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About Smart Cities Council Australia New Zealand

Launched in 2012 in Seattle, the Smart Cities Council has evolved to become the global leader in the provision of smart cities resources for both the government and private sector. With offices across North America, India, Australia and Europe, the Council is the world’s largest network of smart cities practitioners and policy makers.

The Council promotes cities that embody three core values:

• Liveability: clean, healthy living conditions without pollution and congestion; digital infrastructure that makes services instantly and conveniently available anytime, and anywhere. • Workability: provision of enabling infrastructure - energy, connectivity, computing, essential services - to help cities compete globally for high-quality jobs. • Sustainability: equitable service provision without stealing from future generations.

Further information can be found at www.smartcitiescouncil.com.

About Professional Construction Strategies Group (PCSG)

PCSG is a leading built environment consultancy working across the smart cities, Internet of Things (IoT) and Building Information Modelling (BIM) agenda. Our Chairman, Mark Bew MBE, has been instrumental in developing and implementing the UK Government BIM strategy from 2011-2016, and more recently, leading the UK government Digital Built Britain programme for BIM, IoT and SMART Cities.

Consulting Director (Asia Pacific) Gavin Cotterill, is one of Australia’s leading digital thought leaders who has worked with public and private owners and operators in designing and implementing their digital strategies.

PCSG's global digital and sustainability teams are working jointly with public and private clients to solve real business problems and create value through their information and data. Our specialists use international best practice standards, methods and tools in developing and implementing world class digital strategies for our clients.

Further information can be found at http://www.pcsg-australia.com.au

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION 3 2.0 PURPOSE 4 3.0 CHALLENGES FACING MODERN CITIES AND TOWNS 5 4.0 ROLE OF STANDARDS AND GUIDANCE DOCUMENTS 6 5.0 VALUE OF STANDARDS 7 6.0 GLOBAL VIEW ON SMART CITIES STANDARDS 11 7.0 NEXT MOVES? 13 APPENDIX A 14

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1.0 INTRODUCTION Urbanisation, population growth and competitiveness are all key drivers for Australia to have a world-class built environment and social services capability. As our economy transitions from traditional land and craft-based activities into a full, knowledge-based economy, the demands upon our cities and built environment grow relentlessly.

To respond to these changes and to take advantage of tomorrow’s economic opportunities we need to rethink the way our built environment is planned, constructed and managed. We must adopt a new, ‘smart’ approach – one which harnesses information and communication technology (ICT) to enhance liveability, workability and sustainability.

But while the pressing need for this new approach – and the vast possibilities it opens-up through the adoption of technology, data and intelligent design – are clear, so too are the challenges: Efforts to scale and replicate success can be difficult in markets that are often defined by heightened risk management, entrenched mindsets, siloed governments, low cost and margins, challenging procurement processes, skills shortages, and complex supply chains.

The Smart Cities Council (SCC) believes that these and other challenges will be most effectively managed by organisations through the implementation of rules and frameworks within the global smart cities marketplace. Standards can play an important role in helping establish those rules and frameworks with the “standardisation” of processes being a key enabler to achieve critical mass in any market.

“For data to be of value to the city services market it must be of high quality and can be reliably exchanged”

Mark Bew MBE, Chair of UK Government Digital Built Britain

Recognising the power of standards in the implementation of data exchange programmes, the UK Government has built both its Smart City and Building Information Modelling strategies around them. This approach has enabled wide-spread benefits in both the delivery and operation of assets.

Many standards exist, and are emerging, which seek to address the challenges associated with data and digital information, along with broader aspects and entry points for smart cities - from policy and planning through to Internet of Things and sustainability. In this document, we seek to provide an overview of them and explain their pivotal role in the fast-growing smart cities movement.

Governments play a critical role in planning, designing and operating our built environment. Numerous entry points and drivers exist for an authority looking to embark on the transition to become a smart city. This may include seeking more connected places, for instance, through major regeneration projects, housing developments or infrastructure programs. It may be strategic policy or economic development decision that potentially drives digital transformation.

