thought is an extension of Buddhist concepts of vijñ āna - consciousness and kṣaṣabha ṣgurat āvāda . Vijñ āna is an aggregation of four skandas- rūpa, vedan ā, sa ṣjñ ā and sa ṣsk āras . Rūpa is material experience. Vedan āis feelings. Each moment these five aggregates together create impressions and the result we see as a whole. In reality it is mere a chain of moments.
6Samm ā Sam ādhi, Part of the Noble Eightfold Path
7Krishnamurti, J., 1986, The Future of Humanity, Harper Raw Publishers, London, Pg. no 10
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One must go in to the depths of mind layer by layer according to Krishnamurti. This is the very important objective of Vipassan ā. Meditator starts concentrating on breath and goes deeper bodily- mental function as the concentration proceeds. Once the person is putting efforts in finding the truth, it does not mean that he needs to be pessimistic towards life. The Buddha gives clear instructions about it. He emphasises on living balanced, peaceful, optimistc life. J. Krishnamurti insists it too! CONCLUSION: J. Krishnamurti had a deep understanding and vast grasp over true essence of Buddha’s theories. In his talks and discussions, we find that many of his believes and theories are based on The Buddha’s teachings. This paper throws light on some key points of objectives of Vipassan ā and J. Krishnamurti’s theories which are similar.His views have not been studied widely enough. There is a vast scope of research in this field. BIBLIOGRAPHY: • Book sources- 1. The Noble Eightfold Path-The Way to the End of Suffering 2. MajjhimaNik āya 3. The Future of Humanity • Web Source- https://jkrishnamurti.org/content/talks-and-dialogues-saanen-1968
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 87 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 MGNREGA: DIVISION WISE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MAHARASHTRA FOR YEAR 2018-2019 AND 2019-2020
Sagar Devidas Mhetre Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Shri Siddhivinayak Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Karve Nagar, Pune Poonam Dashrath Pardeshi Student, Department of Economics, SPPU, Pune.
INTRODUCTION: The Covid-19 pandemic has deteriorated the condition of all most all the countries around the world. This pandemic has hit hard to the Indian economy. India being a pre dominant agrarian economy, in India agriculture continues to be the only avenue of employment available with a major chunk of the rural population. Thus seasonality of agriculture and its low productivity combined with absence of alternative opportunities are responsible for higher incidence of poverty in the rural sector. In order to tackle the problems of poverty and unemployment, the planners and policy makers have launched several employment generation programmes like IRDP (Integrated Rural Development Programme), NREP (National Rural Employment Programme), RLEGP (Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme), JRY (Jawahar Rozgar Yojana) etc. Despite these well meaning programmes and massive investments, rural areas continued to suffer from keen poverty and unemployment problems at alarming rate. Considering this, National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) was launched on 2nd February, 2006 to enhance livelihood security in rural areas of the country. MGNREGA is the most realistic approach to the problems of rural poverty and unemployment. In fact, the Scheme ensures the economic security of the rural poor by providing guaranteed 100 day of wage employment and also after the registration if the person does not get the job within 15 days, then they are provided by the unemployment allowance. Moreover, MGNREGA has positive impact on employment pattern of women and provide them employment opportunities. The current condition of the Indian economy is totally inappropriate; our GDP growth rate has shown a negative slope. According to various reports and economist many sectors of Indian economy are not growing as expected and their growth rate is also negative, expect the agriculture sector. MGNREGA which increase the employment opportunities in rural areas thereby increasing their income and demand could be an appropriate solution for this current situation where the unemployment rate has increased to a large extend. KEYWORDS: MGNREGA, IRDP, NREP, RLEGP, JRY, Employment, Women’s empowerment, Social and Economical Development.
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE • Thomas & Bhatia (2012) regarded MNREGA as an ambitious attempt to battle poverty by guaranteeing employment to those who demand work and capable in formation of capital in rural areas. • Pamecha & Suman (2015) analyzed the socio-economic impact of MGNREGA on the life of beneficiaries of Dungarpur district of Rajasthan. The findings of their study revealed that the programme has changed the lives of the beneficiaries’ means that when income of a family increases, it has a reflective impact on the expenditure pattern and on the other hand the picture is not so good. The data reveal that 83% households do not have gas connection in their kitchen and 90% of our sample households have no toilet facility in their dwelling units. • Hajra & Hajara (2015) characterized rural Indian economy by demand constrained as well as supply constrained economy. • Karthika (2015) depicted that MGNREGA plays a great role and has a positive impact on the rural development. MGNREGA is an act that guarantees 100 days of employment to all rural poor who attain the age of 18.Through this employment program govt expect socio-economic development and women empowerment. The research work was focused on the impact of MGNREGA on socio-economic development and women empowerment, from this study, it is clear that most of the panchayath in Kerala implemented this program successfully. Women workers are the major participants of this scheme. The major aim of this study is to identify role and relevance of MGNREGA in rural growth and development. • Negi (2015) says that the introduction of the programme of MGNREGA had a clear • Positive impact on the rural economy through employment and income generation and also through raising the standard of living and socio-economic performance of the rural community of the district. So it is recommended that the present programme should be further spread in the rural areas by means of proper planning, adequate supervision, effective implementation and better monitoring • Pandey (2016) found that there are better opportunities to the development of rural areas by effectively implementing programmes in the coverage areas and selecting right beneficiaries for the programmes • (Alka Jain May 2017): In this article researcher had main objective of the study been that to analyze the socio-economic impact of MGNREGA on rural labors/workers. Both primary and secondary methods used for collection of data. Semi structured questionnaire was used as primary source of collecting data for the completion of study. Annual reports, Library research (articles, journals, dissertations books, accessed database, etc.) was used as secondary source for collecting data. Convenient Sampling was used to collect the data from Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 89 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905
the respondents. Sample size was only 100 respondents. Conclusion of the research was that impact of MGNREGA was positive on rural workers & MGNREGS has a part in the climb of market wage of the workers. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: 1) To study the physical performance of MGNREGA in comparison of year 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 according to different divisions of Maharashtra. 2) To study the Financial Performance of MGNREGA in Terms of Workers Account Details in comparison for year 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 according to different divisions of Maharashtra. 3) To study the women participation in MGNREGA for year 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. METHODOLOGY: A) Methodology: We are using analytical methodology. B) Type of Data: Generally there are two types of data which are primary data and secondary data but in the research paper we are using secondary data. C) Sources of Data: Secondary data was collected from the MGNREGA Public Data Portal which is yearly basis and various reports. DATA ANALYSIS: I. Physical performance of MGNREGA in Maharashtra Table 1.1: Total job Cards issued by different category for year 2018-2019 and 2019-2020
TOTAL JOB CARDS ISSUED
Year 2018-2019 Year 2019-2020
Division Name Total job Total Total Total Division Name Total job Total Total Total cards job job job cards job job job issued cards cards cards issued cards cards cards (SC) (ST) (non- (SC) (ST) (non- R.N SC/ST) SC/S o T) 1 PUNE DIVISION 1129278 9% 3% 88% PUNE DIVISION 1170563 9% 3% 88%
2 AURANGABAD 2227278 12% 4% 84% AURANGABAD 2295778 12% 4% 84% DIVISION DIVISION 3 NASHIK 1890874 6% 27% 67% NASHIK DIVISION 1938105 6% 27% 67% DIVISION 4 AMRAVAIT 1433632 11% 79% AMRAVAIT 1484426 11% 10% 79% DIVISION 0% DIVISION
5 NAGPUR 1041406 13% 70% NAGPUR DIVISION 1259221 13% 16% 71% DIVISION 7% 6 KOKAN 415,891 5% 12% 83% KOKAN DIVISION 432173 5% 12% 83% DIVISION TOTAL 8138359 10% 12% 78% TOTAL 8580266 10% 12% 78%
(in percentage) Source: www.mgnrega.nic.in 2018-2019 and year 2019-2020 respectively. Th e data is presented according to the six
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The table 1.1 shows the total job cards issued by different category for the financial year divisions in Maharashtra. For year 2018-2019 Out of the total numbers of job card issued the highest number is observed in the division of Aurangabad followed by Nashik, Amravati, Pune, Nagpur and lastly the Kokan division. Similarly for year 2019-2020 Out of the total numbers of job card issued the highest number is observed in the division of Aurangabad followed by Nashik, Amravati, Nagpur, Pune, and lastly the Kokan division. From the above table it is clearly observed that the total job card issued has increased in all division for year 2019-2020 as compared with the previous year i.e. 2018-2019. But in terms of percentage we can’t observe any changes in both years as the job card issued has increased in the same proportion for all categories. Table 1.2: Total Person –Days Worked By Different Category for Year 2018-19 to 2019- 20 in Percentage Term
Total Person –Days Worked (TPD) Year 2018-2019 Year 2019 -2020 Division Name Total TPD TPD TPD Division Name To tal TPD by SCs TPD by TPD person- by by (non- person- STs (non- R. days SCs STs SC/ST) days SC/ST) No
1 PUNE DIVISION 3439489 14% 2% 84% PUNE DIVISION 3184540 12% 2% 86%
2 AURANGABAD 17092584 11% 4% 84% AURANGABAD 13436590 12% 5% 83% DIVISION DIVISION
3 NASHIK DIVISION 13736749 7% 33% 61% NASHIK DIVISION 9800434 9% 21% 70%
4 AMRAVAIT 18757988 11% 21% 68% AMRAVAIT 13807923 13% 20% 67% DIVISION DIVISION
5 NAGPUR DIVISION 25095565 12% 20% 68% NAGPUR 17397808 13% 18% 69% DIVISION
6 KOKAN DIVISION 2226250 6% 11% 83% KOKAN DIVISION 2275839 6% 10% 84%
TOTAL 80348625 11% 18% 71% TOTAL 59903134 12% 15% 73% Source: www.mgnrega.nic.in The table 1.2 highlights the total person days worked by different category for the year 2018- 2019 and 2019-2020. For both the financial years the total person days worked it is highest in the division of Nagpur followed by Amravati, Aurangabad, Nashik, Pune and Kokan. We can observe a decrease in the total person- days for year 2019-2020 as compared to year 2018-2019 in all the division. But in percentage terms major changes are observed in the Nashik division where SCs working days has increased by 2%, STs working days has decreased by 12% and for non SC/ST the working days shows an increase by 9 % for the year 2019-2020 as compared to the previous
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 91 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 yeari.e.2018-2019. But for rest of all the divisions the percentage is more or less similar. Here also the total days of work by people in SC and ST category are comparatively less that the non SC/ST category people as their job card issued number are also less. Table 1.3: Total Physical Performance of MGNREGA for Year 2018-2019 and 2019- 2020 (in percentage)
Total Year 2018-2019 Year 2019-2020 Percentage Increased Or Decreased Total Job Cards Issued 8138359 8580266 5.42%
Total Person-Days 80348625 59903134 -25.44%
Source: www.mgnrega.nic.in The table 1.3 represents the total physical performance of MGNREGA for the year 2018-
2019 and 2019-2020. It seems that thought the job card issued in the year 2019-2020 has increased by 5.42% but at the same time the total person days shows a decline of almost 25.44% and the main reason for this decline was this pandemic condition which is still ongoing. People migrated to their rural hometown due to which we observe an increase in the job card issued, but the work available was on an average same as before so decline in total person’s days is acceptable.
Thought there is variations in the employment percentage of different category but the
MGNREGA has actually provided the employment opportunities to all the rural people who are ready to do the unskilled work. The scheme has successfully implemented in the state of Maharashtra and many people have benefited though the MGNREGA and also many projects have successfully completed.
II. The Financial Performance of MGNREGA in Terms of Workers Account Details (in percentage) (Year 2018-2020) Table 2.1: Total bank and post office accounts under MGNREGA (in percentage) (Year 2018-2019 and 2019-2020) Year 2018-2019 Year 2019-2020 Year 2018-2019 Year 2019-2020
Division Name Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total individual joint individual joint individual joint individual joint post bank bank bank bank post post post office office accounts accounts accounts accounts office office accounts accounts accounts accounts PUNE DIVISION 91% 9% 92% 8% 98% 2% 98% 2%
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AURANGABAD 90% 10% 93% 7% 98% 2% 98% 2% DIVISION NASHIK 90% 10% 91% 9% 99% 1% 99% 1% DIVISION AMRAVAIT 91% 9% 91% 9% 93% 7% 93% 7% DIVISION NAGPUR 93% 7% 94% 6% 96% 4% 97% 3% DIVISION KOKAN 95% 5% 95% 5% 99% 1% 99% 1% DIVISION TOTAL 91% 9% 92% 8% 98% 2% 98% 2% Source: www.mgnrega.nic.in The table 2.1 shows the account details of the workers under the MGNREGA in the state of
Maharashtra for the different divisions. The data is presented according to the individual and joint
accounts in the banks and the post office in terms of percentage for both the years. In all the division the total individual bank account is above 90% for both years, similarly the joint bank account is under 10%. On the other hand the post office individual account contributes to 98% for both years and the joint post office account to only 2%.
