IN PURSUIT Japan and Work Together OF A WORLD for the CTBT WITHOUT NUCLEAR WEAPONS

1 SHARING OUR EXPERIENCES AND WORKING TOGETHER TO ADVANCE THE EARLY ENTRY INTO FORCE OF THE CTBT Fumio Kishida, , Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan Minister of Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan

“Our common experience of utter devastation caused by nuclear weapons drives us to work together closely to realise a world without nuclear weapons. Building upon the NPT (Non-Proliferation Treaty) as a central pillar of the global nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation regime, it is the CTBT that constitutes one of the most important measures for this purpose. Moreover, the CTBT verification regime is at the core of the global system for detection of nuclear tests, which have been repeatedly conducted by North Korea in the course of this century. That is why we co-chaired the Ninth Ministerial Conference for the CTBT in 2015 (the Article XIV Conference) and have since worked together to appeal to the remaining non-ratifying countries to ratify the Treaty without delay. Now it is time to complete what we have started. Our joint endeavour together with so many other countries and people around the globe will not cease untill the day of the entry into force of the CTBT.”

What is the CTBT? What is the role of the Article XIV Conference?

The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban countries have yet to do so: China, Egypt, Based on Article XIV of the CTBT, Treaty (CTBT) prohibits all nuclear Iran, Israel and the USA (signed but not a conference on facilitating the entry weapon test explosions anywhere on ratified); India, North Korea and into force of the CTBT has been and will the Earth’s surface, in the atmosphere, (not signed nor ratified) (hereafter, be convened every other year until the underwater and underground. It effectively “remaining Annex 2 States”). Treaty enters into force. This conference constrains qualitative improvements of is commonly referred to as “the Article nuclear weapons, thus providing North Korea is the only country that has XIV Conference.” Japan and the Republic a necessary step­ for nuclear disarmament conducted explosive nuclear testing in of Kazakhstan co-presided over the Ninth and non-proliferation. Currently 183 the 21st century - a flagrant breach of the Article XIV Conference on 29 September countries have signed the Treaty, already universally accepted norm against 2015 in New York, USA. Since then, both of which 166 have ratified it. The 44 nuclear testing. It is therefore necessary countries, as the Co-Coordinators for the nuclear technology holder countries must to urgently bring the CTBT into force in entry into force of the Treaty, have led sign and ratify it before the CTBT can order to make it legally-binding. and coordinated international efforts for enter into force; however eight of these the promotion of its entry into force, and will continue to until the next Article XIV Conference in September 2017.

2 President of Kazakhstan in Hiroshima, Japan on 9 November 2016 Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida of Japan and then Foreign Minister Erlan Idrissov of Kazakhstan assumed the chairmanship of the Article XIV Conference in New York, USA on 29 September 2015.

Left: CTBTO Executive Secretary Lassina Zerbo at the Ninth Article XIV Conference in New York, USA on 29 September 2015 (Photo: CTBTO) Right: Ambassador Kairat Sarybay of Kazakhstan and Ambassador Mitsuru Kitano of Japan co-chairing a meeting in Vienna, Austria on 8 April 2015

Japan and Kazakhstan “As the CTBT approaches the 20th “We urge the remaining eight anniversary of its opening for Annex 2 States…to sign Both countries have experienced signature, it is highly symbolical and ratify the CTBT without devastation caused by nuclear weapons that Japan and Kazakhstan are further delay, bearing in mind and therefore attach great importance to spearheading international that the CTBT was opened for the promotion of the Treaty and its efforts in support of the Treaty’s signature almost 20 years ago, verification regime. Japan was severely entry into force as co-Presidents and call upon these States to affected by the bombings of Hiroshima of the Article XIV process.” take individual initiatives to and Nagasaki at the end of the Second CTBTO Executive Secretary Lassina Zerbo on 29 sign and ratify the CTBT...We World War and Kazakhstan suffered from September 2015 reaffirm our determination to the consequences of 456 nuclear test take concrete and actionable explosions conducted at the Semipalatinsk steps towards early entry into nuclear test site. Against this background, Declaration force and universalisation of the President Nursultan Nazarbayev visited of the Article XIV Conference Treaty...” Hiroshima, Japan in ­November 2016 and Final Declaration and Measures to Promote the Entry called for the ­application of best efforts At the Article XIV Conference in into Force of the CTBT on 29 September 2015 to prevent tragedies caused by atomic September 2015, the Final Declaration bombings or nuclear weapon tests. Their and Measures to Promote the Entry into nomination ­as the Co-Coordinators is Force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-­ symbolic, especially as 2016 marked Test-Ban Treaty was adopted. This the 20th anniversary since the opening document guides the Co-Coordinators’ for signature of the Treaty and the work to advance the entry into force 25th anniversary of the closure of the and universalisation of the CTBT in Semipalatinsk nuclear test site. ­cooperation with other State Signatories.