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But while approaches may vary, most agree on this – that a smart city’s most precious resource is its people and that connecting them to the data it produces is critical to enable more informed decisions. It is therefore increasingly important for a city to ensure it engages effectively with its citizens, and reviews how it procures data and how it manages, uses and makes available digital information. “Standards are a consensus of what good looks like”

Justin Anderson, Hypercat Alliance 2.0 PURPOSE The purpose of this guidance note is to detail the ecosystem of smart cities standards available globally, categorise them into relevant themes and an appropriate structure, and discuss their role in helping to build a thriving smart cities movement.

It outlines how smart cities standards can help build a common language around purpose, guide policy makers and practitioners and catalyse supply chain transformation.

It covers a comprehensive range of standards that address smart cities issues such as strategy development, data management, smart city leadership, technical interoperability, platform security, performance measurement, and reporting frameworks.

The note also covers a representation of the built environment and the core components undergoing digital transformation. The key smart city elements used to categorise the standards included in this document include:

• Building Information Modelling • Internet of Things • Sustainable Communities • Smart Cities frameworks and process standards.

A definition for each of these terms is provided below.

What is Building Information Modelling (BIM)?1

BIM is a collaborative way of working, underpinned by digital technologies which unlock more efficient methods of designing, delivering and maintaining physical built assets. This scope of BIM traditionally covered individual building and infrastructure assets, but in recent times has expanded across portfolio, precinct and city-scales.

What is the Internet of Things (IoT)?2

IoT refers to the networking of physical objects using embedded sensors, actuators and other devices that can collect or transmit information about the objects. The data amassed from these devices can then be analysed to optimise products, services and operations.

1 HM Government Industrial strategy: government and industry in partnership, 2012 2 Mckinsey & Company The internet of Things: Sizing up the opportunity:2014

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What is a sustainable community?3

A sustainable community embodies the principles of sustainable development, respecting ecological limits and natural resource constraints, encouraging prosperity and well-being while optimising conditions for human development.

What is a smart city?4

A smart city is one that uses information and communication technology (ICT) to enhance its liveability, workability and sustainability.

This document sets out the guidance available, identifies sources of information on existing and emerging standards, and reflects on current best practice to ensure policy makers and practitioners have the best possible information to support their use of smart cities standards.

3.0 CHALLENGES FACING MODERN CITIES AND TOWNS In 2015, more than half of the world’s population lived in cities, a figure which is estimated to reach 66% by 2050. This creates major stresses in existing urban areas on services such as transportation and health care, on land use from the creation of new or expanding urban development, and on natural resources from demand for construction materials, production of waste, and the need for clean air, water and energy. Rapid urbanisation brings significant opportunities in the form of regeneration, densification and efficiencies, employment and economic development opportunities, and of course, from technology and communication investments.

3 Green Star Communities National Framework, Green Building Council of Australia, 2011 4 Smart Cities Readiness Guide, Smart Cities Council, 2013

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4.0 ROLE OF STANDARDS AND GUIDANCE DOCUMENTS Standards and guidance documents describe good practice and clearly set out exactly what needs to be done to comply with it. They also highlight what needs to be specified in procurement processes to ensure goods and services supplied are fit for purpose.

For this Guidance Note, we have identified three levels5 of standards relating to smart cities – strategic, process and technical specifications. Each of these can play an important role in ensuring that the smart city is built on firm foundations. A description of each level is described below.

Strategic-level standards provide guidance to city leadership on the process of developing a clear and effective overall smart city strategy, identifying priorities, and developing a practical implementation roadmap and an effective approach to monitoring and evaluating progress.

Process-level standards cover good practice in procuring and managing cross‑organisational and cross-sectorial smart city projects, including guidance on putting together appropriate financing packages.

Technical specifications cover the practical requirements for products and services to ensure that they achieve the results needed.

Strategic-level standards are of most relevance to city leadership, with process-level standards relevant to people in management positions. However, technical specifications are also relevant to people in management positions as they need to know which standards should be referred to when procuring technical products and services.

5 BSI PD8100, Smart cities overview – Guide, British Standards Institution

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5.0 VALUE OF STANDARDS Standards can provide a range of benefits to cities and the industries that support them. Outlined below are some of the key advantages the smart cities movement can realise from embracing standards.