Table 2.2: The Financial Performance of MGNREGA in Terms of Workers Account
Details (in percentage) (Year 2018-2020)
Total Year 2018-2019 Year 2019- Percentage 2020 Increased Or Decreased Total Bank Accounts 6218231 7477238 20.24%
Total Post Office 1,155,004 1100240 -4.74% Accounts Source: www.mgnrega.nic.in The table 2.2 represents the total workers account details for year 2018-2019 and 2019- 2020.It is observed that the number of total bank accounts has increased by 20.24% in year 2019- 2020, but in case of total post office account we observe a decrease by 4.74% which means that people prefer the bank account more than the post office account. Thus we can say that many people have got involved in the banking system because of the MGNREGA as the payment of the workers is done to their account only. This shifting of wages from cash payments to cashless will promote the digital India initiative and make rural people get involved in it.
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III. The Women Participation in MGNREGA for Year 2018 -2019 and 2019 -2020. Figure 1.1: Percentage of women employed through MGNREGA. (In percentage) (Year 2018-2020)
KOKAN DIVISION 44% 45%
NAGPUR DIVISION 49% 54%
AMRAVAIT DIVISION 37% 39%
NASHIK DIVISION 41% 40%
AURANGABAD 43% DIVISION 43%
PUNE DIVISION 43% 44% year 2019-2020 year 2018-2019
Source: www.mgnrega.nic.in The figure 1.1 describes the total working days of women’s for year 2018 -2019 and 2019- 2020 according to different divisions of Maharashtra. The light blue bar represent the year 2019 - 2020 and the dark blue represents the year 2018 -2019. The participation of the women is highest in the division of Nagpur and lowest in the Amravati division for both the years. We can observe a decline in percentage for women’s for the year 2019-2020, which may be because of the lockdown imposed due to Covid 19. But In all the division the Woking days by the women’s is more than 40% which shows the success of this scheme in Maharashtra. Thus MGNREGA has played a positive role in generating employment opportunities for the women’s under which 40% of the reservati on is for the women’s of the rural area which has made them socially and economically stable. CONCLUSION: MGNREGA has been successful scheme for providing the employment opportunities in the rural area. The participation of women has been increasing to a g reat extend making women independent, (as we can see fig .1.1) the Nagpur division shows the highest number of women participation i.e.49% and lowest participation in Amravati i.e. 37%.Though there is 95% of individual bank account in Kokan division and ot her division are almost at par with aggregate i.e. 92% . The total individual joint account and the total joint post office account contribute between 1 to 10% only in all division of Maharashtra. So we can say that the worker’s under the MGNREGA Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 94 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 are getting familiar with banking systems as their wages are directly transferred to their own accounts. MGNREGA is one of the largest rural development programme implemented in India. Rural areas were most affected with the problem of poverty and non-availability of opportunities to work in hometowns. The rural people were always in hardship and were forced to suicide. In this backdrop, the MGNREGA proved to be a miracle for the poor in the rural areas. The MGNREGA provides at least 100 days guaranteed wage employment for all who demands for work. Women are given guaranteed one-third share in the total employment. Marginalized groups, for example SCs, STs & others, are allowed to get developed their own private lands. All these provisions in the act make MGNREGA more inclusive. In the villages, the infrastructure is created which is of prime importance for the development of the rural as well as the urban areas. However, the government needs to amend the MGNREGA to provide more employment for unskilled manual work regularly. So it is recommended that the present programme should be further spread in the rural areas by means of proper planning, adequate supervision and effective implementation and better monitoring so that the country will get fruitful benefit and helps to overcome from unemployment, reduced migration, reduces poverty etc. REFERENCE : 1. Das, Darshana (2016). “Role of MGNREGA in Rural Employment: A Study of Barpeta District of Assam, India”. International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies. 2. Hajra, Jayanta & Hajara, Chandrasekha (2015)."Analysing Impact of NREGA in the Keynesian Theoretical Framework “International Journal of Novel Research in Humanity and Social Sciences. 3. Negi,R S et.al (2015). “Impact Assessment of MGNREGA: Study of Pauri Garhwal District of Uttarakhand, India" International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research. 4. Pamecha Suman , Sharma Indu (2015). "Socio- Economic Impact of Mgnrega - A Study Undertaken among Beneficiaries of 20 Villages of Dungarpur District of Rajasthan"International Journal of Scientific and Research P(Hajra, 2015)(Hajra, 2015)ublications. 5. Karthika, K T (2015). Impact of MGNREGA on Socio-Economic Development& Women Empowerment” Journal of Business and Management. 6. Alka Jain, (May 2017). Socio-economic impact of mgnrega on rural workers: an empirical study. 7. A.Prasanna Rani, Dr. Jahanara, (7 July – 2019). Impact of Mgnrega on Socioeconomic Conditions of Beneficiaries of Srikakulam District of Andhrapradesh 8. Ms. Rekha & Dr. Rekha mehta (march.2019). Impact of MGNREGA in Improving Socio-Economic Status of Rural-Poor: a study of Jodhpur District of Rajasthan 9. Abymon A, Asish Cherian Sunny, Jibin Oommen Babu (2018).Socio-economic impact of nrega on workers and effectiveness in its implementation-a study of southern kerala 10. Rahul Bahuguna, Akhilesh Chandra Candey, and Vishal Soodan (2016).A study on socio economic impact of mgnrega on beneficiaries in rudrapryag district of uttarakhand india 11. Arya.A.P, Meghana.S, A.S AMBILY (2017) Study on Mahatma Gandhi national rural employment guarantee act (MGNREGA) and women empowerment with reference to Kerala
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 95 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 “STUDIES ON DIVERSITY OF ANTS [FORMICIDAE:- HYMENOPTERA] FROM CITRUS FARM AND MANGO FARM AT AVHANA Tal. BHOKARDAN JALNA (MAHARASHTRA)’’
Subhash Natthu Salve Research Student Dr.Babasaheb AmbedkarMarathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra ABSTRACT: The present work focused on diversity of Ants from citrus farm and mango farm at Avhana near BhokardanJalna (Maharashtra). Observations of general habitat and occurrence of the specimen indicate that the farms of citrus plant and Mango plant are significant for survival of ants. Although ants nests usually built in undisputed (in field crops ants are most commonly found on field margins), in some soil they can colonize cultivated areas quite quietly. Ants are a very important part of the food web. They eat plants, seeds and decaying plant and animal material. Many species of ants prey on other insects. Some ants eat insect pests, such as termites. Some ants eat honeydew, the sweet substance produced by aphids. They will even guard the aphids against predators like ladybug. ants provide food for other arthropods, amphibians, birds, reptiles and mammals, and even some carnivores plant (like the pitcher plant) Cover et al, 2007. Ants have been named ecological engineers due to their ability to modify the structure of their environments in ways that are affecting other organisms, Lawton in 1994, Kaspari 2000.This research is carried out from January 2021 to April 2021. During this research ant samples were collected from the university campus, Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad. In these finding ants of about 10 species were found different species were collected through different methods and recorded their diversity. During the present study on diversity of ants from citrus farm and mango farm at Avhana near BhokardanJalna (Maharashtra) 10 species belonging to the 10 genera and 4 sub-families, such as dolichoderinae, formicinae, myrmicinae and pseudomyrmecinae. Diversity of ant’s identification is carried out from January to April during this research ants were collected by using pitfall traps, scented traps and hand collection methods ants were used. KEYWORDS : Ant diversity, Ants species, diversity, Ants study INTRODUCTION: Ants are one of the ideal model organisms for measuring and monitoring biodiversity for many reasons. It is abundant and dominant in ecological systems as a predator and symbiotic for plants and other organisms. These are relatively easy to collect in a standardized way, reasonably
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 96 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 diverse at the site, identifiable and so on (e.g. Wilson 1976b, Holldobler& Wilson 1990, and Agostiet al. 2000. The family formicidae belongs to the order hymenoptera. Ants are the descendants of the insect group Hymenoptera, an order of insects that includes wasps, sawflies, and bees. Ants have colonized almost every part of the world except the extremely cold areas such as Antarctica, Greenland, and Iceland. They also avoid volcanic regions such as Hawaii and Polynesia. The size of a colony of ants varies from a few dozen of ants to millions of ants. Ants build their nests with grains of dust and sand. The nests contain multiple chambers used for different purposes, such as storing food and eggs and resting. There are about 15,000 living ant species, belonging to 296 genera of which 9000-10000 have been described. All of this falls into a single family formicidae , which is classified into 16 sub-families (bolton.1994). Ants play an important role in environment. Ants turn and aerate the soil; allowing water and oxygen to reach plant roots. Ants take seeds down into their tunnel to eat the nutrition’s elaiosomes that are part of the seed. Ants eat a wide variety of organic material and provide food for many different organisms. Through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of decomposers such as from collembolan, to species much higher up the food chain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The samples of ants were collected from mango farm and Chico farm at Avhana near BhokardanJalna (Maharashtra). Jalna is 506m above sea level. Jalna's climate is classified as tropical. In winter, there is much less rainfall than in summer (Köppen-Geiger climate classification is Aw). The temperature here averages 26.1 °C | 79.0 °F. Precipitation here is about 824 mm | 32.4 inch per year. Precipitation is the lowest in February, with an average of 3 mm | 0.1 inch. Most precipitation falls in July, with an average of 213 mm | 8.4 inch. At an average temperature of 33.2 °C | 91.7 °F, May is the hottest month of the year. In December, the average temperature is 21.4 °C | 70.6 °F. It is the lowest average temperature of the whole year (https://en.climate- data.org/asia/india/maharashtra/jalna-24350/). Most of the rainfall occurs the monsoon from June to September. The average annual rainfall of the district ranges between 650 to 750 mm. Collected ant specimens were sorted, washed and preserved in 70% alcohol in separate plastic vials and brought to the laboratory for identification. Ants were photographed by using Canon digital camera and identified at species level with the help of stereo zoom trinocular microscope, based on taxonomic keys (Bolton, 1994) (Holldobler, and Wilson, 1990, Mathew and R. N. Tiwari, 2000, Sheela S.2008) etc.
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SAMPLING METHOD: The ants were collected by using Pitfall traps, Scented traps and Hand collection methods during from Jan 2021 to Apr 2021. Mainly, there are three methods which are found to be useful for the collection of ant’s i.e. 1) Pitfall traps (pf): A trap is device by which insect are attracted to something that is so arranged that once they get into it, they can’t get out from it. The diameters of the trap can vary from a few several hundred. The preservative used is usually ethylene glycol propylene glycol as alcohol will evaporate quickly and the traps will dry out. 2) Hand collection (hc): The method is used to access the lower vegetation, logs, and rocks and around the surface of the forest. Ants were picked up using forceps. This procedure was carried out for 30 minutes per sampling section. Direct sampling will be 100m apart from each other and collect ant in their visual sphere. 3) All-out search method: The most commonly used method is all-out search method. The ants were just picked up using forceps. Care should be taken to collect all castes from a colony in the case of polymorphic species, because the phenomenon of polymorphism can lead to major confusions, during sorting and identification. Study area: The present study carried out in attempt to understand and measure was from citrus farm and mango farm at Avhana near BhokardanJalna (Maharashtra ). Study Area was selected to collection of ants located at latitude 19 o84 o n longitude 75 o89 o e. The Citrus plant: Citrus are excellent trees for a home garden. They have shiny green foliage, fragrant white blossoms and colorful, edible fruit. Citrus are evergreen trees that grow to a height of 6 to 30 feet depending on the variety and rootstock selected. It is most variety for cross-pollination. (March 2008 by Vincent lasagna horticulture). The mango tree: A mango tree can grow quite large, reaching a height of 100 feet or more with a canopy of 35 feet or more. Mangos in cultivation are generally pruned and kept much smaller for a more manageable harvest. The large leaves are leathery, 5 to 16 inches in length, and remain on the tree for a year or more. Flowers are produced in terminal panicles or clusters 4 to 16 inches long.
