CBOS OCTOBER 2000

ISSN 1233 - 7250 ATTITUDES OF THE CZECHS, HUNGARIANS, IN THIS ISSUE: LITHUANIANS AND POLES TO OTHER NATIONS

Ø ATTITUDES OF THE CZECHS, In co-operation with public opinion research centers from the Czech Republic, HUNGARIANS, and Lithuania (IVVM, TARKI, VILMORUS), we have investigated the attitudes LITHUANIANS to other nations. AND POLES TO In each of these four countries, LIKES AND DISLIKES AVERAGE VALUES ON THE OTHER NATIONS a different distribution of feelings SCALE FROM (1) DISLIKE TO (7) SYMPATHY; towards other nations has emerged. AVERAGE VALUES BELOW “4" INDICATE PREVAILING DISLIKE, ABOVE “4" POSITIVE FEELINGS These feelings reflect national Ø POLITICAL stereotypes shaped by historical Poles Czechs SITUATION AFTER experience. In all four countries, the Americans 5,37 Slovaks 5,3 THE PRESIDENTIAL representatives of the so-called French 5,3 French 5,29 ELECTION Italians 5,2 Swedes 5,17 “Western world" are usually liked English 5,15 English 4,86 more than other nations. The Swedes 5,03 Slovenes 4,64 Japanese, as a developed democratic Hungarians 5 Japanese 4,56 SHOULD WE Austrians 4,9 Americans 4,55 Ø nation, also enjoy a similar level of Czechs 4,9 Italians 4,47 WORK SHORTER? positive feelings. Hungarians, Poles Slovaks 4,72 Austrians 4,46 Japanese 4,71 Hungarians 4,14 and Czechs quite like one another on Lithuanians 4,53 Croats 4,13 the scale from the most to the least Slovenes 4,51 Poles 4,13 liked these nations immediately Germans 4,3 Israelis (Jews) 3,97 Ø EATING HABITS Croats 4,22 Lithuanians 3,83 AND CULINARY follow the Western nations. Slovenes Bulgarians 4,17 Germans 3,68 and Croats enjoy a similar level of Chinese 4,15 Serbs 3,37 PREFERENCES Israelis (Jews) 4,15 Bulgarians 3,32 OF POLES positive feelings. On the other hand, Vietnamese 4,15 Belorussians 3,28 Hungarians, Poles and Czechs like Belorussians 4,02 Chinese 3,25 Serbs 3,78 Ukrainians 3,14 their Eastern neighbours clearly less. Russians 3,75 Vietnamese 2,96 The likes and dislikes of the residents Ukrainians 3,67 Russians 2,94 of Lithuania differ from the above- Romanians 3,33 Romanians 2,72 PUBLIC OPINION Romanis (Gypsies) 3,28 Romanis (Gypsies) 2,18 RESEARCH CENTER described pattern quite significantly Lithuanians - CBOS - (It must be noted that, unlike the other Hungarians

three countries, which are Swedes 5,05 Swedes 5,45 characterised by rather homogeneous English 4,91 French 5,32 4a ¯urawia Americans 4,83 Japanese 5,31 population, Lithuania has a Italians 4,81 Italians 5,3 00-503 Warszawa significant percentage of national Germans 4,62 Germans 5,28 POLAND minorities, mainly Russians). French 4,56 English 5 Poles 4,5 Americans 5 Although, as the respondents from Japanese 4,46 Russians 4,91 the other three countries, they like the Slovenes 3,97 Austrians 4,82 Ph: (48 22) 629 35 69 Israelis (Jews) 3,88 Czechs 4,75 “Western" nations the most, contrary Ukrainians 4,74 (48 22) 628 37 04 Croats 3,85 to the Hungarians, Poles and Czechs Czechs 3,76 Hungarians 4,59 (48 22) 693 58 94 they also have quite positive feelings Lithuanians 3,69 Poles 4,4 Vietnamese 3,69 Belorussians 4,25 for Russians, Ukrainians and Bulgarians 3,61 Slovaks 4,24 Fax:(48 22) 629 40 89 Bulgarians 4,22 Belorussians. Slovaks 3,56 Belorussians 3,41 Slovenes 4,11 There are some other Chinese 3,34 Romanians 3,86 historically shaped differences. Poles Russians 3,17 Chinese 3,79 E-mail: [email protected] Ukrainians 3,08 Croats 3,62 like the Americans the most. Romanians 2,78 Vietnamese 3,62 Hungarians and Lithuanians like Serbs 2,74 Serbs 3,56 http://www.cbos.pl Romanis (Gypsies) 2,61 Israelis (Jews) 3,43 them a little less. Czechs are Romanis (Gypsies) 2,47 significantly colder in their feelings Austrians n.a. for Americans and like the Slovaks the most. Hungarians and Lithuanians prefer the © COPYRIGHT BY CBOS 2000 Swedes.