Shared purpose It is fundamental that stakeholders within the smart cities movement understand what the concept is, what it means to them, and how they might go about advancing a smart cities strategy and investment plan.

The types of issues that need to be agreed include: • Is it about efficient and coordinated city services? • Is it about social mobility and thriving communities? • Is it about economic growth with a reduced carbon footprint? • Is it about harnessing technology? • To what extent is it about the design of the physical environment? • Is it all the above?

Stakeholders across a city must harmonise their potentially diverse views on smart cities to ensure they collaborate effectively to help their city become more sustainable through smart technology.

Standards can help define where differences exist and provide tried and tested methodologies to develop ways of handling these.

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Standards Insight BSI PAS 181: Smart city framework – Guide to establishing strategies for smart cities and communities (now in the process of being developed as ISO 37106: Guide to establishing strategies for smart cities and communities) can provide checklists and practical toolkits to help with this.

Additionally, BSI’s PD 8100 provides a simple method for bringing together key city leaders to come to a common understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of their city on the path to growing more sustainably and on the priority issues that need to be tackled.

Common understanding Even within projects in a single industry, it is common for what is delivered to be different from what was required, simply because of misunderstandings between the parties involved. Standards can help to provide a common and shared language to minimise these misunderstandings. This will be critically important in smart cities due to the wide set of stakeholders.

Standards Insight BSI’s PAS 180 defines terms for smart cities for use across all service delivery channels in UK cities.

At an international level, ISO 37100 provides a set of definitions of key vocabulary related to sustainable cities and communities.

Also, coming from ISO later in 2017 is a standard (ISO 37105: A Descriptive Framework for Cities and Communities) that provides a consistent way of describing all the key aspects of a city.

Further to these standards, the three main international standards bodies - ISO, IEC and ITU-T - are working to develop joint vocabulary for smart and sustainable cities.

Procurement The “standardisation” of processes is a key enabler to achieve critical mass in any market. The construction and service sector are massively fragmented, and this provides significant challenges to the implementation of any data exchange programme. For data to be of value to the city services market it must be of high quality and be reliably exchanged. Applying standards to procurement of services are key enablers to ensure these criteria can be met.

Standards Insight PAS 184:2017- Smart Cities. Developing project proposals for delivering smart city solutions. Guide This PAS shows how the city-wide, strategic-level approach to the development of a smart city programme should be applied at the level of an individual smart city project.

It gives practical guidance on how to develop project proposals for smart city solutions, using case studies to illustrate good practice in smart city procurement. The content reflects current good practice as identified by a broad range of public, private and voluntary sector practitioners engaged in developing smart city solutions.

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Systems integration One of the most important requirements for smart cities is the interoperability between separate systems and services. Standards can help to define how best to achieve that interoperability, not only at a technical level, but also at a strategic and process level.

A key requirement for this is the sharing of information between different systems. This is made difficult due to the many different date formats and schemas that are used to collect and store data across a city.

Standards Insight BSI’s PAS 182, for example, can provide a method for translating terms used within different city systems into a common high-level ontology to enable data to be aggregated together to provide an overview of what is happening in the city.

To go further, PAS 183 provides useful guidelines to support the managed sharing of data between city agencies, and other entities. And as a specific example, ISO’s TC 268 is commencing work on a new standard relating to data exchange and sharing for smart community infrastructures.

Physical / digital integration Smart cities require reliable and resilient physical and technology infrastructures that work together. In particular, new integrations between technology and physical infrastructure are required, which can only happen if standards are developed and agreed.

Standards Insight The set of standards being developed by TC268 on smart community infrastructures, specifically ISO/TS 37151, ISO/TR 37152 and ISO/TR 37153 can help with this. A new BSI PAS 185 is under development to review the security implications of this growing integration between the physical and the digital.

Security Smart cities collect real-time data to enable timely reactions by municipal authorities as significant changes are reported as they happen. However, the rapid integration of technology into infrastructure is also widening the ways in which municipal security can be compromised. This is because as more services, devices and systems become interconnected, there are more elements connected into a network that could potentially be compromised by outside sources.

