Viruses of Cucurbits in Panama
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Spinach Chlorotic Spot Uirus: a New Strain of Beet Yellows Uirus
rfl/8 t o — • • Q n t h e e / g e p t e d roa ..... /, COljy rA? pr p l a c e d i h i ^ b z a r y . x* h oF NAmOBt U N W E R S H ^ UBRAfr? KABE.U m is T1IE3IS HAS PEEN ACCEPTED FOE THE DEGREE OF................................................... AND A COPY 'TAY BE PLACED lfl ffHL CMVEBB1TY LIBRARY. UNIVERSITY OF NAiKUH) LIBRARY SPINACH CHLOROTIC SPOT UIRUS: A NEW STRAIN OF BEET YELLOWS UIRUS BY ANNE ADHIAMBO A thesis submitted to the University of Nairobi in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in plant pathology June 1985 l ii DECLARATION This thesis is my own original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university. n Is I § £ A, A. OSANO DATE This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as university supervisors* PROF. D. M. MU10JNYA DATE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors, Dr. E. M. Gathuru and Prof. D. M. Mukunya, for their devotion, guidance, advice, criticisms and constant encour a geni ent during the course of this investigation and preparation of this manuscript. I gratefully acknowledge the technical assistance I received from the technical staff of Crop Science, Food Science, Pathology and Public Health departments of the College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences. In particular, I wish to recognise Mr. F. Ngumbu, formerly of Plant Virology Unit, for his special technical assistance and Messrs D. N. Kahara and J. G. Uaweru for their help in taking the electron micrographs. -
The Family Closteroviridae Revised
Virology Division News 2039 Arch Virol 147/10 (2002) VDNVirology Division News The family Closteroviridae revised G.P. Martelli (Chair)1, A. A. Agranovsky2, M. Bar-Joseph3, D. Boscia4, T. Candresse5, R. H. A. Coutts6, V. V. Dolja7, B. W. Falk8, D. Gonsalves9, W. Jelkmann10, A.V. Karasev11, A. Minafra12, S. Namba13, H. J. Vetten14, G. C. Wisler15, N. Yoshikawa16 (ICTV Study group on closteroviruses and allied viruses) 1 Dipartimento Protezione Piante, University of Bari, Italy; 2 Laboratory of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; 3 Volcani Agricultural Research Center, Bet Dagan, Israel; 4 Istituto Virologia Vegetale CNR, Sezione Bari, Italy; 5 Station de Pathologie Végétale, INRA,Villenave d’Ornon, France; 6 Imperial College, London, U.K.; 7 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, U.S.A.; 8 Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, U.S.A.; 9 Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, USDA, Hilo, Hawaii, U.S.A.; 10 Institut für Pflanzenschutz im Obstbau, Dossenheim, Germany; 11 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Doylestown, U.S.A.; 12 Istituto Virologia Vegetale CNR, Sezione Bari, Italy; 13 Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan; 14 Biologische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany; 15 Deparment of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, U.S.A.; 16 Iwate University, Morioka, Japan Summary. Recently obtained molecular and biological information has prompted the revision of the taxonomic structure of the family Closteroviridae. In particular, mealybug- transmitted species have been separated from the genus Closterovirus and accommodated in a new genus named Ampelovirus (from ampelos, Greek for grapevine). -
Molecular Breeding for Resistance to Rhizomania in Sugar Beets
Molecular breeding for resistance to rhizomania in sugar beets Britt-Louise Lennefors Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics Uppsala and Syngenta Seeds AB Department of Plant Pathology Landskrona Doctoral thesis Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala 2006 Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae 2006:106 ISSN 1652-6880 ISBN 91-576-7255-5 © 2006 Britt-Louise Lennefors, Landskrona Tryck: SLU Service/Repro, Uppsala 2006 Abstract Lennefors, B-L. 2006. Molecular breeding for resistance to rhizomania in sugar beets. Doctor’s dissertation ISSN: 1652-6880, ISBN: 91-576-7255-5 Rhizomania is one of the most destructive sugar beet diseases. It is caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) vectored by the soilborne protoctist Polymyxa betae Keskin. The studies in this thesis evaluated natural and transgenic resistances to rhizomania in sugar beets. Also the genetic variability in the coat protein genes of BNYVV, Beet soil-borne virus, Beet virus Q and Beet soil-borne mosaic virus isolates was studied. Several natural sources of resistance to BNYVV are known, such as the “Holly” source with resistance gene Rz1, WB42 carrying Rz2, and WB41. We mapped the major gene called Rz3 in WB41 to a locus on chromosome 3. In hybrids with combined resistance of Rz1 and Rz3, the resistance level to BNYVV was improved as compared to plants carrying Rz1 only. Transgenic sugar beets resistant to BNYVV were produced. The resistance was based on RNA silencing. The level of resistance to BNYVV in the transgenic plants was compared to the natural sources of resistance in greenhouse experiments and in the field and found to be superior to the resistance conferred by Rz1. -
Vectors of Beet Yellows Virus
