Index

A Aswan City, 60, 149, 150 Absorbed dose rate, 201 Aswan High Dam (AHD), 2, 25, 35, 81, 105, Accumulated deposited volume (AcDV), 47 113, 117, 149, 172, 209, 240, 277, Adaptations, 394, 535, 554, 569, 719 346, 378, 391, 721, 731 capacity, 591 Aswan High Dam Authority (AHDA), 57, Adaptive strategies, 567, 593, 725 79, 83 Africa Command (AFRICOM), 626 Aswan High Dam Reservoir (AHDR), 35, 57, Agreement of 1906 (Britain–Congo), 688 79, 105, 107, 113, 720 Agreement of 1906 (Britain–France–Italy), 688 dead zone capacity, 65 Agreement of 1929, 689 lifetime span, 46, 74 Agreement of 1934, 691 live zone capacity, 66 Agreement of 1991 (Egypt–Uganda), 695 sediment, 63 Agreement of 1993 (Egypt–Ethiopia), 696 water surface areas extraction, 65, 85 Agreement on full utilization of the waters of Atbara/Atbarah River, 1, 12, 13, 27, 29, 209, the Nile (Egypt–Sudan, 1959), 692 210, 212, 389, 455, 504, 519, 544, Agriculture, climate change, 582 664, 687 productivity, 728 subbasin, climate, 544, 572 rainfed, 467, 479 Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Model Akagera National Park, 329–331 (AOGCM), 569 Albert Nile, 1, 7, 12, 212, 389, 400 Automated water extraction index (AWEI), Algae, 19, 370, 378, 722 147, 152 Algal blooms, 370, 371, 373, 378, 404 Alkalinity, 214, 225, 359 Alpha (α) particles, 188 B Aluminum (Al), 226, 229, 299, 357, 368 Bahr az-Zaraf River, 23, 333 Ammonia, 117, 124, 220, 377 Bahr el Ghazal swamps, 23, 389, 506 Animal wastes, 208, 312 Bahr el Jebel River, 1, 23, 389, 506, 525, Anions, 207, 209, 225, 722 548, 637 Antimony, 226 subbasin, climate, 546 Aquaculture, 377, 387, 391, 723, 727 Bako Abo dam, 620 problems, 406 Bank erosion, 239 Aquatic habitats, degradation, 404, 723 Barium, 207, 226, 229, 230 Arsenic (As), 226, 312 Baro River, 9, 210, 401, 506, 543 Artemia salina assay, 375 Bathymetry, 20, 36, 63, 82, 259, 282–285 Artificial neural networks (ANNs), 259, 266, 272 Bed level, changes, 178

A.M. Negm (ed.), The Nile River, 733 Hdb Env Chem (2017) 56: 733–742, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-59088-2, © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 734 Index