ALL SOURCES MUST BE CREDITED The Gypsies (Romanis) are disliked the most in all four countries that participated in WHEN ANY PART OF THIS the survey, particularly in the Czech Republic (79%). Hungarians and Lithuanians dislike PUBLICATION IS REPRODUCED them slightly less (68% and 69%). Poles dislike them less than other nations participating in the survey, but still over half of respondents (55%) declare their antipathy to Gypsies. 2 10/2000

Germans are liked very much by Lithuanians and Hungarians; in both these countries they are among the HOW DID YOU FEEL WHEN YOU LEARNED ABOUT THE most liked nations. Two-thirds of Lithuanians and half of RESULT OF THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION?

Hungarians declare that they like Germans and only 11% Happy 18% and 20%, respectively, dislike them. The attitude towards 31% Satisfied 36% Germans is much worse in Poland and the Czech 53% Surprised 20% Republic, although in Poland positive feelings are 6% declared more frequently than negative ones (44% and Uncertain 21% 30%). In the Czech Republic this proportion is reversed 8% Disappointed 17% positive feelings towards Germans are declared by 30% 12% Dismayed 8% of respondents, antipathy by 43%. 8% What are the feelings of the nations participating Angry 5% 3% in the survey towards each other? Approximately two- Anxious 32% fifths of respondents from Hungary, the Czech Republic 10% Indifferent 14% and Lithuania declare that they like the Poles (40% in the 21% 1995 Difficult to say 1% Czech Republic, 44% in Hungary, 43% in Lithuania). 2% 2000 Dislike towards Poles is declared by one-fifth of the Hungarians (22%) and almost one-third of Czechs and Despite generally positive attitude, the Lithuanians (30%). Poles are liked relatively the most in respondents prefer Aleksander Kwaœniewski to maintain Hungary, less in Lithuania and relatively the least in the more equal distance to and the right than in the Czech Republic. These feelings are mutual Poles like the past. Hungarians the most, Czechs come next and Lithuanians are less liked. In the Czech Republic, the level of liking IN YOUR OPINION, HOW SHOULD ALEKSANDER KWAŒNIEWSKI BEHAVE AFTER THE RE-ELECTION? the Poles and Hungarians is almost the same. Lithuanians SHOULD HE: are liked a little less. As far as the feelings of Lithuanians Take more care than before to are concerned, they like the Hungarians the most. The maintain an equal distance to Difficult Czechs are rated a little lower, but still preferred to Poles. different political groups to say

More information on this subject can be found in the CBOS report 51% 11% “The attitude to other nations in Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary 4% and Lithuania", October 2000. 34%