Transmission Efficiencies of Field-Collected Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) Vectors of Beet Yellows Virus MARYELLYN KIRK,' STEVEN R. TEMPLE,* CHARLES G. SUMMERS,3 AND L. T. WILSON' University of California, Davis, California 95616 J. Econ. Entomol. 84(2). 638-643 (1991) ABSTRACT Alate aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) were collected at weekly intervals in 1988 in six California sugarbeet fields-three on each side of a boundary line which separates overwintered spring harvest beet fields in Solano County from fall harvested fields in Yolo County. Alate aphids landing on a yellow board during a 45-min morning collection period were captured live and tested for ability to transmit beet yellows virus (BYV) by allowing individual aphids to feed on healthy sugarbeet seedlings immediately after capture. Test plants were evaluated for BYV infection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). and aphids were preserved and later identified. Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Aphis fabae Scopoli complex, and Rhopalostphum padi (L.) were the principal aphid species which transmitted BYV. Five additional captured aphid species were found to be carrying BYV, including Macrostphum rosae (L.) and Amphorophora spp., which are reported as BYV vectors for the first time. Geographically distinct isolates of A. fake complex were collected from fields in Fresno, Monterey, Santa Barbara, Tehama and Yolo counties; M. persicae was collected from Yolo County and R. padi was collected from Fresno and Yolo counties. A laboratory colony of R. padi was also obtained from New York. All aphid collections were tested for their relative efficiency in transmitting BYV. Differential transmission ability was found among geographically isolated aphid colonies of the same species and also among the different genera. -
Co-Infection of Beet Mosaic Virus with Beet Yellowing Viruses Leads to Increased Symptom Expression on Sugar Beet
Co-infection of Beet mosaic virus with Beet Yellowing Viruses Leads to Increased Symptom Expression on Sugar Beet William M. Wintermantel, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1636 E. Alisal Street, Salinas, CA 93905 (5,13,32). Seed yields may be decreased ABSTRACT by up to 70% as a result of virus yellows Wintermantel, W. M. 2005. Co-infection of Beet mosaic virus with beet yellowing viruses leads infection (6). Each virus in the yellows to increased symptom expression on sugar beet. Plant Dis. 89:325-331. complex differs in its effect on yield in single infections. BYV infection results in Three distinct aphid-transmitted viruses associated with a yellowing disease on sugar beet were decreased leaf area and losses in both root examined in single and mixed infections for the effects of virus interactions on plant weight, rate weight and sugar yield (13). Yield losses of symptom development, and virus concentration. Sugar beet lines exhibiting different degrees associated with BWYV infection are much of susceptibility to the virus yellows complex were inoculated with either one, two, or all three less than those resulting from infection by viruses. Severe stunting, as measured by fresh plant biomass, was observed with mixed infec- tions with Beet yellows virus (BYV) and Beet mosaic virus (BtMV), compared to single infec- BYV (13). BtMV infections result in less tions of these viruses. In addition, the overall rate of appearance of Beet western yellows virus than 10% yield loss even when plants are (BWYV) symptoms increased during co-infection with BtMV. Synergistic effects on stunting infected early (13). -
Encyclopaedia of Pests and Natural Enemies in Field Crops Contents Introduction
Encyclopaedia of pests and natural enemies in field crops Contents Introduction Contents Page Integrated pest management Managing pests while encouraging and supporting beneficial insects is an Introduction 2 essential part of an integrated pest management strategy and is a key component of sustainable crop production. Index 3 The number of available insecticides is declining, so it is increasingly important to use them only when absolutely necessary to safeguard their longevity and Identification of larvae 11 minimise the risk of the development of resistance. The Sustainable Use Directive (2009/128/EC) lists a number of provisions aimed at achieving the Pest thresholds: quick reference 12 sustainable use of pesticides, including the promotion of low input regimes, such as integrated pest management. Pests: Effective pest control: Beetles 16 Minimise Maximise the Only use Assess the Bugs and aphids 42 risk by effects of pesticides if risk of cultural natural economically infestation Flies, thrips and sawflies 80 means enemies justified Moths and butterflies 126 This publication Nematodes 150 Building on the success of the Encyclopaedia of arable weeds and the Encyclopaedia of cereal diseases, the three crop divisions (Cereals & Oilseeds, Other pests 162 Potatoes and Horticulture) of the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board have worked together on this new encyclopaedia providing information Natural enemies: on the identification and management of pests and natural enemies. The latest information has been provided by experts from ADAS, Game and Wildlife Introduction 172 Conservation Trust, Warwick Crop Centre, PGRO and BBRO. Beetles 175 Bugs 181 Centipedes 184 Flies 185 Lacewings 191 Sawflies, wasps, ants and bees 192 Spiders and mites 197 1 Encyclopaedia of pests and natural enemies in field crops Encyclopaedia of pests and natural enemies in field crops 2 Index Index A Acrolepiopsis assectella (leek moth) 139 Black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) 45 Acyrthosiphon pisum (pea aphid) 61 Boettgerilla spp. -