Bedload, 40, 42, 171, 174, 184, 285 impact, 533 transport, 181, 182 models, 567 Bed material, composition, 180 Nile basin, 533 Bed sediments, 172, 181, 207, 367 simulations, 569 Bed shear stress, 177 southern Nile, 545 Bed surface, 81–95, 101, 247 variability, 533 Beko Abo dam, 505, 529 vulnerability, 567 Beles Dam, 631 Coastal erosion, 81, 585 Beles River, 419, 619, 620, 631 Coastal Modeling System (CMS), software Besawi Island, 155 package, 276, 287 Beta (β) particles, 187, 188, 190 Coastline, 81, 276–282, 320, 336, 586 Bicarbonate, 225 erosion, 81, 585 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 121, 361 Cobalt, 226, 343 Biodiversity, 9, 305, 357, 556, 577, 722 Common interest, 670 Biological oxygen demand (BOD), 207, 209, Conflicts, 9, 15, 306, 313, 331, 416, 481, 489, 222, 359–361, 377, 722 507, 528, 535, 599, 601, 655, Black sand, 194, 201, 202 719, 726 Blue Nile, 1, 210, 415, 454 potential, 9, 655 basin, catchments, 418 scenarios, 633 precipitation, 415, 418 Congo, 7, 9, 20, 218, 305, 313, 398, 399, 472, Burundi, biodiversity, 310 490, 614, 683, 688 rainwater, 488 fish, 394 rainwater, 490 River, 312, 314, 328, 504 C Cooperation, 380, 655, 680–707, 719, 725, 729 Cadmium (Cd), 207, 226–228, 299, 367 scenarios, 637 Canada, 630, 633, 668 Copper (Cu), 207, 226, 229, 233, 299, 314, Canadian Council of Ministers of the 315, 343, 367 Environment Water Quality Index Cyanobacteria, 117, 357, 371–376 (CCME WQI), 122, 128 Cyanotoxins, 375 Canalization (streaming), 503, 520 Carbon dioxide, 370, 533, 555 Carlson TSI, 105 D Cataracts, 2, 29, 39, 51, 346 Dagaa (Rastrineobola argentea), 387, 393–395 Daal, 118 Damietta branch (Domiat), 208, 239, 243, 276, Catchment areas, 13 280, 317, 359–370, 377, 379, Cations, 207, 209, 218, 223 389, 722 CCHE2D, 35, 40, 59, 174, 239, 247, 720 estuary, 81 CCSM3_NCAR, 442 promontory, 727 Channel width, 177, 240, 241, 250 Dams, 1, 2, 13, 24, 26, 81, 210, 240, 277, 335, Chemical oxygen demand (COD), 207, 209, 378, 391, 503, 562, 601, 655, 672, 223, 360, 361, 365 683, 707, 725, 726, 729 Child malnutrition, 469, 487 impact, 378 Child mortality, 487 DDT, 370 China, 629, 630, 636, 641, 686, 697 Dead zone, reservoirs, 36, 47, 57, 59, 65, Chiruruma River, 21 68–75, 81 Chlorophyll (Chl-a), 110, 111, 117, 125, 129 capacity, 65 Chromium (Cr), 226, 233, 322 Deaths, 535, 539, 554, 555, 584 Cichlids, 312, 387, 402 Deforestation, 278, 305, 310, 313, 319–353, Climate, 15, 540 405, 473, 495, 539, 582, 589, 723 change, 1, 3, 533, 719, 729 Delta, 316, 588, 724 impact, 554 coastline, 276, 280 Eastern Nile, 540 Delta change factors (DCFs), 572–574 Index 735

Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), 9, 20, pattern, 176 212, 305, 313, 343, 390, 399, 504, riverbank, 20, 239 584, 591 Esna barrages, 149, 150, 172, 210, 214–232, biodiversity, 313–316 242, 721, 726 fisheries, 390, 399 Estuary, 276, 299, 357, 364 Deposition, 13, 27, 36–38, 57, 83, 184, stability, 278 239–254, 279 Ethiopia, biodiversity, 322 pattern, 176 highlands, 1 rate, 57, 148, 241 rainwater, 494 Depth, average, 18, 184, 251, 262, 290, water sources, 210 395, 397 wetlands, 24 modeling, 269 Eutrophication, 325, 370, 378, 388, 403, Desertification, 5, 9, 309, 319, 322, 325, 475, 405, 723 582, 592, 619, 633 Evapotranspiration, 17, 18, 23, 504, 542, 557 Desert, Sahara, 305, 423, 475, 544 Externality, 599 Sudan, 309 Extreme weather events (EWEs), 584 Western, 13, 223, 528 Development, projects, 345, 505–528, 615, 621, 707, 729 F Diatoms, 117, 372, 373, 378 Farascour dam, 25 Digital elevation models (DEMs), 82, 420, Farming, agropastoral, 481 421, 428 forest-based, 480 Dinder River, 1, 12, 13, 22, 419, 454, 510 mechanized rainfed, 480 Dissolved oxygen (DO), 121, 207, 220, 360 organic, 482 Donors, 25, 627, 630, 636, 642 rainfed, 479 Drainage, 9, 17, 201, 415, 421, 454, 613, (semi-)nomadic, 480 674, 722 Fauna, 4, 15, 20, 310, 321, 330, 348, Droughts, 5, 8, 18, 29, 305, 415, 452, 475, 508, 395–405, 475 533, 551, 577, 586, 724 Fecal coliforms, 107, 117, 121, 207, 229–235, 347, 361, 369, 722 Fertilizers, 208, 221, 228, 312, 317, 322, 329, E 343, 357, 470, 479, 495, 539, 728 Ecosystems, 4, 23, 305, 357, 405, 569, 585, First reach, 147 719, 722, 727 Fish Edfina barrage, 25, 172 cages, 377 Egypt, 1–730 farming, 108, 358, 377 biodiversity, 316 Fisheries, 727 climate, 15 Lake Albert, 398 Electric conductivity (EC), 207, 209, 216, 347, Lake Edward, 399 348, 359, 722 Lake George, 399 Embogyla dam, 631 Lake Kyoga, 395 Endosulfan, 370 Lake Nasser, 402 Endrin, 370 Lake Tana, 397 Environmental degradation, 4, 335, 337, 343 Lake Victoria, 392 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay management, 387, 407 (ELISA), 375 production, 389 Equality, 661 Sudd, 400 Equitable and reasonable utilization, 655 Fishing, 133, 275, 305, 316, 377, 387, 655, Eritrea, 7, 310, 319–321, 389, 472, 479, 504, 657, 723 584, 587, 591, 614, 636, 687, 689, overfishing, 9, 313, 316, 328, 331, 342, 702 353, 405 biodiversity, 319 unsustainable, 388, 403, 405, 723 Erosion, 13, 36, 79, 148, 172, 259, 275, 309, Floods, 173, 277, 333, 400, 415, 488, 498, 515, 343, 471 533, 539, 552–557, 578, 584, 587, coastal, 81, 555, 562, 585 665, 728 736 Index