POLITICAL SITUATION Represent left-wing He should not political groups to a change his larger extent than he behaviour in this AFTER THE PRESIDENTIAL has so far ELECTION respect A good result of Andrzej Olechowski, a politician who presented himself as an independent The re-election of Aleksander Kwaœniewski in candidate, leads to the question what he should do with the first round confirmed the fact that practically none of the relatively high social support that he has won. A his opponents could challenge his position. The number greatest group of respondents think that he should remain of votes obtained by other serious candidates to the office, an independent politician. A smaller percentage would Andrzej Olechowski and Marian Krzaklewski, was by like him to join a (the Freedom Union is over one-third smaller than that obtained by the current mentioned the most frequently) or form his own group. President. The Poles' reaction to the re-election of Aleksander Kwaœniewski was a little different than their IN YOUR OPINION, WHAT SHOULD ANDRZEJ reaction to his first election five years ago. When the OLECHOWSKI, THE INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE WHO former communist party activist was elected as President CAME SECOND IN THE ELECTION, DO? SHOULD HE: of Poland in 1995 (after beating Lech Wa³êsa in the Join one of the existing second round by a narrow margin), Poles reacted with parties (the closest to him) mixed feelings. Apart from satisfaction, such feelings as 18% anxiety, uncertainty and disappointment were also Try to declared quite frequently. After five years of President establish his 12% own political Kwaœniewski's term, including three years during which Remain an party independent the AWS ( Election Action) - UW (Freedom politician not involved with 48% Union) , ill-disposed towards the President's any political political background and base, was in power, the party 21% Difficult to say reactions to the re-election of the current President are different. Positive reactions of respondents clearly outnumber negative ones.

PUBLIC OPINION RESEARCH CENTER - CBOS - 10/2000 3

The third place of the Solidarity leader Marian Most working Poles believe that the current Krzaklewski, who was supposed to be the closest length of working week is adequate and should not be competitor of the current President, is treated as a political reduced if it would entail a pay reduction. failure in spite of his 15% of the vote. In the opinion of nearly two-thirds of respondents, Marian Krzaklewski WOULD YOU SUPPORT A REDUCTION OF WORKING TIME TO should bear the political consequences of his election 40 HOURS A WEEK IF IT ENTAILED A PAY REDUCTION?: result and resign from his position as theAWS leader. (Answers of working respondents) IN YOUR OPINION, WHAT SHOULD MARIAN KRZAKLEWSKI DO AFTER COMING THIRD IN THE PRESIDENTIAL 4% Definitely yes ELECTION? SHOULD HE: 7% 9% Rather yes 12% Resign from the position of the AWS leader 25% Rather not 28%

65% 17% 18%

49% Definitely not Remain the Difficult to 44% AWS leader say The opinions of Poles as to whether the failure of the candidate of the ruling right-wing parties should result 11% Difficult to say 9% in an early parliamentary election are divided. Two-fifths of respondents (40%) believe that such a decision could In the respondents' opinion, the proposed changes only be justified by extraordinary circumstances, which are detrimental to employers and the whole economy, but have not taken place. In the opinion of 38%, the change in beneficial to employees. the political sympathies of Poles should be reflected in the composition of the Parliament. These respondents believe that a new election should be held before the end of the IN YOUR OPINION, IS THIS PROPOSAL BENEFICIAL present term of the Parliament. OR DETRIMENTAL TO: (Answers of working respondents) More information on this subject can be found in the CBOS reports: “After the Presidential election", “The attitude of Poles to Presidential 72% election", October 2000. 64%

SHOULD WE WORK 49% 51% SHORTER?

30% Not all Polish employees enjoy all free Saturdays 24% currently; for many only one Saturday a month is free. In 18% 17% 13% 12% 12% 13% the draft amendment to the Labour Code, the government 7% 8% 6% proposed to introduce all Saturdays off, at the same time 2% maintaining the 42-hour working week. The you personally? employees in general? employers? the national economy? Parliamentary commission for social policy has proposed the reduction to 40 hours and added the provision that the beneficial irrelevant detrimental Difficult to say shorter work time cannot result in a pay reduction. Those who opt for a shorter work week argue that it will reduce unemployment. The opponents point out (the 5% to 7%) More information on this subject can be found in the CBOS report increase of the labour costs. “The 40-hour working week", October 2000.