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Benefits and significance of ants on citrus farm: Mr. Cung cultivated one hector of organic citrus in Vietnam. He has nearly 40 years of experience with biological pest control. He shows how predatory ants can be very beneficial in fruit production. Mr. Cung shares his observations on how useful weaver ants ( Oecophyllasmaragdina ) can be and the best ways of managing these ants for the benefits of his citrus and fruit trees. a) Improves citrus fruits quality: Mr. Cung says that mandarins grow without ants would be less sweet, juicy and more granules. It has good citrus yield. b) Increasing mango fruit sets: A major problem for mango production is low which is greatly improved when ants are present. Mr. Cung describes indirect consequence of the ant preying on the mango flower hopper. c) Protect fruit crop from pest:- It is known that the weaver ant is a good predator on citrus and other trees such as mango, logon, leeches, cashew and coconut palm. A fruit crop not mention before in publication is sour soup, which does not suffer from the fruit, due to weaver ant. d) Deters rats:- Besides insect’s pests, the weaver ants also attacks or deters a small type of rat that feeds on fruit in and around the orchard. Interaction between ants and honeydew producing insects. (e.g. - soft scale, aphids, whiteflies, mealy bugs etc.) Have been studied in various ecosystems. In citrus trees, canopy foraging by honeydew-seeking ants stimulates the development of large population of honeydew producing insects and associated sooty mold problem which affect fruit quality. (Bartleft.1961, Samway-1990, James at al 1997).The ants fauna of Australians citrus groves is poorly known although recent studies indicate species in the genus Iridomurex Mayr (primarily two species in the I. rufoniger gp and I. purpureus. F.smith) are dominant in eastern state groves. Particularly in Inland areas (Stevens ET al.1995, Jameset al.1996) laboratory and field feeding/baiting studies indicate that these ants feed on protein and sugar. James et al (1997) showed that honeydew-seeking, canopy foraging ants (primarily I. rufoniger gp species) were associated with economically damaging populations of a soft scale, coccushesperidum L. and an armored scale. Aonidiellaaurania (Maskell) in a citrus groove in inland southern New South Wales. On trees where ants are excluded, population of these pests was small and no damaging. I. rufoniger gp.spp and I. pursuers are considered to be major pests of citrus in Australia (smith et al. 1997) and focus of current research on ant control strategies (James et al. 1996, 1998).
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 99 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 Table- I: Observation Table Phylum Order Family Sub-family Genus Species
Dolichodernae Tapinoma T.melanocephalum (fab.)
Technomyrmex T. Albipes ( Smith)
Formicinae Camponotus C. Sericeus (fab.)
Oecophylla O. Smargdina (fab.)
Paratrechina P. Longicornis (latr)
Myrmicinae Aphaenogaster A.Smythiesii (Forel)
Creamatogaster C. Subnuda (mayr)
Monomorium M.Destructur (Jerdon)
Solenopsis S. Geminata (fab.)
Arthropoda Hymnoptera Formicidae Pseudomyrmicinae Tetraponera T. Rufonigra (jerdon)
RESLUT AND DISCUSSION: The study reveals that there are 10 species of ants belonging 10 genera and 4 sub-families, such as dolichoderinae , formicinae , myrmicinae and pseudomyrmecinae were recorded on shown in table no.1. The sub- family dolichoderinae was reported by two species like t.melanochephalum, T. Albipes ( Smith) then sub-family formicinae was found three species like C. Sericeus (fab.) ,O. Smargdina (fab.) ,P. Longicornis (latr). Then sub-family myrmicinae found four genus A.Smythiesii (Forel) C. Subnuda (mayr) M.Destructur (Jerdon) S. Geminata (fab.).Sub-family pseudomyrmecinae belongs one genera tetraponerarufonigra (jerdon). REFERENCES: 1) Boltan.b.1994, identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Harward University. London:1;504. 2) Wilson.e.o.1990-the ants.cambridge, the belknapharward university,1-732. 3) Way m and khookc, 1992- role of in pest management. Annual review of entomology 37; 479-503. 4) Rebacca Clark and Christian k.2004- http://gs kabiologist.asu.edu.exaplore/ant.form 2009. 5) Dais et al.1993. Singapore ant destructive trailing ant (www5) mizo. Himeari (www) compiled by richhardhorris and jo berry. 6) Julie p.s. na& c. Y. Lee- identification key to common urban pest ants in malaysia. 7) S, gokulkrishnan, n. Ramakrishnan, j.roopavathy- ant diversity in three selected localities of thanjavupur and cuddalore districts of tamilnadu. 8) Shabina a. Nagariya, santosh s. Pawar- distribution of ant’s diversity in pohara forest area of Amravati region, Maharashtra state, India. 9) Kashmirakhot, golden quadros and vaishalisomani- ant diversity in urban at Mumbai, Maharashtra. 10) Sheela, s. Handbook on hymnoptera ; formicidae 11) Sonune, Bhagwan& Chavan, Dr. Ramrao . (2016). Distribution and diversity of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) around GautalaAutramghat Sanctuary, Aurangabad Maharashtra, India.. JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY STUDIES. 4. 361-364. 12) Premapramodratnaparkhi, Dr. Gokul kale -study of ant diversity in various localities of Akola, Maharashtra, India 13) Patkar, N & Chavan, Dr. Ramrao. (2014). Research Paper Zoology Diversity of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) From Undisturbed And Disturbed Habitats of Great Indian Bustard Wildlife Sanctuary. International Journal of Scientific Research. 3. 398-401.
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 100 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 EXIGENCY OF THE RATIONAL RECONSTRUCTION OF HUMAN ACTION AMID COVID PANDEMIC
Harshad Bhosale Dept. of Political Science, Kirti M.Doongursee College, Dadar, Mumbai.
The pandemic of Covid 19 has created havoc at international level by its calamitous menace and has brought the entire global system to a standstill and India is no exception to this. Government’s machinery and voluntary groups are grasping at straws, to shore up their health system and medication. They have been diligent in adopting all protective measures; one of such being the lock down, which is seen as an emergency protocol to break the chain of Corona’s escalation. India has been at the forefront to unroll various phases of lockdown with help of police force in almost all its states. India started its explicit fight against the pandemic by a voluntary public curfew towards the end of March 2020, followed by government imposed nationwide official lockdown. The lockdown has unearthed multiple issues of moral civic obligation and increasing unilateralism within the federal structure of our country. The article aims to contemplate the human conduct during the period of Covid pandemic and takes percipient sensitive insight into the practical moral experience of everyday life. The experiences of lockdown unearthed manifold experiences of human behavior in country like India. In India where multiple identities are evidenced in public culture, the subtle relations between people were put to run it up the flagpole. Pandemic and the lockdown have resulted in the development of strenuous relationship patter in the life of Indians. The only remedy to reinvigorate the amicable human relations is the rational reconstruction of the principle of public reason. Since the basic ingredients of public reason and morality are accountability and responsibility, there is urgency to rationally reconstruction the human action and speech of reciprocal solidarity. The writer wish to put forth that, it is important to establish the effective mode of communication during post Covid period which should go beyond hermeneutics and does not get bracketed within the sphere of empirical-analytical science. Basic argument of this article is situated in the theoretical context of interrogating public reason as a corollary to democracy. The writer wish to highlight the behavior of general public during early 2020 when the cataclysm of Covid struck all of us on the spur of the moment. There has been a tremendous positive change in the attitude of the people of looking towards the Covid affected people in the year 2021; however the attitude was gut wrenching different in early 2020. The article is written in the social context of human behavior during early phase of year 2020.