Flora, 4, 341, 343, 345, 405 Herbicides, 343, 363, 377, 408, 480, 482 Flow, 173, 538 Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), 370 changes, 576 High flow, 27, 120, 173–182, 207, 570, 722 rate, 249 Historic agreements, 605 Food, 9, 363, 467, 589, 728 Holland/The Netherlands, 632 deficits, 487 Hydrodynamics, 239 effect of climate change, 555 models, 283 production, 467–474, 482–492, 577, Hydro-hegemony, 599, 604 583, 584 HYDRO1K, 420, 428 climate change impact, 584 Hydrology, 24, 105, 416, 452, 533, 570, 728 radionuclides, 192 Hydropolitics, 599, 719 security, 322, 391, 452, 470, 475, 485, 486, flexibility, 604 495, 506, 539, 556, 592, 723 weakness, 604 Framework Convention for the Nile Basin Hydropower, 22–29, 59, 314, 406, 454, (Entebbe), failure, 599 503–539, 570, 619, 630, 724, 728 Fula rapids, 1, 12 Hydro-strategic, 603 Fungicides, 343, 482

I G Industrial wastewater, 208, 220, 337, 357, 363 Gamma (γ) rays, 188 Inflow velocity, 88, 94 Generalized linear model (GLM), 259 Insecticides, 357, 368, 370, 482 Geographic information system (GIS), 60, Integrity, absolute, 669 79, 147 International donors, 25, 627, 630, 636, 642 Geosmin (tetramethyl-2-norborneol), 371 International treaties, 608, 684, 696 Germanium, 192 succession, 655 Germany, 107, 112, 125, 624, 632, 642, 663, Invasive species, weeds, 406 682, 684 Ionizing radiation, 188 Gilgel Gibe dam, 619, 631 Iron, 207, 226, 228, 367 Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation Irrigation, 12, 15, 24–29, 59, 80, 120, 209, 216, (GSMAP), 427 239, 278, 309, 357, 416, 487, 498, GOES Precipitation Index (GPI), 425 519, 539, 563, 579, 583, 584, 589, Gold, 314, 337, 622 611, 686, 723, 728 Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD)/ Ishasha River, 21, 399 Millennium Dam, 2, 27, 35, 79, 503, Israel, 618, 628, 657 505, 508, 720 Italy, 607, 630–632, 641, 664, 687–689 Groundwater, 12, 109, 175, 317, 418, 471, 528, 567, 686, 724 management, 631 J sea water intrusion, 555, 562, 563 Jebel Aulia dam, 2, 28, 336, 391, 401, 522 GSMAP-MVK, 429–447, 723 Jinja (Uganda), 1, 12, 29 GSTARS model, 241, 242 Jonglei canal project, 15, 506, 518, 520, 571, 693

