Volume 17(4), 95- 98, 2013 JOURNAL of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology www.journal-hfb.usab-tm.ro

Study on the influence of climatic factors on rosehip phenology in

Ropciuc Sorina1*

1Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel Mare University, Street. Universitatii no. 13, 720229, ,

*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

Abstract In the evaluation of brier phenology there have been chosen 42 Key words biotypes from the area Suceava-Palma and have been made observations only in the vegetative period (March-October). Geomorphologicaly speaking, phenophase, climatic the area taken into observation includes the plain fields of Suceava and factors, pseudofruit Obcina Mare. The phenologic observations were made all over the year 2008 to which were made observation cards in the area specified. The vegetative period started with the expansion of the rose bud and ended with the decay and recess phase. It has been recorded the period in which the phenophases follow each other, making much of the following phenophases: the spring, leaves opening, begining of the bloom, bloom and maturation of the pseudofruit. The phenophases that interesed us were recorded with the purpose of achieving a corelation with the climatic factors. The termal condition of the area taken into observation was tagged by an anual temperature around + 8,3 C and divided on seasons an average of : 10,6 C in spring, 17,9 C in summer, 8,2 C in autumn and – 2,3 C in winter. The lowest average temperature was recorded in January 2010 (- 7,6 C ) at Rădăuţi and the greatest average temperature was recorded at Suceava in August. The average annual rainfall was around 765 mm and in the vegetative period around 102 mm.

The observations over Rosa Canina’s phenology were Rădăuţi – Suceviţa – Palma belong to the region not found in any foreign or romanian research. The Obcina Bucovinei that is a geographical unity to which definition of phenology according to Leith (1974) is: is characteristic a sequence of parallel crests, low but ,,the art of observing of life course phases or activity weel timbered, separated by large valleys and opened of plants and animals throughout a specific time of the meadows. Lack of Subcarpati moutains gives Obcina year.’’ Researches made in our country and the the opportunity to meet Suceava Plane. textbooks (Cenusa 1996, 2003; Marius Teodosiu, Elena Mateescu, 2004; Marcu 1983) give another definition Materials and Methods of phenology as beeing: ,, the study of main reccurent changes seen in the annual evolution of animals’ and The temperature and the rainfall have been plants’ constitution.’’ In the evaluation of the brier observed throughout the year 2008, beeing thus plant there have been chosen 42 biotypes from considered static factors which could influence the Suceava-Palma area only in the vegetative phase biometric and chemical features, the phenophases and (March-October). The vegetative phase begins with the the maturation of the fruit for the studied species. For expansion of the rose-bud and ends with the decay and this purpose some data from weather station Suceava the recess phase (Waggoner, P.E. 1974, Van Schaik and weather observation points Rădăuţi and Poiana Terborgh, & Wright 1993). The specific studied area is have been elaborated. For the regions Suceava, the region between Suceava and Palma and includes Pătrăuți, Dărmănești, Costîna, Părhăuți, Todirești și the folowing regions : Suceava – Pătrăuţi – Lunca were used weather data base from the weather Sucevei (Dărmăneşti) – Costîna – Părhăuţi – Todireşti station Suceava. The regions , , Clit, – Cajvana- Arbore – Solca – Clit – – Marginea, Rădăuţi and Sucevița were part of the Rădăuţi – Suceviţa – Palma. observation area of weather station Rădăuţi and for the Geomorphologicaly speaking the folowing places : region Palma was used the data base from weather Suceava – Pătrăuţi – Lunca Sucevei (Dărmăneşti) – station . The data were centralized and Costîna – Părhăuţi – Todireşti – Cajvana- Arbore it was given a monthly average, an annual average for belong to the hills and plane fields of Plane Suceava. the warm season both for temperature as for rainfall. The places Arbore – Solca – Clit – Marginea –

95 The phenophases of brier were similar to the phenophases of the species Prunus Spinosa according to growth tages of mono and dicotyledonous plants, BBCH- Monograph (Meier, U., 1997)