Standards Insight BSI PAS 185 (Under Development) specifies requirements for establishing a framework for the security-minded management of smart cities and their associated infrastructure, as well as of data, information and services, used to deliver city services. It outlines methods for identifying security threats to data, information, physical infrastructure and systems that might affect the people who live, work in, or visit the smart city. It also sets out parameters for mitigating other adversities on security systems.

Investment Standards can enable city leaders to describe their aims and ambitions for the city to local and national government, and to the finance sector, in a language that each of these different stakeholders understand. Standards can also make it easier to develop the evidence that finance providers need to underpin their investment.

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Interoperability When products and services are built to widely agreed standards, it makes it possible to break them down into smaller parts and find the best provider for each, rather than having to contract with a single provider to offer the whole product. It also allows much easier substitution of one provider for another to maintain a competitive market.

Standards Insight PAS 182 A defining feature of smart cities is the ability of the component systems to interoperate. This PAS defines a concept model and gives guidance to decision‑makers on applying it to promote interoperability for data created, used, and maintained by a city across all sectors, on behalf of, and in collaboration with, its citizens.

Standards Insight PAS 212 specifies a common catalogue format that clients can use to discover data in servers that they can use. This allows developers to publish linked-data descriptions of resources. This PAS therefore allows a server to provide a set of resources to a client, each with a set of semantic annotations (metadata). The PAS intentionally does not set out to solve all the challenges of data interoperability, but only to address the problem of resource discovery and provide a framework in which other interoperability challenges, such as ontologies, monetization and privacy, may be worked out.

Enable scale Standards ensure that cities follow a proven path. Having many cities following a common path could stimulate the market to further support this path, for example by catalysing demand aggregation opportunities.

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6.0 GLOBAL VIEW ON SMART CITIES STANDARDS Smart cities pilots are running across the globe to achieve greater sustainability outcomes through the application of technology, data, and intelligent design.

Some high-level examples of cities adopting different standards (international and national) when implementing smart city solutions, including:

• India – BSI PAS 181, Smart City Framework • Melbourne – ISO 37120 • Johannesburg – ISO 37120 • London –PAS 180, PAS 181, PAS 182, PAS 183, PAS 184PD 8100, PD 8101, BS 8904, BS 11000, BS BIP 2228 • Dubai –ITU Focus Group on Smart Sustainable Cities • South Korea – ISO/TC 268 • Singapore – 3 Types of IoT standards, ISO, ITU defined standards (members of working groups around Data, IoT and Smart Cities In those different organisations)

There is a general progression of standards, as they are often developed locally by a standard organisation (eg. British Standards Institution), tested, and then evolve into an international organisation. This is not always the case, however international harmonisation is a core goal. The most common standards used or referenced in papers regarding smart cities projects include:

• ISO 37120 Sustainable development & resilience of communities - Indicators for city services & quality of life • ISO/TS 37151 Smart community infrastructures - Principles and requirements for performance metrics • ISO/TR 37152 Smart community infrastructures - Common framework for development & operation • ISO 37101 Sustainable development of communities - Management systems -Requirements with guidance for resilience and smartness • ISO 37102 Sustainable development & resilience of communities – Vocabulary • PAS 180 to 184 – a suite of strategic and process level smart cities standards • PD 8101:2014 – Smart Cities Planning Guidelines • IEEE 1686 – Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED) Cyber Security.

The snapshot above identifies some of the smart cities standards that are currently available for use, with a more detailed catalogue of standards contained in Section in Appendix A and Illustrated in the Standards Heat Map over the page.

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SMART CITIES STANDARDS HEAT MAP

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7.0 NEXT MOVES? The Smart Cities Council is a strong advocate for smart cities standards, and the value they create in building a thriving and influential marketplace. A key goal for the Smart Cities Council is to build a culture within our industry to embrace the value of standards and to support their advancement.

This guidance note is the first step in achieving this outcome, by providing information to help build awareness and capacity to act. The Council will continue to build a body of knowledge around smart cities standards and advocate and engage in their development, testing, and refinement.

As an example, the Smart Cities Council is currently developing the Code for Smart Communities, which will become an important reference document for Government and the development sector in helping shape smart urban development projects.