H Half-lives, 189 K Hardness, 207, 209, 226, 364, 722 Kagera River, 12, 19, 212, 337, 389, 504, 538, Hard structures, 275 608, 624, 677, 683, 691 Harmful cyanobacterial blooms (HCB), 375 Kara Dobi dam, 505, 620, 632 Harmon theory, 621, 655 Katonga River, 12, 20 Heavy metals, 207, 226–236, 312, 317, 325, Kazinga Channel, 20, 21, 343, 399, 400 337, 347, 357, 367 Kenya, 7, 9, 18, 29, 212, 218, 305, 490, 606, Heptachlor, 370 608, 614, 623, 689, 704 Index 737

biodiversity, 305, 309, 325 Land degradation, 5, 9, 305, 309, 317, 335, climate, 489–491 343, 475, 495, 577, 723 fisheries, 387 Land use, 8, 24, 306, 308, 320, 422, 428, 495, food crops, 481–484 551, 570 population, 472 maps, 308, 423 rainwater, 490 LAWA TI, 105, 112, 125, 130, 132 Khashm El-Girba dam, 2, 8, 25, 28, 391, 401, Laws, 216, 335, 405, 601, 641, 655, 725, 727 519, 522, 544 Lead (Pb), 207, 226, 367 Kheran, fishing, 402 Legal framework, 655, 719 Kiira dam/Kiyira dam (Owen Falls Legality, historical Nile agreements, 640 extension), 2 Legal status, 686 Kyoga Lake, 2, 19, 387 Lifetime span (LTS), 35, 57–76, 720 Lifetime span of dead zone (LTSDZ), 35, 720 Lifetime span of life zone (LTSLZ), 35, 720 L Live zone, 57–76 Lake Albert, 1, 2, 19, 20, 343, 387, 398, 490, capacity, 66 546, 547 Load, 40, 171, 181, 285 Lake Edward, 2, 20, 21, 399, 547 bedload, 40, 42, 171, 174, 181–184, 285 Lake George, 2, 20, 21, 343, 345, 399 suspended, 40, 171–178, 183, 184, 285 Lake Kwania, 19, 345, 395 Low flow, 105, 116, 120, 127–132, 149, Lake Kyoga, 1, 2, 7, 12, 13, 19, 212, 387, 395, 175–179, 207, 213–234, 241, 399, 406, 547 244, 722 Lake Manyara, 338, 339 Lowland smallholder subsistence rainfed Lake Nasser, 1, 25, 60, 113, 402 agriculture, 481 biodiversity, 346 dead zone bed surfaces, 68 ecosystem/biodiversity, 305 M fisheries, 402 Machar swamp/marshes, 23, 391, 401, 506, sedimentation, 70 543, 544 3D bed profiles, 67 Manganese, 207, 226, 229 Lake No, 12, 506, 547, 548 Mann-Kendall test, 451, 456–464 Lake Nubia, 25, 61, 79, 105, 115–130, 346, 721 Mara wetland, 24 fishing, 392, 396, 401–403 Mediterranean, 9, 13, 27, 81, 109, 113, 172, sedimentation, 72 194, 217, 243, 299, 317, 358, 389, 3D bed profiles, 69, 721 452, 507, 545, 562, 616, 727 Lake Opeta, 345, 395 coast, 276, 280, 378, 585 Lakes, storage capacities, 36, 57, 79, 82, 335, Mega projects, impact, 503, 528, 720, 724, 728 402, 471, 505, 510, 515, 549, 623, Mendiya/Mandaya dam, 28, 505, 529, 620 695, 724 Mercury (Hg), 226 Lake Tana, 1, 9, 12, 13, 22, 27, 389–398, 405, Merowe dam/reservoir, 29, 37 418, 454, 544 Microcystins, 375 Lake Tanganyika, 312, 337, 342, 489 Microcystis aeruginosa, 375 Lake Victoria, 1, 18, 212, 325, 387, 392, 624, MIKE 21, 174 683, 695 Minerals, mining/weathering, 195, 217, 314 climate, 545 radioactive, 194 evapotranspiration, 17 Mining, 228, 312, 378, 405, 539, 582, 589, 622 fisheries, 309, 340, 387, 404 Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, human population, 472, 473 Egypt (MWRI), 79, 116 nutrients, 343 MIROC3.2_hires, 444 rainfall, 218, 561, 569 Mixed highland smallholder subsistence TDS, 218 rainfed agriculture, 479 water hyacinth, 406 Mixed smallholder subsistence rainfed water level, 549 agriculture, 479 738 Index

