1 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond - Our place in the future

Committee for Perth

The Committee for Perth is a member driven think tank This document presents a number of case studies that that aims to advance informed debate about the were considered during the development of the Perth at liveability of Perth as a growing city. 3.5 Million & Beyond project. Each study presents ideas that we think are worth of consideration for Perth as we We apply an evidence based and solutions focused plan for the growth of the city of the next twenty plus approach that is undertaken in a collegiate way to years. catalyse ideas and develop proposals so that Perth continues to be a highly liveable and increasingly These studies were originally included as part of globally competitive city. Discussion Paper 2 in the Perth @ 3.5 Million project.

During 2011/12 we are undertaking a thought leading and collaborative multi-faceted project Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond. The project is examining all of the major issues affecting Perth today and the big challenges and opportunities for the city in the future. It is facilitating debate and discussion about what we want Perth at 3.5 million and beyond to be and how we can best get there.

The outcome of this project will be the publication of a report and strategy document that will comprehensively discuss Perth’s strengths and weaknesses and identify actions that government, the business sector and the community can undertake to enable Perth to capitalise on its opportunities as the city grows.

2 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond - Our place in the future

No Title Page Contents 1 Diverse Country, City - Learning from Canada and Toronto 4 2 Tolerant Cities - Learning from Canada 7 3 Cities of Migration - Learning from International Best Practice 8 4 Addressing Income Inequity - Learning from the OECD 11 5 Moving International Talent from University to Employment in Helsinki 12 6 Respecting, Acknowledging Celebrating Indigenous Culture - Learning from Reconciliation Australia Councils 13 7 Rethinking Older Age - The European Innovation Partnership on active and Healthy ageing 14 8 Encouraging Workforce Participation - Learning from Sweden & Scandinavia 15 9 Investing in Research & Technology - Learning from Texas 16 10 Resource efficiency - Keeping pace with China 17 11 Perth as a future Renewable Energy Hub? Growth of Renewable Energy in Established Resource Cities 18 12 Roaming Gourmet - Learning from the street food traditions & revolution 19 13 Transit Oriented Development – Making it Happen Learning from Arlington, Virginia & Portland, Oregon 22 14 Density in the City Centre - Learning from Vancouver & Melbourne 24 15 Getting the Housing We Want - Learning from Grattan Institute Research 26 16 Making the Most of Our Public Places and Spaces - Learning from the world’s best 27 17 Just Add Water - Learning from great water parks 31 18 Alfresco Dining - Learning from our Australian counterparts 32 19 Making a Commitment to Sustainability - Learning from cities that have achieved real change 33 20 Congestion Charging - Learning from London and Stockholm 34 21 Sustainable Living, Community Cohesion and Education in the City - Learning from Community Gardens 37 22 Green Building - Learning from San Francisco 39 23 A Positive Water Future - Learning from the United States 40 24 City of Living Eco-systems 41 25 Active Cities are Green Cities! - Learning from Cycling Cities 42 26 Strategies for Smarter States - Learning from Queensland 43 27 Actively Pursuing Our Goals - Learning from Melbourne 44 28 Creative Placemaking - Learning from Toronto 45 29 The World’s Most Creative City - Learning from Tel Aviv 46 30 Creative Connectivity - Learning from Montreal 47 31 Multiculturalism and Creativity information and Cultural Exchange (ICE), Western Sydney 48 32 Working with Communities to Achieve Real Change - Research by the Grattan Institute 49 33 Regional Governance - Approaches from Cities around the Globe 51 34 Competitive Identity & Good Governance - Learning from Simon Anholt’s ‘Places’ 52

3 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: People | Case Study - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case Study 1: Diverse Country, City: Learning from Canada and Toronto Toronto, with a population of 2.48 million people (5.5 million in the GTA - Greater Toronto Area) is heralded as one of the most multicultural cities in the world. However the city is also ranked as the safest large metropolitan area in North America by Places Rated Almanac and by the Economist Intelligence Unit as the fourth most liveable city in the world.

Toronto is a city that has embraced diversity as its singular distinction and unifying characteristic. From its multitude of summer cultural festivals to its municipal motto, “Diversity our Strength,” Toronto’s identity is tightly intertwined with its diversity and while not without some problems associated with racial discrimination, Toronto genuinely appears to be a city that is remarkably devoid of the racial tension and conflict that commonly plagues other global multicultural hubs.

A 2011 research report prepared by renowned Canadian immigration expert Dr Jeffrey Reitz for the Canadian Institute for Research on Public Policy (IRPP) states that, since the year 2000 Toronto has accepted between 80,000 and 125,000 new immigrants each year. As a result, half of Toronto’s residents today were born outside of Canada and half of these immigrants have lived in Canada for less than 15 years. According to the City of Toronto the city’s residents speak over 140 languages and dialects and just over 30 per cent of Toronto residents speak a language other than English or French at home.

According to Reitz the success of multiculturalism in Toronto and Canada generally appears rooted in the fact that most Canadians view immigration as more of an opportunity than as a problem – a view that has grown in prevalence since the 1970s and remained stable through the last decades despite increasing immigrant numbers, the SARS pandemic and international threats such as the global economic recession and terrorism.

In fact, Canadians are more positive about immigration than the people of most industrialised nations. For example, a poll by the German Marshall Fund of the United States found that in 2010, 60 per cent of people in the United Kingdom thought there were too many immigrants in their country compared to less than 20 per cent of Canadians. The poll also found Canadians to be more tolerant of immigrants than people in Italy, Spain, the U.S., France, Netherlands and Germany.

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Case Study 1: continued

Reitz identifies the source of Canadian optimism as immigration program has become part of the mix of twofold: firstly it is founded in a general perception that progressive public policies that for many are linked to immigration brings economic benefit to Canada and Canadian identity. secondly it is supported by a strong source of cultural pride in Canadian multiculturalism that is linked to Other factors that have been found to influence the country’s national identity. (For example in 2010, tolerance levels toward multiculturalism among Toronto’ a telephone referral service, which provides the annual Focus Canada survey by the Environics individuals and communities in Canada include information about government services and programs Institute found that multiculturalism was ranked of education levels (university educated people are more in more than 180 languages as well as information on equal importance to Canada’s national identity as the likely to support immigration than those who have access to government services, health care, banking country’s national anthem). high school education or less); age (younger people and transport. are more likely to favour immigration); gender (with The perception of immigration bringing positive more males than females supporting immigration); and There are also a wide range of community-based economic benefit is one that has been long held in employment status (those in full time employment are services in Toronto providing employment, education, Canada. It is upheld by all of Canada’s federal more likely to approve of immigration than people who settlement and social services for migrant political parties and is prevalent in all of the are unemployed). Similarly people who are confident communities and people in need, including some country’s major regions. According to Reitz there is about the national economy and who believe that their which provide services for specific migrant groups. a general view in Canada that immigration stimulates standard of living has improved over the past decade economic development and boosts employment and are greater immigration proponents than those who do Toronto also actively celebrates multiculturalism with a that, because immigrants pay taxes, they help not. myriad of festivals and events. The city’s packed summer festival program includes Caribina (the support public services such as health care - support Tolerance leads to respect and support. On a more that will become increasingly important as the largest celebration of Caribbean culture in North local basis, community tolerance and high migrant America); Masala! Mehndi! Masti! (North America’s country’s population ages. Reitz speculates that this numbers have Toronto positioned as a world-leading view has been supported by the approach pursued by largest free south Asian festival); Mexico Beyond Your city in developing programs and services to support Expectations; the Corso Italia Festival; the Chinatown Canada since World War II of selecting newcomers new migrants. based on educational and other job-related Street Festival; and Taste of Danforth (Greek food qualifications to enhance their capacity to adapt within The Toronto ‘Immigration Portal’ is a website festival) - to name but a few. an increasingly knowledge-oriented society. providing prospective and new arrivals everything they need to know about immigrating to Toronto and what Toronto’s urban environment and food scene has also In his report for the IRPP Reitz also highlights that to do before and after they arrive. been strongly influenced and enhanced by the city’s cultural pride in multiculturalism is associated with the multicultural population and the city boasts a range fact that Canada considers itself a socially progressive It outlines some of the specific support services of enclaves with a strong ethnic flavour – from Little nation, a distinction that Canadians are proud of and available to newcomers from the Toronto Newcomer Jamaica, Chinatown, Little Italy, Little India, Koreatown which has, to Canadians, provided the country with a Immigration Centres. ‘211 Toronto’ which provides to Roncesvalles (Polish) – all of which add to vibrancy point of difference. The result is that the country’s settlement resources and referral services and ‘311 and choice in the city.

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Case Study 1: continued ADDITIONAL People CASE STUDIES (SEE APPENDIX A) Toronto has also been home to innovative ideas to support migrants, • Case Study 2: Tolerant Cities, which include: Learning from Canada • Case Study 3: Cities of Migration, Lessons for Perth? • ‘The Mentoring Partnership’ - a collaboration of community Learning from International Best organisations and corporate partners that brings together skilled Practice The experiences of Canada and one of its major immigrants and established professionals in occupation specific • Case Study 4: Addressing Income Inequity, Learning from the OECD cities Toronto highlight the complexities of mentoring relationships with an aim to assist new immigrants in • Case Study 5: Moving International community attitudes towards immigrants and there finding work that reflects their past experience and education. It has Talent from University to Employment is little doubt that public attitudes toward matched over 5,200 skilled immigrants with Canadian mentors and in Helsinki multiculturalism can only be changed over time. achieved impressive results, with 85% of participants who complete • Case Study 6: Respecting, However it is also clear that positive community the program finding employment in their field of choice. Acknowledging Celebrating Indigenous Culture Learning from attitudes towards immigrants and immigration can • DiverseCity Onboard - an award-winning joint initiative between the Reconciliation Australia Councils be fostered through measures such as: Maytree Foundation and Greater Toronto Civic Action Alliance • Case Study 7: Rethinking Older Age that seeks to change the face of city leadership by working to ensure The European Innovation Partnership • Unified political support for multiculturalism, that the governance bodies of public agencies, boards and on active and healthy ageing immigration and pro-immigration policies; • Case Study 8: Encouraging • Increasing awareness of the economic benefits commissions as well as voluntary organisations accurately reflect the Workforce Participation, Learning diversity of the people who live and work in the Greater Toronto Area. immigration can bring to the city and country; from Sweden and Scandinavia • Highlighting the long term benefits of multi- • The Toronto District School Board’s award winning Integration culturalism to Australia and Western Australia through Education initiative, a systemic approach to integration in Case Study Reference Links and building pride in Perth as a multicultural city; the city’s education system. It is based on the Board’s ‘Equity • Public education about multiculturalism and Foundation Statement’ that promotes participation and equal • City of Toronto: http://www.toronto.ca/ discrimination – through schools and media; opportunities for all students. The Toronto District School Board toronto_facts/diversity.htm • Cities of Migration: • Programs to address skill gaps, increase employs an executive officer for equity issues and has also developed www.citiesofmigration.ca employment opportunities, raise incomes, strategies and programs for delivering targeted support to schools in • The Mentoring Partnership: http://www. reduce poverty and promote equality for all, disadvantaged neighbourhoods. The district’s schools aim to thementoringpartnership.com/ including newcomers (also see Prosperity case provide low-achieving students with individual support in the • DiverseCity Onboard: http://diversecityto- studies); classroom and many students have access to language learning in ronto.ca/about-diversecity/ • Fostering a ‘knowledge economy’ and • Dr Jeffrey Reitz Research for the their native language throughout their education. The diversity of the Canadian Institute for Research on Public increasing levels of ‘human capital’ in the city student body is reflected in school curricula, teaching methods and Policy (IRPP) http://www.irpp.org/pubs/ (i.e. educational attainment); staff and in programs which enable interaction between the schools IRPPstudy/IRPP_Study_no20.pdf • Developing innovative support and outreach and local communities, especially migrant associations and parents. • Reitz Research on Attitudes towards programs for minority groups, at risk groups and immigration in Canada: http://www.ontla. new arrivals in the city; and These and many other ideas for multicultural cities, from Toronto and on.ca/library/repository/mon/8000/244164. • Celebrating multiculturalism through festivals pdf other global cities are outlined on the website. and events.

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Case Study 2: Tolerant Cities - Learning from Canada The idea of a culturally diverse city can scare people Canada’s success has seen it described as a ‘model ‘Diverse cities a little. It conjures up images of segregation, violence for the world’ and has led to the establishment of the do not need to and racial tension. But diverse cities do not need to be ‘Global Centre for Pluralism’, an international be socially socially fragmented. There are diverse cities across centre for research, education and exchange about the globe which are both multicultural and among the the values, practices and policies that underpin fragmented...’ safest and best cities to live in the world. pluralist societies. The centre aims to work with countries to nurture successful civil societies in which Canada’s cities are a case in point. They are among every citizen, irrespective of cultural, religious or the world’s most successful pluralist societies and ethnic differences, is able to realise his or her full the most proactive in embracing diversity and potential. harnessing it as a source of strength. Canadian cities feature heavily in world ‘liveability’ rankings – with Case Study Reference Link: Vancouver, Toronto and Calgary ranking in the top www.pluralism.ca 10 of the Economist Intelligence Unit Liveable Cities Index.

The roots of multiculturalism run deep in Canada with the concept gaining prominence as early as 1935 when the Governor General of Canada maintained in his speeches that ethnic groups, “should retain their individuality and each make its contribution to the national character,” and that “the strongest nations are those that are made up of different racial elements.”

Today Canada has the highest per capita immigration rate in the world, with the largest component of new arrivals coming from Asia and the Middle East and settling in cities such as Toronto, Vancouver, Calgary and Montreal. All of these cities have policies and strategies that have been specifically developed to assist new arrivals to settle into the city and help them to find employment, access services and contribute to society. They all also actively celebrate diversity.

