English Workbook
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Classes by most Govt. exams clearedcenter faculties in AMRITSAR
ENGLISH WORKBOOK
BANK PO • SSC • CDS • PUNJAB GOVT. JOBS SCF-35, KABIR PARK, HELPLINE: 9056703131 Opp. G.N.D.U., AMRITSAR
CONTENTS Vocabulary
Sr. No. Topic Page No.
1. A piece of mind 01
2. Know your roots 03
3. One word substitutions 08
4. Special words 27
5. Idioms and Phrases 29
6. Confusing words 39
7. Phrasal verbs 46 Understanding of language
Sr. No. Topic Page No.
8. Reading comprehensions 51
9. Para jumbles 93
10. Cloze test 106
A piece of mind
Hello dear reader, Want to increase your vocab? Yes, means that a herculean task is waiting for you. But don’t worry, although vocab building requires patience, perseverance and curiosity but it’s very interesting too. And you will enjoy your journey of vocab building, if you adhere to my words ahead. We can divide the process of vocab building in three simple and important steps. Each step is explained beautifully.
Step 1: Source of words Source means from where you will get the words which are important and sufficient for competitive exams. Here I strongly forbid you to learn words from any book where these are straightforwardly presented to by the author. You must try to pick up word from the place where they are being used naturally for example movies, novels, news, newspapers etc. The best source to pick words for competitive exams is The Hindu. You can find every word asked in competitive exams in the editorials of The Hindu. So let’s finalize The Hindu as Your major source of words.
Step 2: Knowing the word Two vital questions which arise here are, i) from where you will find the meaning of the word and ii) up to what extent you must know the word. According to me three best sources to know the meaning of difficult words are vocabulary.com (a website), google and Merriam Webster dictionary. You must read the meaning of the word from all the three sources to strengthen its impact on your memory and better understanding. This answers the first question. Second question is quite important. Don’t just know the meaning of the word you are looking for, but see its all forms like noun, verb, adjective etc. For example, if you are looking for the meaning of the word BEAUTIFUL also know about beauty, beautify, beautician etc., means involve yourself with the word. You can never learn vocab without your active involvement. Also check whether the word id made up of different roots. If yes also check other words made up with those roots. Also check synonyms of the word. By doing all this you are knowing 10-15 words instead of just one word. It might seem a slow process, but it is 10-15 times faster and more efficient than conventional way of just mugging up meanings of words. And you must write down all the words which are coming in your way during this process. Means you will write down the difficult word, its all forms, all roots (if any), all words with similar roots, synonyms at the same place. And at last make a sentence using the words. The sentence should be such, that, if a person who do not know the meaning of the word, approximately guess its meaning after reading the sentence. If the word you searched for represent a trait of human beings, then relate it to a person you know, who has that trait. If it represents a situation for example, word DILEMMA means when you cannot choose between two decisions, so relate that word to a period in your life when you have been in that situation. I think you got the idea which I want to convey. The keyword for step 2 is your INVOLVEMENT, in any way and every way possible. And maintain a notebook for these words. Write them properly, sometimes you might feel that it is wastage of time. But at that time remember my word “it’s worth it.”
Step 3: Retaining permanently Memory for long term depends on how you treat the word in short term (just after learning them). If you have learnt some new words, use them as often as you can. You do not have to say them loudly just recall them, when you see a situation in which you can use that word. If you stay conscious whole day, about strengthening your vocab, then you will be able to increase it drastically. For example, even if you are going to someplace and in the way you encountered a situation which relates with a word which you have learnt recently, then recall that word.
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One more point, when you read newspaper or any book then you face many words which you can recognize, means you have encountered them earlier many times, you do not know their exact meaning but can guess approximately, generally we ignore checking the exact meaning of these words. But if you want to increase your vocab then never-ever ignore these words. These words are easy steps to take your vocab to next level. Involve yourself with these words as told in step 2. And believe me, these are the words which are asked in exams. Last but not the least suggestion is that revise your words daily or at least once in every two days. If you can’t do this, you can’t learn vocab. REVISION is the key to a strong vocab. No revision-no vocab. So simple. So, I think you understood all the steps of vocab building. And if you want to be benefited by this article then right now read this article once again and note down the important points in a crisp and structured way. Thanks for your valuable time.
Bhuteshpal Suhag Director (e1 coaching center)
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Know your roots
Root Meaning Root Meaning 1. Ego Self, I 7. Anthropos mankind 2. Alter Other 8. Gyne woman 3. Verto Turn 9. Gamos marriage 4. Ambi both 10. Andros male 5. Dexter right hand 11. Phile love 6. Misein hate