Results and Discussions

The phenologic observations have been accomplished according to the phenologic seasons, beeing written down the data from the begining and the end, values that differ depending on weather conditions, depending Fig. 2. The leaves are fully developed on temperature, altitude and geographic position. The vegetative date began with the expansion of the Main stage 6- The bloom with the foloowing rose bud and ended with the decay and the begining of stages: the recess phase. The main phenophases that made a 60- first flowers bloom clear connection with the climatic factors for Rosa 61- the begining of bloom approximate 10% of Canina L. Species were: opening of the rose buds, the flowers open opening of the leaves, begining of the blossom, 62- approximate 20% of the flowers open blossom, fruit growth, maturation of the fruit, decay, 63- approximate 30% of the flowers open recess phase. (Ollerton, J. And Jack, A.J., 1992) 64- approximate 40% of the flowers open Winter and summer characteristics: 65- total bloom at least 50% of the flowers open Main stage-0 opening of the rose buds 68- the ending of bloom, most petals fell off 00-Wintry recess- the rose buds are covered with a Main stage 7- The development of the fruits dark red covering 71- the receptacle of the flower is getting 01-The begining and extension of the rose buds - the thicker covering is a light red 72- the calyx surrounds the green receptacle, the 03-The coverage opens and the foliali buds are green sepaleous begin to fall. 09- The margins of the leaves can be seen

Fig. 3. The end of bloom

Fig. 1. Winter resting buds Main stage 8- full growth of fruits and achenes 81- the begining of fruit colouration Main stage-Leaves opening 85- advanced colouration 10- the green covering opens and the leaves come out Main stage 9- decay , begining of recess phase of the bud 92-begining of leaves decolouration 11- the first leaves appear 93-begining of leaves fall 19- the leaves are completely developed 95- 50% of the leaves are decolourated ar fallen Main stage 2- it has not been noticed 97- the end of leaves fall Main stage 3- it has not been noticed Main stage 4- it has not been noticed Main stage 5- The appearence of the flowers with the following stages: 51- the development of the rose buds- the rose buds are closed and covered with green sepaleous 52-the rose buds are covered with light green sepaleous 53- the sepaleous open, the margins of white and pink petals come uot, the flowers are still closed 54- the opening of buds rose, the covering of the buds opens. Fig. 4. The end of leaves falling

96 The phenophase of buds opening started with 15 could be observed at brushwoods on 21th of May. In th of March 2008, at brushwoods from region Suceava- regions Arbore-Rădăuţi the leaves opened on 23th of Părhăuţi. In regions Todireşti-Arbore the opening of May. In Sucevita and Palma leaves opened completely rose buds was noticed on 17 th of March and in regions on 27 th and 28th of March. The flowers started Solca, Clit and Marginea the brushwoods were in the opening on 23th of May in regions Suceava-Cajvana stage of buds opening after one day. and one day after in regions Clit and Marginea. Between the regions Suceava and Palma the Between Rădăuţi Suceava and Palma the difference difference of buds opening was one week (15 th of was of 3 days per phenophase- complete bloom (26 th March – 22 th of March). The phenophase- full of May- 29th of May). foliation was rated through observation in time of The data in table 1 represents the time for all the complete foliation (when the last leaf was completely four phenophases which were connected with average opened). In region Suceava-Cajvana this phenophase values of temperature and rainfall through year 2008.

Table 1

The period of phenophases in 2008 Phen Region mo Opening of m Complete m Begining of m complete ologic nth rose buds/day on foliation/day on bloom/day o maturation of al / th th nt fruits/day AN h S1Suceava 03 15 05 21 05 23 09 17 S2 Pătrăuți 03 15 05 21 05 23 09 17 S3 03 15 05 21 05 23 09 17 Dărmănești S4 Costîna 03 15 05 21 05 23 09 17 S5Părhăuți 03 15 05 21 05 23 09 17 2008 S 6 Todirești 03 17 05 21 05 23 09 18 S7 Cajvana 03 17 05 21 05 23 09 18 S8 Arbore 03 17 05 23 05 24 09 20 S9 Solca 03 18 05 23 05 24 09 20 S10 Clit 03 18 05 23 05 25 09 20 S11 Marginea 03 18 05 23 05 25 09 22 S12 Rădăuți 03 19 05 23 05 26 09 22 S13 Sucevița 03 20 05 27 05 29 09 24 S14 Palma 03 22 05 28 05 29 09 25