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CONTEXT FOR ANALYSIS: Early phase of Covid 19 and Human attitude During the first phase of the outbreak of Covid 19 the most abhorrent attitude of human conduct exclusively surfaced in the lexicon of civic public behavior. Last year during the early phase of Covid 19 that is during 2020 general public displayed an attitude of repulsion while dealing with the people, infected with Covid 19. In addition to this, the state developed new vocabulary of mandatory police intervention in each of day to day civic affairs leading to the curtailment of the autonomous private sphere of the citizens. The interface of pandemic and the over centralizing tendencies of the state vis-à-vis the federal structure of our country unfastened the repugnant human relations at the advent of new millennium. This development has seriously put into question the efficacy of democratic values and moral public reasoning. In the light of over centralizing tendencies, the legislation or rules formulated by the state are to be questioned on the basis of popular support and general consent. It is generally accepted assumption that the matter of ethics, values, moral, public good etc are of diverse nature and falls in the subjective category of understanding the material world. Therefore they are bound to be disagreements amongst the general public. We are not blighted or forced to submit ourselves to any other persons ‘authority of dictates. The situation of this sort raises fundamental question of moral standard that can be imposed on all the people amid existing differences on several matters amongst the people. This question brings in the realm of discussion the normative concept of public reason as a yardstick to judge the imposition of political or moral authority on the general public irrespective of their agreement. Public reason not only asses the moral sanctioning of government legislation but also assesses the moral and rational standards of individual behavior. Public space is a viable space of social interaction in which varied opinions are expressed, problems of common concerned are discussed and ultimately collective remedy on social problems are developed. It is an important medium of public communication. Unfortunately the public space in India has been occupied with a very negative image of those who have caught the disease of Covid and also those who are working day and night to fight against Covid. In a pluralistic society there is a lot of disagreement amongst the people on accepting a uniform pattern of moral conduct, due to their multiple and diverse background. At this juncture we had seen last year many citizens turning down their own neighbors on the pretext of being infected with Covid19. We have seen many Corona warriors like medical practitioners, health care professionals, police staff, civic body personnel; working day and night to perform their duty but unfortunately they were subjected to lot of skepticism and virtual ostracism. At academic level it is important to contextualize the current scenario within the liberal theory of mutual trust and public reason since it underlines the virtue of
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 102 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 mutual respect. Every citizen must develop mutual respect and try to seek peaceful negotiation of turbulent issues which disharmonizes the social setup. JUDGING HUMAN CONDUCT WITH THE YARDSTICK OF PUBLIC REASON:- Indian society is known as a society characterized by multiple identities, the preceding incidents of showing greater repulsion towards Covid-19 positive patients firmly signified that Indians’ failed to develop public reason in their attitudinal behavior. Public reason can be viewed as an instrument bearing the potential to pose a question of reasonable quest of citizen’s concern for other citizen (Rawls 1997). The instrumental notion of reason is intended to interrogate current social behavior of the public towards each other during this pandemic. Public reason is used here to delineate the analytical description of the desired social conduct of the citizens living in urban as well as in the rural areas. The notion of public reason is used here as an important scholastic and cognitive tool to judge the human conducts amid the spread of Covid 19 pandemic. There are several agonizing stories of public humiliation of Corona warriors and Corona patients. The story of a Kalyan resident policeman working in Dharavi (Mumbai) is an episode of emotional tribulation. The society members denied him an entry into his own house on the pretext of Covid 19 scare. 8 Being a police officer he was deputed in Dharavi to regulate the lockdown as per the directives of the government. After getting the details of corona virus spread in Dharavi on news channels, the members of his society started talking about him and his family members in malicious, objectionable, and defamatory mann Slowly the suspicion turned into wariness and the society members began to harass him and his family. However, the trouble increased and the members damaged his car, hoping that he would not stay in the society. Similarly Nasik based ENT Surgeon of repute, was forced to isolate himself in a storage room of a hospital after society members denied him entry in the society premises. 9 A fortnight ago his neighbors hailed him as Corona soldier and showered flowers on him, but after being tested positive for Corona , his very presence became nauseatic for them. In this shadow of suspicion and distrust, the story of two North east Indian, one of them a senior citizen is equally atrocious. Members of a housing society in Mulund (Mumbai) denied entry to Mr. Rinzin Dorjee a cancer patient from Arunachal Pradesh in their society because of Corona fright. The society members went to stigmatize him as a Chinese citizen. 10 Mr. Dorjee is a frequent traveler to Mumbai and had an appointment with the Tata memorial hospital for his chemotherapy. This aversion on basis of ethnicity is a classical prototype of depersonalizing the victim into a
8 https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/mumbai+live+english-epaper- mliveng/police+officer+returns+home+after+day+s+work+society+denies+entry-newsid-n183510666 9 The Indian Express, 8 th May 2020 10 https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-mulund-society-calls-north-east-man-chinese-denies-entry Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 103 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 stereotypical travesty. Similarly a renowned Bengali author had to approach the police after society members denied entry to her would be son-in-law despite of providing a valid medical certificate and all the necessary documents. 11 These loathsome narratives represent a trend of emerging remorseless individuality, prohibiting the development of a moral concern that would enable public reason to acquire legibility. As a response to many cases of public humiliation of Covid positive patients, medical professionals or to put it in simple popular words the corona warriors, Thane police had to send notices to about 1463 housing societies pronouncing warning of legal action for discrimination of nurses or doctors. 12 The police department is also entrusted with a duty to strictly impose the lockdown under the pretext of the disaster management act 2005. Police force used their power quite overtly to prevent people of stepping out from their homes and their actions were legitimately justified by the state. This police centric administration norm is seen in several countries to deal with the pandemic at present juncture. This raises a pertinent question about the new role of police force to make inroads into the private domain of individual’s life and reflect an advent of a formalized version of police state. This gives a space and opportunity to the centralized institutions, bureaucratic agencies and other government organs to device a surveillance state to slither into the private life of every individual under the pretext of health security as well as maintenance of law and order. The incessant bureaucratization to seek popular allegiance towards state’s regulations may lead to the development of vigilant surveillance state. The process of legitimization of such surveillance agencies in the long run may bring forth the colonial ethics of curtailment of the civil rights of the common citizens. The phase wise lockdown has unearthed a trend to empower the police and bureaucrats to use their discretion to judge what is legal and what is illegal. These government officials are now given extraordinary power to decided what is permissible and what is not ( Kokal Kalini & Vidya 2020). After the legal and police scare the middle class consumerists have developed the ‘gaze’ culture as a social attitude to deal with the Covid patients. The philosophical apparatus of ‘gaze’ can be used here to portray the current social attitude of complacent citizens. In critical theory gaze is an act of observing and seeing other individuals in metaphorical sense. The social application of this theory can be seen in the philosophical tradition of the existentialists’ and phenomenologist’s delineation. It is Michel Foucault who squarely hit the nail on the head by connecting it with the