EXERCISE 1 Try to guess the meaning of the words yourself, by hiding the meanings with your hand. Words with Roots Explanation 1. Egoist The man who seeks only or primarily his own moral perfection 2. Egocentric A person who consider itself as a center of universe 3. Egomaniac One’s madness towards his needs, desires and interest etc. 4. Altruist One who lives and works for the welfare of others 5. Alternate Things which occur in turn repeatedly 6. Alternative a choice 7. Alteration Change 8. Altercation Verbally dispute, quarrel or war of words 9. Alter ego Person with mirror image of other. E.g. my best friend Dolly is same as I. 10. Introvert A person who has an aptitude for creative work and is uncomfortable engaging in activities that require cooperation with other people. 11. Extrovert Person having friendly manner & enjoys talking to and being with other people 12. Ambivert Mixture of both introvert and extrovert 13. Dexterous Skillful at handling things 14. Ambidexterous Equally skillful with each hand 15. Misanthrope One who hates mankind 16. Misogynist One who hates women 17. Monogamy The custom of having only one marriage (at a time) 18. Bigamy The custom of having two marriages at the same time 19. Polygamy The custom of having more than two spouses at the same time 20. Polyandry The custom of having more than two husbands at the same time 21. Philanthropist One who loves mankind
Root Meaning Root Meaning 1. logy Science or study 8. demos people 2. Obstetrix child or midwife 9. derma skin 3. Paidos child 10. ophthalmos eye 4. iateria medical healing 11. oculus eye 5. –ician expert 12. opsis, optikos vision, sight 6. agogos leading or leader 13. metron measurement 7. pedis foot
EXERCISE 2 Try to guess the meaning of the words yourself, by hiding the meanings with your hand. Words with Roots Explanation 1. Gynaecology Study of Women 2. Obstetrics The branch of medicine and surgery concerned with childbirth and midwifery 3
3. Paediatrics The branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children and adolescents 4. Pedagogy The method and practice of teaching, especially as an academic subject or theoretical concept or leading of children 5. Pedestal The base or support on which a statute, obelisk or column is mounted 6. Pedal A person walking rather than travelling in a vehicle 7. Demogague Leader of people 8. Dermatologist A person who is specialist of skin 9. Hypodermic Relating to the region immediately under the skin 10. Epidermis The outermost layer of skin 11. Taxidermy The skin of animals 12. Dermatitis Skin inflammation, irritation or infection 13. Ophthalmologist Specialist in eyes and vision care and also perform surgery 14. Optometrist One who measure vision, test for glaucoma and prescribe and fit glasses
Root Meaning 1. orthos straight, correct 7. –itis inflammation 2. odontos tooth 8. psyche spirit, soul, mind 3. kardia heart 9. iatreia medical healing 4. neuron nerve 10. pathos suffering or disease 5. algos pain 11. soma body 6. –osis abnormal or diseased 12. geras old age condition
EXERCISE 3 Try to guess the meaning of the words yourself, by hiding the meanings with your hand. Words with Roots Explanation 1. Orthopaedics Treatment of skeletal deformities 2. Orthodontics Straightening of teeth 3. Cardiologist Specialist of heart 4. Cardiogram Record of heart beat in electrical form 5. Cardiograph Instrument for recording heartbeats 6. Neurology Study of nerve 7. Neurologist A person who studies the nerve system 8. Neuralgia Nerve pain 9. Neuritis Inflammation of nerve 10. Neurosis Emotional disturbance due to abnormality in nerve system 11. Psychology Study of human mind 12. Psychologist A person who studies the human mind 13. Psychosis A full blown mental disorder 14. Psychiatry Treatment of personality disorders 15. Psychosomatic Describing the interaction of mind and body 16. Psychotherapy General term for psychological treatment 17. Psychopath Person lacking in social conscience or inner censor 18. Geriatrist Specialist who deals with medical problems of elderly
Root Meaning Root Meaning 1. peri around, surround 8. osteon bone 2. endo- inner, within 9. pous, podos foot 3. ex- out 10. okto eight 4. metron measurement 11. platys broad, flat 5. therme heat 12. –ium place where 6. baros weight 13. tri three 7. sphygmos pulse 14. cheir (chiro-) hand 4
15. mancy prediction
EXERCISE 4 Try to guess the meaning of the words yourself, by hiding the meanings with your hand. Words with Roots Explanation 1. Periodontics Speciality of the gums around the tooth 2. Endodontics Dental speciality involving the pulp and root canal 3. Exodontics Speciality of tooth extraction 4. Barometer Instrument that measure atmospheric pressure 5. Sphygmomanometer Instrument that measure blood pressure 6. Thermometer Instrument that measure heat or temperature 7. Osteopathy Speciality arising from the theory that pressure of the bones on nerves and blood vessels may cause disease 8. Chiropody Treatment of feet and their ailments 9. Octopus Eight armed sea creature 10. Platypus Egg laying mammal with webbed feet 11. Podium Speaker’s platform 12. Tripod Three legged (or footed) 13. Chirography handwriting 14. Chiromancy Palm reading
Root Meaning Root Meaning 1. graphein to write 7. bios life 2. kallos beauty 8. geras old age 3. –er one who 9. geron old man 4. kakos bad, harsh 10. senex old 5. photo light 11. –escent growing, becoming 6. tele distance
EXERCISE 5 Try to guess the meaning of the words yourself, by hiding the meanings with your hand. Words with Roots Explanation 1. Graphology Study of handwriting 2. Calligraphy beautiful handwriting; handwriting as an artistic expression 3. Cacography ugly, bad, illegible handwriting 4. Photograph written by light 5. Phonograph sound writer 6. Telegraph distance writer 7. Biography life writing 8. Gerontology Science of the social, economic, etc. problems of the aged 9. Senility Deteriorated old age 10. Senescence Condition of aging or growing old 11. Senate a council of older