Modeling, numerical, 173–179, 183, 185, O 275, 282 Oil spills, 357, 368, 378 Models, 2D, 171, 174 Olivine, 217 climate, 556, 567, 572 Omo River, 631 3D, 72, 82, 97 Organic matter, 207 Monazite, 194, 195 Organochlorine compounds, 363 Mongalla, 524 Organophosphorus compounds, 363 Morphology, changes, 35, 81, 147, 283, 287, Orthophosphate, 111, 117, 221, 348, 364 294, 721, 727 Outlet, 422 Mouse bioassay, 375 Overfishing, 9, 313, 316, 328, 331, 342, Mpanga, 20 353, 405 Multi-beam echo sounder (MBES), 260 Overhunting, 305 Owen Falls dam (Nalubaale dam), 2, 29

N Naga-Hammadi barrage, 151, 171, 174 P Nalubaale Dam (Owen Falls Dam), 2, 13, Paper industry, 325, 357, 364, 368 29, 30 Papyrus, 309, 329, 345, 395, 397, 402, 403, 406 Naturally occurring radioactive materials Particle Tracking Model (PTM), 287 (NORM), 190 People’s diplomacy, 639 Navigation, 24, 27, 59, 80, 171, 179, 239, 505, Periphyton algae, 372 539, 570, 589, 609, 622, 655–707 Pesticides, 208, 228, 312, 322, 329, 335, 343, bottlenecks, 242 350, 359, 363, 364, 368, 370, channel, 279, 283 377–379, 408, 479, 482, 498, conditions, changes, 179 539, 728 path, 149, 150, 168, 250, 726 Petroleum, 343, 368 problems, 241, 242 Pfafstetter system, 421 Nearshore nourishment, 289 Phosphates, 117, 119, 121, 199, 201, 203, 207, Nickel (Ni), 207, 226, 228 220, 364, 370, 373 Nile Basin, 387 Phytoplankton, 117, 357, 370 Initiative (NBI), 505, 590, 632, 638, 642, Pibor River, 7, 210, 401, 506, 561 704, 705, 725 Platinum, 622 Nile perch (Lates niloticus), 387, 392, 394, Pollutants, 208, 234, 299, 322, 357, 362, 396, 399–404 379, 722 Nile River Basin, 1 Pollution, 207, 357, 405 floods, 173, 277, 333, 400, 415, 488, 498, fecal, 229, 322, 329 515, 533, 539, 552–557, 578, 584, prevention, international treaties, 684 587, 665, 728 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 370 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), 367, 387, Population, 4–13, 24, 29, 81, 149, 208, 305, 394–404 389, 472, 479 Nimule, 1, 212, 332, 547 pressure, 305, 310, 328, 337, 343, 353, Nitrates, 117, 121, 124, 207, 220, 221, 312, 476, 495 348, 357, 360, 365, 370, 373, 377 Potassium-40 (K-40), 187, 193, 194, 196 Nitrite, 117, 124, 219–221, 357 Potential evapotranspiration (PET), 17 No-Harm Rule, 655, 671 Potential of hydrogen (unit) pH, 207, 218, 361 Normalized difference water index (NDWI), Precipitation, 1, 415, 567 147, 152 Blue Nile Basin, 424, 540 Norway, 198, 632, 642, 662, 683 Principle of equitable and reasonable Nourishment, 275 utilization, 676 Nubia Lake, 25, 61, 79, 105, 115–130, 346, 721 Prior notification condition, 616, 655, 682 Nutrients, 207, 220 Promontories, 275, 727 Nyanza, province, 325 Protocol of 1891, 687 Index 739