3 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe held a Japan-India Summit Meeting with Prime Minister Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida and State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi of the Republic Narendra Modi of India in Tokyo, Japan on 11 November 2016. of the Union of Myanmar in Naypyidaw, Myanmar on 3 May 2016 (Source: Official Website of the Prime Minister of Japan and his Cabinet (http://japan.kantei.go.jp/97_abe/actions/201611/11article2.html#inner_content1))

Both countries appeal to the importance CONCRETE ACTIONS of the CTBT and its early entry into force at the highest political level. TOWARDS THE EARLY ENTRY Prime Minister Shinzo Abe raised the issue with Egypt in February 2016, India in April and November 2016 and Sri Lanka IN TO FORCE OF THE TREATY in May 2016. This was reflected in the joint statements issued at these occasions.

Encouraging States to sign Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida encouraged ratification by Myanmar and Thailand in and ratify the Treaty… May 2016. The importance of the early entry into force was reiterated in a joint Although the CTBT is increasingly universally adhered to, it has yet to statement issued by the Foreign Ministers become legally binding. Japan and Kazakhstan have been persistent in of Australia and Japan in November their efforts to approach key countries, including the remaining Annex 2015 and another issued by the Foreign 2 States, at the highest political and ambassadorial level to encourage Ministers of Indonesia and Japan in their signature and ratification of the Treaty: December 2015.

Japan and Kazakhstan have repeatedly delivered joint diplomatic démarches at ambassadorial and other levels in the relevant capitals of non-ratifying States “We, the Prime Minister of summit-level joint statement on the and in Vienna, Austria throughout Japan and the President of the CTBT in Astana, Kazakhstan on 27 October ­ 2016-2017. Republic of Kazakhstan, reaffirm 2015. They reiterated their appeal in our commitment to realising a their subsequent joint statement issued Both countries have been promoting ­ world free of nuclear weapons in Tokyo, Japan in November 2016. In the a mutually-reinforcing approach by and consider it a main goal of meantime, both countries additionally cooperating with members of “the Friends humanity in the 20th century.” issued a joint statement on the CTBT at of the CTBT” (Australia, Canada, Finland, Joint Statement by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and the occasion of the Nuclear Security Germany, Japan and the Netherlands), President Nursultan Nazarbayev on 27 October 2015 Summit in Washington DC, USA in March ­other countries and the CTBTO. 2016. In April 2016, Japan and Kazakhstan Ambassadors of both countries have been also submitted a working paper on the coordinating international­ efforts for Prime Minister Shinzo Abe of Japan and CTBT to the Open-Ended Working Group the entry into force and universalisation President Nursultan Nazarbayev taking forward multilateral nuclear by convening meetings among State of Kazakhstan adopted the first ever disarmament negotiations in Geneva. Signatories of the CTBT.

4 International Conference “Building a Nuclear-Weapon-Free World” in Astana, Kazakhstan on 29 August 2016 Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida and Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop co-chairing the Eighth Ministerial Meeting in New York, USA on 21 September 2016

Enhancing political momentum through meetings at political level …

Taking full advantage of the 20th anniversary of the opening of signature of the Treaty in 2016, major high-level meetings and conferences have been strategically utilised to raise awareness of the Treaty and its objectives at the highest political level and among decision makers:

On 29 August 2016, an International “We, the Foreign Ministers Conference entitled “Building issuing this statement, stand