Complete maturation of fruit is the phenophase in Celsius. Coeficient de determinare r2 of 0,639 for which were harvested the fruits. In region Suceava- the phenophase of buds opening shows that the two Părhăuţi the fruits had come into full maturation on variables match for a 64% percent. With rise of the 17th of September. In region Todireşti and Cajvana temperature the rose opening is earlier.the begining the fruits had come into full maturation on 18th of of bloom is not influenced by temperature. A lower September. The phenophase of maturation was also corelation report r2 =0,404 given through simple complete on 20th of September in regions Arbore, corelation points out this particular aspect. Solca and Clit. At brushwoods from Marginea and Rădăuţi the fruits came into maturation on 22th of September. In regions Sucevita and Palma the maturation could be observed with a difference of one day 24th and 25th of September. The time of complete foliation was between 21th ofMay- 28th of May, and the temperatures went around 10,5-14 degrees Celsius.

Conclusions In 2008 the buds opened earlier- on 15th of March Figure 5. The correlation between the average when air temperature reached 5 degrees Celsius. The buds opened latest on 22th of March at an temperature of March and the pheno–hase –opening average temperature recorded with 1 degree of the buds

97 Rainfall highly influences the phenophase of bud y = -1.7431x + 46.187 expansion and it was determined by a coefficient of 30 R2 = 0.5022 0,562 that never appeares for the other 25 complete phenophases. 20 foliation 15 Bibliography Linear 10 (complete 1. Cenușă, R.,1996, Metodologie și climatologie 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 foliation) Temperature, °C forestieră. Aparatură și tehnici experimentale, .5 .5 .5 .5 Universitatea „Ștefan cel Mare”Suceava, 148p. 2. Cenușă, R., 2003, Cercetări asupra dinamicii Figure 6. The correlation between the average vegetației forestiere (fenologie). Manuscris ICAS temperature of May and the phenophase – full– 12p. leavs 3. Cheval, S., Baciu, M., Breza, T., 2003, An investigation into the precipitation conditions in Romania using a GIS-based method, în „Theoretical and Applied Climatology”, 76: 77-88. 4. L e i t h , H., 1974, Phenology and seasonality modelling. Chapman and Hall, London, 5. Marcu, M., 2003: Meteorologie și climatologie forestieră. Editura Ceres, București, 239p 6. Marius Teodosiu, Elena Mateescu, 2004 Fenologia - dezvoltare şi perspective. O sinteză, Bucovina Forestierã XII, 1-2 Articole de cercetare 7. Meier, U., 1997: Growth stages of mono- and dicotyledonous plants. BBCH- Monograph Blackwell, 71p. Figure 7. The correlation between temperature and pp. 444.Jackson R.D., 1986, Remote Sensing of phenophase – the beginning of bloom Biotic and Abiotic Plant Stress. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 24: 265-287 8. Ollerton, J. & Jack, A.J., 1992. Flowering phenology: An example of relaxation of natural selection. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7:274- 276. 9.Waggoner, P. E., 1974, Phenology and Seasonality Modelinged., Leith, M. (Springer, New York), pp. 401–405 10. Van Schaik, C.P., Terborgh, J.W. & Wright, S.J., 1993, The phenology of tropical forests: adaptive significance and consequences for primary consumers. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 24: 353-377

Figure. 8. The relationships between warm season average temperature in 2008 and the phenophase of full ripening of rosehip fruit

Blooming starts at the temperature of complete foliation. Floral buds open only after a few days of complete foliation. In this period the temperature does not have any significant shifts. Bloom of the brier is realised in a longer period of time. (21 days). The phenophase of complete maturation has’nt much to do with the temperature in the warm season(r2=0,483). It was appreciated that the temperature determines the growth of plants particularly in the opening of the floral buds period but does not influence the maturation of the fruit.

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