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Case Study 3: Cities of Migration - Learning from International Best Practice The website ‘Cities of Migration’ is Canadian based Case Study 3a: ‘When setting and showcases innovative practices for social Innovation, Entrepreneurship and the course for the inclusion and urban prosperity. Immigrants – Barcelona Activa city’s economic The website includes a series of case studies ‘Good development, Ideas in Integration’ outlining more than 100 Barcelona is known internationally as a creative hub Barcelona city different global initiatives that are aimed at for artists, architects, musicians and designers. So, improving the integration of migrants, disadvantaged when setting the course for the city’s economic leaders looked to and minority groups in communities around the development, Barcelona city leaders looked to the the historic world. historic success of its creative industries and the success of its entrepreneurial drive of innovative small and medium creative industries The website is a great resource and a potential sized businesses (SMEs) as a model. source of best practice and achievable actions for and the the development of a strong and unified community The result? Barcelona Activa, the city’s dynamic entrepreneurial as Perth grows and changes. Extracts from a small local development agency. Established in 1986 with number of relevant case studies are outlined below: a mandate to drive business growth and diversify the drive of economic development of the city, Barcelona Activa innovative small balances strategies to support entrepreneurial and medium success with a commitment to developing human sized businesses capital and quality employment. as a model...’ In addition to Barcelona’s commercial reputation as a centre for business innovation and magnet for hip urban culture, the city is Spain’s second largest urban area after Madrid. The last 10 years have brought a surge of newcomers to Barcelona. Between 2002 and 2008, the immigrant population of the city grew from 3.5% to 17.3% of the city’s total population. As of 2009 18% of the city’s population were foreign registered residents with a very youthful profile: only 2.1% of the immigrant population is over 65. Barcelona Activa was able to respond quickly with programs and an advice centre that could harness this new source of entrepreneurial energy and investment.

8 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: People | Case Studies - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case Study 3: Cities of Migration - Learning from International Best Practice

Training and employment activities that had been Overall, the Entrepreneurship Centre sees a business Job skill training was based on actual profiles established to reach young people and women, creation rate of 60% and a business survival rate of provided by airport companies and divisions, all as well as the traditionally business-minded, were 91% in the first year. The model has been recognised of which were facing specific needs and projected adapted to meet the needs of new immigrants. Being as best practice by the Habitat Programme of the vacancies. Runway to Work intended to provide their ready made it easy. UN, and the best local project of support for candidates with the skills and experience to apply and entrepreneurship by Eurocities. Its model has been secure these jobs by the end of their training Since its creation in 1986, Barcelona Activa has shared in other cities, such as Santiago de Chile, sessions. To overcome barriers of travel cost, the established a reputation as a pioneer in providing Buenos Aires, Montevideo, Bilbao, Rome and Andorra. Runways to Work Program also provided employees support to entrepreneurs, innovation and professional with a travel card for the first year. This particular improvement both nationally and internationally. initiative proved to be particularly important in Lesson for Perth? contributing to the success of the participants by 20 years later, Barcelona Activa operates 30 helping them bridge traditional hurdles associated with programmes for entrepreneurship and has become As a city that is home to the most returning to sustained employment. one of the main motors for employment and innovation entrepreneurial population in Australia, Perth in the city of Barcelona, annually coaching upwards of has an opportunity to focus on increasing The Runway to Work Program strategy has helped 1000 business projects, resulting in the consolidation entrepreneurial activity as part of its strategy to more than 200 people overcome labour market and establishment of more than 300 recently created improve economic diversity. barriers and includes targets and support to help businesses. Each year more than 40,000 participants participants use their new skills to achieve long-term pass through its Glories Entrepreneurship Centre, for career advancement. business plan coaching, training activities for entrepreneurs, to use the resource centre’s e-resources or for networking and marketing Case Study 3b: Lesson for Perth? activities. Bringing People to Jobs: Runways While Perth faces serious skills shortages but In 2009, Barcelona Activa’s contribution to the city and to Work Program also has a growing class of working poor, wider community was recognised by the OECD as the (Stansted Airport Limited) focusing on training and up-skilling the ’gold’ standard. under-employed and low skilled in our The Runways to Work Program was designed to communities to fill skill gaps and increase the Many who have benefited from the services at Activa invest economically deprived and ethnically diverse earning potential appears essential. have gone to set up successful small businesses communities of North and East London with the which address gaps in the market, such as the permanent skills and tools needed to enable them to production of Argentinean food specialities, importing fill the labour shortage that Stansted Airport was facing Peruvian vegetables or clothing from China. and obtain permanent long term employment.

9 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: People | Case Studies - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case Study 3: Cities of Migration - Learning from International Best Practice

the team. Conversations with other Kangaroo students. The Homework Program has tutorials and Case Study 3c: supporters brought on board the Scanlon education support for teenagers with limited or no Football and the Local Community Foundation (with their interest in football as a way to internet access as well as classes during the school Learning from the Kangaroos promote social cohesion) along with the Australian holidays, such as study skills, driving courses and Multicultural Foundation. recreational activities. Finally, the third stream, When a 2006 fire destroyed part of the historic playing Community Programs, provides recreational field belonging to the North Melbourne Football Club, Their support, along with funding from the state of programming for community. the Australian Rules football team was already facing Victoria, allowed the Club to unveil plans in June 2008 “All programs are free of charge to participants, numerous challenges. The team had been suffering to build a state-of-the-art Learning and Life Centre as part of the redevelopment specifically to benefit which is one of the obstacles facing the multicultural financial difficulties since the 1990s and was having residents in the area. The aim of the project was to community,” said Sacha Herceg, Manager Community difficulty in growing its audience. create a unique and rewarding community and sports Programs. Another issue was changing demographics. Forty club relationship through the ‘Learning Centre’ in the proposed Arden Street redevelopment. “We offer netball, volleyball and journalism and percent of North Melbourne’s population was now photography workshops. We are unique in the born overseas; in some neighbourhoods, more than A key objective of the study was to determine the Australian Football League in that we don’t provide 60% spoke a language other than English at home. scope, type of projects and potential partners for the programs focused solely on football.” The area has the highest proportion of residences with Centre. It was determined that the Centre was to be a no internet connection while the median income is place which schools and community groups would The football component is still an important part of among the lowest in the City of Melbourne. use; engaging with multicultural and Indigenous the Kangaroos’ work. Leaders of diverse multicultural communities; as well as using sport and education to communities have been appointed as North The AFL had even tried unsuccessfully to relocate the promote social cohesion. Melbourne Community Ambassadors while program Kangaroos to a more lucrative market in Queensland participants from targeted communities are invited to in 2007. Success – Not just about Football. Now known as attend games and undertake game education The Huddle, the Learning and Life Centre opened in sessions. The players themselves also participate After the Kangaroos survived the league’s push to March 2010. As a department within the Football within the classes. move, the Club began a new effort at rebuilding its Club with the specific task of engaging the local North Melbourne identity. The challenge of how to community, it includes the Huddle classroom, a multi-

recruit local support to redevelop the Arden Street purpose court, meeting rooms and a lecture theatre. Lesson for Perth? facilities into a new training centre quickly morphed The programming at the Huddle is not just about There is potential to integrate strategies to build into a more strategic conversation about how to make football, but has a much broader focus through three stronger communities with strategies to develop the project relevant to the local community. streams to engage the community. the recreation activities that we are strongly connected to. It helped that the Club had brought in a new Chair, The Education Program includes full day programming Board and Chief Executive who recognised the for students aged 8-16 years from local primary and importance of reconnecting to the community around secondary schools with tailored activities for newcomer Case Study Reference Link: www.citiesofmigration.ca

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Case Study 4: Addressing Income Inequity - Learning from the OECD A recent OECD report entitled ‘Growing Income over recent years (e.g., because of non-compliance, ‘Over the two Inequality in OECD Countries: What Drives it and How cuts in marginal income taxes or because tax decades prior to Can Policy Tackle it?’ identifies that, over the two expenditures mainly benefit high-income groups). decades prior to the GFC, while real disposable the GFC, while household income increased in most OECD countries, However the report also highlights that investment in real disposable in the vast majority, incomes of the top 10% grew the human capital (education and training) of the household income faster than those in the poorest 10%, leading to workforce is critical, particularly for low skilled increased in most widening of income inequality. This was evident in workers, with an aim to boost their productivity and Australia where the incomes of households in the top earning potential. OECD countries, deciles increased by 4.5% while incomes of in the vast households in the bottom deciles increased by 3.0%. According to the OECD, over the past two decades majority, incomes increasing education attainment has been one of The study outlines that, while there are many factors the most important elements in counteracting wage of the top 10% influencing income inequality, some of the key factors inequality in the long term. Policies and programs that grew faster than include: promote the up-skilling of the workforce are therefore those in the key factors to reverse the trend of growing inequality. poorest 10%, • Globalisation, skill biased technological processes and institutional and regulatory reforms (favouring leading to high skilled workers over lower skilled workers); widening of Lesson for Perth? • Changes in family formation and household income structures (smaller and more single-headed Investment in human capital is critical to address inequality....’ households); growth in income inequity in Perth • Changes in the way tax and benefit systems redistribute household incomes. Case Study Reference Link: The report finds thatreforming tax and benefit http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/32/20/47723414.pdf policies is the most direct and powerful instrument to increase redistributive effect. The report identifies that it may be necessary to review whether existing tax provisions are still optimal in light of equity considerations and current revenue requirements. This is especially the case where the share of overall tax burdens borne by high-income groups has declined

11 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: People | Case Studies - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case Study 5: Moving International Talent from University to Employment in Helsinki As a result of increased international cooperation ‘The project will between universities, the number of foreign degree Lesson for Perth? also be actively students in Helsinki and across Finland has grown. Currently, Finland has 11,000 international degree As a city that is seeking to attract international working to do its students and aimed to increase this to 20,000 talent, developing a program to actively part to promote students by 2010. Finland’s total national population encourage the many and increasing number of is just over 5 million. their work and overseas students who come to Perth to study, help make the to stay and make the city home is an obvious Attracting international talent is the first step. step. attitude of local Retention is the next. The VALOA project, led by society more Career Services at the University of Helsinki, has welcoming to joined nineteen other universities, city councils and newcomers entrepreneur organisations to create a framework to Case Study Reference Link: transition these students into the local market. The www.citiesofmigration.ca overall...’ project started in the Helsinki metropolitan area in late 2009 and specifically targets small and medium size enterprises that are internationalising and growing.

The tools being used include training university teaching and guidance staff to promote international students into the Finnish job market, an employers’ tool kit that will include practical tools to make obtaining permits and contracts as well as resources on guiding an international university student into a new job. The project will also be actively working to do its part to promote their work and help make the attitude of local society more welcoming to newcomers overall.

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Case Study 6: Respecting, Acknowledging, Celebrating Indigenous Culture - Learning from Reconciliation Australia Councils Reconciliation Australia is the peak organisation work closely with local government and schools to ‘Many groups promoting reconciliation between Aboriginal and promote reconciliation as well as greater awareness of work closely with Torres Strait Islander peoples and the broader Aboriginal history and culture. local government Australian community. and schools to Their vision is for an Australia ‘that recognises and Lesson for Perth? promote respects the special place, culture, rights and contribution of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander A Reconciliation Council and local reconciliation as peoples; and where good relationships between First reconciliation groups should be established in well as greater Australians and other Australians become the the Perth region. awareness of foundation for local strength and success; and the enhancement of our national wellbeing.’ Aboriginal history Case Study Reference Link: and culture...’ Reconciliation Australia undertakes a range of http://www.reconciliation.org.au programs, supported through its State Councils, which are separate, independent bodies. Western Australia is one of only two states and territories, (WA and the Northern Territory) without State Reconciliation Councils.

Reconciliation Councils in other states undertake a range of initiatives, campaigns and projects which range from providing funding grants for local reconciliation initiatives – from funding Indigenous performers to run programs in schools, to community reconciliation events and Indigenous cultural courses for non-Indigenous people.

The State Councils are supported by local reconciliation groups, which organise events and activities from local forums, film nights, concerts, cultural tours, presentations at local schools, art exhibitions and information displays. Many groups

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Case Study 7: Rethinking Older Age The European Innovation Partnership on active and healthy ageing Established in 2011 with goals of prevention, Lesson for Perth? ‘Many groups independent living, care and cure, the pilot European that pilot Innovation Partnership aims to develop innovative It may assist Perth’s future to focus more on European ideas aimed to extend healthy and active life in positive initiatives to improve the health and Europe. productivity of older people in our region to Innovation enable them to positively contribute to the region Partnership aim The target is that by 2020, the number of healthy life as they age. to develop years in the EU will have increased on average by two years. To reach this target, the partnership wishes to innovative enhance early diagnosis methods; remote monitoring; ideas aimed to independent living solutions enabled by information Case Study Reference Link: extend healthy technology; the construction of age-friendly http://ec.europa.eu/ environments; as well as health literacy and and active life in personalised health management. Europe...’ The Partnership’s Steering Group is a collaboration of representatives from national governments, hospitals, companies and civil organisations.

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Case Study 8: Encouraging Workforce Participation - Learning from Sweden & Scandinavia Sweden has the world’s second-highest labour force Lesson for Perth? ‘Scandinavian participation rate by women aged 15 to 64 at around countries combine 77%. There is an opportunity to increase our focus on retaining people in the workforce, high economic In Sweden, 75% of mothers with children under 6 are growth with high particularly as we face labour and skill in paid work. Sole parents are even more likely to be shortages coupled with economic growth. equality by in paid work in Sweden (87%). encouraging In Sweden the state actively encourages mothers everyone to back to work through paid parental leave of 15 work...’ months, of which at least two months must be taken Case Study Reference Link: by the father, and through massively subsidised http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12317494 childcare, limited to a maximum fee of 1,000 Swedish kroner (AUS$150) a month. Municipalities are also required to guarantee childcare positions are available for every child from the age of 18 months.

Scandinavian countries combine high economic growth with high equality by encouraging everyone to work, using active assistance to help people move to new jobs after any employer closed down.

Scandinavian countries also invest heavily in education from the age of 1 to life-long adult education to give people the skills to move into new jobs.

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Case Study 9: Investing in Research & Technology - Learning from Texas Texas, and particularly Houston, is recognised as a global energy capital with many hydrocarbon producing and service companies headquartered in the city. More than half of the city’s jobs are in energy-related industries. However, over the past decade there has been growing recognition by industry and government that the city had been lagging behind others in the US in terms of research and innovation. Associated with this has been a general acknowledgement that the state did not have sufficient venture capital funding to take innovations that are being developed to market. To address these issues, the State of Texas has developed two initiatives: the Texas Emerging Technology Fund and the Certified Capital Company Program (CAPCO) which are designed to attract research capabilities to the state and to offer venture capital to start up businesses. The Texas Emerging Technology Fund According to the Office of the Governor, Emerging Technology Fund (ETF) was created by the Texas Legislature Lesson for Perth? in 2005 with the aim of providing Texas with an unparalleled advantage in the research, development, and commercialisation of emerging technologies. ETF grants are awarded in the following three areas: Investing in Research & Innovation is critical for Perth to both diversify its economy as • Commercialisation Awards: funds to help companies take ideas from concept through to development to well as strengthen its position as a regional ready for the marketplace. resource and energy capital. • Matching Awards: funds to create public-private partnerships which leverage the unique strengths of universities, federal government grant programs, and industry. • Research Superiority Acquisition: funds for Texas higher education institutions to recruit the best research talent in the world. ADDITIONAL Prosper CASE STUDIES (SEE APPENDIX A)

CAPCO Program • Case Study 10: Resource Efficiency - Keeping Pace with China The Texas Certified Capital Company Program provides alternative sources of venture capital to Texas • Case Study 11: Perth as a Renewable Energy entrepreneurs. A Certified Capital Company (CAPCO) is a private government-sponsored venture capital Hub? company formed to stimulate job creation and to increase the availability of growth capital for small businesses located within a state or regional area. Case Study Reference Links • Texas Office of the Governor Rick Perry, Texas Initiated in 2005 the CAPCO program has developed into a series of annual tax credits to insurance companies Emerging Technology Fund: who invested in an approved CAPCO fund. According to the Centre for Innovation as of August 2010, 81 http://governor.state.tx.us/ecodev/etf businesses had received approximately US$190 million from CAPCOs creating nearly 2,000 new jobs and • Centre for Innovation: http://www.thecenterforinnova- tion.org/sites/all/pdf/TechComm_Initiative.pdf) retaining over 4,000.