G7 Hiroshima Foreign Ministers’ Meeting in Hiroshima, a Nuclear-Weapon-Free­­ World” was held united in our commitment to Japan on 11 April 2016 in Astana, Kazakhstan to raise awareness promote and pursue its entry into at the political level on nuclear force without further delay… We On 11 April 2016, the G7 Hiroshima disarmament. The Astana Vision: From a must finish the work we started Foreign Ministers’ Meeting was held Radioactive Haze to a Nuclear-Weapon-­ twenty years ago.” in Hiroshima, Japan, and the Hiroshima Free World was adopted at the meeting. Joint Ministerial Statement on the CTBT on 21 Declaration on Nuclear Disarmament September 2016 and Non-proliferation was issued. “We...specifically call on governments to sign and ratify At the meeting, both Swaziland and “No state should conduct the CTBT, noting the symbolism Myanmar announced their imminent a nuclear test explosion and all of this conference taking place ratification, raising the total number of states should sign and ratify the on the 25th anniversary of the ratifications from 164 to 166. Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban closure of the Semipalatinsk Treaty without delay and without nuclear test site and the 20th “Japan believes that concrete conditions to achieve the early anniversary of the opening for and practical measures with entry into force of the treaty.” signing of the CTBT.” cooperation of nuclear- and Hiroshima Declaration on Nuclear Disarmament and Astana Vision: From a Radioactive Haze to non-nuclear-weapons States are Non-proliferation on 11 April 2016 a Nuclear-Weapon-Free World on 29 August 2016 indispensable for the advancement of nuclear disarmament. The On 13 June 2016, the CTBT 20th On 21 September 2016, the Friends of CTBT is one of the most effective Anniversary ­Ministerial Meeting was the CTBT in cooperation with the Co-­ measures in this regard.” held in Vienna, Austria as the first ever Coordinators of­ the Article XIV process Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida at the Eighth CTBT ministerial level meeting of the Preparatory organised the Eighth CTBT Ministerial Ministerial Meeting on 21 September 2016 ­Commission of the CTBTO. Then Minister Meeting in New York, USA. The Meeting of Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan, Erlan adopted a CTBT Joint Ministerial In 2017, Japan will host a Regional Idrissov, and State Minister for Foreign Statement aiming at making a universal Conference for States in South-East Affairs of Japan, Mr. Seiji Kihara, were in political appeal for the early entry into Asia, the Pacific and the Far East to attendance. force of the Treaty. promote the Treaty in this region.

5 A panel outlining the history of the CTBT Ambassador Mitsuru Kitano at the panel “20 Years Later: The United States and the Future of the CTBT” in Washington DC, USA on 13 September 2016

Raising awareness among stakeholders and “20 Years Later: The United States and the civil society, including youth… the Future of the CTBT” was held on 13 September 2016 in Washington, DC, USA. Japan and Kazakhstan have made use of every opportunity to raise awareness of the Treaty and its objectives among stakeholders and the civil society, including Japan hosted UN Conferences on youth, through various public discussion forums on the topic of the CTBT: Disarmament Issues in Hiroshima from 26 to 28 August 2015 and in Nagasaki from 11 to 13 December 2016 to discuss Japan hosted a GEM (Group of Eminent “CTBT at 20: Re-energizing the Global a variety of topics, including ways to Persons) meeting in Hiroshima in August Debate” was held on 24 March 2016 at achieve a world without nuclear weapons 2015 to discuss strategies for advancing the Vienna Centre of Disarmament and and the entry into force of the CTBT. the entry into force of the CTBT. The GEM Non-proliferation (VCDNP), Austria. issued the Hiroshima Declaration at the Ambassador Mitsuru Kitano of Japan and meeting. At the CTBT 20th Anniversary Ambassador Kairat Sarybay of Kazakhstan Ministerial Meeting on 13 June 2016, had a video conference with members of “CTBTO Looking Back, Moving Forward: Japan and Kazakhstan supported the CTBT Youth Group at the University Kick-starting the CTBT 20 Years On” a commemorative exhibition in the of Texas on 20 February 2017. was held on 13 January 2016 at the Rotunda of the Vienna International ACUNS Vienna UN Conference, Austria. Centre, ­which outlined the CTBTO’s history Japan, Kazakhstan and the VCDNP will and verification regime. The exhibition co-organize a workshop on the CTBT on “Moving Ahead: How to Achieve Entry also included artworks and photography the margins of the NPT Review Conference into Force” was held on 25 January 2016 from Kazakhstan and other countries preparatory meeting in Vienna, Austria in in Vienna, Austria. illustrating the issue of nuclear testing. May 2017.