R Salinity, 117, 212, 217, 317, 337, 360, 503, 724 Ra-226, 187, 193, 196 Salinization, 309 Radial base functions (RBF) method, 67 Sea level rise, 278, 533, 585, 586 Radiation, detection, 191 Secchi depth (SD), 110–112, 125, 133 Radioactivity, natural, 187, 193, 727 Second reach, 147 Radioisotopes, pathways, 195 Sedimentation, 29, 35–37, 48, 59, 70, 79, 166, Rahad River, 1, 12, 13, 22, 454, 510, 521 291, 295, 305, 321, 347, 352, 539, Rainfall, 15, 415, 432, 451, 458 721, 723, 726, 731 estimation error, 445 Sediments, 171, 207, 719, 727 map, 477 natural radioactivity, 187 patterns/distribution, 305, 477 quality, 232 seasonal distribution, 16, 462, 478 transport, 35 Rainfed agriculture/production systems, 467, Selenium, 226 479, 719 Semliki River, 13, 19, 20, 344, 398, 399, 490, Rainforest, 305, 307, 312–318, 329, 330, 683, 688 336–338, 345, 535 Sen’s slope estimator, 458 Rashid, black sand, 194, 195, 201 Serengeti National Park, 338 Rating curve, 42, 79, 88, 96–99, 102, 121, Sewage, 223, 235, 272, 317, 335, 357, 364, 721, 726 378, 380, 405, 722 Regional Atmospheric Climate Model sludge, 229, 482 (RACMO), 572 Shear stress, 41, 177, 178, 247 Regional Climate Models (RCMs), 569 Shifting rainfed cultivation/agropastoral Remote sensing, 37, 57, 64, 79, 147, 259, 415, farming, 481 544, 721, 726, 728, 731 Shorelines, 18, 212, 218, 275–279, 349–351, Residual sodium carbonate (RSC), 231 392, 406, 723 Rights, historic, 611, 655, 661 Significant harm, 655 theories, 665 Siltation, 20, 29, 36, 275, 282, 291, 298, 310, Riverbed morphology, stochastic 312, 321, 324, 328, 378 simulations, 183 Single beam echo sounder (SBES), 260 River morphology, 149, 172, 175 Sinnar dam, 2, 28 Roseires dam/reservoir, 2, 8, 13, 25, 29, 82, Smallholders, subsistence, 467, 479 336, 391, 401, 516, 519, 542 Soap industry, 364 Rosetta (Rasheed), 25 Sobat River, 1, 5, 9, 12, 209–212, 401, 454, black sand, 195 504, 506, 543, 683, 688, 693 branch, 239, 243, 259, 563 Soils, Blue Nile Basin estuary, 81 loss, 305, 322, 422, 538, 723 promontory, 280, 720, 722, 727 Soluble sodium percent (SSP), 231 stabilization, 295 South Sudan, 1, 7, 12, 23, 212, 331, 400, 478, Runoff, 5, 9, 16, 23, 208, 317, 363, 419, 447, 496, 504, 601, 725 455, 471, 478, 535, 538, 567, biodiversity, 331 571, 724 endangered species, 334 coefficient, 7, 478, 535 fisheries, 389–391 Rusumo dam, 624 rainwater, 496 Rusumo Falls, 212 Sudd, 1, 15, 23, 308, 400, 496, 504, Rutile, 195 518–527, 543, 547, 571, 583 Rwanda, 7, 9, 18, 212, 218, 305, 309, 488, 582, swamps, 23 587, 608, 624, 677, 691, 701 Sovereignty, absolute territorial, 666 biodiversity, 328 Species, biodiversity, 305 rainwater, 488 endangered, 305, 556 wetlands, 24 fish, 387 introductions, 403 invasive, 9, 406 S Subbasins, 1, 10, 14, 536, 541 Sahara desert, 305, 423, 475, 544 Sudan, 1, 7, 9, 12–29, 60, 79–83, 113, 117, 415, Salini Impregilo, 631 467, 504, 600, 680–706, 724 740 Index