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Case Study 10: Resource efficiency - Keeping pace with China It may come as a surprise to some people to learn that ‘Private the world’s clean energy superpower is China. Lesson for Perth? investment in According to a 2010 report by PEW Charitable Trusts China’s clean and ‘the Clean Energy Economy,’ private investment It is becoming evident that WA and Perth will energy sector in China’s clean energy sector increased by 39% in have little real choice but to focus on a resource increased by 2010 to a world record $54.4 billion and today China is efficient future if the state is to achieve long term the world’s leading producer of wind turbines and solar economic sustainability. 39% in 2010 to modules. The report identifies the Asian region as a world record the biggest investor in clean energy in the world, with $54.4 billion...’ investment totalling $82.8 billion in 2010. Case Study Reference Link: This highlights the fact that the race to develop http://www.pewenvironment.org/ renewable energy is well and truly on and it is being led from within our region, by our most important trading partner. Yet the shift is not limited to the energy sector. In November Committee for Perth international guest speaker, James Cameron, a pre-eminent expert in developing policy responses to Climate Change, highlighted China’s commitment to addressing resource insufficiency. He warned that, while countries like China are willing to pay high prices for resources like iron ore today, sustainability is paramount therefore they are focused on finding alternatives in the bid to achieve resource efficiency. He said that where China now uses steel they will soon move to plastic, carbon fibre or other alternatives to avoid paying high prices for iron ore. Mr Cameron warned that WA could not, therefore, afford to be complacent, and must focus both on finding resource alternatives and making the most of what we have as we move toward the future.

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based on knowledge and innovation, through which growth has been supported by an increasing focus Case Study 11: Perth as a future Renewable we can provide excellent employment opportunities to on research and technology in the renewable energy Energy Hub? Growth of Renewable Energy our citizens...” sector.

in Established Resource Cities Dubai is not the only resource city that is focussing In its 2011 Summary Report on Renewable Energy in on the potential of renewable energy to provide a Texas, The American Council on Renewable Energy outlined that, “Texas boasts massive resource On the 19 January 2012 an more prosperous and sustainable economy and article by J Daly in potential in multiple renewable energy sectors, giving environment for the future. Calgary is another it a diverse fuel mix as the demand for clean energy OilPrice.com reported resource city with a focus on renewable energy. In on Dubai’s huge recent grows. Texas leads the nation in wind power 2008 the City of Calgary launched a 10 year strategic generation, with more than twice the installed capacity investment in renewable vision for the City, the Calgary Economic Development as the next closest state. In addition, Texas has more energy. The article states Strategy. It is an aggressive plan which calls for biodiesel capacity than any other state in the nation. “The Middle East has two Calgary to become the centre of all things energy. Other technologies, including electricity from biomass, things in abundance – oil The City has a dedicated agency – Calgary Economic solar photovoltaics, and geothermal sources show and sunshine.” Remind you Development (CED) – which is working to achieve huge promise and will undoubtedly be further of somewhere? this goal and make Calgary the undisputed choice for developed in coming years.” It reports that, seeking to capitalise on the latter, people and business. Dubai’s Supreme Council of Energy has presented CED is actively working to develop the renewable plans for the 1,000 megawatt Mohammed Bin Rashid energy sector in Calgary and one of its key initiatives Lesson for Perth? Al Maktoum Solar Park at the World Future Energy has been the establishment of the Sustainable and Summit, costing some $3.2 billion. Renewable Energy (SURE) cluster, a group of 40 local Perth and WA also appear to have the companies involved in renewable energy. The group environmental conditions and the resource Supreme Council of Energy Vice Chairman Saeed knowledge to develop a strong renewable energy Mohammed Al Tayer is quoted as saying, “The covers everything from wind energy, solar, biofuel and hydro to environmental technologies and waste sector, and this could be a long term strategic Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park is an focus for the state and region in its role as a advanced model of power production, which achieves management. The objective of the SURE cluster is to global resource and energy hub. our leaders’ aspirations to diversify sources of energy; connect these companies with their peers, potential specifically by using renewable energy to conserve partners, funders and customers with the overarching resources and protect the environment from pollution. goal of accelerating the growth of this sector in the This solar park will significantly enhance our efforts to city. Case Study Reference Link: achieve sustainable development, which is the http://www.acore.org/files/pdfs/states/Texas.pdf cornerstone of our projects to achieve prosperity for Even established major global resource hubs like everyone, for generations to come. Texas have a growing renewable energy sector and, Oil Price: http://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Solar- according to Kate Galbraith of the New York Times (17 Energy/Sunny-Dubai-Going-Solar.html “Our goal from this national initiative is clear; that is October 2009), growth in the sector has seen Texas become the top producer of wind energy in the United Calgary: http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/ to build an economy that protects the environment as sites/default/files/CEDStrategy.pdf well as an environment that supports the growth of the States and the U.S. leader in renewable energy, along economy. We in the UAE, within our 2021 with the State of California which has actively pursued initiative, are striving to build a diversified economy energy efficiency with a focus on solar energy. This

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Case Study 12: Roaming Gourmet - Learning from the street food traditions & revolution

Street food forms a big part of urban culture in centres around the world. It is quick, easy, cheap and most importantly it can be exceptionally good. Street food vendors are excellent place activators and can immediately transform empty public places and spaces into active gathering and meeting places.

Street food has always formed a big part of Asian, South American, Middle Eastern and some European cultures but in the last 5 years, a gourmet street food revolution has been taking place, led by North America, but also gaining popularity in Britain. Street food is very “now” and the buzz around street food in the United States has reached fever pitch. It has created a whole new culture of food, celebrity and urban cool.

The trend is being touted as one of the biggest food revolutions in the US this century and all over America talented cooks and chefs are ditching bricks and mortar for mobile kitchens, giving them a chance to take their food concepts to the masses without the need for the big start up costs of starting their own restaurant. According to the 2010 publication “Food Trucks: Dispatches and Recipes from the Best Kitchens on Wheels” by Heather Shouse, in America, the start up cost for mobile food vendors sits around $20,000 to $50,000 compared to hundreds of thousands just to open a restaurant’s doors.

Similarly many existing restaurants are joining the trend, taking to the streets with bite sized, mobile versions of their cuisine.

No doubt Australian cities will catch on to the street food hype, but there is an opportunity for Perth to lead the charge and, if well planned and executed, street food has the potential not only to provide new and exciting food options, but to activate our urban spaces, provide new exciting entrepreneurial opportunities and celebrate multiculturalism and diversity.

There is little doubt that modern Australians are more interested in food and food culture than they have ever been. Eating out is one of our favourite pastimes, and we love opportunities to indulge in good food, particularly if it is affordable, or can be associated with hanging out with our favourite people or in our favourite places.

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Case study 12 continued

Sadly these opportunities can be few and far between. In the United States, while cities have recognised the Perth has fabulous restaurants, but dining out at huge potential and popularity of street food and have quality establishments can be very expensive and is a actively encouraged the growth of the industry, completely different experience to that of buying and successive state governments have scrambled to stronger regulation to ensure improved compliance with eating good food outdoors, at affordable prices and in develop and update their mobile food laws to keep our waterfront or favourite urban spaces. Many health regulations. suburban areas also lack the population density to up with demand. In Perth, we have a chance to learn accommodate a wide variety of eating choices. from these cities and develop laws and regulations According to Heather Shouse, the target market of the to both effectively encourage and control street food roving street truck and LA’s traditional, non-roving Perth lacks a variety of quality food vendors to vendors up front. food vendors has little overlap, with one audience cater for events (festivals, fairs, concerts, construction seeking convenience and routine and the other Some examples of cities that are at the centre of the actively seeking out cool new eating experiences sites, markets, sporting events etc) and places where street food revolution are provided below. potential customers gather such as parks, beaches, using social media, with “the thrill of the chase adding up to at least half of the flavour”. and places of regular work or study. For example Los Angeles has been the epicentre of street food and university campuses, office complexes and industrial the street food revolution in the US. With the highest However, whatever the type of truck, the appeal parks are all hubs where potential customers require proportion of Mexican immigrants in the United States, for street vendors is obvious. Shouse quotes regular meals or snacks. since the 1970s carts, trucks and hot plates selling Jonathan Gold, the Pulitzer Prize winning food critic freshly prepared Mexican food have been part of the of the LA Weekly in regard to the business behind the Street food has the potential to change this. Ranging urban landscape. The industry has been regulated street food boom: “If you’re an interesting young chef from market stalls, to individual vendors to roaming with a permit process requiring sanitation licenses who wants to get his ideas out, you can slave away food trucks, street food can come in many guises, and inspections similar to those faced by restaurants. on somebody’s line and one day hope to enrapture but in order to be successful, it requires two key However in the last 4 to 5 years the city has seen the enough people to invest in your concept, or you can ingredients – it needs to be good, and it needs to entrance of a new concept: gourmet food trucks which figure out a concept and have your vinyl stickers be affordable. It also preferably offers fresher and roam the city using social media to connect with their healthier alternatives than those provided by the fast plastered on a food truck and roll out for a mid four customers and advise of their location. figure. You decide.” food giants. A movement which began in 2008 with Kogi, a roving LA’s most popular street food vendors, like street food Perhaps the biggest challenge faced in enabling food truck serving Korean-Mexican fusion food and vendors everywhere, focus on either just one dish or a street food vendors to operate is in dealing with the which took LA by storm has served as inspiration to very small menu of dishes created around a singular inevitable and genuine concerns of established aspiring cooks, chefs and entrepreneurs across the niche theme, and serve their food at reasonable prices. restaurants and cafes that are likely to perceive street United States. In this period the number of food trucks Some examples include Kogi, who serve Korean BBQ food vendors as a threat, particularly if they are able to in LA has swelled to approximately 9,500. The food in tacos and burritos; the ‘Shrimp Pimp Truck’ which locate close to existing establishments. These issues truck following among residents has grown serves a small variety of prawn dishes; or Nom Nom can, however, be overcome. exponentially but this has also created a need for truck which serves Vietmanese inspired sandwiches.

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Case study 12 continued

Portland, Oregon, in contrast to Los Angeles, is a destinations in their own right, as opposed to vendors city somewhat newer to a wide range of street food splitting up and potentially reducing their customer offerings and, rather than a purely organic growth of base. This approach increases the potential to Lesson for Perth? the industry, Portland has actively encouraged street activate underutilised urban spaces – something that vendors to establish themselves by enabling food Portland’s carts have achieved with great success. Making Perth more vibrant, exciting, liveable, vendors to co-locate in “pods” in and around car entrepreneurial and affordable is not all about parks, on vacant lots, brownfield sites and in investing in major infrastructure and development. According to US News and World Report, Portland Simple, cost effective, innovative ideas like enabling under-utilised public spaces. The County has also has the best street food in the world, and high quality street food vendors could transform worked to make owning and operating a food cart Gourmet.com gushed: “this Pacific Northwest city is Perth’s urban and recreation spaces and become a relatively straight forward, requiring a yearly license, doing for street food what it did for coffee at the end of genuine point of difference for the city. compliance with zoning and planning regulations and the 20th century: Made up of stands, carts, trucks and regular health inspections. even bicycles, Portland’s community of snack vendors are working hard to supply an eclectic According to Alma Flores of the City of Portland variety of cuisines in an efficient and cost-effective ADDITIONAL Plan CASE STUDIES Bureau of Planning, the number of carts operating in way. These gastronomic gatherings — like the one (SEE APPENDIX A) the city has grown by more than 40% in the past three found around lunchtime at the corner of SW 10th years and today Portland is heralded as a street food Avenue and SW Alder Street — now rival Singapore’s • Case Study 12: Transit Oriented Development – Making utopia. The city’s nearly 500 food carts fit well with it Happen hawker centres in terms of quality and affordability.” • Case Study 13: Density in the City Centre - Learning the city’s progressive ethos and green and hip urban from Vancouver and Melbourne spaces, providing a wide range of innovative cuisine • Case Study 14: Getting the Housing We Want: Learning and obtaining a near cult-like following. from Grattan Institute Research • Case Study 15: Making the Most of Our Public Places and Spaces: Learning from the world’s best A 2010 article in Oregon Business stated that the • Case Study 16: Just Add Water: Learning from great average meal price from food carts was $6 and water parks that given this low cost, carts have proven relatively • Case Study 17:Alfresco Dining recession-proof, and have provided self-employment opportunities for hard working, creative individuals, Case Study Reference Links many of whom are immigrants (51% of food cart operators were born outside the US). • Flores Alma, City of Portland Bureau of Planning: http://www. portlandonline.com/bps/index.cfm?a=318853&c=52798 The development of the pods means that in Portland • Shouse, Heather (2011) Food Trucks: Dispatches and the street food movement has evolved somewhat Recipes from the Best Kitchens on Wheels, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, Oregon Business Article: http://www.oregonbusiness. differently to other cities, with the pods becoming com/articles/78-january-2010/2775-cash-and-carry)