Semipersistently Transmitted, Phloem Limited Plant Viruses Are Inoculated During the First Subphase of Intracellular Stylet Penetrations in Phloem Cells
viruses Article Semipersistently Transmitted, Phloem Limited Plant Viruses Are Inoculated during the First Subphase of Intracellular Stylet Penetrations in Phloem Cells Jaime Jiménez †, Aránzazu Moreno and Alberto Fereres * Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICA-CSIC), C/Serrano 115 dpdo, 28006 Madrid, Spain; jaime.jimenez@ufl.edu (J.J.); [email protected] (A.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] † Current address: Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, UF/IFAS, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA. Abstract: The green peach aphid Myzus persicae Sulzer is the main vector of the semipersistently transmitted and phloem-limited Beet yellows virus (BYV, Closterovirus). Studies monitoring the M. persicae probing behavior by using the Electrical penetration graphs (EPG) technique revealed that inoculation of BYV occurs during unique brief intracellular punctures (phloem-pds) produced in companion and/or sieve element cells. Intracellular stylet punctures (or pds) are subdivided in three subphases (II-1, II-2 and II-3), which have been related to the delivery or uptake of non-phloem limited viruses transmitted in a non-persistent or semipersistent manner. As opposed to non-phloem limited viruses, the specific pd subphase(s) involved in the successful delivery of phloem limited viruses by aphids remain unknown. Therefore, we monitored the feeding process of BYV-carrying M. persicae individuals in sugar beet plants by the EPG technique and the feeding process was Citation: Jiménez, J.; Moreno, A.; artificially terminated at each phloem-pd subphase. Results revealed that aphids that only performed Fereres, A. Semipersistently the subphase II-1 of the phloem-pd transmitted BYV at similar efficiency than those allowed to Transmitted, Phloem Limited Plant perform subphase II-2 or the complete phloem-pd. -
Blackberry Virosome: a Micro and Macro Approach Archana Khadgi University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 12-2015 Blackberry Virosome: A Micro and Macro Approach Archana Khadgi University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Fruit Science Commons, Molecular Biology Commons, and the Plant Pathology Commons Recommended Citation Khadgi, Archana, "Blackberry Virosome: A Micro and Macro Approach" (2015). Theses and Dissertations. 1428. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/1428 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Blackberry Virosome: A Micro and Macro Approach A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Cell and Molecular Biology by Archana Khadgi Purbanchal University, SANN International College and Research Center Bachelor of Science in Biotechnology, 2010 December 2015 University of Arkansas This thesis is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. Dr. Ioannis E. Tzanetakis Thesis Director Dr. Craig Rothrock Dr. Byung-Whi Kong Committee Member Committee Member Abstract Viruses pose a major concern for blackberry production around the world with more than 40 species known to infect the crop. Virus complexes have been identified recently as the major cause of plant decline with blackberry yellow vein disease (BYVD) being the most important disease of the crop in the Southern United States. The objective of this research was to study the blackberry virosome in both the macro and micro scale. -
Foreign Virus Diseases Potentially Danger- Ous to the Sugar Beet
Foreign Virus Diseases Potentially Danger ous to the Sugar Beet Industry in the United States C. W. BENNETT1 Five virus diseases, curly top, mosaic, savoy, cucumber mosaic, and yellow vein are known on sugar beets in the United States. Of these, curly top, which occurs in western United States, is by far the most severe, but its destructiveness on sugar beets has been reduced greatly in recent years by the development and use of curly top re sistant varieties. Beet mosaic occurs in all parts of the United States where sugar beets are grown. It has not caused serious reduction in yield of beets grown for sugar, but it has been shown (5)2 to be capable of causing appreciable injury to beets grown for seed. Savoy appears to be limited largely to the middle western states. It produces severe injury on plants that are attacked, but fortunately it spreads slowly and few cases of high percentages of infection have been re ported. A severe outbreak of cucumber mosaic on sugar beets oc curred in the southern part of the San Joaquin Valley in California in 1940, resulting in the abandonment of some fields and in ap preciable reduction in yield in other fields. The factors involved in this outbreak have not been determined. Under average conditions the disease is rarely found on sugar beets. Yellow vein is of very minor importance but small numbers of diseased plants are found in • fields in Colorado and southern California during most seasons. In addition to the diseases that already occur in the United States, there are at least three other virus diseases, each capable of causing considerable injury, that have not yet been introduced. -
