APPEARANCES IN THE AP CURRICULUM . Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an

increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks. (Andes) . Increased cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions (Inca Traditions in Andean America) . In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state systems expanded in scope and reach: Networks of city-states flourished in the Maya region and, at the end of this period, imperial systems were created by the Mexica (“Aztecs”) and Inca. . Agricultural production increased significantly due to technological innovations (Waru Waru, terrace farming)

PEOPLE TO KNOW PACHACUTI ATAHUALPA c.1425-1472 1500-1533 9TH INCAN RULER WHO CAME TO POWER UPON DEATH OF TRANSFORMED CUZCO INTO THE HIS FATHER (SMALLPOX); HE WAS LARGEST EMPIRE IN THE AMERICAS DEFEATED & KILLED BY PIZARRO. 1100 CE 1470 CE 1532 CE INCA MIGRATE TO INCA DEFEAT RIVAL BATTLE OF CAJAMARCA; CUZCO VALLEY & KINGDOM OF ATAHUALPA KILLED BY FOUNDED CUZCO CHIMOR SPANIARD PIZARRO

1438 CE 1510 CE 1533 CE INCA MIGRATE TO INCA ABANDONED PIZARRO TAKES CUZCO VALLEY & MACHU PICCHU CUZCO; PIZARRO FOUNDED CUZCO FOUNDS LIMA

ORIGINS OF TAWANTINSUYU . INCA WERE A PASTORAL PEOPLE . PACHACUTI REORGANIZED THE KINGDOM OF CUZCO INTO TAWANTINSUYU FROM THE CUZCO REGION . FORMED THE KINGDOM OF CUZCO o EVEN BUILT MACHU PICCHU! IN THE 12TH CENTURY . OFFERED DEALS WITH BORDERING GROUPS . STARTING IN 1438, THEY BEGAN TO BUILD INCAN EMPIRE EXPANDING UNDER THE . DEFEATED LARGEST RIVAL NATIVE AMERICANS DIDN’T REALLY HAVE “FLAGS” THE WAY LEADERSHIP OF ONE OF HISTORY’s BEFORE HIS DEATH IN 1471 WE THINK OF THEM. BUT, THE FLAG OF CUZCO REPRESENTS GREATEST NAMED LEADERS… o KINGDOM OF CHIMOR THE NATIVE PEOPLE OF THE REGION. PIZARRO SAID THAT HE SAW SOMETHING SIMILAR UPON HIS ARRIVAL. IT’S STILL . EMPIRE EVENTUALLY SPREAD INTO AN AWESOME FLAG. PACHACUTI MODERN DAY: . INCA=RULER IN QUECHUA “HE WHO SHAKES THE EARTH” o ECUADOR o COULD ALSO REFER TO THE o RULING CLASS . NOT THE ORIGINAL HEIR . FATHER CHOSE HIS BROTHER URCO o . SO, ONCE AGAIN; WHAT WE CALL o CHILE THEM IS NOT WHAT THEY WOULD . CHANKAS (INCAN TRADITIONAL ENEMIES) INVADED o ARGENTINA HAVE CALLED THEMSELVES o COLOMBIA . THEIR NAME? o FATHER & URCO FLED o TAWANTINSUYU o PACHACUTI REMAINED & FOUGHT . TAWA =4 . DEFENDED CUZCO & WON! . NTIN=GROUP o FATHER THEN RECOGNIZED HIM AS . SUYU =REGIONS THE TRUE HEIR TO THE INCA PACHACUTI ’s HEIR WAS NAMED TUPAC AMARU. RAPPER . LITERALLY, THE 4 REGIONS TUPAC AMARU SHAKUR WAS ACTUALLY NAMED AFTER PACHACUTI TUPAC AMARU II WHO LED A REVOLT AGAINST THE  NORTH, SOUTH, EAST, WEST SPANISH IN THE 18TH CENTURY. c. 1425-1472