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of the most mature and celebrated examples of TOD The local authority also made a number of innovative Case Study 13: Transit Oriented Development in the United States is in the Rosslyn Ballston and insightful decisions regarding the planning of land – Making it Happen Learning from corridor of Arlington, Northern Virginia (in the around the underground railway stations which went Arlington, Virginia & Portland, Oregon centre of the Washington region, immediately against many of the common town planning practices adjacent to Washington DC), a 42 km2 urban county of the day (which focused on provision for the private with a population of approximately 200,000 people. car and the separation of land uses). Their innovations included: 30 years ago the Rosslyn Ballston corridor in In recent years we have Arlington was a declining inner ring, commercial and • Concentrating high and middle density heard a lot about the low to medium density residential suburb with poor redevelopment around transit stations with a concept of Transit Oriented retail strips and some deterioration in the housing tapering down of height towards existing Development (TOD) and stock. The area’s streets, which had once held trams, neighbourhoods. the role that it can play in had become sterile highway strips with decaying • Encouraging a mix of uses and services in accommodating Perth’s commercial buildings. Because it was geographically station areas. future urban population. constrained there was no more potential for low • Creating high quality pedestrian environments TOD is development that is designed to maximise density housing, so as household sizes declined, so and enhanced open space systems. access to public transport. It is usually located around did the resident population. There was, however, a • Preserving and reinvesting in the amenity of urban railway or light rail corridors and includes growing demand for government office space in the established residential neighbourhoods. residential and commercial development at higher region. This was, and remains, a ground breaking community densities surrounding the station or stop, with Then a new public transportation project, the progressively lower density development moving focused approach to planning that has maximised Washington Metrorail, was routed through the area development potential whilst preserving and protecting outwards. This approach keeps in place the more and its fortunes began to change. In response to the traditional feel of a neighbourhood yet at the same existing residential neighbourhoods proving that the opportunities presented by the rail project, the local two aims do not need to be mutually exclusive. time creates new mix-use precincts in the most authority embarked on an ambitious community appropriate of locations which is a win-win for all. planning exercise, through which it was decided that The local authority then focused on developing a A key feature of TODs is that they are deliberately the potential positive benefits to the community of plan for the corridor and specific visions and plans designed to encourage people to use public transport, commercial and residential growth outweighed the for individual station precincts, which identified the promote walking and cycling and discourage private potential impacts of development and the local desired public improvements and infrastructure vehicle use for everyday activities. authority made a decision to encourage growth and, requirements, identified locations for retail and as part of this, encourage ridership on the new public commercial development and developed specific The concept of TOD is not new. This form of transport. urban design standards for the precinct and for open development occurred historically around rail and tram space and streetscapes within them. routes prior to the prevalence of private motor cars, The local authority also had the foresight to see the and it has been established internationally as an urban potential development and amenity benefits of Believing in the approach, the local authority assessed growth strategy for more than 30 years. locating the rail stations underground and lobbied it as successful because it ensured that the primary, strongly for an underground route running along the low density suburban character of the county was There are a large number of examples of successfully old established commercial corridor rather than along maintained, while allowing for higher density in implemented TODs in primarily low density cities. One the median of the future highway. specific areas. 89% of the county was to remain

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Case Study 13: Transit Oriented Development community to develop urban outcomes that provided • 10,212 new housing units and 5.4 million square benefits to everyone. The outcome has been nothing feet of office, institutional, retail and hotel – Making it Happen Learning from short of revolutionary. construction within two blocks of the alignment. • Higher density development within 1 block of Arlington, Virginia & Portland, Oregon is an example of a city that has Portland, Oregon the streetcar in the CBD in comparison to those recently developed a light rail system with a firm focus situated further away. on the dual goals of increasing public transport planned for the existing style of low density • New residential buildings with significantly lower useage and providing opportunities for urban development while 11% was to accommodate new parking ratios than anywhere else in the region. higher density and mixed use development. revitilisation. Like Perth, Portland has a growing population and is proactively looking for ways to In addition, the city has experienced the emergence Arlington also attributes its success to the promote economic development while managing of a new group of people in the community who are implementation of an innovative, discretionary zoning growth. devoted to high-density urban living - a perspective

and regulatory system where relatively low densities that didn‘t exist before. are permitted ‘as of right’, but development at higher The development of the Portland Streetcar was at densities was allowed in limited areas, where the the heart of a new approach to shaping Portland in a However a critical factor in the success of Portland’s proposals were consistent with, and provided, the way that would promote investment in the central city, streetcar project has also been the involvement of amenity improvements required under the approved increase diverse and affordable housing options and stakeholders and the community. According to the site plan. ultimately improve the region’s economic stability. Portland Office of Transportation, “Without public It was an approach that turned traditional support, projects of this magnitude can get bogged The approach has been hugely successful. Over the transportation planning on its head – with the down to the degree that the public investment cannot past 30 plus years, there have been over 15,000,000 creation of development incentives being a primary move in tandem with development.” square feet of office space, 20,000 new residential goal in planning for and developing the street car dwellings and some 2,000,000 square feet of retail system, along with that of people movement. Lesson for Perth? space developed in the transit oriented developments around the railway stations. Public transport As a result the city orchestrated an approach to use The potential for TOD has been well recognised ridership has increased more than 100% since 1980 the streetcar system to connect two major in Perth, and the city sits on the edge of realising and is nearly 20% higher than the national average. redevelopment areas, seven acres of abandoned rail this potential with the proposed development of yard and a contaminated brownfield site, and to use a light rail system in the city. Perth should be In addition, car ownership in the corridor is the system as an incentive for the realisation of high proactive in learning from, and building, on the significantly lower than national averages (8% fewer quality mixed use development within the central city. experiences and success of other cities in households own a car and 30% fewer households own planning our own transit systems and TOD 2 or more cars. Less than half of all households in the It has worked. According to a report produced by the development. corridor drive to work and more than double the Office of Transportation and Portland Streetcar Inc in number of people walk to work than the national 2008, since 1997 when the Portland streetcar Case Study Reference Link: average. alignment was identified, property along its length has Portland Office of Transportation: experienced very significant changes including: http://www.tucsonstreetcar.com/pdf/portland_report.pdf Arlington was a local authority with foresight, a local authority that was prepared to think strategically, • $3.5 billion investment within two blocks of the Arlington Case Study: http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/pdf/ take an innovative approach and work with its local streetcar alignment. phoenix-sgia-case-studies.pdf

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Case Study 14: Density in the City Centre - Learning from Vancouver and Melbourne The past few decades have seen big changes in the Vancouver is an example of a suburban city which ‘Vancouver is an way that many people live. More of us live in single or worked closely with the community to develop example of a couple households or single parent households. More increased housing diversity. In 20 years, Vancouver suburban city people are choosing to focus on their career for longer has realised new areas of higher density housing in prior to having children or are choosing not to have the city centre, which is home to 100,000 new which worked children at all. residents, from city-loving singles to previously closely with the suburban-dwelling families and is supported by new community to We are more globally mobile and transient and more parks and open spaces, retail and hospitality offerings develop people move around the country and around the world and services that are the envy of the suburbs. The to take up study or career opportunities. total population of City of Vancouver today is more increased housing than 600,000 while the regional population is diversity...’ So, how have these changes been reflected in our approximately 2.2 million. housing? Well, so far in Perth there has been very little reflection at all and it is clear that this needs to The people of Vancouver supported this change change, for social, affordability, and obvious on the basis of it being founded on the principles of environmental reasons. It no longer makes sense to ‘neighbourliness’, which meant that new buildings mainly build new houses on the fringe for single had to be respectful of their neighbours, and of the people whose main priority is access to work or citizens on the street. It also meant that new building access to services, health care and family. had to be accompanied by improvements to the public spaces – to parks, open spaces, streetscapes and Many people in Perth have resisted change to their footpaths. suburban environments and are fearful of higher density housing which is seen to invade privacy. This large scale change was supported by If we do not want to continue to sprawl where do we Vancouver’s community because the city government start? Perhaps we should be learning from the lead fundamentally shifted its philosophy on community provided by other predominately suburban cities like participation. Rather than an ‘add-on’ at the end of Vancouver and Melbourne, both of which are now a process (or being perceived as a threat to decision recognised as among the most liveable cities in the making) public involvement became an essential, up world and have started their revival with a focus on the front ingredient in the planning process - something development of higher density housing and mixed-use that has become a ‘way of life’ for the City of precincts in their inner city environments. Vancouver. This change was also accompanied by changes in planning regulation which enabled development at higher density in limited areas, where the proposals

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Case Study 14: Density in the City Centre - Learning from Vancouver and Melbourne

are well designed, respect Neighbourhood Plans and by the Economist Intelligence Unit as the most liveable achieve outcomes such as provision for families with city in the world. Most people who live in the centre Lesson for Perth? children, mandatory shares of affordable housing or are young professionals, students, professional contribution to improve public space and amenities. singles and couples without children. The Perth’s city centre and adjacent central suburbs Vancouver is still a predominately suburban city, but it transformation of the city centre has without doubt should be the primary focus for the development now provides a choice between suburban and higher attracted young people to the city from around of new, higher density living choices in the short density lifestyle choices and offers a more vibrant, Australia and overseas. Yet Melbourne remains a to medium term as we grow towards a population safer, more attractive and people friendly city centre primarily suburban city and most large households still of 3.5 million, through aggressive policy that goes as a result. choose to reside in suburban locations. beyond existing targets. (For example, Directions 2031 identifies a draft housing target of 12,600 for Melbourne is another city that has transformed As Melbourne continues to grow, there is recognition the City of Perth by 2031.) itself through encouraging inner city residential that both changing household needs and problems development. For years Melbourne’s centre was associated with urban sprawl mean that housing declining, empty after hours as people returned to choice will need to extend beyond the inner city. As a their homes in the suburbs with the city providing very result there has been a renewed focus on identifying Case Study Reference Link: little housing choice despite the change that was areas around regional Melbourne that are appropriate Committee for Perth Newsletters June & July 2011 occurring in household structure and lifestyle to accommodate medium density development across http://www.committeeforperth.com.au/news-a-media/ aspirations among the community. the region, with attention being given to locations with newsletters But in the 1980s Melbourne experienced a good access to public transport, services and amenity. fundamental shift, led by award winning architect and urban designer Rob Adams, who helped to put in However the evolution of the city centre has paved place the first comprehensive urban design strategy the way for positive change in the suburbs, for the city, based on the idea of creating a vibrant demonstrating that positive outcomes can be and well populated streetscape profiting from the city’s achieved through change. multi-modal transport system. He guided the strategy’s implementation through projects aimed at increasing residential development in the city centre, making the city’s streets more attractive, people and pedestrian friendly, developing city parks and opening up the city’s laneways for retail development.

Today Melbourne has an inner city resident population nearing 100,000 people and is recognised

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Case Study 15: Getting the Housing We Want - Learning from Grattan Institute Research

According to recent Meanwhile, the populations of Australian cities set up in partnership with industry, local and state research by the Grattan continue to grow and more of us face the costs of governments and would have real powers over Institute Australians are not congestion, high petrol bills, social isolation and planning and delivery. Clear objectives for each getting the housing that distance from work. More green space disappears and area, coupled with an organisation designed to they want. The Institute housing everywhere becomes more expensive. achieve them, would give residents, government has recently released two and developers clarity and certainty. The report According to the Grattan Institute, we urgently need a proposes that a new Commonwealth-State reports on this issue: ‘The new approach and, to achieve this, communities need housing we’d choose’ and Liveability Fund could be established to support greater control, developers need more certainty and NDCs by providing funding for new parks, ‘The housing we want’ the conversation about our cities should reflect the prepared by Jane-Frances community facilities or local infrastructure in return real choices we have to make and identify the for neighbourhoods accepting more households. Kelly, Cities Program Director. trade-offs. The research has identified a mismatch between the The report makes three key recommendations to 3. Finally, the report suggests that establishing a housing Australians say they want and the housing we make this happen: Small Redevelopment Housing Code to assist in have. It found that, contrary to myth and assumption, establishing clear housing standards for smaller Australians want a mixture of housing choices – not just 1. Firstly that we need extensive debate on the future dwellings and speed up planning approval if these detached houses. It found that there are many of our cities and neighbourhoods. Many overseas were met. Australians who want to live in a semi-detached home cities that have managed growth well have or an apartment in locations that are close to work, involved their residents in decision-making. Lesson for Perth? family or friends, or to shops, but there are very few of Australians must also have the chance to these housing types available. participate in decisions on how we accommodate Perth should focus on establishing new growth. approaches to development and redevelopment While developers point to the barriers that prevent them to better enable the development of diverse from building higher density and diverse products in 2. Secondly, the report recommends piloting housing types and could benefit from established areas, residents believe they are denied a Neighbourhood Development Corporations (NDC) independent NDC type organisations playing a real say in how their neighbourhood develops. This lack which are essentially non-profit, community role in key areas. of say and buy-in means that they often feel they have focused redevelopment organisations that little choice but to oppose all planning applications and function independently of government. The all change. State and local governments are caught in Corporations would operate with the purpose of Case Study Reference Link: the middle, and as a result, nothing changes and no increasing the amount and choice of housing Grattan Institute: one wins. within specific areas while ensuring that residents http://www.grattan.edu.au/publications/117_report_get- have a real say in the future of their ting_the_housing_we_want.pdf neighbourhoods. It suggests that NDCs would be

26 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: Plan | Case Study - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case Study 16: Making the Most of Our Public Places and Spaces - Learning from the world’s best There are many cities Alternatively, according to PPS public spaces often fail The central city has lacked iconic or highly useable around the world that are for reasonably simple reasons such as: public places and spaces. There has been a shift in home to celebrated public recent years with the City of Perth investing significant places and spaces. The • They don’t provide enough places to sit or any resources in plans and improvements to city centre spaces from Forrest Chase to the city’s laneways, most obvious examples are good places to sit, such as a choice of seating which have the potential to vastly improve the cities like New York and in shade or sun, or near key gathering points or areas of activity. accessibility and use of these spaces in the short, London, with places like medium and long term. The revitalisation of the Perth Times Square, the • Lack gathering points and activity generators. To Cultural Centre through a place making approach Rockefeller Centre and encourage people to use public spaces they need undertaken by the Metropolitan Redevelopment Covent Garden, but they to have a reason to go there, or something to do Authority has transformed the spaces between major also include places like Barcelona’s Las Ramblas, when they are there – things like food vendors, cultural and learning institutions. Federation Square in Melbourne, Circular Quay in a playground or sporting equipment, high quality Increasing the use of many of our spaces may not Sydney and many others which may not be well known seating or a bus stop. nationally or internationally but have achieved need big financial investments or investment in built significant local recognition. • Poor entrances and visibly inaccessible places. form which can be controversial and take years to plan and implement. We could start with simple changes • Features that are designed to be visual but not The Project for Public Spaces (PPS), a not for profit, such as the provision of seating (which can be functional. planning, design and educational organisation founded temporary and moveable), allowing the operation of in 1975, provides significant research and resources • They are dominated by vehicles (streets that are food vendors, improving playground equipment, providing more shade, providing big screens, or on great public spaces around the world. According to too wide or lacking footpaths etc). organising concerts or street performances – an PPS, successful public spaces and places have a approach known as “lighter, quicker, cheaper” and is number of key features – as do unsuccessful spaces. • There are blank walls or ‘dead zones’ around the edges of the place. focused on transforming spaces into multi-use destinations through small scale, incremental and Successful places are said to have four key elements: • Having public transport stops that are in creative improvements. • They are accessible – easy to get to and visible. inconvenient or inhospitable locations. There are numerous examples from overseas of well • People engage in activities there. In Perth we are fortunate that we have a lot of great used and celebrated public spaces and lesser known, public open spaces and parks in our suburbs and • The space is comfortable and has a good image. low key urban and suburban parks that have become central city, but a lot of them are under-utilised, well used suburban hubs. Some national and • It is sociable – people go there to meet each other particularly some of our foreshore areas and coastal international examples of great public places and and take people there when they come to visit. locations. Many of our urban and suburban areas also spaces and examples of projects to revitalise public lack attractive, safe and useable public spaces. spaces are outlined below.