The Incubation Period of Beet Yellowing Viruses in Sugar-Beet Under Field Conditions
Net h. J. Pl. Path. 95 (1989) 241-258 The incubation period of beet yellowing viruses in sugar-beet under field conditions 1 2 1 1 W. VANDER WERF • , C. KEMPENAAR and D. PETERS 1 Department of Virology, Wageningen Agricultural University, P.O. Box 8045, 6700 EM Wage ningen, the Netherlands 2 Department of Theoretical Production Ecology, Wageningen Agricultural University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, the Netherlands Accepted 6 July 1989 Abstract In three years field trials, the incubation period, i.e. the time between infection and the appearance of symptoms, of beet yellows virus (BYV) and beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) increased with later infection during the growing season. The incubation period of BYV, a closterovirus, in creased from 3 weeks in young plants infected before canopy closure, to 9 weeks in old plants infected in August. The incubation period of BMYV, a luteovirus, increased from 4 to 5 weeks in young plants to 9 weeks in old plants. Symptoms were observed c. one week earlier on the inoculated leaves than on those infected systemically, except on young BYV-infectecl plants. On these plants, symptoms developed in 3 weeks on both leaf types. The incubation period decreased at increasing temperature, a fixed temperature sum being required for the development of symptoms on plants of a certain age. This temperature sum in creased with plant age. Symptom development was related to leaf growth; the systemic symp toms appeared after the infected leaves attained their final size. Young, expanding leaves did not show symptoms. Thus the development of symptoms seems to be related to physiological condi tions occurring only in full-grown leaves. -
A Review of Novel Strategies to Manage Viruses in UK Crops
Project title: A review of novel strategies to manage viruses in UK crops Project number: FV461 Project leader: Dr Aoife O’ Driscoll, RSK ADAS Key staff: Dr Aoife O’ Driscoll Dr Lucy James Dr Sacha White Mr Dave Kaye Dr Steve Ellis Ms Frances Pickering Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board 2019. All rights reserved DISCLAIMER While the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board seeks to ensure that the information contained within this document is accurate at the time of printing, no warranty is given in respect thereof and, to the maximum extent permitted by law the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board accepts no liability for loss, damage or injury howsoever caused (including that caused by negligence) or suffered directly or indirectly in relation to information and opinions contained in or omitted from this document. © Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board 2019. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including by photocopy or storage in any medium by electronic mean) or any copy or adaptation stored, published or distributed (by physical, electronic or other means) without prior permission in writing of the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board, other than by reproduction in an unmodified form for the sole purpose of use as an information resource when the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board or AHDB Horticulture is clearly acknowledged as the source, or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. All other trademarks, logos and brand names contained in this publication are the trademarks of their respective holders. No rights are granted without the prior written permission of the relevant owners. -
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies
European Journal of Plant Pathology 109: 195–219, 2003. © 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Mini review Plant viruses transmitted by whiteflies David R. Jones Plant Health Group, Central Science Laboratory, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK (Phone: +441904462098; Fax: +441904462250; E-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 17 November 2002 Key words: whitefly-transmitted viruses, Begomovirus, Crinivirus, Closterovirus, Carlavirus, Ipomovirus, Bemisia tabaci, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Trialeurodes abutilonea, Trialeurodes ricini Abstract One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text. Introduction Upon hatching, a scale-like, ‘crawler’ stage is followed by three, sessile, immature instars. The last instar or An indirect effect of feeding by some whiteflies is the ‘pupa’ stage undergoes metamorphosis to become an transmission of plant viruses, many of which are of adult (Gill, 1990).