Sudan (cont.) TRMM-3B42-V7, 429, 435 biodiversity, 335 Trophic index (TRIX), 112 climate, 419, 535, 540, 577 Trophic level index (TLI), 112 farming, 309 Trophic state, 105, 110, 120–133, 726 fisheries, 367, 389 Trophic status index (TSI), 105, 107, 120, 129, population, 472 347, 373, 721 rainfall/rainwater, 419, 467, 496 Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Sudd swamp, 1, 15, 23, 308, 400, 496, 504, (TRMM), 417 518–527, 543, 547, 571, 583 Turbidity, 111, 116–122, 207, 209, 214, 261, Sulfur industry, 364 272, 347, 362, 364, 722 Sun glint correction, 265 Surface change, 154–160, 165, 168 lake bed, 83 U Suspended load, 40, 171–178, 183, 184, 285 Uganda, 7, 9, 12–21, 29, 30, 305, 342, 472, Sustainable development, 83, 149, 307, 590, 492, 504, 547, 587, 687–702 706, 719, 729 biodiversity, 342 Sustainable management, 593, 719, 729 climate, 492 farming, 492–494 fisheries, 387 T Owens Fall dam/Nalubaale dam, 29 TABS-MD, 174 rainwater, 492 Tanzania, 18, 212, 305, 337, 389, 472, 504, Undernourishment, 485–487 538, 606, 701 Upper Blue Nile River Basin (UBNRB), 455 biodiversity, 337 Upper Egypt, 81, 187, 196–202, 359, 363, 368 fisheries, 389–395, 408 Uranium-238, 187, 193, 196 rainwater, 491 Technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials V (TENORM), 190 Vanadium, 226 Tekeze (Setite)-Atbara, 9 Velocity, 36–45, 51, 80–102, 115, 176–184, subbasin, climate, 544 239–255, 347, 727 Tekeze dam, 2, 27, 619, 623, 630 Victoria Lake, 1, 7, 12, 18, 24, 29, 212, 695 Tekeze (Setite) River, 12, 210, 504, 540, 544 Volcanoes National Park (Rwanda), 329, Temperatures, air, 540, 560, 578 330, 344 water, 116, 122, 214, 347, 360, 362, 563 Thallium (Tl), 226 Theory of absolute integrity of the river, 655 W Theory of absolute territorial sovereignty, 655 Wastewater, 23, 213, 229, 317, 360, 405 Theory of common interest, 655 discharge, 222, 272, 380, 727 Thorium-232, 187, 190, 193–196 industrial, 208, 220, 337, 357, 363 Tidal outlets/inlets, 277, 278 treatment, 325, 590 Tin (Sn), 226 Water, capacity, 79, 239, 731 Total accumulated volume (TAV), 47 conflicts, 599, 601 Total dissolved solids (TDS), 207, 209, 216, conservation, 346, 591 217, 347, 722 cycle, 17, 148, 554, 571 Total organic carbon (TOC), 207, 209, 222, diplomacy, 599, 638 223, 365, 722 discharge, 4, 7, 113, 120, 277, 279, 288, 726 Total phosphorus (TP), 110, 221 disputes, 655 Total suspended solids (TSS), 117, 119, 121, distribution, 613, 693 125, 207, 209, 216, 722 electrical conductivity (EC), 207 Toxicity, 226, 364, 371, 375, 378 loss, 17, 471, 505, 528, 637, 728 Trammel nets, 402, 403 management, 328, 379, 415, 452, 471, Transboundary River, 621, 622 586, 728 Treaty of 1902, 687 policies, 589, 600, 614, 617, 628, 729 Index 741

pollution, 9, 207, 234, 305, 363, 371, 380 AHDR, 105 relations, 600, 619, 632 assessment, 357, 379, 719 resources, 1, 59, 85, 108, 148, 209, 316, Water quality index (WQI), 105–108, 415, 475, 503, 557, 694, 701, 729 120–124, 127, 128, 359, 360 scarcity, 468, 475, 586, 724, 728 Water ratio index (WRI), 147, 152, 154 selling, 599, 615 White Nile, 1, 5, 7, 9–16, 23, 24, 210, 212, 389, sharing, 599, 612, 641, 655 419, 454, 503, 518, 540, 689 temperature, 116, 122, 214, 347, 360, 362, 563 turbidity, 111, 116–122, 207, 209, 214, 261, Y 272, 347, 362, 364, 722 Yala Swamp (Kenya), 309 use, 8, 305, 475, 721 map, 308 withdrawal, 319, 563, 589–591, 724 Z Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), 406 Zifta/Zefta barrage, 25, 172, 243, 244 Water Program for Africa and Arid and Water Zinc (Zn), 207, 226–228, 233, 299, Scarce Zones (WPA), 631 343, 367 Water quality, 207, 214, 357, 567 Zircon, 195