27 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: Plan | Case Study - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case Study 16: Making the Most of Our Public Places and Spaces - Learning from the world’s best

Federation Square in Melbourne is often touted offers a welcoming space that is used for alfresco Bryant Park, New York is one of the best urban parks as one of Australia’s most successful public spaces. dining and public events and functions as an informal in America and is perhaps one of the most fascinating While the square incorporates iconic architecture gathering place with moveable seating and furnishing, global examples of a public place ingeniously and design features the main reason that Federation shade, grassed areas and water features. transformed through innovative strategies for Square works is because it is used. activation and high quality management more than Rockefeller Centre, New York is the world’s largest capital expenditure. The square incorporates a host of attractions from art privately owned building complex in Midtown, Constructed more than 100 years ago, Bryant Park galleries to the Australian Centre for the Moving Image. Manhattan which has also become a prominent It is immediately adjacent to the city’s major railway stood as a prime example of an inhospitable, failed cultural, business, and tourist attraction. The public space until its redevelopment in the 1980s/90s. station and is easily accessible by foot, rail, bike, car or Rockefeller Plaza, at the heart of the Centre is an tram. The square also hosts the city’s main visitor The redevelopment was ground breaking in that it example of a city square transformation. According to focused not just on making the park safer and more centre, has a range of restaurants, cafes and shops the Project for Public Spaces, 35 years ago the plaza attractive, but on drawing people in by providing things and functions as an amphitheatre and performance was primarily a private space until the management to do. It is also unique in that the redevelopment venue. It is also safe and clean, with security staff on realised the opportunities that could be created by process also focused on developing a new approach hand 24 hours a day. inviting people into the space, entertaining them and to park management, through the Bryant Park It can be, and is, used for a wide range of public events drawing them into the expansive retail and Restoration Corporation which was formed with the which draw people to the square day and night seven entertainment complex. The transformation started objective of maintaining the park’s oasis-like days a week. From cultural festivals, exhibitions, event simply by providing public benches and moved into atmosphere while opening it up to new people and new uses. The Corporation is responsible for all launches, performances, forums, films, concerts and more innovative strategies for attracting people. fashion shows (most of which are free), to wine management-related activities in the park. tasting nights and free tai chi, Federation Square Beyond the much-photographed ice skating rink and 2 buzz created by being a backdrop and filming location The result is an inner city park that is, 3,900m in area, buzzes with events. Watching sporting events on the which has the green lawns and beautiful flower beds for NBC studios, the Rockefeller Plaza incorporates the Square’s big screen has also become a Melbourne that are characteristic of urban parkland retreats, but tradition, with temporary seating and shade structures Chanel Gardens, a green oasis in the urban landscape, with a big difference. The park is full of amenities, used as required. an array of public seating, an art gallery (featuring both making it a place where people meet, have lunch, permanent and temporary installations), temporary and stroll, read, listen to music, socialise and seek City Square, also in Melbourne, is a lesser known seasonal flower displays and is home to a big variety of entertainment. Uniformed security guards and inner city Melbourne Park which since its recent events, concerts and entertainment. maintenance personnel not only provide upkeep, but redevelopment has also become a highly used central their presence also discourages crime and vandalism. meeting and gathering point. The park is The Rockefeller Christmas Tree has also become an Bryant Park is a space teeming with life, and this has approximately 2,800m2 in size and incorporates all of international symbol of Christmas in New York and been achieved through surprisingly simple but the core features that make great public places. It tourist attraction in its own right. innovative initiatives, which include:

28 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: Plan | Case Study - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case Study 16: Making the Most of Our Public Places and Spaces - Learning from the world’s best • Moveable seating and park furniture. Bryant Park publications, and environment of the Reading kayaking and swimming (in floating, temporary pools) has hundreds of moveable chairs and tables Room are available to everyone for free, without to free evening concerts and amenities like beach available which provide a number of benefits any need for cards or identification. chairs and umbrellas, cafes, misting fountains and compared to the traditional fixed park bench. palm trees. Paris Plages has become enormously Firstly they are cheaper; secondly they are more • Le Carrousel is a merry-go-round for children, popular and offers summer activities for kids and adults comfortable; and thirdly they are adaptable – they providing rides for a $2 fee. to enjoy. Financed through public funds as well as can be moved from sun to shade, they can be corporate sponsorship, the space benefits from arranged in any configuration and they let people • From small, seasonal food vendors and kiosks to commercial partnerships but does not appear to be choose their own seating preferences. Clearly one high end restaurants Bryant Park is a centre for overtly commercialised. of the biggest potential downsides is theft, quality food to suit all budgets. however according to Bryant Park, only a few Gabriels Wharf, London is an urban space of their chairs are stolen each year, and theft is • The centrepiece of the park in winter, Citi Pond transformed by applying the “lighter, quicker, cheaper” avoided by locating the seating close to a park provides a free admission ice skating rink and approach to revitalisation. Developed by New York attendant or an amenity or activity, such as a cafe, associated restaurant, gift shop and facilities and based consultants, Urban Space Management (USM), where there is a staff presence. amenities. Gabriels Wharf was an underutilised parking area which was transformed using a strategy of the re-use • From Petanque, Chess, Backgammon and Ping • Bryant Park has a calendar of events which range of existing buildings (primarily concrete garages), Pong, Bryant Park provides opportunities to stage from summer and winter film festivals, music and employing a set design company to create colourful games and where free lessons are often provided dance performances, public lectures, classes and facades on the garages and then working with local by local clubs. Boards and equipment are either events for children and families. artists and crafts people to transform them into studios free of charge or available for hire for a small fee. where they could display and sell their work. Paris Plages (Paris Beach), emerges every According to the website Project for Public Spaces, • The Reading Room initiative began during the summer when several spots in Paris are transformed Great Depression to provide out of work men with USM likened their approach to developing a coral reef into fully fledged beaches, each with a distinct theme. ecosystem - starting with dropping down a few old tires activities during work hours and was recreated in The brainchild of Paris Mayor Bertrand Delanoe, Bryant Park in the 1990s. It is modelled after the and cinder blocks. In other words, instead of spending well-known for launching ambitious municipal events, a lot of money on infrastructure, USM concentrated on original with custom-designed library carts the initiative suffered from criticism as frivolous, but has accommodating an extensive and eclectic selection keeping rents low by finding creative, low-cost ways become a permanent and enormously popular fixture in to set up basic structures to meet the tenants’ needs of books, periodicals and newspapers. It provides the Parisian summertime scene. readings and programs at lunchtime and after work and get them producing income quickly. Because the and for kids there is moveable furniture to create a Complete with sandy beaches, the initiative main infrastructure at Gabriel’s Wharf was built by a set more intimate environment, kid-sized carts and incorporates a wide range of attractions and activities, design company, it was completed within three months furniture for children to use. The programming, from dance lessons to climbing walls, games, and the diversity of the people operating out of it and

29 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: Plan | Case Study - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case Study 16: Making the Most of Our Public Places and Spaces - Learning from the world’s best

others drawn to the spaces provided the vibrancy Christchurch, New Zealand is a city that has found critical to its success. itself needing to think innovatively and act quicker, Lesson for Perth? lighter and cheaper in order to keep the city up and Streets Renaissance Campaign: Project for running since the devastating series of earthquakes As a city with a great climate and which values Public Spaces has taken the “lighter, quicker, cheaper” that have rocked the city since September 2010. the low key and laid back lifestyle, we should be approach and applied it in the New York City Streets considering ways that we can activate our Renaissance campaign, a grassroots initiative that was Following the large, destructive earthquake of suburban activity centres, central parks and co-founded by PPS, and non-profit advocacy groups February 2011, Christchurch became a city without a spaces and even our foreshore areas using the Open Planning Project and Transportation centre, with almost the whole central area, including innovative, low cost, and ‘light’ approaches Alternatives. the city’s primary retail area, off limits to the public. which focus less on new infrastructure and buildings and more on using our existing open, The campaign was launched with an exhibit featuring The impact to retailers, the public and the city was run down and underutilised spaces. photo simulations which demonstrated the potential shattering and the city was placed under pressure to of transforming New York streets and presenting the get some retail and central services up and outcomes of a community visioning process for spaces running well before the time it would take to rebuild in New York’s meatpacking district. and strengthen damaged buildings. Case Study Reference Links: http://www.pps.org/ The exhibit had immediate impact and led to the The response was to look to a safer, quicker, lighter creation of street demonstration projects in some of the and cheaper option in the form of one of the world’s New York City Streets Renaissance: city’s most innovative yet traffic dominated locations first shipping container malls and the result has been http://www.streetfilms.org/public-space-transformations/ such as Times Square (which was temporarily revolutionary. The brightly coloured containers are not transformed with road closures and the provision of only popular with retailers, they are very cool, and have Christchurch Shipping Container Mall: temporary, moveable seating, tables and deck chairs) given an edgy, industrial, eco-urban feel to the city http://www.reuters.com/video/2012/02/21/christchurch- and has subsequently resulted in 49 acres of road centre. rebuilds-a-year-after-quake?videoId=230515900 space, traffic lanes and parking spots in New York City being taken away from cars and given back to Today’s container centre is small but according to communities for bike lanes, pedestrian areas and Christchurch Mayor Bob Parker, the container mall public plazas. gives the city a taste of what could be rebuilt in Christchurch in the future. The early photo simulations prepared by PPS for this project can be viewed at Street Films. (Or see full link below).

30 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: Plan | Case Study - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case Study 17: Just Add Water - Learning from great water parks

As a city which spends educational play elements that reference the river, Granville Island Kids Waterpark is an adventure nearly half the year under and teach children about the water cycle and water playground and water park at Granville Island near the spell of hot, dry conservation. Aquativity also highlights the native Vancouver, Canada. The park is free and incorporates summer weather and the fish and mammal species of mullet and dugong, the a spray park with moveable water pipes, fire hydrants, other half with cool but interesting pattern of the river catchments and the geysers, and sprinklers, and a giant water slide and temperate weather, it is importance of Indigenous, environmental and urban flume. The park is hugely popular and is open in the little surprise that Perth’s elements to the river and perhaps most importantly, is summer months from 10am to 6pm. people love water. Getting great fun. Streets Beach is a vibrant, spacious, sandy wet at the beach, the pool beach and features clear water palm trees, pebbled or under the garden hose creeks and shady shallows surrounded by sub-tropical Lesson for Perth? trees and exotic plants. The beach is patrolled by have long been favourite Perth pastimes that have Water parks have obvious potential for centres defined summer life in the region. But, with water experienced, professional lifeguards seven days a week. South Bank is managed by the South Bank around the Perth region. They not only provide shortages and restrictions, the days of running under opportunities for activating public spaces, they the garden sprinkler have come to an end. Recent Corporation and has a policy and practices to ensure water sensitivity and re-use. are great facilities for children and adults alike shark attacks have made some people more reticent to to find respite in the summer months and head to the beach and urban growth means that more Darling Harbour’s new Darling Quarter’s water potentially be educated about water use, reuse people live longer distances from the coast and the and the environment. river and do not have easy access to major water park in Sydney provides a free, fun, educational park bodies. We therefore have more of a need for free and water play experience for children and the young public places to cool off. at heart. It incorporates the Darling Quarter Water Works, featuring a pump station, with 26 water jets Case Study Reference Links: It is therefore perhaps a little strange that Perth does and a range of wave patterns, a water scoop, water http://www.pps.org/ not have a prominent, public, free water play park. screw and water squirts. Examples from around Australia and around the world http://www.darlingquarter.com/ show that water activities are a great way to activate Louisville Waterfront Park is an award winning 55 spaces. Children, teenagers and adults love water and acre park on the Ohio River in central Louisville are attracted to water play grounds. They are extremely Kentucky. The park incorporates a wide range of successful place activators, even in some of the world’s amenities including a 900 foot long water feature with colder climates. pools that cascade down to the river, water cannons that shoot from pool to pool and an entry fountain South Bank, Brisbane has brilliant water play areas called Dancing Waters that kids (of all ages!) can jump featuring Aquativity and Streets Beach. Aquativity is an around in to get wet. interactive water play park for children featuring

31 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: Plan | Case Study - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case Study 18: Alfresco Dining - Learning from our Australian Counterparts

Perth’s climate is incredibly well suited to alfresco “Melbourne has a huge outdoor dining culture and the ‘Places with lots dining and there is little doubt that people in Perth love weather there is terrible. We should be an outdoor of alfresco dining eating outdoors. It is therefore quite surprising that in alfresco city second to none,” he said. feel vital, inviting, comparison to other cities in Australia and around the prosperous world, opportunities to dine alfresco in Perth are rather sparse. and chic and Lesson for Perth? enabling Alfresco dining has many benefits. It not only allows restaurants to us to enjoy fresh air and sunshine while we are eating, Perth’s climate and lifestyle is ideally suited to it enables us to both soak up and contribute to the alfresco dining and it has the potential to make capitalise on urban atmosphere. Clearly places with lots of alfresco our public spaces more inviting, exciting and outdoor dining dining feel vital, inviting, prosperous and chic and interesting. It makes sense to examine our opportunities can enabling restaurants to capitalise on outdoor dining existing approach to al fresco and see whether opportunities can only be good for business. more al fresco can be encouraged in our city and only be good for urban centres. business...’ A visit to Europe has long highlighted the sophisticated vibe that can be created simply by providing for alfresco dining, and closer to home, Melbourne’s recent transformation has highlighted the Case Study Reference Link: potential to activate streetscapes and public places http://citymessenger.whereilive.com.au/news/story/ by enabling alfresco dining. Many of the city’s streets outdoor-dining-fees-face-chop/ and laneways are alive with alfresco, even if only consisting of one or two small tables outside a tiny laneway cafe, and it makes the spaces come alive with people, interest and activity. This is something that has been recognised in Adelaide where, according to a recent article in the City Messenger, Lord Mayor Stephen Yarwood is spearheading a campaign to investigate abolishing outdoor dining fees in 2012/13 to encourage more restaurants to offer outdoor dining in an attempt to transform the city into the alfresco dining capital of the country:

32 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: Plan | Case Study - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case Study 19: Congestion Charging - Learning from London and Stockholm

Congestion pricing or Public support eventually rose to two-thirds as people heart attacks. According to 2008 study, 1,888 extra congestion charging is a came to understand the policy and associated years of life have been saved among the city of system of surcharging benefits. London’s more than seven million residents who are users of a transport now breathing cleaner air. network (usually in areas In Stockholm, motorists are charged on weekdays or periods of peak demand) when entering or exiting the central city, with fees London’s downtown economy has also experienced to reduce traffic congestion. varying based on time of day. Program improvements benefits since the pricing program has been The aim of a variable have included 18 new regional bus lines and 2,800 implemented: businesses within the charged zone pricing strategy is to new regional park-and-ride spaces. are growing faster than businesses outside the zone. regulate demand, making The program has also resulted in positive economic Other studies have found evidence of higher spending it possible to manage impacts: businesses within the charged zone have levels in Central London by transit users and congestion without increasing supply. seen an increase in sales of 5%, in part because the pedestrians as compared with automobile drivers. Systems of congestion charging in use around the charging system requires drivers to pay to both enter world today include: a cordon area around a city and exit the zone, giving Stockholm residents an centre, with charges for passing the cordon line; a city incentive to shop locally rather than drive out to the centre toll ring, with toll collection surrounding the city; suburbs. In addition, businesses benefit from the Case Study Reference Link: and corridor or single facility congestion pricing, where ability to make 25% more deliveries during charged http://citymessenger.whereilive.com.au/news/story/ access to a lane or a facility is priced. hours as a result of congestion reduction benefits. outdoor-dining-fees-face-chop/ While road tolls are commonly used around the world London: Since 2003, drivers travelling in an 8.5 as a ‘user pays’ approach to infrastructure devel- square mile area of central London have been opment and demand management, application of assessed a flat daily fee when driving within the congestion charges for entering specific urban areas designated zone on weekdays. Before congestion are used in only a small number of cities including pricing was implemented, traffic in central London London, Stockholm, Singapore and Milan. was flowing at 2–5mph. Now it averages 10mph. Most displaced London drivers switched to transit, and Stockholm: Congestion pricing was instituted in businesses have remained healthy, as a result of Stockholm in 2006 for a seven-month trial substantial net revenues that have been poured into implementation, which was followed by a public improved transportation improvements, including more referendum on the program and permanent frequent transit resulting in 14,000 new bus seats. implementation in 2007. The program has reduced traffic by 22% and reduced greenhouse gas emissions London has also experienced public health benefits by 14%. Prior to trial implementation, public opinion in as a result of reduced tailpipe emissions that cause Stockholm was two-thirds against congestion pricing. serious illnesses such as asthma, bronchitis, and 33 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: Green | Case Study - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case Study 20: Making a Commitment to Sustainability - Learning from cities that have achieved real change

Around the world there are cities redefining themselves as leaders in sustainability – something which is set to provide them with competitive advantages now and in the future – by being more self-reliant, energy efficient, having a cleaner environment and a positive global reputation. Cities have different reasons for pursuing more sustainable futures, from reducing energy costs to meeting community aspirations, but whatever the motivation, it appears to be paying dividends in both their local economy and building their international image and competitiveness. Los Angeles, Reykjavik and Calgary are three examples. Los Angeles, USA: In 2007 Mayor Villaraigosa announced the adoption of Green LA, a bold vision and plan to transform Los Angeles into ‘the greenest big city in America’. This was no small ask. Plagued with traffic problems and the worst air quality in the coun- try, LA is more often equated with urban sprawl than a model of sustainability. The plan set five goals for four years. They are: • Clean Tech: The establishment of a Clean Tech Corridor to put Los Angeles at the forefront of the clean tech revolution and to transform the old, downtown industrial core into an incubator for green jobs, technology and the growth of LA’s economy. • Climate: To lead the nation in fighting global warming by meeting the Kyoto targets for reducing greenhouse gases, four years ahead of schedule. • Air: To clean the city’s air by reducing dirty emissions from the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, which account for 20 percent of the toxic air emissions in the South Coast Air Basin, by 45 percent, with initiatives such as the transformation of the city’s fleet vehicles. • Water: Despite an increase of more than 1 million people since the late 1980s, the city’s water consumption has remained steady and a water conservation plan ‘Securing LA’s Water Supply’ has been prepared to continue this level of performance and put Los Angeles on the path to meeting half of all new water demand by 2030 through conservation efforts and new technologies. • Earth: Specific actions have been taken to make LA more sustainable including restoring the health of local river systems, opening thirty-five new or expanded parks, increasing the city’s recycling, or diversion, rate to 70 percent and implementing new initiatives for renewable energy.

34 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: Green | Case Study - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case study 20 continued

Reykjavik, Iceland: In 2007, the Mayor of invested in manufacturing hydrogen-powered vehicles. Reykjavik pledged to make the city the cleanest in INE developed a vision for the entire Icelandic Europe and the government has been actively working transport system to be totally converted to hydrogen to make the aspiration a reality. While still not perfect, fuel by 2050, including private cars and fishing boats. Calgary, Canada is currently recognised as today the city is often cited as the ‘greenest’ in the the world’s fifth most liveable city by the Economist world and the reason is the city’s focus on renewable Reykjavik is a highly car dependent city and there Intelligence Unit and, like Perth, is an energy city, energy. has been a focus on encouraging people to drive eco home to the vast majority of Canada’s oil and gas friendly cars. Amendments were made to parking sector head offices. It is a medium sized city, with a Iceland is the world’s leading country when it comes regulations in 2007 to allow eco friendly cars to park metropolitan population of approximately 1,230,000 to renewable energy. It uses geothermal energy from for free in the city centre. These vehicles only made and in recent times has boasted the fastest growing hot underground springs to generate electricity for the up about 1% of private vehicles in the city at the time, economy in Canada and very fast population growth city which, according to the website Sustainable and to be deemed eco-friendly it was required to Cities, heats between 85 and 95% of all buildings with all of the associated challenges. consume less than five litres of fuel per 100 km. making Reykjavik one of the cleanest cities in the However, ethanol cars and E85 fuel have both begun world. Where Calgary differs from Perth is that they have met to be imported and a Toyota Prius has been converted these challenges head-on, through a wide scale But, with no fossil fuel resources of its own, the to a plug-in hybrid that is capable of running over 100 community visioning and planning process called country relies on imported oil to power all its cars, kilometres on electricity – something that imagineCALGARY, which produced a 100 year vision buses and fishing trawlers, which provide the demonstrates that relatively small scale policy for the region and associated long range goals and majority of its income. So the next step for Iceland initiatives can promote innovation and larger scale targets. and Reykjavik was to increase overall energy change. efficiency by moving towards developing a renewable This process has seen Calgary embark on a journey energy source to power its transport system which to become more environmentally sustainable and has would both slash its emissions and end its resulted in the City Council signing the World Energy dependence on fossil fuels. Cities Partnership Calgary Climate Change Accord (committing the city to support actions that will reduce The project to achieve this began in 2001. Named the municipal greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 20 per Ecological City Transport System (ECTS) and led by cent by 2020); the development of a wastewater Icelandic New Energy (INE). INE is a seed company treatment facility that will produce high quality treated founded by the University of Iceland and Icelandic effluent; a reduction in total per capita water demand energy companies with ten other partners, including the energy companies Shell Hydrogen and Norsk that has exceeded the city’s targets; and Hydro, the Icelandic transport company Straeto and improvements to the city’s recycling infrastructure. the automotive giant DaimlerChrysler which has

35 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: Green | Case Study - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case study 20 continued

These initiatives have paid off, with Calgary recently being rated by the Mercer Quality of Living Survey as the world’s number one eco-city. It is an achievement that came as a surprise to many, including to Calgarians themselves who recognise that, while having made significant progress, they still have a long way to go to becoming sustainable.

Mercer used the following criteria for its eco-ranking: ADDITIONAL Green CASE STUDIES

water availability; water potability; waste removal; Lesson for Perth? (SEE APPENDIX A) sewage; air pollution; and traffic congestion and, while these criteria are by no means exhaustive, Calgary’s Sustainability is a recognised element of liveability • Case Study 19: Sustainable Living, Community rating is not without merit. and is becoming an increasingly important factor in Cohesion and Education in the City, Learning a city’s global reputation. These examples show from Community Gardens that cities that make firm commitments to • Case Study 20: Green Building, Learning from The city’s advances in reducing its water sustainability have achieved real gains – both in San Francisco consumption and renewal, improving recycling and becoming ‘greener’ and in boosting their • Case Study 21:A Positive Water Future, Learning developing a fully integrated land use and international image. Perth would strongly benefit from the United States transportation system that are world class and have from both of these outcomes. • Case Study 22:City of Living Ecosystems generated substantial positive media for the city are a • Case Study 23:Active Cities Are Green Cities, Learning from Cycling Cities reason for Calgarians to be proud. Case Study Reference Links

• Green LA: http://mayor.lacity.org/Issues/Environment/ index.htm • Sustainable Cities, Reykjavik: http://sustainablecities. dk/en/city-projects/cases/reykjavik-the-ground-heats- the-city • Ecological City Transport System, Reykjavik: http:// ec.europa.eu/research/environment/newsanddoc/arti- cle_3894_en.htm • ImagineCALGARY: http://www.imaginecalgary.ca/

36 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: Green | Case Study - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case Study 21: Sustainable Living, Community Cohesion and Education in the City - Learning from Community Gardens

Community gardens are communities to develop sustainable and accessible Founded in 1994 and located in East Perth, Perth wonderful microcosms of community gardens. Growing Communities WA was a City Farm incorporates a solar powered cafe, hosts sustainable, healthy living partnership initiative involving the WA Community Saturday Farmers Markets, has an edible plant and community building. Garden Network, Learning Centre Link, City of Swan, nursery, runs education programs, training workshops They are also fantastic City of Gosnells, Town of Cambridge, and DADAA and school holiday programs, provides consultancy contributors to urban (Disability in the Arts Disadvantage in the Arts services and hires out its spaces for exhibitions and aesthetics and atmosphere. Australia). events. Perth City Farm is a true urban oasis. Few urban projects can claim the wide benefits that According to the project website, the key More recently community gardens have been are attributed to community achievements of the project over this period included: established in urban spaces from West Leederville gardens. They are said to encourage physical to Lockridge, Hilton and Mosman Park and many activity, local leadership, community development and • Provision of direct support to established and new regional areas, including Busselton which is be invaluable education tools on issues like water use, community gardens across WA. highlighted in the case study below. nutrition and self-sufficiency. • Development of new resource materials to support is a very successful gardens. Busselton Community Garden There is little doubt that initial growth in community example of a recently developed community garden gardens overseas was driven by cities where people • Hosting the inaugural WA Community Gardens that has become a centrepiece of community had little access to private open space and were Forum (September 2009). development and sustainable living. The project was therefore deprived of the opportunity to garden. initiated in 2005 and with planning approval gained However in recent times with growing awareness of • Surveying and mapping community gardens in WA. in January 2007 with ground works starting that winter. issues like food miles, increasing preferences for It is an ongoing project, but one that has already locally grown fresh food as well as an increasing desire • Development of a website for WA gardens. achieved significant success – as a garden and and need for new ways for people to connect and be community facility. active in the local community means that the popularity There is little doubt that since this time a number of of community gardens is growing everywhere, very successful community garden initiatives have The Community Garden is run by a not for profit including in WA, where there are now some 40 been started – and have flourished in metropolitan incorporated community body with the purpose of community gardens in metropolitan and regional areas. Perth and wider WA. providing a place for people to come together and grow their own fruit and vegetables using only The potential of these gardens for community health is a long standing, highly organic methods. According to the group’s website, and sustainability has been well recognised. Perth City Farm successful urban community garden, education and the project has an underlying agenda to encourage For example, in 2008 a two year project named network centre that operates on permaculture local environmental action through local sustainable ‘Growing Communities WA’ was initiated with the aim of principles and promotes healthy environments that food production, but also aims to build social networks building the capacity of Western Australian are productive and diverse. and educate people about organic gardening.

37 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: Green | Case Study - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case Study 21: Sustainable Living, Community Cohesion and Education in the City - Learning from Community Gardens

The garden initiative was developed by a group of to provide easier access for people with limited committed volunteers who have managed to secure mobility. Lesson for Perth? funding for the garden. Developed on vacant land in the town’s light industrial area, funding has been At a time when community involvement has been Community gardens clearly have huge received from eight different agencies as well as declining in many areas, Busselton Community potential as centres sustainability, health, through membership subscriptions, events and Garden is a shining example of a relatively small education and community development. Perth fund-raising activities. Importantly the garden has also scale, simple initiative that is successfully developing could be doing more to encourage this received the partnership and support of the local a greener and more sustainable community – movement and develop Perth as a sustainable authority which has been critical to its success. environmentally and socially. garden community.