Root Meaning Root Meaning 1. astron star 7. autos self 2. nautes sailor 8. ge (geo) earth 3. naus ship 9. graphein to write or mapping 4. dis- against 10. botane plant 5. auto self 11. zoion animal 6. nomos arrangement, law, 12. kosmos universe order
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EXERCISE 6 Try to guess the meaning of the words yourself, by hiding the meanings with your hand. Words with Roots Explanation 1. Astronomy Science or study of heavenly bodies in universe 2. Astrology Theory of the influence of planets and stars on human events 3. Geology Science of the composition of the earth 4. Geometry Mathematical science of figures, shapes etc. 5. Botany Science of plants 6. Zoology Study of animals 7. Geography Science or study of earth – mapping 8. Autopsy Dissection and examination of a corpse to determine the cause of death 9. Biopsy Examination of living tissue 10. Astronaut ‘Sailor among the stars’ 11. Cosmonaut ‘Sailor of the universe’ 12. Aster Star shaped flower 13. Disaster Great misfortune 14. Autonomy Self-rule or law or Self-government 15. Metronome Instrument to measure musical time
Root Meaning Root Meaning 1. en- in 9. lingua tongue 2. tome a cutting 10. philein to love 3. sectus cut 11. Sophos wise 4. kentron(centrum) centre 12. adelphos brother 5. a- not, negative 13. biblion book 6. ana- up 14. anglus English 7. dicha in two 15. socius companion 8. epi on, upon 16. anti against
EXERCISE 7 Try to guess the meaning of the words yourself, by hiding the meanings with your hand. Words with Roots Explanation 1. Entomology Science dealing with insects 2. Eccentricity strangeness; oddness; unconventionality 3. Anatomy Physical Structure 4. Dichotomy Condition or State of being split into two parts 5. Epitome summary; representation of the whole 6. Philology linguistics 7. Semantics Science of meanings 8. Sociology Science of social structures and customs 9. Aphrodisiac That which causes sexual arousal 10. Philander To engage in extramarital sex 11. bibliophile book collector 12. Anglophile one fond of English people, customs etc. 13. Asocial withdrawn from contact with people
Root Meaning Root Meaning 1. notus known 6. genesis birth, origin 2. summus highest 7. in- negative prefix 3. corrigo to correct, set straight 8. chronos time 4. vetus old 9. con- with, together 5. senex old 10. syn-, sym- with, together
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11. -ize verb suffix 13. anti- against 12. pathos disease, suffering, 14. en- , em- in feeling 15. tele- distance
EXERCISE 8 Try to guess the meaning of the words yourself, by hiding the meanings with your hand. Words with Roots Explanation 1. Notoriety ill fame 2. To consummate bring to completion 3. Consummacy State of artistic height 4. In corrigibility State of being beyond reform or correction 5. Inveteracy State of being long established in a habit 6. Genetics Science of heredity 7. Genealogy Study of ancestry 8. Genital Refering to reproduction, or to the reproductive or sexual organs 9. Genesis beginning, origin 10. Hereditary referring to characteristics passed on to offspring by parents 11. Gene Particle that transmits hereditary characteristics 12. Chronicity Condition of continual or repeated recurrence 13. Anachronism Something or someone, out of time 14. Incongruity Something or state of being, out of place 15. Chronometry Measurement of time 16. Sympathy A sharing or understanding of another’s feeling 17. Telepathy Communication from a distance
Root Meaning Root Meaning 1. grex, gregis herd, flock 7. omnis all 2. –ness noun suffix 8. pre before 3. ad- ag- to, toward 9. se- apart 4. un- negative prefix 10. –ion noun suffix added to 5. scio to know verbs 6. sciens knowing
EXERCISE 9 Try to guess the meaning of the words yourself, by hiding the meanings with your hand. Words with Roots Explanation 1. unconscionability Lack of conscience 2. Omniscience Infinite knowledge 3. Prescience foreknowledge 4. nescience Ignorance 5. glibness suspiciously smooth fluency 6. egregiousness outstanding badness or viciousness 7. gregariousness friendliness; enjoyment of mixing with people 8. congregation religious group; a massing together 9. segregation exclusion from the herd; a setting apart 10. aggregate total; mass; whole
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One word substitutions
EXERCISE 1 1. A person with long experience of any 15. A short poem or speech addressed to the occupation spectators after the conclusion of drama a) Veteran b) Genius a) Prologue b) Dialogue c) Seasoned d) Ambidexterous c) Epilogue d) Monologue 2. Words written on a tomb 16. Capable of being understood in either of a) Epithet b) Epigraph two or more possible senses, and therefore c) Soliloquy d) Epitaph not definite 3. Stealthily done a) Amphibious b) Ambiguous a) Devious b) Nefarious c) Amorphous d) Confusing c) Surreptitious d) Villainous 17. A person who is unable to pay his debts 4. Something no longer in use a) Solvent b) Banker a) Desolate b) Absolute c) Insolvent d) Lender c) Obsolete d) Primitive 18. Anything which is no longer in use 5. One not concerned with right or wrong a) Obsure b) Obsolete a) Moral b) Amoral c) Pristine d) Lapsed c) Immoral d) Immortal 19. A person coming to a foreign land to settle 6. A person who opposes war or use of military there force a) Immigrant b) Emigrant a) Fascist b) Pacifist c) Tourist d) Settler c) Narcissist d) Fatalist 20. Something capable of being done 7. Severely abusive writing in journals a) Probable b) Feasible a) Imaginary b) Speculative c) Tenable d) Explicable c) Scurrilous d) Sarcastic 21. Give and receive mutually 8. Call upon god or any other power (like law) a) Present b) Reciprocate for help or protection c) Compromise d) Approve a) Invocation b) Involution 22. One who can think about the future with c) Inundation d) Revocation imagination and wisdom 9. Fear of being enclosed in a small closed space a) Dreamer b) Seer a) Agoraphobia b) Claustrophobia c) Idealist d) Visionary c) Xenophobia d) Paranoia 23. A doctor who