11 https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/author-approaches-police-after-daughters-fiance-denied-entry-to-housing- society-in-pune-6437824/ 12 https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/coronavirus/news/thane-police-sends-notices-to-1463-housing-societies- warning-action-for-discrimination-against-doctors/nurses/articleshow/75329292.cms Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 104 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 dehumanizing medical separation of the patient’s body from the patient’s personal identity. 13 He has used several innovative narratives to explore his thematic argument, for example he uses the word genealogy to describe the development of a body of knowledge. Individual’s body which is made up of the material structures and intellectuals is indubitably mixed with power interest. With this exploration he argues that how human body also becomes a soft target of manipulation. Foucault enquires the relationship of medical professionals and human body in his philosophical term ‘medical gaze’ (Foucault 2008). A ‘gaze’ is a tendency to choose what one considers to be the significant component of the data stream available to our senses. Doctors tend to select out the biomedical bits of the patients’ problems and ignore the rest because it suits us best that way. 14 The term of medical gaze at this moment can be ascribed to the businesses of the corporate hospitals. They have been appropriating huge amounts from the patients thus rubbing in the wounds of Covid patients. Even doctors are helpless to the dictates of huge business making corporate hospitals. But the innocent doctors are paying the price for the incriminating attitude of the hospital managements. 15 There are several reports in the media describing the maltreatment given to many patients especially the poor patients by the private hospitals. The poor had no alternative to give consent to their own exploitation because of the concern of saving valuable ‘life’. This can also be viewed as a new emerging form of power, where people are helpless due to their concern for their kith and kin and subjecting themselves to the indiscriminate capitalization of hospitals. This exhibits how human body was used as a ‘capital’ to generate profits by the branded hospitals. There are numerous cases of huge medical bills slapped on the patients despite of non availability of exact treatment for Covid. Summing up the argument on Covid and human conduct, one can say that there is an urgent need to invoke the spirit of public reason and firmly implant it in the social consciousness of people at larger scale. Rules and regulations of the state also have to be assessed on the true ground of moral standard, to establish the nature and significance of citizenship as a sphere of rational activity. REFERENCES: 1. Foucault, Michel 2008. “The Birth of the Clinic: An archaeology of medical perception”, London; New York: Routledge. 2. Habermas, Jürgen & Shapiro Jeremy J. “Knowledge and Human Interests”, Wiley Publisher, 1987
3. Jatav, Manoj & Jajoria, Deepika, “The Mathadi Model and Its Relevance for Empowering, Unprotected Workers”, Economic & Political Weekly, MAy 9, 2020 ,Vol - no 19 4. Kokal Kalindi & Subramanian Vidya, “Locking Down on Rights: Surveillance and Administrative Ambiguity in the Pandemic”, Economic & Political Weekly, Vol. 55, Issue No. 19, 09 May, 2020. 5. Rawls John, “The Idea of Public Reason Revisit”, The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 64, No. 3, 1997, pp. 765-807. 6. Shah, Ghanshyam , “Gandhi’s Reflective and Dialogical Approach to Search for the Truth”, Economic & Political Weekly, May 9, 2020, Vol -no 19.
13 Foucault, Michel (1963) “The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception” Rutledge , London. 14 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3662436/ 15 Editorial’ “Antinomies of medical ethics, EPW, April 25, 2020, VOL,LV.NO.7.
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'''kks/k'kks/k lkjka'klkjka'k%%%% jktuhfr 'kCn dk ç;ksx ,d lkekftd çfØ;k ds O;ofLFkr v/;;u dk cks/k djkus ds fy, gksrk jgk gSA bldk lEcU/k ,d fo'ks"k çdkj ds ekuoh; xfrfof/k ls gSA bfrgkl ls ysdj orZeku rd lekt esa dbZ ,sls oxZ gq, gSa ftUgksaus us jktuhfr dks çHkkfor fd;k gSA vkt Hkh Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa jkt?kjkuksa dh vge Hkwfedk ns[kh tk ldrh gS] pkgs oks yksdlHkk ds pquko gks ;k fo/kkulHkk ds pquko A bl rjg NÙkhlx<+ ds jktuhfr esa Hkh jkt?kjkuksa ds çHkko dks Li"V :i ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA NÙkhlx<+ jkT; cuus ls iwoZ vkSj cuus ds ckn ;g ds jktuhfr esa jkt?kjkuksa dh lfØ;rk jgk gSA Key words: jktuhfr] NÙkhlx<+] cLrj jkt?kjkuk] ljxqtk jkt?kjkuk A :ijs[kk% 1) NÙkhlx<+ dk ifjp; 2) NÙkhlx<+ ds jkt?kjkuksa dk ,sfrgkfld i`"VHkwfe 3) NÙkhlx<+ ds jktuhfr esa jkt?kjkuksa dk çHkko 4) ljxqtk ,oa cLrj jkt?kjkus dk jktuhfr esa çHkkoksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u 5) ewY;kadu 6) lUnHkZ lwph NÙkhlx<+ dk ifjp;ifjp;% 1 uoEcj] lu~ 2000 dks NÙkhlx<+ jkT; dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA blls iwoZ ;g e/;çns'k jkT; dk Hkkx Fkk | NÙkhlx<+] e/;çns'k jkT; ds nf{k.k&iwoZ fn'kk esa fLFkr gS] NÙkhlx<+ dks çkphudky esa nf{k.k dks'ky^ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA ;g jkT; HkkSxksfyd /kjkry ij 17 °46 ,oa 24 °05^ mÙkjh v{kka'k rFkk 80 °15^ ,ao 84 °20^ iwohZ ns'kkarj ds e/; esa gS A jkT; dk {ks=Qy 1-37 yk[k oxZ fdyksehVj gS] jkT; dk vkdkj leqæh ?kksM+s dh rjg utj vkrk gS ddZ js[kk jkT; ds Åijh prq"dks.k ls xqtjrh gSA bl jkT; dh lhek, 7 jkT;ksa mÙkjçns'k] >kj[kaM] mM+hlk] e/;çns'k] egkjk"Vª] vka/kzçns'k vkSj rsyaxkuk jkT;ksa ls yxrh gSA NÙkhlx<+ Hkkjr ds 16 vU; jkT;ksa ls cM+k gS] tks fd ns'k ds dqy Hkw&Hkkx dk 4-4 çfr'kr gSA jkT; ds 0-59 yk[k oxZ fdyks ehVj Hkw&Hkkx esa ou gS] tks fd dqy {ks=Qy dk 44 çfr'kr gSA bl jkT; dk mÙkjh rFkk nf{k.kh Hkkx tgka & çk—frd laink ls Hkjk iwjk gS] ogha e/; ds eSnkuh Hkkx esa /kku] xsgw¡] puk rFkk nygu frygu ds mRiknu esa ns'k esa vge LFkku gS A ou laink ds lkFk&lkFk yksgk] dks;yk lfgr vU; [kfut lalk/ku çns'k esa ik;s tkrs gSA NÙkhlx<+ ds jkt?kjkuksa dk ,sfrgkfld i`"VHkwfei`"VHkwfe% NÙkhlx<+ esa jkt?kjkuksa dk bfrgkl cgqr iqjkuk jgk gSA çkphudky esa bl {ks= esa NksVs&NksVs tehankfj;k¡ LFkkfir gks xbZ FkhA os tenkj dY;qfj ,ao xksaM jktkvksa dh vkf/kiR; Lohdkj djrs Fks jktkvksa }kjk muls Vdksyh ds :i esa dj u ysdj muls lSfud lgk;rk çkIr djrs Fks A lu~ 1743 bZ- esa ejkBksa
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 115 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 }kjk dY;qfj;ksa dks ijkLr dj bl {ks= dks vius vkf/kiR; esa dj fy;k A vkSj mUgksaus ;g ds 'kklu i)fr esa cgqr dqN ifjorZu fd;k ysfdu tehankj O;oLFkk esa ifjorZu ugha fd;k] mUgs cuk;k j[kk x;k A vkSj mUgksaus dqN u;h tehankfj;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tSls jktukanxkao] [kqTth vkSj NqbZ[knku cuk;h A lu~ 1818 ls 1830 bZ dk le; fczfV'k laj{k.k dk dky FkkA ml le; ;g 27 tehankfj;ka Fkh] lu~ 1857 bZ- dh Økafr ds le; vusd ns'kh fj;klrks o tehankfj;ksa us ru&eu&/ku ls fczfV'k ljdkj dks lg;ksx dj Økafr dks vlQy cuk fn;k Fkk A blfy, fczfV'k ljdkj dks ;g fo'okl gks x;k dh vxj fczfV'k lkezkT; dks Hkkjr esa cuk;s j[kuk gS] rks bUgsa ns'kh fj;klrksa ,oa tehankfj;ksa dks dk;e j[kuk gksxk lu~ 1857 bZ- ds iwoZ fczfV'k ljdkj dh uhfr jkT; gM+ius dh Fkh] ckn esa blesa ifjorZu gqvk A egkjkuh foDVksfj;k us lu~ 1858 esa ,d uohu uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk dh- ^^^^ Hkfo"; esa fxzfV'k ljdkj Hkkjrh; ujs'kksa ds jkT;ksa dks fczfV'k lkezkT; esa ugha feyk,xh] muds le>kSr] laf/k;ksa dk ikyu o lEeku djsxh ge ns'kh ujs'kksa ds vf/kdkj] çfr"Bk vkSj e;kZnkvksa dk mruk gh vknj djsaxs A ftruk fd gesa viuh çfr"Bk vkSje;kZnkvksa dh ijokg gSA ^^^^ lu~ 1861 esa e/; çkar dk xBu fd;k x;k bl {ks= esa tenkfj;ksa dh leL;k mRiUu gqbZ fd mudh O;oLFkk ,oa çca/k fdl çdkj ls fd;k tk, \ vU; fczfV'k çkUrksa dh rjg bl {ks= esa Hkh dqN ns'kh fj;klrksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk, tks ldsV dky esa ljdkj dks lg;ksx dj ldsA lu~ 1862 bZ- esa ;g fu.kZ; fy;k x;k fd cgqr iqjkus] 'kfä'kkyh vkSj vf/kd vkcknh okys tehankfj;ksa dks fj;klr dk ntkZ fn;k tk;s 'ks"k tehankfj;ksa dks e/;çkar ds [kkylk {ks= esa 'kkfey dj fy;k tk,A NÙkhlx<+ dh ftu tehankfj;ksa dks fj;klr dk ntkZ fn;k x;k Fkk] muesa cLrj] dkadsj] jktukanxkao] [kSjkx<+] NqbZ[knku] doZ/kk] jk;x<+] ldrh] vkSj lkjax<+ Fks lu~ 1905 bZ- esa caxky] NksVkukxiqj ls ljxqtk] mn;iqj] t'kiqj] dksfj;k vkSj pkaxHk[kkj dh tehankfj;ksa dks i`Fkd dj e/;çkar esa lfEefyr dj fn;k x;k bl çdkj NÙkhlx<+ {ks= esa 14 fj;klrsa cuk;h xbZ FkhA NÙkhlx<+ ds jktuhfr esa jkt?kjkuksa dk çHçHkkokkokkokko% ns'k esa tc ns'kh fj;klrksa dk foy; gqvk] rc NÙkhlx<+ esa 14 fj;klr FkhA ns'k ds igys pquko ls ysdj vc rd ds pquko esa jkt?kjkus Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa lfØ; ns[kus dks feyrk gSA mlh çdkj tc NÙkhlx<+ jkT; dk fuekZ.k gqvk rc ls ysdj orZeku NÙkhlx<+ ds jktuhfr esa ;gka ds jkt?kjkus lfØ; gSA ,oa NÙkhlx<+ jkT; cuus ls iwoZ Hkh ;g ds jkt?kjkus jktuhfr esa lfØ; Fks A ysfdu le; ds lkFk turk us jktkvksa ds fdys esa lsa/k yxkbZA vc gkykr ;s gS fd NÙkhlx<+ esa pkj jktifjokj gh jktuhfr esa lfØ; gSa] tcfd ckdh jktifjokj jktuhfr esa mudh lfØ;rk u ds cjkcj gks x;h gSA NÙkhlx<+ jkT; cuus ds ckn fj;klrksa ds çHkko okys dbZ {ks= ,d & ,d dj vuqlwfpr tkfr Fkk tutkfr oxZ ds fy, vkjf{kr gksrs x;s vkSj fj;klrksa ds okfjl lÙkk dh nkSM+ ls ckgj pys x;s orZeku esa pkj jkt?kjkus jktuhfr esa lfØ; :i viuh ekStwnxh ntZ djk jgs gS ysfdu mUgsa flagklu NksM+dj lM+d ij yksxks ds chp igqapuk iM+ jgk gSA fQygky lcls T;knk lfØ; usrk Vh- ,l- flagnso th gSA NÙkhlx<+ esa bu jkt?kjkuksa dk jgk gS 'kklu mn;iqj ¼/kjet;x<+½] jktukanxkao] ljxqtk] jk;x<+] lkjax<+] [kSjkx<+] NqbZ[knku] dksfj;k] pkaxHk[kkj] t'kiqj] doZ/kk] dkadsj] cLrj] lfäA buesa lcls cM+h cLrj fj;klr ¼ 13006 oxZ ehy½ vkSj lcls NksVh läh fj;klr ¼138 oxZ ehy½ Fkk A ljxqtk jkt?kjkusajkt?kjkusa% ljxqtk fj;klr ds 'kkld paMhds'oj 'kj.k flagnso igyh ckj 1952 esa fo/kk;d cus Fks A flagnso jktifjokj orZeku jktuhfr esa lcls etcwr fLFkfr esa gS vkSj orZeku dkaxzsl ljdkj esa Vh- ,l- flagnso th LoLFk ea=h gSa vkSj mudh os fLFkfr eaf=eaMy dk ,d ofj"B ea=h gS A dksfj;k jkt?kjkusa % dksfj;k jkt?kjkus ds jkepaæ flagnso 1967esa fo/kkulHkk pquko thrdj lafon ljdkj esa 16 foHkkxksa ds ea=h cus fQj os 6 ckj pquko thrdj vfoHkkftr e/;çns'k o NÙkhlx<+ esa ea=h jgs A pquko esa 'kjkc ugha ckaVus dk ç.k ysdj jktuhfr ls lU;kl ys fy;k A