INCA ROAD SYSTEM . 24,800 MILES LONG; ACCESSES 3,000,000 SQUARE MI. . WIDEST POINT= 66 ft. HIGHEST POINT=2,600 ft. . RAN FROM QUITO,ECUADOR TO SANTIAGO, CHILE

. BUILT BY THE INCA AS THEY GAINED NEW TERRITORY 24,800 MILES o EXISTING TRADE ROUTES LINKED BACK TO INCA EMP. . CHASQUIS TRANPORTED MESSAGES . LLAMAS/ALPACAS TRANSPORTED GOODS . “VERTICAL ARCHIPELEGO” o CONNECTED THE DIFFERENT PEOPLES OF THE EMPIRE

CHASQUIS (RUNNERS) - HIGHLY o CRITICAL TO SURVIVAL (2% OF THE ANDES=ARABLE) TRAINED RUNNERS WHO WOULD . MAJOR SECTIONS DESTROYED BY SPANISH TRAVERSE THE INCAN ROADS TO DELIVER MESSAGES. THEY CARRIED A TRUMPET (CONCH) NOTABLY LONG ROUTES IN HISTORY AND A QUIPU WITH THE MESSAGE. WOULD REST AT TAMBOS (REST 1. ROMAN ROADS (Paved)……………………………………. 50,000 Miles STATIONS). THEY COULD GO 2. INCAN ROAD SYSTEM……………………………….…...... 24,800 Miles FROM CUZCO TO QUITO IN 1 3. GREAT WALL OF CHINA……………………………..…...... 13,171 Miles WEEK (1, 800 MILES). TRAVELED UP TO 150 MILES PER DAY! 4. AH1 (Longest Highway in Asia today)…………………….…12,774 Miles SIMILAR TO AZTEC POCHTECA. 5. TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILROAD…………………………...…...5,772 Miles 6. SILK ROAD…………………………………………………...….4,000 Miles MANDATORY PUBLIC SERVICE IN THE INCA EMPIRE QUIPU MIT’A APU (INCA RELIGION) . CORVEE LABOR-UNPAID LABOR IMPOSED BY . INCA=HETEROGENEOUS EMPIRE . AFTER DEATH, INCAS WENT TO THE STATE o DIFFERENT REGIONS HAD UNDERWORLD/AFTERLIFE . ALL ABLE BODIED INCA HAD TO TAKE THEIR DIFFERENT VERSIONS o BODY MUMMIFIED TURN (OR MIT’A) FOR A SET AMOUNT OF TIME o MANY SIMILARITIES (VIRACOCHA) . ANCESTOR WORSHIP o MALES FROM 15 UNTIL 50 . THREE TYPES OF GODS: o MUMMIES REMOVED FROM CRYPTS o DIFFERENT TYPES OF MIT’A: o SKY, INNER EARTH, OUTER EARTH o DRESSED UP & CELEBRATED . FARMING, ROADS, WAR, FISHING, MINING . OUTER EARTH= WHERE WE LIVE . ROYAL MUMMIES COUNSELED RULERS

. MIT’A TOOK PLACE AROUND YOUR CHASCA- GODDESS OF INTI- SUN GOD; PATRON MAMA COCHA- URCUCHILLAY- GOD OF COMMUNITY DAWN & TWILIGHT; GOD OF INCA STATE; SON GODDESS OF SEA & FISH; HERDERS & ANIMALS WHO . SPANISH TOOK COMMUNICATES VIA CLOUDS OF VIRACOCHA WIFE OF VIRACOCHA TOOK THE FORM OF A LLAMA! OVER THE MIT’A KON- GOD OF WIND, MAMA QUILLA- MOTHER VIRACOCHA- AKA KON- CATEQUIL- GOD OF SUPAY- GOD OF DEATH. o CHANGED FROM RAIN; SON OF INTI & MAMA MOON; SISTER & WIFE OF TIKI; CREATOR OF ALL THUNDER & LIGHTNING CHRISTIAN PRIESTS USED QUILLA INTI; CRIES TEARS OF SILVER THINGS, MOST IMPT. DEITY “SUPAY” FOR THE DEVIL HELPING YOUR COMMUNITY TO FARMING CASH CROPS & MINING YOU KNOW WHAT THIS SILVER SAYS? NO ONE DOES. . DISEASE . QUIPU= “KNOT” DESTROYED THE . RECORD KEEPING INCAS AND MADE SYSTEM THE MIT’A . MOST BURNED BY PRACTICE THE SPANISH IMPRACTICAL MUCH LIKE THE AZTEC TETOAH, THE INCAN APU ALSO APPEARED (BRIEFLY) IN MARVEL COMICS