treats children 10. One who has become dependent on a) Paediatrician b) Pedagogue something or drugs is c) Pedestrian d) Paedophile a) Adamant b) Edict 24. One who studies election trends by means c) Addict d) Derelict of opinion polls 11. Succession of rulers belonging to one family a) Entomologist b) Psephologist a) Dynasty b) Lineage c) Demogogue d) Eugenist c) Ancestry d) Progeny 25. One who believes in offering equal 12. To cut something into two pieces opportunities to women in all spheres a) Severe b) Sever a) Male chauvinist b) Feminist c) Sewer d) Sow c) Fatalist d) Futurist 13. Flat metal or porcelain plate fixed on a wall 26. Killing of a child as an ornament or memorial a) Homicide b) Genocide a) Tabloid b) Poster c) Infanticide d) Suicide c) Board d) Plaque 27. The art of good eating 14. Act of deceiving somebody in order to make a) Gastronomy b) Astronomy money c) Vegetarianism d) Gourmet a) Fraud b) Robbery 28. One who is indifferent to pleasure or pain c) Pickpocket d) Theft a) Stoic b) Stylist c) Cynic d) Psychic
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29. Lasting only for a moment 40. A building where an audience sits a) Momentous b) Momentary a) Aquarium b) Gymnasium c) Trivial d) Petty c) Auditorium d) Stadium 30. To seize control of a vehicle in order to force 41. That which lasts for a short time it to go to a new destination, or demand a) Regular b) Transitory something c) Rotatory d) Repository a) Attack b) Contract 42. Ready to believe anything c) Hijack d) Detour a) Credible b) Incredible 31. One who goes to settle in another country c) Credulous d) Incredulous a) Immigrant b) Alien 43. A four footed animal c) Citizen d) Emigrant a) Tetraped b) Quadruped 32. One who hates mankind c) Polyped d) Double-paired a) Philanthropist b) Terrorist 44. Constant efforts to achieve something c) Misanthropist d) Misogynist a) Patience b) Vigour 33. Belonging to all parts of the world c) Attempt d) Perseverance a) Versatile b) Universal 45. One who collects coins c) Cosmopolitan d) Secular a) Archaelogist b) Numismatist 34. One who walks on ropes c) Philatelist d) Connoisseur a) Funambulist b) Upholsterer 46. A system of government in which only one c) Acrobat d) Aviator political party is allowed to function 35. The study of origin and history of words a) Oligarchy b) Dictatorship a) Linguistics b) Etymology c) Totalitarianism d) Theocracy c) Verbose d) Anthology 47. Customs and habits of a particular group 36. A person who breaks into a house in order a) Mores b) Traditions to steal c) Rites d) Rituals a) Poacher b) Bandit 48. A body of persons appointed to hear c) Intruder d) Burglar evidence and give their verdict in trials 37. The study of maps a) Association b) Council a) Cartography b) Geography c) Bar d) Jury c) Geology d) Atlas 49. Concluding part of a literary work 38. Tough tissues in joints a) Epilogue b) Bibliography a) Ligaments b) Endoderm c) Soliloquy d) Episode c) Muscle d) Fibre 50. One who is beyond reform 39. The first model of a new device a) Optimistic b) Incorrigible a) Prototype b) Sculpture c) Indefatigable d) Notorious c) Icon d) Photograph 1. a 2. d 3. c 4. c 5. b 6. b 7. c 8. a 9. b 10. c 11. a 12. b 13. d 14. a 15. c 16. b 17. c 18. b 19. a 20. b 21. b 22. d 23. a 24. b 25. b 26. c 27. a 28. a 29. b 30. c 31. d 32. c 33. c 34. c 35. b 36. d 37. a 38. a 39. a 40. c 41. b 42. c 43. b 44. d 45. b 46. c 47. a 48. d 49. a 50. b
EXERCISE 2
1. Science of diseases 4. A mild or indirect expression substituted for a) Philology b) Pathology an offensive or harsh one c) Psychology d) Virology a) Euphemism b) Truism 2. One who secretly listens to the talks of others c) Favouritism d) Altruism a) Spy b) detective 5. Murder of parents c) Emissary d) Eavesdropper a) Patricide b) Parricide 3. One who believes in no government and c) Matricide d) Homicide therefore incites disorder in a state 6. Animals who live in herds a) Monarchist b) Anarchist a) Sociable b) Gregarious c) Autocrat d) Naxalite c) Carnivorous d) Social 9
7. A broad road bordered with trees c) Nepotism d) Formalism a) Boudoir b) Boulevard 22. Dry weather with no rainfall c) Avenue d) Facade a) Draught b) Draft 8. Violation of something holy or sacred c) Drought d) Desert a) Profanity b) Sedition 23. A sly look that is lustful c) Sacrilege d) Slander a) Leer b) Lore 9. Simple, fast-spreading plant without flowers c) Lark d) Littoral or leaves, which can often cause disease 24. A jocular person who is full of amusing a) Bacteria b) Amoeba anecdotes c) Virus d) Fungus a) Wile b) Yokel 10. One who is greedy c) Wag d) Aeon a) Voracious b) Avaricious 25. Deep in thought c) Carnivorous d) Omnivorous a) Meditation b) Pensive 11. An area of land that is controlled by a ruler c) Pesky d) Purloin a) Colony b) Dominion 26. Without risk of punishment c) Country d) Municipality a) Impudent b) Impunity 12. A place where Jews worship according to c) Inexorable d) Imperturable their religion 27. Excessive preoccupation with one’s health a) Cathedral b) Synagogue a) Hypochondria b) Malaise c) Chapel d) Demagogue c) Disaffected d) Malinger 13. The study of religion and religious ideas and 28. The worship of idols or images beliefs a) Atheism b) Theism a) Theocracy b) Theosophy c) Idolatry d) Iconoclasm c) Theology d) Theism 29. Something that is poisonous or unhealthy 14. Dissection of a dead body to find the cause a) Trivial b) Toxic of death c) Torpid d) Tragic a) Biopsy b) Investigation 30. A remedy for all diseases c) Surgery d) Autopsy a) Amnesia b) Panacea 15. A person without training or experience in a c) Intelligentsia d) Parasol skill or subject 31. Irresistible craving for alcoholic drinks a) Chaplin b) Mason a) Megalomania b) Dipsomania c) Artisan d) Novice c) Kleptomania d) Pyromania 16. One who stays away from school without 32. One who deserts his principles or party permission a) Apostle b) Proselyte a) Pedant b) Suplicant c) Renegade d) Critic c) Mendicant