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 116 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 cLrj jkt?kjkujkt?kjkus% çohjpan Hkatnso 1957 esa fo/kk;d cus Fks A ysfdu muds fu/ku ds ckn cLrj jktifjokj jktuhfr ls nwj gks x;k FkkA 60 lky ckn cLrj jktifjokj lfØ; jktuhfr esa fQj ls dne j[kk gS] deypan Hkatnso us jktuhfr esa viuk çHkko ds fy, ch-ts-ih esa 'kkfey gks x;k] jeu ljdkj esa mUgsa ;qok vk;ksx dk v/;{k cuk;k x;k FkkA [kSjkx<+ jkt?kjkujkt?kjkus % [kSjkx<+ jktifjokj ds nsoozr dkaxzsl ls rhu ckj fo/kk;d jgs A os [kSjkx<+ ls pquko Hkh yM+sA lkjax<+ jkt?kjkujkt?kjkus% fj;klr ds jktk ujs'kpUæ flag 1952 ds igys pquko esa lkjax<+ ls fo/kk;d cus Fks blds ckn Hkh rhu ckj os fo/kk;d cus bl chp os ,d ckj 13 fnuksa ds fy,] e/; çns'k ds eq[;ea=h eq[;ea=h Hkh jgs mudh csfV;ka deyk nsoh] jtuhxa/kk vkSj iq"iknsoh flag Hkh jktuhfr esa vkbZ t'kiqj jkt?kjkusjkt?kjkus% t'kiqj ds twnso jktifjokj esa fnyhi flag tqnso jktuhfr esa lfØ; jgs FksA os nks n'kd rd jktuhfr esa lfØ; jgsA ljxqtk ,oa cLrj jkt?kjkus dk jktuhfr esa çHkkoksa rqyukRedqyukRed v/;;uv/;;u % ljxqtk ,oa cLrj jkt?kjkus dk jktuhfr esa çHkkoksa ds fo'rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k ls iwoZ bu jkt?kjkuksa ds ckjs lkekU; tkudkjh nsuk pkgwxks] ljxqtk fj;klr dk çkphu uke MkUMksj ^ Fkk A ;g 6]055 oxZehy {ks= ij QSyk gqvk Fkk A fczfV'k 'kklu dky esa ;g fj;klr ljxqtk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk jgk gSA ljxqtk fj;klr esa ftl jktoa'k dk 'kklu Fkk] mls ^vdZlsy^ jktiwr jktoa'k dgk tkrk gS vkSj fo".kq çlkn flag ljxqtk fj;klr ds laLFkkid jktk FksA cLrj fj;klr NÙkhlx<+ {ks= dh ,d çeq[k fj;klr Fkh A ;g 13]062 oxZ xhy {ks= QSyk gqvk Fkk A çkphudky esa ;gk¡ ij uy oa'kh; jktkvksa dk çHkqRo FkkA yxHkx 400&500 o"kksaZ rd uy jktkvksa us 'kklu fd;k FkkA uy oa'kh; 'kklu lEikr gksus ds ckn ukxoa'kh; jktkvksa us vius çHkqRo dh LFkkiuk dh | ukxoa'kh; jktkvksa ds i'pkr dkdrh; oa'k us ;gk¡ ij vf/kdkj tek;k A fczfV'k 'kkludky esa cLrj fj;klr | esa blh jkt?kjkus dk 'kklu Fkk A bl dkdrh; oa'k ds vkfn iq#"k çrki:æ nso FksA Lora=rk ds ckn ls gh nksuksa jkt?kjkuksa ds jktuhfr esa çHkkoksa dks nksnka saa –––f"Vdks.k–f"Vdks.k ls le> ldrs gS % 1-NÙkhlx<+ jkT; cuus ls iwoZ dk çHkko 2- NÙkhlx<+ jkT; cuus ds ckn dk çHkko 111-1---NÙkhlx<+NÙkhlx<+ jkT; cuus ls iwoZ dk çHkko % tc NÙkhlx<+ jkT; ugha cuk Fkk vkSj ;g jkT; e/; çns'k dk Hkkx Fkk rc Hkh ;g ds jkt?kjkuksa dh jktuhfr esa lfØ;rk ns[kh tk ldrh gSa ljxqtk fj;klr 'kkld paMhds'oj 'kj.k flagnso igyh ckj 1952 esa fo/kk;d cus Fks A vkSj cLrj jkt?kjkus ls çohjpan Hkatnso 1957 esa fo/kk;d cus FksA ØaØaØa--- jkt?kjkus fo/kk;d dk uke jktjktjkt uhfrd ny o’kZo’kZo’kZ 1 ljxqtk 1½ paMhds”oj flagnso Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh; dkaxzsl 1952 2½ egjkuh nsosUnz dqekjh &&&&&@&&&&&& 2 cLrj izohjpan Hkatnso Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh; dkaxzsl 1957 222-2--- NÙkhlx<+ jkT; cuus ds ckn dk çHkko % jkT; cuus ds ckn NÙkhlx<+ ds jktuhfr esa jkt?kjkuksa ds çHkkoksa dks Li"V :i ls ns[kh tk ldrh gS fo'ks"k :i ls ljxqtk jkt?kjkus dk orZeku cksy ljdkj esa egRoiw.kZ ea=h in Vh- ,l- fl/nso th inLFk ftudk çHkko NÙkhlx<+ jktuhfr esa Li"V :i ls ns[kh tk ldrh gSA mudh vkSj cLrj jkt?kjkus dk jktuhfrd çHkko 60 o"kZ ckn NÙkhlx<+ ds jktuhfr esa ns[kk tk
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 117 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 ldrk gSA ftl rjg ls deypan vatnso us jktuhfr esa viuk çHkko c<+kus ds fy, ch- ts- ih- esa 'kkfey gks x;k vkSj jeu ljdkj esa mUgsa ;qok vk;ksx ds v/;{k cuk;k x;k Fkk A N-x jkT; cuus ds ckn vfEcdkiqj fo/kkulHkk ls ljxqtk jktifjokj ds mEehnokjksa dh lwph \ o’kZo’kZo’kZ lnL; jktuhfrd ny 2003 deyHkku flag Hkktik 2008 Vh -,l - flagnso Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh; dkaxzsl 2013 Vh -,l - flagnso Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh; dkaxzsl 2018 Vh -,l - flagnso Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh; dkaxzsl ewY;kaduewY;kadu% NÙkhlx<+ dh jktuhfr esa jkt?kjkus dh lfØ;rk ;g ckr Li"V djrh gS fd vc turk ds chp jktk ds :i esa ugha cfYd tu çfrfuf/k ds :i esa turk dh lsok dj jgs gSaA blls jkt?kjkuks ;g ds yksdfç;rk irk pyrk gS fd Lora=rk ds ckn gekjs ns'k esa lalnh; O;oLFkk viuk;k x;k gS ftlesa turk vius çfrfuf/k ds ek/;e viuh vkokt ljdkj rd igqapkrh gSA Hkkjrh; yksdra= esa turk dk fo'okl gkfly djus esa jkt?kjkus ihNs ugha jgh] vkSj os jktuhfr esa Hkh gkFk vktekus yxs gSA yksx vkt Hkh lkaL— frd :i ls jkt?kjkuksa dks egRo nsrs gSa ftldk mnkgj.k cLrj jkt?kjkus dks ns[k ldrs gSaA lanHkZ lwph% iqLrd % 1- NÙkhlx<+ dk lexz bfrgkl %& M‚- lqjs'k pUæ 'kqDyk] M‚-¼Jherh ½ vpZuk 'kqDyk ]laLdj.k & 2018 çdk'kd & ekrqJh ifCyds'ku] i`"B & 193&214 LFkku & jk;iqj 2- NÙkhlx<+ okf"kZdh %& f'kovuqjkx iVsj;k] lRdj.k & 2019 çdk'kd & NÙkhlx<+ jkT; fganh xzaFk vdkneh i`"B & 1&5 3- vkfnoklh cLrj dk bfrgkl ,oa ijEijk,¡ %& M‚- jkedqekj csgkj 4- ljxqtk ,d v/;;u & lej cgknqj flagnso 5- ljxqtk dk ,sfrgkfld v/;;u % & lej ckgknwj flagnso i= if=dk,a % 1-nSfud HkkLdj 2-ch-ch-lh- 3-tu lÙkk
Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 118 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 ^^NksVs ‘kL=ks dk vko/kkj.kkRed v/;;u ,oa ekuoh; lqj{kk^^
fefFkys’k ^'kks/kkFkhZ] gsepan ;kno fo'ofo|kYk;] nqxZ] N-x- ¼Hkkjr½ MkW- 'kdhy gqlSu lgk;d izk/;kid ,oa foHkkxk/;{k ¼jktuhfr foKku foHkkx ½ 'kkl- fo-;k-rk-LukrdksRrj Lo'kklh egkfo|kYk;] nqxZ ¼NRrhlx<½ la{ksfidk % vkt nqfu;k Hkj ds ns’kksa esa pkyhl ls vf/kd ;q) py jgs gSa ;s ;q) eq[; :i ls NksVs gfFk;kjksa vkSj gYds gfFk;kjksa ds lkFk O;fDrxr] lSfud ;k tax okguksa ij fd, tk jgs gSaA NksVs ,oa gYds gfFk;kjksa dh bl O;kid miyC/krk us ukxfjdksa ds ladVks dks c Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 119 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 ;qxksLykfo;k eas ;q) ds ifj.kke Lo:i lhek ij fu;a=.k esa Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 120 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 NksVs ,oa gYds ‘kL=ksa dh dksbZ loZekU; ifjHkk”kk rks ugh gSa] ijUrq la;qDr jk”Vª la?k dh ,d fjiksVZ 1997 esa fn;k x;k] ftlesa NksVs ,oa gYds ‘kL=kssa dh fo’ks”krk crkbZ xbZ gSa%& 1. ;g NksVs ,oa gYds gks A 2. ;g ifjogu ;ksX; gks A 3. mUgsa ,d LFkku ls nqljs LFkku rd ysdj Hkkxk tk ldsA Small Arms dks ifjHkkf”kr djus ds fy, rhu ckrksa ij /;ku fn;k x;k %& ¼1½ ?kjsyw ¼O;fDrxr½ mi;ksx ds fy, Small Arms . ¼2½ fonzksg xqVksa }kjk bLrseky fd, tkus okys rFkk Improved Arms. ¼3½ lqj{kk nyksa }kjk bLrseky fd, tkus okys rFkk Small Arms . ¼4½ light Weapons dk iz;ksx FkksMk vyx gSa] tSls %& bl esa la?k”kZjr lsuk ;k xqVksa }kjk bldk vf/kdka’k iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa] blfy, ifjHkk”kk vyx gksxh& vr% ifjHkk”kk%& 1. cukoV 2. iz;ksx dk izdkj ;k {ks= 3. ekjd {kerk 4. mi;ksx ,oa ifjogu dh vklkuh ¼lqfo/kk½ iSuy us NksVs gfFk;kjksa dks mu yksxks ds :Ik esa igpkuk ftldk yksx mi;ksx O;kfDrxr :Ik esa djrsa gSa rFkk gYds gfFk;kjksa dk mi;ksx dqN O;fDr;ksa }kjk FkksMs cMs Lrj ij fd;k tkrk gSaA uSjksch izksVksdkWy ds vuqlkj NksaVs ,oa gYds gfFk;kjksa dh ifjHkk”kk%^& ¼A½ Small Arms ¼NksVs gfFk;kj½%& NksVs gfFk;kj os gfFk;kj gksrs gSa ftudk mi;ksx O;fDrxr fgr ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSa rFkk ftUgs O;fDrxr mi;ksx ds fy, cuk;k tkrk gSa] ftlds varxZr fuEu gfFk;kj vkrs gSa%& ykbV e’khu xu] ;s fiLrkSy lfgr canqdsa iwjh rjg ls Lopkfyr jkbWQysa vkSj vklkYV jkbQysa rFkk vFkZ lapkfyr jkbQysa blds varxZr ‘kkfey fd, x, gSaA ifjHkk”kk,¡ %& rhu izdkj ds gSa& 1. bldk vFkZ ^vkXus;kL=^ ls gks- 2. bldk vFkZ “Round’’ xksyk ck:n ls gks 3. bldk vFkZ “Parts” vU; Lkacf/kr lkexzh ¼1½ vkXus; %& ,sls NkVs gfFk;kj tks ^vkXus;kL=^ izTTofyr djrk gS rFkk dksbZ Hkh iksVZcy cSjsy gfFk;kj tks ^vkXus;kL=^ fu”dkflr djrk gS ;k vklkuh ls ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gSa A Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 121 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 tSls %& foLQksVd] can xzsMsM] jkWdsV ykapj vkfnA ¼2½ Round xksyk ck:n %& ,sls NkVs gfFk;kj ftlesa iwjk nkSj ;k blds ?kVd ftlesa dkjrql ds eyes ‘kkfey gks] tks vfr ?kkrd gks NksVs gfFk;kj dh Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA tSls& izkbej] izksisysaV ikmMj cqysV~l ¼xksyh½A ¼3½ Parts vU; lacf/kr lkexzh %& ftldk vFkZ gSa NksVs gfFk;kj os gfFk;kj gksrs gS tks fdlh Hkh ?kVd ds izfrLFkkiu Hkkxksa }kjk lapkfyr fd;k tk, rFkk vklkuh ls ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldsA ¼A½ Light Weapons ¼gYds gfFk;kj½%& ,sls gfFk;kj dks ge gYds gfFk;kj ds Js.kh esa j[krsa gSa ftlesa ,d pkyd ny ds :Ik esa lsokjr~ nks ;k nks ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa }kjk bls bLrseky ds fy, cuk;k tkrk gSaA gkykafd dqN gfFk;kjksa dks ,d gh O;fDr }kjk ys tkdj mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSaA gYds gfFk;kjksa esa Hkkjh gfFk;kj Hkh ‘kfey gksrs gSa A tSls%&e’khu xu] gSMUgsYM vaMj cSjsy vkSj eksVkZj ds iksVZcy ykapj 100 mm ls de dSfycj ds gksrs gSaA Hkkjr esa NksVs ‘kL=ksa ,oa ‘kL=ksa dk izlkj ikfdLrku }kjk vuwfnr vkSj izk;ksftr varjjk”Vªh; vkradokn vkSj vyxkooknh laLdj.k ds :Ik esa 1970 ls ,d lksph&le>h j.kuhfr ds rgr iatkc vkSj tEew&d’ehj lhekUr {ks=ksa esa minzo mRiUu djus ds mn~ns’; ds rgr~ gqvkA fnlacj 1979 esa vQxkfuLrku esa lksfo;r gLr{ksi vkSj vesfjdh vuqfnr ikfdLrkuh [kqfQ;k ,tsalh ISI dh vekufo; xfrfof/k;ksa NksVs gfFk;kjksa ds xzg.k o iznRrhdj.k dk csgRkj eap miyC/k djk;kA bl izdkj ;g dgk tk ldrk gSa Hkkjr esa NksVs gfFk;kjksa ds izlkj esa ,sfrgkfld] jktuhfrd] ,oa vkfFkZd ?kVdks ds lkFk gh iMksalh jk”Vªksa dk leFkZu vkSj izf’k{k.k egRoiw.kZ jgkA iatkc]tEew&d’ehj] iwoksZRrj ds lHkh jkT; ,oa uDly izHkkfor jkT;ksa dk ^jsM dkWWfjMksj^ ds :i essa l`ftr fgalkijd xfrfof/k;ksa dks lapkfyr djusa esa NksVs gfFk;kjksa dh Hkwfedk vlafnX/k gSaA yS.MekbUl] dkcZUl foLQksVd],lkWYV jkbQysa ,oa ,-ds- Js.kh dh jkbQysa ¼ AK-47,AK- 56,AK-74,AK-97 ½ dk mi;ksx vke gks x;k gsaaA Qy Lo:Ik ekuo vf/kdkjksa ,oa ekuo lqj{kk ds izkd`frd lafgark dks nj fdukj dj fufgr LokFkZijd j.kuhfr /;s;ksa ds iwfrZ Øe esa vf/kd :fp