The garden has many features which include: • Garden plots – for growing fruit and vegetables Case Study Reference Links: organically Community Gardens WA: • Communal plots – for production of fruit and nuts http://communitygardenswa.org.au/display/index/about- for all to share history • A children’s playground and sand pit – made from recycled materials Perth City Farm: http://perthcityfarm.org.au/ • Chickens rabbits and pigeons • A hothouse Busselton Community Garden: • Compost bays http://www.busseltoncommunitygarden.org.au/ • Worm farms • A gazebo and pizza oven • Rainwater tanks and a windmill/bore

The garden works with local educators, with the local TAFE running horticulture classes at the garden, and has produced a recipe book ‘Harvest in Your Hands’. A fortnightly growers market is held at the site, and a cafe has been developed which is also open during market times and on Thursday mornings when the garden runs a ‘Mums, Bubs and Grubs’ group. The garden has also incorporated disabled access and includes raised plots

38 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: Green | Case Study - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case Study 22: Green Building - Learning from San Francisco Green buildings are no longer new. Moves towards residential and municipal construction to be built to ‘While the more energy and water efficient building practices are strict green building standards based on project size commercial starting to become standard practice around the and scope. sector in Australia world. But Australia is lagging. Despite increasing requirements in our building codes to make new According to a December 2011 article in EcoSeed, has adapted to buildings energy efficient, Australia’s regulations still the policy requires large commercial projects and new energy efficiency, lag behind those in the United States. According to residential high rise to meet Leadership in Energy and the residential Simon Johanson in a 2011 article in Domain, while Environmental Design (LEED) Gold standards. Other sector is the commercial sector in Australia has adapted to complementary policies require existing buildings to energy efficiency, the residential sector is dragging its publicly disclose energy labels and undergo periodic dragging its feet, with international research suggesting Australia’s energy audits and mandatory water efficiency retrofits feet...’ energy efficient star rating system for new homes is at the time of sale. The required building labelling and lagging behind that of other countries. auditing alone are expected to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 105,000 tons and have a 10 year net In WA there has been ongoing debate about present value of approximately $1 billion. The city also green housing, much of which has focused on has created a new financing program to assist the construction costs versus benefits, but the benefits of private sector in meeting efficiency targets. energy efficient building to the environment and individual home owners are well documented and include lower energy bills and a healthier more Lesson for Perth? comfortable home environment. These are important benefits in Perth where years of non-energy efficient Perth could take a bold approach and seek to building practices see many of us living in homes that become an Australian leader in green building. are extremely hot in summer and cold in winter. More of us are becoming reliant on air conditioning and heating to make our homes liveable. Case Study Reference Links: San Francisco has recently been recognised as a city Domain article: www.news.domain.com.au leader in green building by winning the Best Green EcoSeed: www.ecoseed.org Building Policy award at the World Green Building Council Government Leadership Awards.

The policy is San Francisco’s Green Building Ordinance which requires all new commercial,

39 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: Green | Case Study - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case Study 23: A Positive Water Future - Learning from the United States In 2009, the Water Corporation released a new demonstrated that water demand management can ‘We need bold strategy to manage water demand and supply to 2060. be developed by returning some utility profits due to solutions for Water Forever aims to: higher prices in the form of consumer rebates. Such Perth’s future, and rebates will not significantly dampen the effects of • Reduce water use by 25%; price increases on water demand, as long as rebates as a fast growing • Increase wastewater recycling to 60%; and are not tied to current water consumption. city, water • Develop new water sources. The study found that increasing water prices is efficiency is one Despite Perth’s average water use per person politically difficult but that there may be political capital area in which dropping by 20% since 2001, we need to make even to be earned by elected officials who can demonstrate Perth needs to more savings if we are going to meet the Water the cost effective advantages of the price-based excel...’ Corporation’s targets. We need bold solutions for approach. At a minimum the study suggested that Perth’s future, and as a fast growing city, water communities choosing politically popular low water efficiency is one area in which Perth needs to excel. prices over cost-effectiveness should quantify this trade-off and make it explicit. WA’s Water Forever Strategy identifies a wide ‘portfolio of options’ for Perth’s water future with a Yet while difficult to implement, water pricing significant number aimed at reducing water use. The approaches have been successfully implemented following case studies are examples of practices in in cities and towns in New Mexico, Oregon, the United States that are commonly used to achieve Washington, North Carolina, Arizona, California and lower water use goals. Florida. Perhaps there is potential for Australian cities to follow their lead. United States. Cities and States across the United States have embraced price-based approaches to water conservation and there is a significant research Lesson for Perth? base which indicates that these approaches are significantly more cost-effective than non-price Does Perth need to be bold in its strategies approaches. The price based approach provides an to reduce water use and could price-based incentive for households to reduce water use and approaches be part of the city’s water thereby encourages the installation of water saving conservation future? technologies. Case Study Reference Link: Specific consideration is needed to ensure that water Harvard University Study: pricing models are equitable, however a 2008 study by http://www.hks.harvard.edu/m-rcbg/rpp/Working%20 S. Olmstead and R. Stavins of Harvard University papers/RPP_2008_05_Olmstead.pdf

40 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: Green | Case Study - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case Study 24: City of Living Eco-systems Perth’s dry climate, soil types and unique flora provide ‘There are few us with an opportunity to strongly embrace native Lesson for Perth? cities or gardens and landscaping as a way to save money, water, time, be nutrient-wise and provide a habitat for Perth should focus on native landscaping to communities native wildlife. It is also a way for the people of Perth become a ‘greener’ city and better preserve the around the world to retain a strong connection to our natural landscape. regions ecosystems and landscapes. that have strongly and actively There are many resources available about native gardening in Perth today and a growing number of Case Study Reference Link: City of Chicago Sustainable Backyard Program encouraged local examples of exceptional, beautiful native gardens in http://www.cityofchicago.org authorities, our parks, on our verges and as private gardens. The commercial days of scrappy bush gardens are gone – today’s landowners or native gardens can be the height of urban chic. households to There are few cities or communities around the world plant native that have strongly and actively encouraged local and water wise authorities, commercial landowners or households to plants...’ plant native and water wise plants. There are, however some examples of small rebates being provided for householders to encourage native planting – something that is well established for other environmental initiatives such as encouraging the use of energy efficient appliances. An example is the City of Chicago with its Sustainable Backyard Program, an educational and incentive program that encourages Chicago residents to create more environmentally- friendly landscapes in their yards.

41 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: Green | Case Study - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case Study 25: Active Cities are Green Cities! - Learning from Cycling Cities

Some of the world’s greenest, most exciting and program is being hailed as among the most ‘Some of the colourful cities are places where physical activity is successful in the world. The Global Post reported that world’s most part of everyday life. Rather than getting in the car, the 450 specially-made bikes are available from 40 active people in these cities walk and cycle, making the city stations around the city and can be accessed using a streets active and vibrant, and making the city more credit card, with the first half hour free and then a cost cities are environmentally sustainable. of 0.5 Euros for the first full hour, and 6.50 Euros for cycling cities...’ four hours. This ensures that riders don’t leave them Perth already has the most active city population in lying around, otherwise the final charge on their credit Australia and we have a big opportunity to build on card would be substantial. this strength. Some of the world’s most active cities are cycling cities – some examples are provided After six months only two of the bikes had been stolen below. and these were quickly recovered, something which is helped by the bikes being very distinctive and ugly. Amsterdam is perhaps the most bicycle friendly Launched in September 2009 the plan exceeded all city in the world. The city boasts over 400 kilometres expectations by reaching 1 million uses within a year. of cycle paths and with 600,000 bicycles in a city of 750,000 residents, there are almost as many bikes as people. Lesson for Perth?

Portland has a varied bicycle network that connects It makes sense for cycling to be a big part of all parts of the city. This network has proven Perth’s future and we should be examining successful in dramatically increasing bicycle use. innovative ways to encourage trips by cycling, Portland also has a strong bicycle culture where all particularly in our urban centres. types of cyclists can find opportunities to enjoy riding a bicycle. Portland’s ‘Create-a-Commuter’ program is the first project in the United States that provides Case Study Reference Link: low-income earning adults with commuter bicycles as http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_sharing_system well as a session on commuter safety. The bikes come outfitted with lights, a lock, a helmet, a pump, tool kits, Dublin: http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/ire- maps and rainwear. land/100409/bicycles-dublin-going-green?page=0,0

Dublin has recently introduced a bicycle sharing program, similar to those in Brisbane, Barcelona, Lyon and Helsinki (to name a few) however Dublin’s

42 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: Learn & Create | Case Study - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case Study 26: Strategies for Smarter States - Learning from Queensland

Since 1998 the Australian state of Queensland has been pursuing the ‘Smart State’ Strategy, Lesson for Perth? which is both an economic development strategy for the state and a whole of government Perth requires a targeted, funded strategy to approach to modernisation and development, with a particular focus on investment in science promote the region’s development as a centre of and innovation to help transform the economic development of the state and the Brisbane Innovation and Learning region. From 1998 to 2008 the Queensland Government invested over $3.6 billion in science, research and innovation to drive a dynamic and diverse economy through stages one and two of the Smart State Strategy. The funds through which this has been delivered include the ‘Innovation Building Fund’ and ‘Innovation Projects Fund’ which has invested in infrastructure for, and the development and delivery, of research and innovation projects by Queensland’s major universities, as well as collaborative international research projects. According to a report by the Allen Consulting Group, this investment has delivered some big rewards. For example, they claim that for every dollar invested in the University of Queensland’s leading biomedical science institutes, between $4.50 and $6.50 has been returned to the state economy. ADDITIONAL Learn & Create CASE STUDIES (SEE APPENDIX A) In 2008, new funding announcements (2008-2012) were made to enable the delivery of the third stage of the strategy. In this phase the Queensland Government has committed: • Case Study 25: Actively Pursuing Our Goals, Learning from Melbourne • Over $23 million to attract and retain some of the brightest minds in science and industry to • Case Study 26: Creative Placemaking, Learning from solve Queensland’s challenges of the future Toronto • Case Study 27: The World’s Most Creative City, • $25 million for a Health and Medical Research Program to attract world-class clinical Learning from Tel Aviv researchers to translate research into better health services for Queenslanders, and • Case Study 28: Creative Connectivity, Learning from • $60 million to support collaborations between Queensland’s researchers and industry. Montreal • Other initiatives include a $3 million design program to increase the profile of • Case Study 29: Multiculturalism and Creativity, Information and Cultural Exchange (ICE), Western Queensland’s design expertise and position Queensland as the centre of Asia-Pacific Sydney Design, $1 million to promote Queensland’s tropical research and industry expertise and $2 million for a Q-Science program for a range of science programs and events for business, Case Study Reference Link industry, community groups, students and their parents. Queensland Smart State Strategy: http://www.science.qld.gov.au/ dsdweb/v4/apps/web/content.cfm?id=9585

43 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: Learn & Create | Case Study - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case Study 27: Actively Pursuing Our Goals - Learning from Melbourne Festival, the AFL Finals Series, the Australian the focus of a $128.5 million dollar government funded Melbourne is the Motorcycle Grand Prix, the Melbourne Cup, the redevelopment) as well as the National Gallery of undisputed capital of sports Australian Masters Golf and the Boxing Day Cricket Victoria, the Australian Ballet, the Melbourne and culture in Australia and Test, as well as attracting leading dance, Broadway Symphony Orchestra, the Faculty of Victorian College this has not happened by musicals and grand opera productions. of the Arts and Music, Melbourne Recital Centre, accident or good fortune. Melbourne Theatre Company, Chunky Move, Today over half the international visitors to Melbourne Australian Centre for Contemporary Art and the While sport has always and Victoria are estimated to be there for a major Malthouse Theatre. been an integral part of event, be it a business (convention/exhibition), Melbourne’s history and sporting or cultural event. The city has also built a culture, the city’s recent strong reputation as a city of creative expression and Lesson for Perth? rise as host to international its sporting prowess goes from strength to strength – sports and cultural events has been very deliberate. with the city recently being awarded the title of Sport If Perth wants to be a leader in Knowledge and Business Ultimate Sports City three times in a row Creativity we will need to collaboratively pursue In 1991 the Victorian Government established the (2006, 2008 and 2010). this goal – through dedicated policy, strategy, Victorian Major Events Company (VMEC) as a action and organisations. targeted, funded initiative to attract international cultural Cultural and Sporting Infrastructure and sporting events to Melbourne and to ‘raise the bar’ in terms of government commitment to both event Obviously an event company alone is not enough to funding and to developing world-class event attract big international events. To do this cities need infrastructure. The company had a stated objective to Case Study Reference Link: internationally competitive infrastructure - and http://www.committeeforperth.com.au/images/sto- ‘selectively target and aggressively pursue large events Melbourne boasts the best sporting facilities in the which bring significant economic, cultural and social ries/NewsMedia/Newsletters/32-%20Newsletter%20 southern hemisphere and some of the best cultural July%2011.pdf benefits to Victoria’. facilities in Australia. The approach has been hugely successful. The VMEC The 100,000 capacity MCG, the Melbourne Sports has created an exceptional and unrivalled calendar and Aquatic Centre and Melbourne Park (purpose built of major international sporting and cultural events for to host the Australian Open Tennis Championships) Melbourne and Victoria. are just some of Melbourne’s nationally and internationally acclaimed sporting venues. Melbourne’s current list of major events include the Australian Open Tennis Championships, the Formula The city is also home to more than 200 galleries and 1 Australian Grand Prix, the Melbourne International the nationally significant Southbank Cultural Precinct - Comedy Festival, the Melbourne International Jazz home to The Arts Centre and Hamer Hall (currently

44 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: Learn & Create | Case Study - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case Study 28: Creative Placemaking - Learning from Toronto In recent years, Toronto has embraced ‘creative ‘Toronto has placemaking’ to help foster and retain creativity and Lesson for Perth? embraced creative people in the city – as well as preserve the ‘creative diversity and character of some of the city’s Creative Placemaking could have potential to neighbourhoods as they face redevelopment pressure both regenerate urban places and spaces in placemaking’ to and gentrification. Perth and increase the presence of creativity help foster and and creative people in the city. retain creativity Artscape is Toronto and Canada’s pre-eminent creative placemaking organisation and a growing and creative cultural powerhouse which aims to retain creative people in the people in the city. Case Study Reference Link: http://www.torontoartscape.org/ city...’ CEO Tim Jones explains “The Real Estate market ... tends to push artists and creative entrepreneurs out to the margins of urban life where they are disconnected from each other and the market place. The work that we try to do tries to correct that. “We know that artists provide incredible vibrancy and vitality to the communities that they live in ... so we are trying to make sure that neighbourhoods retain some of their creative character as there is intense development pressure on them. Talent is very mobile in today’s world and cities really have to pay attention and work to create the conditions that will support creative communities.” Artscape’s ‘creative placemaking’ has transformed a portfolio of run down and underutilised buildings across Toronto into dynamic community assets. The organisation’s projects provide workspaces for many galleries, theatres, and not-for-profit organisations and live/workspaces for hundreds of artists and designers. They have also acted as catalysts for the regeneration of some of the city’s most vital neighbourhoods.