As identified in this guidance note, diverse standards are available to support smart cities activities. The Council encourages industry stakeholders (Government and private sector) to review, test, and share experiences in the application of smart cities standards. This will enable further progression when we work together.

Further information can be found at: www.anz.smartcitiescouncil.com/cityresources

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APPENDIX A The following reference table of smart cities standards identifies a core group of standards considered potentially relevant to Australia and New Zealand. It is not an exhaustive list of globally- relevant standards but provides guidance on some of the more common ones.

The standards are categorised as follows:

• Strategic-level standards - provide guidance to city leadership on the process of developing a clear and effective overall smart city strategy, identifying priorities, and developing a practical implementation roadmap and an effective approach to monitoring and evaluating progress. • Process-level standards - cover good practice in procuring and managing cross‑organisational and cross-sectorial smart city projects, including guidance on putting together appropriate financing packages. • Technical specifications - cover the practical requirements for products and services to ensure that they achieve the results needed.

STANDARD AREA DESCRIPTION COVERAGE Strategic ISO 37120: Smart city indicators Sustainable development of International 2014 communities – Indicators for city services and quality of life ISO 37101: Smart and resilient city Sustainable development in International 2016 management systems communities – Management system for sustainable development PAS 180:2014 Definition Common terminology for smart UK cities – shared understanding of concepts PD 8100 Overview for city leaders PD 8100, Smart cities overview – UK Guide PD 8101 City planning and Guidance on the planning and UK development development process ISO/TR 37150 Infrastructure Harmonising and benchmarking International benchmarking metrics to evaluate smartness of infrastructure BS 8904: 2011 Community-based Guidance for community UK sustainable development sustainable development NDRC Smart city Guidance on how to best promote China implementation “Healthy development of Smart Cities ISO/IEC Smart city concept model Smart city concept model -- International 30182:2017 Guidance for establishing a model for data interoperability

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STANDARD AREA DESCRIPTION COVERAGE Process ISO 14001 Environmental Standards in developing International Management System Environmental management systems ISO 20121 Event management Standards around achieving International sustainable events ISO 50001 Energy management Standards in developing Energy International management systems ISO 27001 Data security Ensuring proper security around International information management ISO 16739 Building Information Data sharing in the construction International Modelling and facility management area – focus around Industry Foundation Class (IFC) PAS 181:2014 Smart cities Guidance on strategies for UK establishing smart cities PAS 182:2014 Smart cities Guidance on normalisation and UK classification of information (increase data interoperability and discovery) PAS 183:2017 Smart cities Smart cities – Guide to UK establishing a decision-making framework for sharing data and information services PAS 184:2017 Smart cities Smart cities – Developing project UK proposals for delivering smart city solutions – Guide GS OEU 019 Smart cities Operational Energy Efficiency for France Users (OEU); Key Performance Indicators for Smart Cities TR 103 290 Smart cities Machine-to-Machine France communications (M2M); Impact of Smart City Activity on IoT Environment

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STANDARD AREA DESCRIPTION COVERAGE Technical ISO 15686 Building Information Standards on assets related to International Modelling buildings and construction ISO 16745- Sustainability Sustainability in buildings and civil International 1:2017 engineering works -- Carbon metric of an existing building during use stage -- Part 1: Calculation, reporting and communication ISO 16745- Sustainability Sustainability in buildings and civil International 2:2017 engineering works -- Carbon metric of an existing building during use stage -- Part 2: Verification PAS 212:2016 Internet of Things Automatic resource discovery for UK the Internet of Things – Specification BS 1192:2007 Building Information Collaborative production of UK + A2:2016 Modelling architectural, engineering and construction information. Code of practice PAS 1192- Building Information Specification for information UK 2:2013 Modelling management for the capital/delivery phase of construction projects using building information modelling PAS 1192- Building Information Specification for information UK 3:2014 Modelling management for the operational phase of assets using building information modelling BS 1192- Building Information Collaborative production of UK 4:2014 Modelling information. Fulfilling employer’s information exchange requirements using COBie. Code of practice PAS 1192- Building Information Specification for security-minded 5:2015 Modelling building information modelling, digital built environments and smart asset management BS 8536- Building Information Briefing for design and UK 1:2015 Modelling construction. Code of practice for facilities management (Buildings infrastructure) BS 8536- Building Information Briefing for design and UK 2:2016 Modelling construction. Code of practice for asset management (Linear and geographical infrastructure) IEEE Standard Intelligent Electronic Security regarding the access, International 1686 Devices (IED) Cyber operation, configuration, firmware Security