. DEVELOPED IN THE ANDEAN REGION AROUND 300 BCE AN EXPERIMENT WARU WARU . HOW TO WARU WARU: WAS DONE COMPARING o 1. RAISED BEDS FOR PLANTING CROPS WARU WARU VS. o 2. IRRIGATION CHANNELS TO PREVENT EROSION CHEMICAL . COLLECTS WATER FERTILIZER IN POTATO . DRAINS EXCESS WATER PRODUCTION. . ABANDONED; AFTER NEW TECHNIQUES INTRODUCED WARU WARU FIELDS o RESTARTED RECENTLY (1980s) IN PRODUCED HIGHER YIELDS.

13-33 FEET WIDE

WATER RADIATES THE SUN’s HEAT AT WATER ABSORBS

NIGHT (PROTECTING THE SUN’s HEAT DURING THE DAY. CROPS FROM FROST) 3 FT.

NITROGEN-RICH ALGAE, PLANT & ANIMAL REMAINS PROVIDE FERTILIZER HISTORIOGRAPHY: MACHU PICCHU STUDY OF HISTORIANS METHODOLOGY . QUECHUA FOR “OLD MOUNTAIN” . BUILT IN 1450; ABANDONED AFTER SPANISH INCAN SOCIALISM o 8,000 FT. ABOVE SEA LEVEL CONQUEST OF THE INCA EMPIRE (1572) . MANY HISTORIANS HAVE ARGUED . 2,500 FT. HIGHER THAN DENVER! . SITE WAS KNOWN LOCALLY THAT THE INCANS WERE A . MIXED THEORIES ABOUT REASON FOR THIS: o NEVER KNOWN TO THE SPANISH SOCIALIST STATE (SOCIALISM-SOCIAL OWNERSHIP OF THE o MOST NOW BELIEVE IT WAS BUILT AS AN . SIGNS DEFACED BY THE SPANISH MEANS OF PRODUCTION & COOPERITIVE ESTATE FOR PACHACUTI MANAGEMENT OF THE ECONOMY) ELSEWHERE ARE UNTOUCHED HERE . MOST FAMILIAR PIECE OF INCA ARCHITECTURE o THE WORLD DIDN’T KNOW UNTIL AMERICAN . VERY LITTLE MONEY/MARKETS . LARGE AMOUNTS OF CENTRAL HIRAM BINGHAM EXCAVATED THE SITE IN 1911 . STILL BEING EXCAVATED/RESTORED PLANNING (MIT’A, ROADS, IRRIG, TERRACE FARMING BRIDGES, TERRACES, SECURITY) . SLOPED PLANE CUT INTO TERRACES TO ALLOW FOR AN ABSOLUTE MASTERPIECE FIRST LOOK AT MACHU PICCHU . PRACTICED IN THE ANDES OF ARCHITECTURE AND A FOR 1,000 YEARS UNIQUE TESTIMONY TO THE . WORLDWIDE o PAKISTAN INCA CIVILIZATION. o MISSISSIPPI -UNESCO (UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, o INDONESIA SCIENTIFIC, & CULTURAL ORGANIZATION) o VIETNAM, ETC.

WHEN HIRAM BINGHAM FOUND THE

SITE IN 1911, THIS IS WHAT HE SAW. HE COULD ONLY SEE ONE GROUP OF BUILDINGS & THE ONLY OCCUPANTS WERE 6 PIGS. BOTH PICS WERE TAKEN FROM THE SAME LOCATION/ ANGLE.