45 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: Learn & Create | Case Study - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case Study 29: The World’s Most Creative City - Learning from Tel Aviv In December 2011, the Canadian Globe and Mail Google paid $70 million for app developer Snaptu. In ‘The Global published a report on the world’s most creative cities. September, eBay bought e-commerce site The Gifts Creativity Index Project for a reported $20 million. measures a The list is based on research by the Martin Prosperity Institute at the University of Toronto’s Rotman School All are start-ups and all have offices in or near Tel Aviv nation’s of Management, an Institute that has been studying in the coastal region between the city and Jerusalem. innovation the complex web of factors that encourage and In the first three quarters of 2011 alone, 422 Israeli potential, sustain innovation in regions around the world. start-ups raised $1.57 billion in venture capital, and an focusing on what estimated 250 multinationals maintain R&D operations First published in 2004, the institute’s Global Creativity there. it calls ‘the Three Index measures a nation’s innovation potential, Ts: technology, focusing on what it calls ‘the Three Ts: technology, However, it is not just investment in R&D that is talent and talent and tolerance.’ delivering rewards, it is the education system. Israel’s tolerance...’ high standard of school and university education and However in 2011 they decided to dive deeper to high graduation rates as well as the country’s choose cities that are best positioned to nurture their requirement for compulsory military service are said creative edge into the future. They identified five to deliver highly educated, technically savvy young cities that they believe have very bright futures: Tel people that increases potential for innovation. Aviv, London, Sydney, Stockholm and Shanghai. This case study focuses on Tel Aviv – because it is small, isolated and takes first place on the innovation list. Lesson for Perth? The entire population of Israel only numbers seven It is clear that bolstering R&D and encouraging million and the population of Tel Aviv is just over growth in human capital in our city and state is 400,000 but this Middle Eastern state spends more of critical to becoming a learning and creative city. its GDP on research and development than any other nation and Tel Aviv is reaping the rewards. Case Study Reference Link: According to the Globe and Mail in April 2011, Israeli http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/ software start-ups PicApp and PicScout sold for a rob-magazine/the-worlds-most-creative-cities/arti- combined $30 million (all currency in U.S. dollars) to cle2286363/ Indian and American buyers, respectively. A month later, cellular company Provigent was snapped up by U.S. chip maker Broadcom for $313 million, while

46 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: Learn & Create | Case Study - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case Study 30: Creative Connectivity - Learning from Montreal The Montreal region has been experiencing a shift in North American member of the Network of Open ‘Interactions its economic base since the early 1990s, from classic Living Labs (ENoLL), a European initiative among the industrial to a creativity-focused business mix. involving more than 200 research and innovation creative, centres around the world. Core creative sector clusters have aggregated around technical, information and entertainment technology, aerospace, business, and biosciences, telecommunications, multilingual call design centres, advanced manufacturing, and a variety of Lesson for Perth? communities have emerging interdisciplinary niches. Perth should be looking to develop innovative a positive impact Interactions among the creative, technical, business, organisations and initiatives aimed at developing on the innovative and design communities have a positive impact on a positive and productive interface between key and total business the innovative and total business activity across the knowledge and creative sectors. activity across the region and these interactions have been fostered with region...’ the development of cutting edge organisations and partnerships. Case Study Reference Link: One such organisation is the Montreal Society for Arts http://www.sat.qc.ca/ and Technology.

Founded in 1996, SAT is a non-profit organisation that has achieved international recognition for being at the forefront of the art and technology interface. Focused on achieving “positive contamination” between the arts, science and technology sectors by bringing training, research, creation and dissemination for these sectors under one roof has made SAT a key innovation partner in all three.

With its dual role of artist-run centre and research centre, SAT supports a new generation of designers and researchers in the digital age and its innovative model of organisation has seen it win a range of prestigious awards and be invited to be the first

47 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: Learn & Create | Case Study - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case Study 31: Multiculturalism and Creativity Information and Cultural Exchange (ICE), Western Sydney . Perth is a multicultural city, but there are few visible also the key producer for the Australia Council, a ‘Around the world and substantial initiatives that actively encourage and driving force behind the national Arab Film Festival there are many enable people to express their culture or provide and an integral collaborator with the Sydney Festival examples of people with the training and resources needed to and Tropfest. cities that establish a career in the arts. celebrate their Around the world there are many examples of Lesson for Perth? cultural and cities that celebrate their cultural and creative creative diversity through festivals, events and programs aimed Perth could clearly benefit from developing at encouraging and enabling people from cultural organisations like ICE to build the city’s cultural diversity through minority groups to participate in the arts. capacity at a grass roots level. festivals, events and programs...’ A highly successful example of this type of initiative is Case Study Reference Link: the Information and Cultural Exchange (ICE) located http://ice.org.au/ in Western Sydney.

ICE aims to empower and collaborate with artists, producers and diverse communities in Western Sydney to create media, art and cutting-edge cultural products. ICE supports creative people from diverse backgrounds to build sustainable arts careers by providing opportunities, training, resources, networks and more.

ICE has been running for nearly 30 years, starting out as a community information service operating out of a van, then expanded rapidly to develop innovative digital media and arts projects.

The organisation runs a wide range of projects, but its flagship programs are the Switch Digital Arts Centre (in partnership with Parramatta Council), and Artfiles, the artist support program and online directory. ICE is

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Case Study 32: Working with Communities to Achieve RealOur Change future: - Research Decide by the Grattan Institute There is a huge amount of international literature espousing the benefits of working with local communities to enable regional change. But this is, perhaps surprisingly, something that we have not been very good at in Australia.

There is little doubt that Australian businesses and governments do ‘consult’ with the community and even that our communities are suffering from ‘consultation fatigue’. But does our version of consultation really mean that we involve the community in decision making, or is it more a form of information provision, or even something verging on propaganda – where outcomes are already formed and consultation is undertaken to try to convince the community of the outcomes of the ‘professionals’ before the community has even had a chance to properly think about their wants, needs and desires for the future?

Examining successful cities and cities that have achieved wide scale urban transformation as they have grown indicates that, almost without exception, this change has been undertaken with, and preceded by, committed programs and processes for community engagement and the community has been actively involved in decision making every step of the way.

Two recent reports by the Grattan Institute (an independent Australian think-tank) make some very insightful findings on this topic. One of these reports - Cities: Who Decides? by Jane-Frances Kelly - examines decision making arrangements that are associated with sustained success in cities.

It finds that governments, councils and planning bodies are central to decision making, but others - including business and community groups, and, most importantly, residents themselves - can and should play an active part in the choices which shape our cities. If they don’t, we are unlikely to be able to make good decisions that will stick.

The report examines eight cities with comparable characteristics to Australian cities - Vancouver (2.1m), Toronto (5.1m), Seattle (3.3m), Portland (2.1m), Chicago (9.4m), Austin (1.5m), Dublin (1.8m) and Copenhagen (1.8m) and makes the following key findings:

49 | Perth @ 3.5 Million & Beyond Case Studies Published May 2012 - Copyright The Committee for Perth Our Future: Decide | Case Study - EXPLORING IDEAS FROM OTHER CITIES

Case study 32 continued

• High and sustained levels of public engagement in Vancouver is a prime example of a city that involves decision-making were found in many of the cities, more of its community and at a deeper level than that particularly where improvement required tough currently being considered in Australia. choices. The report found that this sort of engagement is The development of Vancouver’s CityPlan in the different in scale and in kind from current practice in • Cities that have achieved meaningful, long-term mid-1990s involved a process of public involvement success typically demonstrated a consistent Australia. One Canadian interviewed by the Grattan through which the city local authority directly engaged Institute remarked that “if the Vancouver public had strategic direction across political cycles. Similarly, with about 20,000 people and involved many more many successful cities benefited from cross- been given a plan as finished as the draft Melbourne through other methods. According to the Grattan 2030, they would have revolted.” sector collaboration between government, the Institute, a survey conducted after the process showed business community, and civic organisations. In that “about 100,000 people felt they were involved in many cases, a level of regional co-operation was some way, shape or form.” in place, with efforts integrated both within and Lesson for Perth? across levels of government. Crucially, the process also presented the people of It is clear that if we are serious about achieving • In most cases, a dense layer of intermediary Vancouver with real choices and consequences. real and sustained change for the future of Perth community and business groups was pivotal in Residents were therefore involved in considering the then there is a need to start working with the driving government to be more responsive and trade-offs of any decision and identifying a preferred community in a genuine, deep and sophisticated inclusive. In Seattle, for instance, the “culture of approach rather than being presented with a preferred capacity. advocacy groups, and the way they interact with, approach and being asked to comment. support, and motivate elected officials was found to have been ‘more important than anything’”. The form of communication was also different. It was couched as communication from citizens to citizens ADDITIONAL Decide CASE STUDIES • Most cities experienced a trigger for improvement rather than from politicians or decision makers to (SEE APPENDIX A) (such as an economic downturn or substantial subjects. • Case Study 31: Regional Governance population growth) which catalysed the political Approaches from cities around the globe will required for real, sustained improvement. The Vancouver experience demonstrated that, the • Case Study 32: Competitive Identity and Good more people engaged, the more they came to accept Governance, Learning from Simon Anholt’s The report concludes that “Residents must be involved the need for hard choices and opted to accommodate ‘Places’ in decisions. Those cities that made tough choices more households in existing residential areas, rather and saw them through had early, genuine, than “sending sprawl up the valley.” By working with Case Study Reference Links sophisticated, and deep public engagement. This level developers and builders, residents frequently opted Grattan Institute: http://www.grattan.edu.au/publications.php of engagement is an order of magnitude different from for slightly higher density in return for amenities they what happens in Australia today.” valued.

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Greater London Authority Act 1999 and the Greater oversees the implementation of a wide range of Case Study 33: Regional Governance London Authority Act 2007. regional policies and plans on affordable housing, waste management and recycling, air quality and Approaches from Cities around the Globe The GLA’s three main areas of responsibility are sustainability on behalf of the 24 regional local The need for structures of economic development and wealth creation, social authorities it represents. governance that better development and environmental improvement. enable and encourage Auckland. In March 2009 the Royal Commission regional collaboration has Portland. Metro is the regional governmental agency on Auckland Governance delivered a report to been recognised by for the Portland metropolitan area. It is the only government on the state and future of Auckland. The progressive cities around directly elected metropolitan planning organisation in Commission was focused not just on identifying and the world. London, the United States. addressing current inadequacies in Auckland’s governance arrangements but on considering a Portland, Vancouver and Formerly known as the Metropolitan Service District, a common desired future for the city, and the changes Auckland are just some of 1992 ballot approved a home-rule charter that that are needed to close the gap between where the cities that have invested identified Metro’s primary mission as planning and Auckland was, and where it desired to be. in developing structures policy making to preserve and enhance the quality of that will assist their city-regions in achieving long term life and the environment, and changed the agency’s This included the need for Auckland’s governance collaboration and integration. name to Metro. system to support the city to become more competitive on a global stage by ensuring that the city However, they have all used different models to is highly liveable, is able to attract and retain talented Vancouver. The Greater Vancouver Regional District achieve this goal and it is evident in reviewing their people and be able to define a clear, positive (GVRD) was established in 1967 to provide a platform approaches that there is no singular ‘best practice’ identity and convey it consistently. governance model. Rather it is the responsibility of through which the region’s 21 local authorities could individual cities to identify the model that best meets work together toward a shared agenda to meet the The Commission’s report recommended that all of their needs. needs of Greater Vancouver’s residents. Its mission is the local councils across the Auckland Region be to help protect the quality of life in the region and combined into a single, unified, governing entity Examples of regional governance models in other cities deliver regional services in an efficient and supported by 21 elected local boards. are provided below. cost-effective manner. This recommendation was accepted by government London. The Greater London Authority (GLA) is the Beginning with the Official Regional Plan in 1966, and and the new Auckland Council was elected in October top-tier administrative body for Greater London. It followed by Creating Our Future in 1990, the GVRD 2010. consists of a directly elected executive Mayor of developed regional plans which laid the groundwork London and an elected 25-member London Assembly for how the region should approach its long-term

with scrutiny powers and was created to improve the development and provide the necessary vision for Lesson for Perth? coordination between the local authorities in Greater preserving the region’s liveability by addressing Cities that are focused on building regional London and give the region a single person to environmental health, growth management and competitiveness have recognised the need for represent it. transportation issues, and how the region should dedicated regional governance or structures for respond to social and economic challenges. regional collaboration. Similar recognition is The Authority was established in 2000, following a local needed in Perth. referendum, and derives most of its powers from the Today the GVRD, known as ‘Metro Vancouver’,

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Case Study 34: Competitive Identity & Good Governance - Learning from Simon Anholt’s ‘Places’ In his most recent 2. Places must engage with the outside world in a legislation, reforms, investments, institutions and offering, Places, Published clear, co-ordinated and communicative way. policies which will bring about the desired progress. by Palgrave Macmillan in Robust and productive coalitions are needed November 2009, Simon between government, business and civil society, He also ascertains that for strategy to assist in Anholt provides some and there is a need for new institutions and creating competitive identity, places also need to detailed discussion on the structures to be established to maintain a high undertake Symbolic Actions. These are key actions need for places to build level of integration and collaboration in the long in strategy delivery that also have intrinsic competitive identities and term. communication power. Anholt describes them as the role of good innovations, structures, legislation, reforms, governance in achieving 3. Uniting people around a common strategy vision investments, institutions or policies that are especially suggestive, remarkable, picturesque, newsworthy, this. can create a powerful dynamic for progress. topical, poetic, touching, surprising or dramatic. If we want to participate effectively in the global 4. The importance of sustained and coherent economy and want our economy, culture and citizens innovation in all sectors of national or state These actions together combine to form a positive, to benefit from the rich offerings the world has to offer, activity. The rest of the world is interested in new competitive identity for place. This is summarised by then it is the duty of responsible government to things that suggest a clear and attractive pattern Anholt as: Identity – Behaviour – Image. That is ‘Who recognise that a city or country’s reputation (or of development. you are determines how you behave; and how you competitive identity) is one of the most valuable assets behave determines how you are perceived’. 5. That our competitive identity (reputation or brand) of its people and good governments must ensure that is a critical factor that underpins every they hand over a positive reputation to their transaction between the place and its consumer successors. Lesson for Perth? (trade partners, investors, visitors and future And how do we achieve a positive reputation? Through residents). Perth needs to adopt a governance system that positive action – i.e. places must be successful in order is focused towards developing a positive global Key in this list is Strategy or Vision. However Anholt reputation for the region through collaborative to have a positive reputation. warns against simply creating a good strategy and and unified action. According to Anholt, effective governments need to thinking that this alone will bring positive outcomes for understand (in order) five new ideas of place the city. Strategies, he says, will achieve nothing, management in this age of globalisation: unless they have Substance. Case Study Reference Link: http://www.simonanholt.com 1. Understanding that our competitive identity is a This means that they are achievable, and that they hugely important asset that needs to be managed, are effectively executed in the form of new economic, measured, protected and leveraged and nurtured in legal, political, social, cultural and educational the long term. activity. This includes innovations in structure,

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