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STANDARD AREA DESCRIPTION COVERAGE revision and data retrieval from an IED are addressed IEEE Standard Renewables Guidance on functionalities, International 1547.3 parameters and methodologies for monitoring, information exchange and control of distributed resources (fuel cells, PV, wind turbines, etc.) UNE 178303 City management Requirements of proper city asset Spain management - addressed to any local entities TR39 Internet of Things Defines three types of Internet of Singapore Things (IoT) Standards – sensor network standards, IoT foundational standards and domain-specific standards Green Star Community and building Performance-based rating tool Australia, design, construction and guiding the planning, design, New management construction and operation of Zealand, buildings and communities. South Africa ISO/TS 8000- Information and data An introduction to ISO 8000. It International 1:2011 quality contains a statement of the scope of ISO 8000 as a whole, principles of data quality, the high-level data architecture of ISO 8000, a description of the structure of ISO 8000, and a summary of the content of the other parts of the general data quality series of parts of ISO 8000. It also describes the relationship between ISO 8000 and other standards ISO 8000- Information and data Describes fundamental concepts International 8:2015 quality of information and data quality, and how these concepts apply to quality management processes and quality management systems. ISO/TS 8000- Information and data Specifies fundamental principles of International 150:2011 quality master data quality management, and requirements for implementation, data exchange and provenance. ISO/TS 8000- 150:2011 also contains an informative framework that identifies processes for data quality management. This framework can be used in conjunction with, or independently of, quality

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STANDARD AREA DESCRIPTION COVERAGE management systems standards, for example, ISO 9001. ISO 2948 Building information This standard is intended to International 1-1:2016 modelling facilitate interoperability between software applications used during all stages of the life cycle of construction works, including briefing, design, documentation, construction, operation and maintenance, and demolition. It promotes digital collaboration between actors in the construction process and provides a basis for accurate, reliable, repeatable and high-quality information exchange. ISO/TS Building information Establishes a framework for International 12911:2012 modelling providing specifications for the commissioning of building information modelling (BIM). ISO Building information Specifies a conceptual data International 16739:2013 modelling schema and an exchange file format for Building Information Model (BIM) data. Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) for data sharing in the construction and facility management industries ETSI TS 104 Smart Cities Open Smart Grid Protocol (OSGP); France 001 V2.1.1 Smart Metering/Smart Grid (2016-12) Communication Protocol

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STANDARD AREA DESCRIPTION COVERAGE Under Development (at date of publishing) ISO/IEC AWI Smart city ICT framework Information technology – Smart International 30145 city ICT reference framework

ISO/IEC AWI Smart city ICT framework Information technology – Smart International 30145 city ICT indicators

ISO 37106 Smart cities strategy Sustainable cities and International communities - Guide to establishing strategies for smart cities and communities IEEE P2413 Internet of Things Draft version of a standard on the International relationship model between different IoT and common architectural elements IEEE-SA Smart city - planning A Guide For The Technology International P2784 Standards and Planning Process for Building A Smart City

The Code for Urban planning and Guidance on embracing smart Australia Smart development cities approaches to brownfield Communities and greenfield urban development projects

PAS 185 Smart city - Security Smart cities – Specification for UK establishing and implementing security-minded framework ISO/DIS Building Information Organization of information about International 19650-1 Modelling construction works -- Information management using building information modelling -- Part 1: Concepts and principles ISO/DIS Building Information Organization of information about International 19650-2 Modelling construction works -- Information management using building information modelling -- Part 2: Delivery phase of assets PAS 1192-6 Building Information Specification for collaborative UK Modelling sharing and use of structured Health and Safety information using Building Information Modelling PAS 1192-7 Building Information Construction product information UK Modelling – Specification for defining, sharing and maintaining structured digital construction product information

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