d) Truant 33. One who intervenes between two or more 17. The act of killing a whole group of people, parties to settle differences especially a whole race a) Neutral b) Intermediary a) Patricide b) Parricide c) Judge d) Connoisseur c) Matricide d) Genocide 34. The habit of always admiring oneself 18. A government in which all religions are a) Psychosis b) Neurosis honoured c) Narcissism d) Paranoia a) Communist b) Socialist 35. To take back, withdraw or renounce c) Secular d) Capitalist a) Repent b) Retrace 19. A place where government/public records c) Refuse d) Recant are kept 36. A pen for small animals a) Archive b) Museum a) Hutch b) Lair c) Shelf d) Cellar c) Den d) Cage 20. Living together of a man and woman 37. Having more than one husband at the same without being married to each other time a) Marriage b) Equipage a) Polyandry b) Polygamy c) Lineage d) Concubinage c) Polyphony d) Polygyny 21. Too much official formality 38. Feeding on food made both of plants and a) Bureaucracy b) Red-Tapism flesh 10
a) Carnivorous b) Omnipotent c) Partisan d) Physician c) Omnivorous d) Optimist 45. Placing a thing beside another 39. One who destroys images or attach popular a) Impose b) Repose beliefs c) Juxtapose d) Expose a) Imagist b) Misanthropist 46. Expert in the scientific study of birds c) Iconoclast d) Masochist a) Dermatologist b) Zoologist 40. A place where nuns live and work c) Ornithologist d) Astronaut a) Church b) School 47. Building in which dead bodies are kept for a c) Abode d) Convent time 41. General view of a person’s character a) Mortuary b) Monastery a) Biography b) Profile c) Sanatorium d) Crematorium c) Introduction d) Sketch 48. Property handed down after the death of a 42. Wild and noisy disorder person a) Agitation b) Revolution a) Legacy b) Legend c) Pandemonium d) Stir c) Patrimony d) Inheritance 43. The first public speech delivered by a person 49. A group of girls a) Maiden speech b) Inaugural speech a) Bevy b) Covey c) Trial speech d) Marathon speech c) Troupe d) Coterie 44. One who does not follow the usual rules of 50. Causing or ending in death social life a) Fatal b) Deadly a) Bohemian b) Artisan c) Serious d) Dangerous 1. b 2. d 3. b 4. a 5. a 6. b 7. b 8. c 9. d 10. a 11. a 12. b 13. c 14. d 15. d 16. d 17. d 18. c 19. a 20. d 21. b 22. c 23. a 24. c 25. b 26. b 27. a 28. c 29. b 30. b 31. b 32. c 33. b 34. c 35. d 36. a 37. a 38. c 39. c 40. d 41. b 42. c 43. a 44. a 45. c 46. c 47. a 48. d 49. a 50. a
EXERCISE 3
1. A short poem or speech addressed to the 8. One who walks in sleep spectators after the conclusion of a drama a) Somniloquist b) Egoist a) Prologue b) Dialogue c) Somnambulist d) Altruist c) Epilogue d) Monologue 9. Commencement of adjacent words with the 2. One who has obstinate and narrow religious same letter views a) Pun a) Theosophist b) Bigot b) Alliteration c) Philosopher d) Theologian c) Transferred epithet 3. The sound of the funeral bell d) Oxymoron a) Knell b) Spell 10. A specialist who tests eyesight c) Dong d) Ding-dong a) Optician b) Opthalmologist 4. Military waking signal sounded in the c) Ichthyologist d) Neurologist morning 11. A wall built to prevent sea or a river from a) Reveille b) Lullaby flooding an area c) Anthem d) Soprano a) Dam b) Mound 5. Study of insects c) Dyke d) Embankment a) Ecology b) Embryology 12. To be biased against c) Entomology d) Biology a) Partial b) Objective 6. A person in his seventies c) Prejudiced d) Predestined a) Sexagenarian b) Septuagenarian 13. Motion of head, hands etc., as a mode of c) Centurion d) Patriarch expression indicating attitude 7. A government by officials a) Gesture b) Grin a) Oligarchy b) Aristocracy c) Gestation d) Grimace c) Plutocracy d) Bureaucracy 14. Bitter and violent attack in words
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a) Diaspora b) Diacriticism c) Addict d) Bagpiper c) Diadem d) Diatribe 31. Belief that god is in everything and that 15. Treatment by means of exercise and everything is god massage a) Atheism b) Pantheism a) Chemotherapy b) Hydrotherapy c) Scepticism d) Animism c) Physiotherapy d) Psychotherapy 32. A picture of a person or a thing drawn in 16. The abandonment of one’s country or cause such a highly exaggerated manner as to a) Defection b) Disloyalty cause laughter c) Desertion d) Migration a) Cartoon b) Cacography 17. A place where birds are kept c) Cartography d) Caricature a) Aquarium b) Den 33. The state of being miserable bereft of all c) Aviary d) Sanctuary possessions 18. A method which never fails a) Dependant b) Complacent a) Unflinching b) Irreparable c) Destitute d) Omnipresent c) Irremediable d) Infallible 34. That which cannot be called back 19. Something which cannot be believed a) Irresponsible b) Irrevocable a) Inevitable b) Ineffable c) Irredeemable d) Incalculable c) Incredible d) Ineluctable 35. One who journeys from place to place 20. Body of a human being or animal embalmed a) Quack b) Cannibal for burial c) Itinerant d) Courier a) Corpse b) Mummy 36. Careful in spending of money, time etc. c) Morgue d) Mortuary a) Punctual b) Economical 21. Of very bad morals, characterized by c) Miserly d) Calculative debasement or degeneration 37. Reproducing or memorizing word for word a) Desultory b) Dilapidated a) Verbatim b) Verbose c) Depraved d) Dilatory c) Verbiage d) Verbalism 22. Government by a ruler who has unlimited 38. That which cannot be captured power a) Untakable b) Ungrippable a) Despotism b) Autocracy c) Impregnable d) Slippery c) Monarchy d) Anarchy 39. One who breaks the law 23. An occasion of great importance a) Aggressor b) Politician a) Exemplary b) Momentous c) Transgressor d) Pedestrian c) Herculean d) Grandiose 40. An underhand device resorted to in order to 24. A person who is always hopeful and looks justify misconduct upon the brighter side of things a) Subterfuge b) Manoeuvre a) Florist b) Artist c) Stratagem d) Complicity c) Theist d) Optimist 41. Impossible to describe 