DO YOU BELIEVE THAT THE STATUTORY WORKING EATING HABITS WEEK IN POLAND IS: (Answers of working respondents) AND CULINARY PREFERENCES just right OF POLES

71% too short 76% 5% 1995 2% 2000 Only 14% of Poles strictly follow the principles (N=581) 10% 7% N=(496) of healthy diet, such as the recommended number of Difficulttosay 13% 15% meals during a day (including breakfast) and the recommendation to eat fruit. One-fifth of respondents too long (21%) eat less than three meals a day. Almost the same

PUBLIC OPINION RESEARCH CENTER - CBOS - 4 10/2000 percentage (20%) eat breakfast not more frequently than a few times a week. Less than half of Poles (45%) eat fruit TRADITIONALLY IN POLAND DINNER HAS BEEN THE between meals every day. Over two-fifths of respondents MAIN HOT MEAL EATEN DURING THE DAY. AT WHAT (43%) declare that sometimes they are hungry because TIME DO YOU USUALLY EAT SUCH A HOT MEAL? they have no time to eat. 8% eat their main meal at different times of day. Nevertheless, most Poles (76%) Between 12 and 2 p.m. 25% believe that they eat healthily. Between 2 p.m. and 4 p.m. 43%

PLEASE RECALL IF DURING THE LAST THREE DAYS Between 4 p.m. and 6 p.m. 19% YOU HAD EVERY DAY: Between 6 p.m. and 8 p.m. 4%

Breakfast 88% Irregularly, at different times 8%

Lunch 38% See note to the previous graph.

Dinner 96% Low-calorie diets are not very popular. 15% of respondents declare that they have followed some diet Tea 35% aimed at improving their appearance, weight or general condition during the last year. Poles do admit wasting Supper 88% some food. In our kitchens bread (51%), vegetables and fruit preserves (46%) are wasted the most frequently. Note: Dinners are usually served much earlier and lunches are less substantial in Poland than in West-European countries. WHAT DISHES DO YOU LIKE? DO YOU LIKE:

The eating habits of Poles have changed a great 85% deal over the last ten years. A lot of goods that used to be The traditional Polish 15% cuisine 0% unavailable or scarce have become readily available. New 0% consumption patterns appeared: imported products 9% Asian cuisines, e.g. 23% became available and Asian dishes (particularly Chinese, Vietnamese, 33% Indian Vietnamese) became the "daily bread" of many city 34% dwellers. However, most respondents still clearly prefer European cuisines, e.g. 11% Greek (e.g. gyros), Spanish 26% traditional Polish cuisine, which they find tasty. Most (e.g. paella, tortilla), Italian 24% women (78%) and over two-fifths of men (44%) like (e.g. lasagne, spaghetti) 36% I like very much 4% cooking, especially Polish dishes (66%). The Poles eat I quite like 23% Different cuisines I do not like at all their meals at home. Only 6% eat out on weekdays and 3% 20% on Sundays and other days off. Fruit and vegetable 38% I do not know this cuisine products appear on our menu (68%) more frequently than meat products (68%), but only 1% of Poles declare that More information on this subject can be found in the CBOS report they are vegetarians. Others eat meat at least from time to “Eating habits and culinary preferences of Poles" October 2000. time.

In addition to the reports referred to above, the following have been published recently (in Polish): For more information on CBOS services and publications please contact: u Children and adolescents on holiday CBOS POLAND u Declared support for presidential candidates a week before the election 4a, ¯urawia, 00-503 Warsaw Phones: (48 22) 629 35 69, 628 37 04 u Holiday rest of Poles Fax: (48 22) 629 40 89

u Poles on national parks E-mail: [email protected]

u Opinions on the work of the government, President and Parliament Http://www.cbos.pl

u Social moods after the presidential election Yearly subscription rate for “Polish Public Opinion” is 80 USD u Opinions on the proposed cadastral (real estate) tax

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