Towards an early When North Korea conducted nuclear tests on 6 January and 9 September 2016, the completion of CTBT State Signatories received precise the verification regime… information of the location, magnitude, time and depth of the tests in a timely The verification regime makes sure that no nuclear explosion goes undetected, manner. The transportation of radionuclides ensuring confidence that States are maintaining their Treaty commitments of was also simulated. The effectiveness and non-testing. Therefore, it is essential to maintain momentum in building all importance of the verification regime has elements of the verification regime: been proven once again.

6 Chart I, Version 2.0

Overview of the International Monitoring System: Almost 300 monitoring stations have been installed. (Image: CTBTO) Top: The locations and error ellipses of events in North Korea, as analysed by the CTBTO (Image: CTBTO) Bottom: Atmospheric transport simulation - release of radionuclides from the location of the seismic detection on 6 January 2016 (Image: CTBTO)

The Co-Coordinators actively contributed advances in monitoring and verification to enhance its capabilities to detect to the enhancement of the verification technologies of relevance to the CTBT. radionuclide noble gas originating from regime while also highlighting its benefits nuclear tests, amongst other uses. and the need to continue technical and Kazakhstan is ready to expand its political support. ­contribution to the international Japan has also hosted the Global monitoring system by hosting a noble-gas Seismological Observation Training On 8-12 August 2016, the Ninth Inter­ station. This will help to considerably Course annually for the past two decades, national Conference “Monitoring of intensify capacities of the CTBT monitoring doubling the number of trainees invited Nuclear Tests and Their Consequences” system. to the course in 2017. The course aims at was held in Almaty, Kazakhstan to providing knowledge and techniques for highlight the importance of forums for In March 2017, Japan made an extra- detecting nuclear tests while also scientists and experts from around the budgetary contribution amounting to providing an opportunity for outreach to world to exchange knowledge and share 2.4 million USD to the CTBTO in order non-signatory States.

Building foundations for global nuclear disarmament efforts…

Efforts have been made to raise awareness of the consequences of the use of nuclear weapons and the critical importance of international efforts for a world without nuclear weapons:

In November 2015, a permanent Kazakhstan’s ATOM Project is an

Exhibition panels with Kazakh children’s paintings on exhibition entitled “Towards a World international campaign designed not only the International Day against Nuclear Tests (29 August) Free of Nuclear Weapons” was opened to raise awareness of the devastation at the VIC at the Vienna International Centre (VIC). caused by nuclear weapons testing, but The exhibition shows the devastation to also to urge people from all over the world the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki from to sign a petition showing world leaders atomic bombing, including a display of the demand for a world without nuclear artifacts that were exposed to the atomic weapons testing. More than 300 000 people blasts in the two Japanese cities. The all over the world have signed the petition. exhibition is now a part of guided tours of the UN in Vienna with the hope of sending a powerful message for a more hopeful future free of nuclear weapons.

Permanent Exhibition at the VIC

7 “Japan will continue to “By telling about the make various efforts to consequences of nuclear bring about ‘a world free of weapon tests, it encourages nuclear weapons’ by calling anyone who opposes for cooperation from both nuclear weapons to sign an nuclear weapon states and online petition urging non-nuclear weapon states governments to and having world leaders permanently abandon and young people become nuclear testing and help directly acquainted with esure the CTBT is achieved.”

the tragic reality of the Then Foreign Minister Erlan Idrissov referring to atomic bombings.” the ATOM Project on 13 June 2016

Prime Minister Shinzo Abe at the Nagasaki Peace Memorial Ceremony on 9 August 2016

FOR MORE INFORMATION COVER PHOTO Permanent Mission of Japan Permanent Mission of Kazakhstan Top: Japan-Kazakhstan Summit Meeting in Astana, www.vie-mission.emb-japan.go.jp/itprtop_en www.kazakhstan.at/en Kazakhstan on 27 October 2015 Bottom-left: After the bombing of Hiroshima, Japan (Photo courtesy of the U.S. National Archives via the Japanese Mission in Vienna Kazakh Mission in Vienna Atomic Heritag Foundation) March 2017 Bottom-right: Past nuclear test at the former Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site, Kazakhstan