25. Place of burial a) Miraculous b) Ineffable a) Cave b) Church c) Stupendous d) Appalling c) Synagogue d) Cemetery 42. Detaining and confining someone 26. To have a very high opinion of oneself a) Interruption b) Interrogation a) Exaggeration b) Adulations c) Interment d) Internment c) Abundance d) Conceited 43. Science of the races of the mankind 27. Inability to sleep a) Genealogy b) Epistemology a) Hysteria b) Insomnia c) Ethnology d) Sociology c) Aphasia d) Amnesia 44. One who hides away on a ship to obtain a 28. One who is given to pleasures of flesh free passage a) Terrestrial b) Epicurean a) Compositor b) Stoker c) Celestial d) Pedestrian c) Stowaway d) Shipwright 29. A tank where fish or water plants are kept 45. Clues available at a scene a) Aquarium b) Sanatorium a) Circumstantial b) Derivative c) Nursery d) Aviary c) Inferential d) Suggestive 30. A person who never takes alcoholic drinks 46. An unexpected piece of good fortune a) Teetotaller b) Alcoholic a) Windfall b) Philanthropy 12
c) Benevolence d) Turnstile 49. An involuntary action under a stimulus 47. An emolument over and above fixed income a) Complex b) Reflex or salary c) Reflection d) Response a) Honorarium b) Sinecure 50. A continuous process of change c) Perquisite d) Prerogative a) Transformation b) Metamorphosis 48. The animals of a particular region c) Flux d) Dynamism a) Flora b) Museum c) Zoo d) Fauna 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. a 5. c 6. b 7. d 8. c 9. b 10. b 11. c 12. c 13. a 14. d 15. c 16. c 17. c 18. a 19. c 20. b 21. c 22. b 23. b 24. d 25. d 26. d 27. b 28. b 29. a 30. a 31. b 32. d 33. c 34. b 35. c 36. b 37. a 38. b 39. c 40. b 41. b 42. d 43. c 44. c 45. a 46. a 47. a 48. d 49. b 50. c
EXERCISE 4
1. The use of many words where only a few are 12. Instrument to measure atmosphere necessary pressure a) Circumlocution b) Circumspection a) Metronome b) Compass c) Circumscription d) Circumvention c) Pedometer d) Barometer 2. Circular building or a hall with a dome 13. Belonging to all parts of the world a) Edifice b) Palace a) Common b) Universal c) Rotunda d) Spire c) Worldly d) International 3. To run away with a lover 14. To be known for bad acts a) Deceive b) Cheat a) Famous b) Notorious c) Escape d) Elope c) Criminal d) Terrorist 4. Science of heredity 15. Code of diplomatic etiquette and a) Hereditary b) Genetics precedence c) Genesis d) Inheritance a) Statesmanship b) Diplomacy 5. Arrangement in order of occurrence c) Hierarchy d) Protocol a) Timely b) Chronological 16. To renounce a high position of authority or c) Chronic d) Temporal control 6. Occurring at night a) Abduct b) Abandon a) Nightly b) Dark c) Abort d) Abdicate c) Neurotic d) Nocturnal 17. Not to be moved by entreaty 7. Determine the nature of the disease a) Rigorous b) Negligent a) Investigate b) Determine c) Inexorable d) Despotic c) Diagnose d) Detect 18. An object or portion serving as a sample 8. Person who insists on adherence to formal a) Specification b) Spectre rules or literary meaning c) Spectacle d) Specimen a) Scholar b) Pedant 19. The practice of submitting a proposal to c) Pedagogue d) Literalist popular vote 9. Calmness and indifference to suffering a) Election b) Reference a) Stoicism b) Despair c) Popularity d) Referendum c) Agony d) Materialism 20. Feeling inside you which tells you what is 10. Seeing something which is not actually right and what is wrong present a) Cleverness b) Conscience a) Imagination b) Presumption c) Consciousness d) Fear c) Hallucination d) Supposition 21. Release of a prisoner from jail on a certain 11. With much liveliness and a sense of purpose terms and conditions a) Lousily b) Jocularly a) Parole b) Parley c) Zealously d) Jauntily c) Pardon d) Acquittal 22. Loss of memory
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a) Ambrosia b) Amnesia c) Diagnosis d) Operation c) Insomnia d) Forgetting 37. That which cannot be easily read 23. To struggle helplessly a) Illegible b) Incomprehensible a) Flounder b) Founder c) Unreadable d) Unintelligent c) Fumble d) Finger 38. One who finds nothing good in anything 24. A post with little work but high salary a) Critic b) Satirist a) Director b) Trustee c) Cynic d) Slanderer b) Sinecure d) Ombudsman 39. A person who pretends to be what he is not 25. Something that causes death a) Explorer b) Prompter a) Dangerous b) Fatal c) Imposter d) Diviner c) Brutal d) Horrible 40. In a threatening manner 26. A person who writes decoratively a) Ominously b) Sprightly a) Calligrapher b) Collier c) Ghastly d) Terribly c) Choreographer d) Cartographer 41. State of anxiety or dismay causing mental 27. Pertaining to cattle confusion a) Canine b) Feline a) Constriction b) Consternation c) Bovine d) Verminous c) Concentration d) Contraction 28. To look at someone in an angary or 42. A person who is fluent in two languages threatening way a) versatile b) Expert a) Glower b) Gnaw c) Bilingual d) Knowledgeable c) Gnash d) Grind 43. One who eats human flesh 29. Words uttered impiously about god a) Maneater b) Cannibal a) Amoral b) Philosophy c) Beast d) Savage c) Logic d) Blasphemy 44. The quality of being politely firm and 30. Quibble demanding a) Premeditate b) Prenominate a) Assertive b) Bossy c) Prevaricate d) Preponderate c) Aggressive d) Lordy 31. One who compiles a dictionary 45. To feel or express disapproval of something a) Geographer b) Lexicographer or someone c) Lapidist d) Linguist a) Declare b) Deprive 32. A test in which cells from diseased organs c) Depreciate d) Deprecate are removed and tested 46. Animals that can live on land and in water a) Biopsy b) Autopsy a) Anthropoids b) Aquatics c) Operation d) Amputation c) Amphibians d) Aquarians 33. Speed of an object in one direction 47. Easily duped or fooled a) Pace b) Tempo a) Insensible b) Perceptible c) Velodrome d) Velocity c) Gullible d) Indefensible 34. Theft of another person’s writings or ideas 48. To agree to something and passing them off as one’s own a) Assure b) Assent a) Plagiarism b) Burglary c) Adapt d) Adhere c) Piracy d) Pilferage 49. A person who withdraws from the world to 35. List of issues to be discussed at a meeting live in seclusion and often in solitude a) Schedule b) Agenda a) Iconoclast b) Recluse c) Time-table d) Plan c) Sage d) Priest 36. The process of deciding the nature of a 50. A lover of books disease by examination a) Bibliomaniac b) Bibliophile a) Test b) Perusal c) Bibliographer d) Bilingualist 1. a 2. c 3. d 4. b 5. b 6. d 7. c 8. b 9. a 10. c 11. d 12. d 13. b 14. b 15. d 16. d 17. d 18. d 19. d 20. b 21. a 22. b 23. a 24. c 25. b 26. a 27. c 28. a 29. d 30. c 31. b 32. a 33. d 34. a 35. b 36. c 37. a 38. a 39. c 40. c 41. b 42. c 43. b 44. a 45. d 46. c 47. c 48. b 49. b 50. b