iznf’kZr djuk :fpdj gks tkrk gSaA ,d ‘kks/k ds vuqlkj 40 fefy;u NksVs gfFk;kj Hkkjr esa ekStwn gS] ftuesa voS/k ’kL=ksa dh la[;k vf/kd gSaA ,d vU; fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj nf{k.k ,f’k;k esa Small Arms dh la[;k yxHkx 75 fefy;u gSa] ftlesa 63 fefy;u ukxfjdksa ds ikl gSaA Hkkjr esa NksVs gfFk;kjksa ds QyLo:Ik mRiUu foink dh xaHkhjrk ;g gSa fd fiNys 10 o”kksZ esa 75]000 ekSrs NksVs ‘kL=ksa ls gqbZ vkSj 4500 voS/k gfFk;kj tCr fd,A nslh gfFk;kj vf/kdre mRRj izns’k vkSj fcgkj esa fufeZr fd, x, vkSj fons’k fufeZr gfFk;kj rLdjh ds tfj, gokbZ vkSj leqnzh jkLrs ls eqacbZ yk, x,A vkradokfn;ksa] mxzokfn;ksa ,oa vijkf/kvksa ds ikl 5 fefy;u NksVs gfFk;kj gSa] tks dqy gfFk;kj HkaMkj.k dk yxHkx 1% gSaA 25% NksVs ‘kL=ksa dk O;kikj voS/k rjhds ls gksrk gSaaA NksVs gfFk;kjksa dh miyC/krk us Hkkjrh; lkekt ekuokf/kdkj lqj{kk dks fuEu rjg izHkkfor fd;k%& ¼d½ fgalkRed Lo:Ik ds la?k”kZ esa o`f)%& ¼1½ lkekt ds fofHkUu leqgksa vkSj u`tkfr; leqg ds e/; fgalk esa O;kikd o`f) gqbZ gSaA Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 122 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 ¼2½ pquko ds iwoZ ,oa i'pkr~ fofHkUu jktuhfrd leqgksa ds e/; l’kDr eqBHksMksa esa csrkgk’kk oqf) gqbZ gSaaA ¼3½ oSf’od ‘kL= /kkjdksa }kjk NksVs gfFk;kjksa dk [kqc nqji;ksx fd;k x;kA ¼4½ xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa ds e/; NksVs ‘kL=ksa dk izlkj ,oa mi;ksax esa O;kikd o`f) gqbZA ¼5½ voS/k gfFk;kjksa dh lwpuk nsus ds fufeZRr lwpuknkrk dh lqj{kk dh O;oLFkk dk vHkkoA ¼[k½ fgalkRed vijk/k esa o`f)%& ¼1½ laxfBr vijk/k lsa fuiVus ds nkSjku nq?kZukvksa ,oa {kfr;ksa esa vHkwriwoZ o`f)A ¼2½ vaMjoYMZ vijkf/kd leqgkasa dks NksVs gfFk;kjksa dh izkfIr o O;ogkj fufeZr lqfo/kkijd ifjos’k dk fuekZ.kA ¼3½ NksVs gfFk;kjksa ds izlkj vkSj Mªx rLdjh dk dkjksckj utnhdh lEc/krk /kkfjr dhA ¼4½ lafonk gR;k] cykRdkj] MdkSrh bR;kfn vijk/kksa ds fufeZr vuqdqy ifjfLFkfr dk l`tuA ¼5½ NksVs gfFk;kjksa dk mi;ksax vkSj fgalkRed d`R; dks dkfjr djusa ds fufeZr ;qodksa ,oa cPpksa ds e/; izfr”Bkijd fpUg djkj fn;k x;kA ¼x½ yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk esa {kh.krk%& ¼1½ jktuhfrd fgalk ds le; fofHkUu leqnk;ksa ds uke ^vlqj{kk dk Hk;^ mRiUu gksukA ¼2½ ewyHkwr vf/kdkjksa ;Fkk & thus dk vf/kdkj] vfHkO;fDr ,oa Hkk”k.k ds vf/kdkjksa esa xaHkhj fxjkoVA ¼3½ lRrk ,oa izfr”Bk ds :i esa NksVs gfFk;kjksa dk dqN yksxks }kjk mi;ksax fd;k x;kA ¼4½ fof/k ds ‘kklu dh U;wurk detksj U;kf;d fu;a=.k dh fLFkfr dk mRiUu gksukA ¼5½ yksadra= ,oa fof/k ra= ij fo’okl dh O;ikd deh ?kfVr gqbZA ¼?k½ Ik;kZoj.kh; fuEuhdj.k%& ¼1½ vusd izkd`frd lalk/kuksa ,oa taxyh tkuojksa dks vkikj {kfr gqbZA ¼2½ l’kL= la?k”kksZ esa cgqewY; ydMh yV~Bksa dh izkfIr] f’kdkj ,oa vU; tho lsapqjh dh O;kikd {kfr gqbZA ¼3½ tyok;q ifjorZu ,oa okrkoj.kh; vlaUrqyu ns[kus dks feyrk gSaA Ekuoh; lqj{kk%& ekuo lqj{kk 1990 ds n’kd esa vUrjk”Vªh; ‘kkafr ,oa lqj{kk izca/ku ds {ks= esa oSf’od Lrj ij fparu ,oa eaFku dk egRoiw.kZ dsanz jgk A vUrjkZ”Vªh; Qyd ij O;ogkj djrs le; lqj{kk ,oa jk”Vªh; fgr jk”Vªksa dk egRoiw.kZ fo”k; gksrk gSa A gj jk”Vª viuh t:jrksa ,oa jk”Vªh; fgrksa ds en~nsutj varjkZ”Vªh; fcjknjh esa Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djrk gSaA ;|fi jk”Vª f}rh;d fgrksa esa le>kSrk dj ldrk gS] ijUrq izkFkfed fgrksa ls le>kSrk dksbZ jk”Vª gjfxt ugha dj ldrkA ;gh ij lwj{kk rRoksa dh vgfe;r c< tkrh gSaA pw¡fd lqj{kk dh izo`fRr lkisf{kr :Ik ls xfr’khy ,oa ifjorZ’khy gksrh gSaA oSf’od ,oa jk”Vªh; Lrj ij lqj{kk fparu laLFkkuksa dk fparu dsUnz.k tgk¡ ijaijkxr vo/kkj.kk ds pyrs jkT; dsfUnzr gSa] tks fdlh Hkh jk”Vª ds O;fDr ds lqj{kk dks iq[rk djus dh ekufld ,oa LFkkiukxr O;fDr vk/kkfjr lqj{kk&O;olFkk vkarfjd lqj{kk ds nk;js esa vk tkrh gSaA fu”d”kZ %& vkt gj jk”Vª vkarfjd lqj{kk dh lel;kvksa ls tw> jgk gS] ftlesa ekuo lqj{kk egRoiw.kZ gSaA ekuo dh e;kZnk o xfjek ds nk;js esa fodkl fufeZr tks Hkh dok;n dh tkrh gSa] lHkh ekuo lqj{kk dks iq[rk djrh gSaA NksVs gfFk;kjksa vkSj gYds gfFk;kjksa izlkj esa la?k”kZ vkSj fgalk esa Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 123 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 o`f) dh gSa] [kkldj fiNysa nks n’kdksa esaA blh dkj.k ekuoh; lqj{kk dks NksVs ,oa gYds gfFk;kjksa ls O;kikd [krjk gSaA tks vkxs pydj leqps fo’o esa v’kafr ,oa vkard dks c Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 124 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 ^^dksfoM&19 egkekjh ,oa Hkkjr dh fonsfons””””kk uhfr** MkWMkWMkW-MkW--- ;ksxsUnz dqekj /kqosZ lgk- izk/;k&jktuhfr foKku “kkldh; egkfo|ky; xq:j] ftyk Ckkyksn ¼N-x-½ lkjkalkjka”kk %k % orZeku esa laiw.kZ fo”o dksfoM&19 egkekjh ¼dksjksuk½ ls tw> jgk gSA ;g ,d ,slh ifjfLFkfr gS ftlds dkj.k fo”o ds cMs jk’Vªksa us dksfoM&19 ds lkeus ?kqVus Vsd fn, gSA fo”o dh egk”kfDr dgs tkus okys vejhdk ls ysdj Qzkal] czkthy] fczVsu] teZuh] vkLVªsfy;k] bVyh] :l] phu vkfn us dksfoM&19 dk dgj >syk gSA phu ls “kq: gqbZ dksfoM&19 egkekjh dh igyh ygj] ri”pkr~ fczVsu ,oa Hkkjr ls nwljh ygj us laiw.kZ fo”o dks fpUrk esas Mky fn;k gSA dksfoM&19 ds ladV us fo”o dh yxHkx lHkh vFkZO;oLFkk okys jk’Vªksa dks Hkkjh {kfr igqapkbZ gS vkSj vkt Hkh os ns”k bl egkekjh ls ikj ugha ik ldsa gSA dksfoM&19 us nqfu;k¡ ds ns”kksa esa viuk dgj cjik;k rFkk vFkZO;oLFkk dks fgyk dj j[k fn;kA dksfoM&19 ls cpko ,oa lqj{kk dks n`f’V esa j[kdj ykWdMkmu ,oa Vhdkdj.k ds ldkjkRed ifj.kke feys gSaA izLrkouk % dksfoM&19 dk izdksi 21 oha “krkCnh dh lcls Hk;kog ?kVuk gSA dksfoM&19 egkekjh ds oSf”od ,oa O;kid izlkj us fo”o ds lHkh jk’Vªksa dh lHkh izdkj dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks fdlh u fdlh izdkj ls izHkkfor fd;k gSA dksfoM&19 dk izHkko vkt fo”o esa vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] lkaLd`frd ,oa lkekftd :i ls Li’Vr% ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bl vof/k esa Hkkjr ns”k esa fufeZr vko”;d lkexzh] nokbZ;k vkSj oSfDlu dh fu%”kqYd vkiwfrZ vius iM+kSlh ns”kkas ds lkFk&lkFk fo”o ds fodflr vkSj vfodflr ns”kksa dks dh gS ftls oSDlhu eS=h dh miek nh xbZA bl izdkj dksjksuk dkYk esa Hkkjr esa viuh fons”k uhfr dks u;k vk;ke iznku fd;k x;kA dksfoM&19 egkekjh dh “kq:okrkq:okr % dksfoM&19 egkekjh dh “kq:okr vkf/kdkfjd rkSj ij fnlacj 2019 dks phu ds “kgj oqgku esa gqbZ FkhA 111 /khjs&/khjs bl egkekjh us fo”o ds yxHkx 116 ns”kksa dks viuh pisV esa ys fy;kA fo”o LokLF; laxBu ¼ WHO ½ us 11 ekpZ 2020 dks dksfoM&19 dks bldh fodjkyrk ds dkj.k oSf”od egkekjh ?kksf’kr fd;k gSA 222 phu ds oSKkfudks us oqgku bLVhV~;wV vkWQ ok;jksykWth esa dksfoM&19 ok;jl dks rS;kj fd;kA ,d ubZ LVMh esa ;s luluh [kst nkok fd;k x;k gS fd phuh oSKkfudksa us ok;jl dks rS;kj djus ds ckn bls fjolZ baftfu;fjax otZu ls cnyus dh dksf”k”k dh rkfd ,slk yxs fd ;g ok;jl pexknM ls fodflr gqvk gSA vesfjdk vkSj fczVsu fo”o LokLF; laxBu ij bl ekeys ds tkap ds fy, ncko cuk jgs gSA bl LVMh dks fczfV”k izksQslj ,axl MYxfy”k vkSj ukosZ ds oSKkfud MkW- fcxZj lksjsulsu us fd;k gSA 3 dksfoM&19 ok;jl D;k gS % ;g ok;jl dk ,d izdkj gS] tks lkekU; :i ls Lru/kkfj;ksa ds “olu ra= dks izHkkfor djrk gSA blesa ekuo leqnk; Hkh lfEEkfyr gSA igys bl ok;jl dks SARS-Cov-2 uke fn;k x;k] ckn esa dksfoM&19 uke ls bldk ukedj.k fd;k x;kA fo”o LOkkLF; laxBu ¼ WHO ½] fo”o i”kq LokLF; laxBu ¼OIE ½ vkSj [kk| ,oa d`f’k laxBu ¼ FAO ½ }kjk o’kZ 2015 esa tkjh fn”kk&funsZ”kksa ds rgr~ fd;k x;k gSA dksfoM&19 ok;jl dk ,d cMk ifjokj gS] tks ekuo ;k tkuojksa esa chekjh dk dkj.k curk gSA 444 dksfoM&19 ls lacaf/kr eq[; ?kVuk Øe % • dksfoM&19 ok;jl dh igpku loZizFke fnlacj 2019 esa phu ds oqgku “kgj esa “kq: gqbZ bl egkekjh ds fy, ftEEksnkj fo’kk.kq dks **uksoy dksjksuk ok;jl ¼ n cov ½ uke fn;k x;kA** Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 125 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 • ;g lhfo;j ,D;qV jsfLijsVjh fl.Mªkse ¼ SARS ½ rFkk feMy bZLV jsfLIkjsVjh fl.Mªkse ¼ MERS ½ ds leku gSA bldk lapj.k i”kqvksa ls ekuo esa gqvk gSA • SARS Cov igyh ckj o’kZ 2002 esa nf{k.k phu ds XokaxMksax izkar esa ekuo esa laØe.k ds :i esa ik;k x;kA • Ikksfyejst psu fj,D”ku ¼ PCR ½ VsLV dksfoM&19 ok;jl ds fy, igyk ijh{k.k gS] ftlds rgr~ lHkh lafnX/k jksfx;ksa dk ijh{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA • ;fn bl ijh{k.k esa ifj.kke ldkjkRedj jgrk gS rks iqf’V ds fy, uequk iq.ks fLFkr jk’Vªh; fo’kk.kq foKku laLFkku dks Hkstk tkrk gSA tks fd orZeku esa Hkkjr esa thukse vuqØe.k djus okyh ,dek= ljdkjh iz;ksx”kkyk gSA • ,sls LFkku tgka euq’;ksa vkSj tkuojksa esa vfu;fer jDr vkSj vU; “kkjhfjd laidZ tSlk laca/k LFkkfir gksrk gS ogk¡ dksfoM&19 ok;jl dk vf/kd izlkj gksrk gSA • phu ds yxHkx 1-4 fcfy;u i”kq/ku dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k ;g ns”k dksfoM&19 ok;jl ds fy, vuqdwy lkfcr gqvkA • phu ds cktkjksa esa dbZ tkuojksa dk ek¡l fcdus o mi;ksx djus ds dkj.k ;s cktkj ekuo esa ok;jl dh izkFkfedrk dks c<+k nsrs gSA 555 dksfoM&19 dSls QSQSyrkyrk gS % dksfoM&19 ok;jl [kkWlh ;k Nhad vkus ij ukd ;k ewWg ls fudyus okys rjy inkFkZ dh NksVh ls NksVh cw¡nks ds ek/;e ls ,d O;fDr ls nwljs O;fDr esa QSyrk gSA ;g jksx fdlh laØfer O;fDr ds [kkWlus ;k Nhdus ls gok esa QSyrk gSA ukd ;k ewWg ls fudys rjy inkFkZ] cwanks ds :i esa ;fn fdlh lrg ij fVds jgrs gS rks ml lrg dks Li”kZ djus ds ckn ;fn dksbZ O;fDr vius ewWg] ukd ;k vkW[k dks Li”kZ djrk gS rks ;g ok;jl ml O;fDr dks viuh pisV esa ys ysrk gSA ekuo “kjhj esa ok;jl ds izos”k ,oa ckgj fudyus ds izeq[k L=ksr & ewWg] ukd vkSj vkW[k gSA 666 dksfoM&19 ls laØe.k ds y{k.k % dksfoM&19 ds dkj.k **jsfLijsVjh VSªDV** ;kuh “olu ra= esa gYdk baQsD”ku gks tkrk gS tSlk fd lkekU; lnhZ&tqdke esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA bl chekjh ds y{k.k csgn lkekU; gS & ukd cguk] flj esa rst nnZ] lw[kh [kkWlh] xys esa [kjk”k o nnZ] Fkdku o mYVh