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EXERCISE 5
1. Occuring at irregular intervals in time c) Walkabout d) Walkover a) Epidemic b) Endemic 16. A cure for all diseases c) Temporal d) Sporadic a) Laxative b) Panacea 2. To keep a great person or event in people’s c) Antidote d) Purgative memory 17. To confirm with the help of evidence a) Communicate b) Commensurate a) Corroborate b) Implicate c) Commemorate d) Commiserate c) Designate d) Extricate 3. Careful and thorough enquiry 18. The action of looking within or into one’s a) Investigation b) Interview own mind c) Examination d) Exploration a) Observation b) Examination 4. A violent storm c) Introspection d) Introvert a) Weather b) Rains 19. One who has narrow and prejudice religious c) Breeze d) Tempest views 5. A person who dishonestly pretends to be a) Religious b) Fanatic somebody else c) Bigot d) God-fearing a) Imperialist b) Impressionist 20. Capable of being interpreted in two ways c) Implorer d) Imposter a) Confusing b) Unclear 6. A situation that stops an activity from c) Ambiguous d) Ambivert progressing 21. To be dogmatic in one’s opinions a) Bypass b) Breach a) Plaintive b) Opinionated c) Bottleneck d) Block head c) Undoubtable d) Secular 7. A body of persons appointed to hear 22. Intense and unreasoned fear or dislike evidence and give their verdict in trials a) Horror b) Phobia a) Association b) Council c) Fright d) Scare c) Bar d) Jury 23. Excessively enthusiastic unreasonably about 8. A child born after the death of its father something a) An orphan b) A deprived child a) Spirited b) Interested c) A waif d) A posthumous child c) Fanatical d) Despotic 9. A movement of part of the body to express 24. An agreement between two countries or an idea or feeling groups to stop fighting a) Jibe b) Gesture a) Compromise b) Ceasefire c) Pose d) Mimicry c) Outpost d) Protocol 10. A legal agreement by which a person 25. Full of criticism and mockery borrows money from a bank usually to buy a) Discrimination b) Ridicule a house c) Satire d) Contempt a) Document b) Mortgage 26. To give one’s authority to another c) Lease d) Invoice a) Assign b) Delegate 11. Failing to discharge one’s duty c) Represent d) Designate a) Debacle b) Dereliction 27. One who intervenes between two or more c) Determination d) Deterrent parties to settle difference 12. Able to use the left hand and right hand a) Neutral b) Intermediary equally well c) Judge d) Connoisseur a) Ambivert b) Ambidextrous 28. The absence of law and order c) Ambivalent d) Ambitious a) Rebellion b) Mutiny 13. One who hates women c) Revolt d) Anarchy a) Philanthropist b) Ascetic 29. A voice that cannot be heard c) Misogamist d) Misogynist a) Unheard b) Faint 14. A system of naming things c) Audible d) Inaudible a) Horticulture b) Miniature 30. High sea waves caused by underwater c) Genocide d) Nomenclature earthquake 15. A raised passageway in a building a) Tsunami b) Tornado a) Walkway b) Walkout c) Hurricane d) Cyclone 15
31. A disease which is spread by direct contact a) Genocide b) Germicide a) Contagious b) Infectious c) Patricide d) Suicide c) Epidemic d) Endemic 42. The plants and vegetation of a region 32. The study of ancient civilizations a) Fauna b) Flora a) History b) Anthropology c) Landscape d) Environment c) Ethnology d) Archaeology 43. That which is without opposition 33. An animal story with a moral a) Unaware b) Verdict a) Fable b) Tale c) Unanimous d) Spontaneous c) Anecdote d) Parable 44. Strong dislike between two persons 34. A thing likely to be easily broken a) Aversion b) Antipathy a) Vulnerable b) Flexible c) Apathy d) Despair c) Brittle d) Delicate 45. Place where wine is made 35. Body of singers a) Bakery b) Cloakroom a) Coir b) Quorum c) Tannery d) Brewery c) Quire d) Choir 46. A paper written by hand 36. Murder of a man a) Handicraft b) Handiwork a) Regicide b) Fratricide c) Manuscript d) Thesis c) Homicide d) Genocide 47. The art of preserving skin of animals, birds 37. Use of force or threats to get someone to and fish agree to something a) Taxonomy b) Taxidermy a) Coercion b) Conviction c) Topology d) Seismology c) Confession d) Cajolement 48. Related to moon 38. Animal that feeds on plants a) Solar b) Moony a) Carnivorous b) Herbivorous c) Lunar d) Honeymoon c) Insectivorous d) Graminivorous 49. A general pardon of offenders 39. A number of stars grouped together a) Parley b) Amnesty a) Orbit b) Constellation c) Solar system d) Comet c) Parole d) Acquittal 40. Lasting only for a very short while 50. One who practices one of the fine arts a) Transparent b) Temporal a) Painter b) Artist c) Temporary d) Temperate c) Designer d) Architect 41. The killing of whole group of people 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. d 6. c 7. d 8. d 9. b 10. b 11. b 12. b 13. d 14. d 15. a 16. b 17. a 18. c 19. b 20. c 21. b 22. b 23. c 24. b 25. c 26. b 27. b 28. d 29. d 30. a 31. a 32. d 33. a 34. c 35. d 36. c 37. a 38. b 39. b 40. c 41. a 42. b 43. c 44. b 45. d 46. c 47. b 48. c 49. b 50. b
EXERCISE 6