eglwl gksuk] “okal ysus esa rdyhQ] Lokn o lwa?kus dh “kfDr dk vHkko gksuk vkfnA 777 dksfoM&19 ls cpko ds fy, ljdkj ds laoS/kkfud vf/kdkj % dksfoM&19 tSls egkekjh ls cpus ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk fuEukafdr dkuwuksa esa fn;s x;s vf/kdkjksa o “kfDRk;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS& egkekjh jksx vf/kfu;e & 1897 % 124 o’kZ iqjkuk ;g dkuwu dsUnz o jkT; ljdkj dks egkekjh ls fuiVus ds fy, fo”ks’k vf/kdkj iznku djrk gSA o’kZ 1986 esa tc cEcbZ “kgj esa Iysx egkekjh QSyh ftlesa gtkjksa yksxksa dh e`R;q gqbZ ml fLFkfr esa 4 Qjojh 1897 egkekjh jksx vf/kfu;e ykxw fd;k x;kA fczfV”k ljdkj dks cM+h la[;k esa yksxksa dks bdV~Bk gksus ls jksdus dh “kfDr iznku djrk FkkA bl vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 2¼1½ jkT; dks ml fLFkfr esa fo”ks’k vf/kdkj iznku djrh gSA tc jkT; ljdkj dks ;g yxs fd [krjukd egkekjh ds izHkko dks jksdus ds fy, jkT;ksa dh lk/kkj.k “kfDr;k¡ vi;kZIr gS] rc jkT; ljdkj bl dkuwu ds rgr~ chekjh ls cpko ds fy, vko”;d mik; o fu;eksa dk fuekZ.k dj ldrh gSA bl vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 2¼2½ ds rgr~ jkT; ljdkj vius jkT; dh lhekvksa ds Hkhrj izos”k djus okys ukxfjdksa ds fujh{k.k ds laca/k esa fu;e cuk ldrh gSA Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 126 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 ;fn fujh{k.k ds nkSjku dksbZ ukxfjd egkekjh ls laØfer ik;k tkrk gS rks ljdkj mls LFkk;h vkokl ¼orZeku eas DoSjsUVkbu½ esa Hkst ldrh gSA 888 dukZVd Hkkjr dk igyk jkT; cuk ftlus 11 ekpZ 2020 dks bl dkuwu dks ykxw fd;kA blds i”pkr~ gfj;k.kk] egkjk’V]ª fnYyh] xksok] e/;izns”k] NRRkhlx<+ vkSj vU; jkT;ksa esa egkekjh jksx vf/kfu;e 1897 ykxw fd;k x;kA 999 jkjkjk’Vªh;jk Vªh; vkink vf/kfu;e 2005 % ;g vf/kfu;e dsUnz ljdkj ls ysdj ftyk vkSj LFkkuha; Lrj ij vkink izca/ku ;kstuk dks rS;kj djus] ykxw djus vkSj fu’ikfnr djus ds fy, foLr`r dk;Z;kstuk iznku djrk gSA bl vf/kfu;e ds rgr~ dsUnz] jkT; o ftyk Lrj ij fHkUUk&fHkUUk izkf/kdj.kksa dh LFkkiuk dk izko/kku fd;k x;kA ¼/kkjk&3 jk’Vªh; vkink izca/ku izkf/kdj.k] /kkjk&14 jkT; vkink izca/ku izkf/kdj.k] /kkjk&25 ftyk vkink izca/ku izkf/kdj.k½A vkink izca/ku ds fy, /kkjk&42 ds rgr~ ,d jk’Vªh; laLFkku ds xBu dk izko/kku bl vf/kfu;e esa fd;k x;k gSA ;g jk’Vªh; laLFkku vkink izca/ku ds fy, vuqla/kku o dfeZ;kas dks izf”k{k.k nsus dk dk;Z djrk gSA Hkkjr es **jkT; ljdkj** vkinkvksa ls fuiVus ds fy, izeq[k :i ls tokcnsg gSA tcfd dsUnz ljdkj ykWftfLVDl vkSj foRRkh; lg;ksx c Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 127 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 • bl ijh{k.k esa jDr dk bLrseky gksrk gS vkSj blesa ok;jl ij “kjhj dh izfrfØ;k ns[kh tkrh gSA • jSfiM ,aVhckWMht esa ns[kk tkrk gS fd dksjksuk ok;jl ds laØe.k dh izfrfØ;ka esa ,aVhckWMht curh gS ;k ughaA ;g tk¡p lkekU; rkSj ij gkWVLikV {ks=ksa esa dh tkrh gSA • urhts vkus esa 20 ls 30 feuV yxrs gSA • jSfiM ,aVhckWMht ijh{k.k lk{ksi :i ls de egaxh gksrh gSA 121212 dksfoM&19 ds foLrkj ds pj.k % • pj.k&1 bl pj.k dks izkjafHkd pj.k dgk tkrk gSA pj.k&1 esa laØe.k mu yksxks esa ik;k tkrk gS] tks fons”k dh ;k=k djds vk;s gksrs gSA Hkkjr bl pj.k esa ml le; izos”k dj x;k Fkk] tc jktLFkku esa bVyh ds i;ZVdksa esa laØe.k ik;k x;kA • pj.k&2 bl pj.k essa laØe.k mu yksxksa esa igq¡p tkrk gS] tks fons”k dh ;k=k djds vk;s yksxksa ds laidZ esa vkrs gSA 25 ekpZ 2020 ls Hkkjr bl pj.k esa izos”k dj pqdk gSA • pj.k&3 bl pj.k dks lkeqnkf;d laØe.k Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA bl pj.k eas laØe.k ds y{k.k mu yksxks esa ik;k tkrk gS] tks lh/ks laØe.k cgqyrk okys ns”kksa dh ;k=k fd;s O;fDRk;ksa ds laidZ esa ugha vk;s gksrs gSA bl pj.k esa cMs iSekus ij laØe.k dk izlkj leqnk; esa gksrk gSA orZeku eas Hkkjr ij bl pj.k esa pys tkus dk [krjk eaMjk jgk gSA • pj.k&4 ;g egkekjh dk vafre pj.k gksrk gSA bl pj.k esa o`gn iSekus ij laØe.k dk izlkj gks pqdk gksrk gS vkSj bl pj.k esaa ?kkrkadh :i esa iDds ekeys ik;s tkrs gSA lkFk gh yksxksa dh ekSr Hkh blh iSekus ij gksrh gSA orZeku esa bVyh] vejhdk] Lisu] Hkkjr vkfn ns”k blh pj.k esa gSaA 131313 dksfoM&19 ls jksdFkke ,oa cpko ds mik; % dksfoM&19 laØe.k ls cpus gsrq fo”o LokLF; laxBu ¼ WHO ½ vkSj LokLF; ea=ky; Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk tkjh fn”kk&funsZ”k %& • ,d nwljs ls laidZ esa vkus ls cpsa vkSj nks xt dh lks”ky fMLVsfUlax dk ikyu djsaA • ?kj ds ckgj fudyrs le; eq¡g ij ekLd yxk,a rFkk gkFk esa gS.M XyCl vo”; igusaA • [kkWlrs ;k Nhadrs le; vius eq¡g vkSj ukd dks vPNh rjg ls Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 128 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 • vius “kjhj ds rkieku vkSj “oLku y{k.kksa dh tk¡p fu;fer :i ls djrs jgsaA • vius bE;wu flLVe dks etcwr cukus ds fy, viuh MkbV eas ikSf’Vd phtkas dks “kkfey djsaA • dksfoM&19 ds fy, dksbZ fof”k’V mipkj nokbZ;ka ;k Vhds miyC/k ugha gSA mipkj gsrq lcls mi;qDRk mik; vkjke djuk] le;≤ ij LokLF; vkgkj vkSj mfpr rFkk i;kZIr uhan ysuk vko”;d gSA • cgqr vko”;d gksus ij gh ?kj ls ckgj fudysaA 141414 Hkkjr es dksfoM&19 ls fuiVus ds fy, dk;Zokfg;ka % • fofHkUUk ljdkjh ;kstukvksa ds ek/;e ls lgk;rk tSls & iz/kkuea=h xjhc dY;k.k ;kstuk] tu/ku [kkrk ds ek/;e ls udn vkfFkZd lgk;rk] [kk| lqj{kk ds rgr~ vukt] eujsxk jkstxkj l`tu esa lgk;d] mTTkoyk ;kstuk ds ek/;e ls Qzh xSl lqfo/kkA • ykWdMkmu vFkok iw.kZcanh ,d vkikrdkyhu izksVksdkWy gS ftleas d.Vsues.V tksu dk fu/kkZj.k djuk “kkfey gSA • tkx:drk ,sIIk& tSls vkjksX; lsrq ,sIIk] pSVcksV&iz/kkuea=h us okV~lvi pSVcksV ls tqM+us dh ?kks’k.kk dh FkhA dksfoM&19 yksdsV ,sIIk xksok ljdkj }kjk ykWp] COVA iatkc ,sIIk&iatkc ljdkj }kjk ukxfjdksa dks tkx:d djusa ds fy, ykWp] Gok Direct ,sIIk ;g dsjy ljdkj }kjk ukxfjdksa dksa tkx:d djus ds fy, ykWp] vkiqfrZ lqfo/kk ,sIIk uks,Mk izkf/kdj.k }kjk ykWpA 151515 Hkkjr esa dksfoM&19 dk Vhdkdj.k % iz/kkuea=h Jh ujsanz eksnh }kjk 16 tuojh 2021 dks fofM;ksa dkUQzsfUlax ds ek/;e ls dksfoM&19 Vhdkdj.k ds izFke pj.k dh “kq:okr dh xbZA ;g fo”o dk lcls cM+k Vhdkdj.k vfHk;ku gSA bl volj ij iz/kkuea=h us **nokbZ Hkh vkSj dM+kbZ Hkh** dk ukjk fn;kA Hkkjr esa oSDlhu ds :i esa nks oSDlhu ^^dksfo”khYM** vkSj ^^dksoSDlhu** dks viuk;k x;k gSA 161616 dksfoM&19 dk Hkkjr ,oa vU; nsns”kksakksa ij izHkko % dksfoM&19 egkekjh us Hkkjr dks cgqr vf/kd izHkkfor fd;kA blus tgk¡ ,d vksj Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks izHkkfor fd;k] oghaa nwljh vksj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk] “kS{kf.kd xfrfof/k;ka] ÅtkZ {ks=] ikfjLFkfrd ra=] lsok {ks= vkfn dks izHkkfor fd;kA 171717 dksfoM&19 dk izlkj yxHkx 116 jk’Vªksa esa gks pqdk gS blls yk[kksa yksxksa dh e`R;q gks pqdh gSA bldk lokZf/kd izHkko phu ds oqgku “kgj esa ns[kk x;kA blds ckn bVyh] bZjku] nf{k.k dksfj;k] FkkbZyS.M] fo;ruke] rkboku flaxkiqj] tkiku] vesfjdk] vkLVsªfy;k] fczVsu Qzkal ,oa Hkkjr esa O;kid :i ls iM+kA 181818 dksfoM&19 vkSj Hkkjr dh fonsfons”kk uk uhfru hfrhfrhfr % ,d jk’Vª ds :i esa Hkkjr us ckgjh vkSj vkarfjd nksuksa rjg dh pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk fd;k gS tks vc Hkh pqukSrh cuh gqbZA ,d fodkl”khy jk’Vª ds :i esa Hkkjr cgqr rsth ls fodkl vkSj izxfr dj jgk gSA Hkkjrh; fons”k uhfr ds lkeus eqy pqukSrh ;g lqfuf”pr djuk gS fd Hkkjr] varjkZ’Vªh; leqnk; ds lkFk ml :i esa tqM+ lds tks ledkyhu okLrfodrkvksa ds vuq:i vkSj mRRkjnk;h gks Hkkjr fo”o ds jk’Vªksa ds fgrksa dk /;ku j[kus okyk ns”k gSA dksfoM&19 egkekjh ds nkSjku bldh dfe;ka vkSj blds ekStqnk Lo:i dh lhek,a lkeus vkbZ gSA ;g fo”kq) vkfFkZd ,sts.Mk ls lapkfyr gSA iz/kkuea=h Jh ujsanz eksnh us th&20 dks vius lacks/ku esa dgk Fkk fd oS”ohdj.k dks ekuo tkfr ds lkeqfgd fgrksa esa vkxs c<+kuk pkfg, vkSj mldh O;oLFkk] fu’i{krk] lekurk rFkk ekuork ij vk/kkfjr gksuk pkfg,A ;g dsfUnzr izfØ;k gksuh pkfg,A 191919 Hkkjr dh fons”k uhfr dk lcls egRoiw.kZ mn~ns”; iM+kSfl;ksa dks ojh;rk nsus dh vo/kkj.kk esa fufgr gSA ;g iM+kSlh jk’Vªksa ds lkFk vius fj”rksa dks O;kid :i ls vkxs c<+kus vkSj etcwr djus dh gekjh uohuhd`r izkFkfedrk dks js[kkafdr djrk gSA ckj&ckj gksus okys mPPk Lrjh; vknku iznku] laidZ] vkfFkZd Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 129 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 ,dhdj.k rFkk yksxksa ds chp laidZ esa egRoiw.kZ lq/kkj vkSj Hkkjr ds fodkl Hkkxhnkjh dk;ZØe esa iM+kSlh ns”kksa ij fo”ks’k /;ku dsfUnzr fd;k tkuk tSls iz;kl iM+kSlh ns”kksa ds lkFk laca/kks dks egRo nsus dh ea”kk dks n”kkZrs gSA Hkkjr dks fujarj mPPk Lrjh; ckrphr vkSj vkfFkZd laidZ ds }kjk egkekjh ds nkSjku Hkh nf{k.k ,f”k;k] vkSj vU; ckrksa ds lkFk&lkFk cgq{ks=h; fcElVSd lajpuk ds izfr viuh izfrc)rk n”kkZbZ gSA yqd bZLV uhfr dks vkxs c Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 130 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905 09- vfjgar lelkef;dh egklkxj ¼ekfld if=dk½] tuojh 2021 i`- Ø-& 82 10- vfjgar lelkef;dh egklkxj ¼ekfld if=dk½] tuojh 2021 i`- Ø-& 83 11- vfjgar lelkef;dh egklkxj ¼ekfld if=dk½] tuojh 2021 i`- Ø-& 84 12- vfjgar lelkef;dh egklkxj ¼ekfld if=dk½] ekpZ 2021 i`- Ø-& 10 13- vfjgar lelkef;dh egklkxj ¼ekfld if=dk½] ekpZ 2021 i`- Ø-& 11 14- vfjgar lelkef;dh egklkxj ¼ekfld if=dk½] fnlacj 2020 i`- Ø-& 15 15- izfr;ksfxrk niZ.k ¼ekfld if=dk½] viSzy] 2021 i`- Ø-& 173 16- vfjgar lelkef;dh egklkxj ¼ekfld if=dk½] ekpZ 2021 i`- Ø-& 10 17- vfjgar lelkef;dh egklkxj ¼ekfld if=dk½] uoEcj 2020 i`- Ø-& 7 18- vfjgar lelkef;dh egklkxj ¼ekfld if=dk½] viSzy&ebZ 2020 i`- Ø-& 8 19- ;kstuk ¼ekfld if=dk½] uoEcj 2020 i`- Ø-& 6 20- ;kstuk ¼ekfld if=dk½] vDVwcj 2020 i`- Ø-& 7]8 21- izfr;ksfxrk niZ.k ¼ekfld if=dk½] ekpZ] 2021 i`- Ø-& 63 Vol. I - ISSUE – XXXIII SJIF Impact Factor : 6.91 Page - 131 Worldwide International Inter Disciplinary Research Journal (A Peer Reviewed Referred) ISSN – 2454 - 7905