1. Scale used for measuring the strength of an c) Hide d) Abroad earthquake 5. Very dramatic a) Celsius b) Newtons a) Histrionic b) Hippocratic c) Richter d) Linear c) Hirsute d) Hoary 2. Something kept as a reminder of an event 6. A figure of speech by which a thing is spoken a) Trophy b) Souvenir of as being that which it only resembles c) Prize d) Antique a) Metaphor b) Simile 3. Found all over the world c) Personification d) Alliteration a) International b) Universal 7. The process by which a person or an c) Regional d) Provincial organization reduces the amount of money 4. To secretly store more than what is allowed it spends a) Hoard b) Store a) Budgeting b) Retrenchment 16
c) Saving d) Closure 21. Something that is difficult to believe 8. An established principle of practical wisdom a) Inevitable b) Incredible a) Marxism b) Maxim c) Suspicious d) Impossible c) Neologism d) Platonism 22. Government of the people, by the people 9. A small room in a big house, hotel, ship etc. and for the people where glasses, dishes, spoons, food etc. are a) Plutocracy b) Aristocracy kept c) Autocracy d) Democracy a) Portico b) Pantry 23. A proficient public speaker c) Mezzanine d) Kitchen a) Curator b) Orator 10. A foreigner who settles in a country c) Narrator d) Arbitrator a) Immigrant b) Emigrant 24. Unfair advantages for members of one’s c) Alien d) Visitor own family 11. Doing something according to one’s own a) Optimism b) Plagiarism free will c) Nepotism d) Regionalism a) Wilfully b) Obligingly 25. Fit to be eaten c) Voluntarily d) Compulsorily a) Legible b) Credible 12. Place that provides refuge c) Audible d) Edible a) Shelter b) House 26. Always ready to attack or quarrel c) Country d) Asylum a) Creative b) Impatient 13. A person who gambles or bets c) Aggressive d) Malicious a) Punter b) Backer 27. Fluent and clear in speech c) Customer d) Client a) Emotional b) Enthusiastic 14. Art of writing for newspapers and c) Articulate d) Confident magazines 28. Spoken or done without preparation a) Literature b) Journalism a) Verbose b) Extempore c) Biography d) Artistry c) Amateur d) Verbation 15. An abandoned child of unknown parents 29. One who gains benefit from something found by somebody a) A benefactor b) A miser a) Foundling b) Sibling c) A hermit d) A beneficiary c) Urchin d) Orphan 30. One who eats both vegetables and meat 16. Parts of a country behind the coast or a river a) Omnivorous b) Vegevorous bank c) Herbivorous d) Carnivorous a) Swamps b) Marshes 31. The first speech made by a person c) Hinterland d) Isthmuses a) Maiden b) Extempore 17. A written statement about someone’s c) Debate d) Palaver character, usually provided by an employer 32. A person who is well-known in an a) Testimonial b) Memorandum unfavourable way c) Certificate d) Licence a) Notorious b) Obscure 18. One who does not make mistakes c) Conspicuous d) Ethical a) Pessimist b) Optimist 33. To write under a different name c) Infallible d) Hypocrite a) Anonymous b) Biography 19. Group of people living together in the same c) Pseudonym d) Masquerade locality 34. That through which light cannot pass a) Neighbourhood b) Crowd a) Lucid b) Transparent c) Community d) Public c) Hazy d) Opaque 20. The height of an object above sea level 35. To injure one’s reputation a) Altitude b) Certitude a) Defame b) Ridicule c) Latitude d) Longitude c) Mock d) Agitate 17
36. A geometrical figure with eight sides c) Thin d) Hard a) Polygon b) Hexagon 44. One who is out to destroy the Government c) Octagon d) Pentagon a) Anarchist b) Villain 37. A man who wastes his money on luxury c) Criminal d) Enemy a) Extempore b) Thrifty 45. One who loves all mankind c) Extravagant d) None of these a) Philologist b) Philosopher 38. A man having no hair on the scalp c) Philanthropist d) Philatelist a) Hoary b) Gaudy 46. A person who cannot make a mistake c) Naked d) Bald a) Inexplicable b) Inevitable 39. Rebellion against lawful authority c) Indispensable d) Infallible a) Mutiny b) Coup 47. A place of good climate for invalids c) Revolution d) Dissidence a) Hospital b) Asylum 40. Soldiers who fights on horse back c) Sanatorium d) Retreat a) Infantry b) Artillery 48. To bite like a rat c) Cavalry d) Armoured a) Chew b) Cut 41. One who speaks for others c) Split d) Gnaw a) Spokesman b) Leader 49. A style in which a writer makes display of his c) Supporter d) Naming knowledge 42. A man who doesn’t know how to read or a) Ornate b) Pedantic write c) Artificial d) Showy a) Uneducated b) Illiterate 50. A list of books available in a library c) Ignorant d) Oblivious a) Catalogue b) Bibliography 43. Liable to be easily broken c) Backlist d) Index a) Weak b) Brittle 1. C 2. B 3. b 4. a 5. a 6. b 7. a 8. b 9. b 10. a 11. c 12. d 13. a 14. b 15. a 16. c 17. a 18. c 19. a 20. a 21. b 22. d 23. b 24. c 25. d 26. c 27. c 28. b 29. d 30. a 31. a 32. a 33. c 34. d 35. a 36. c 37. c 38. d 39. a 40. c 41. a 42. b 43. b 44. a 45. c 46. d 47. c 48. d 49. b 50. a
EXERCISE 7
1. One who performs daring gymnastic feats 6. Something which is imagined to be real but a) Athlete b) Juggler actually does not exist c) Acrobat d) Conjuror a) Figment b) Insight 2. The study or collection of coins c) Mirage d) Shadow a) Nymphomania b) Numismatics 7. Someone having many skills c) Numerology d) Numeric a) Versatile b) Projectile 3. One who hates women c) Cyclostyle d) Anglophile a) Misogynist b) Misanthrope 8. To officially take private property away to c) Feminist d) Effeminate seize 4. A woman with dark brown hair a) Offer b) Confiscate a) Blonde b) Philogynist c) Annex d) Hijack c) Brunette d) Dotard 9. A hater of women 5. Someone who scientifically studies the birds a) Androgynist b) Misogynist a) Earthologist b) Orthopaedic c) Misanthropist d) Eve-teaser c) Orthodontist d) Ornithologist 10. Easy to shape in any desired form a) Ductile b) Malleable
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c) Flexible d) Plasticine 26. One who loves and supports his or her 11. Amount of money demanded by kidnappers country and is willing to defend it a) Donation b) Honorarium a) A patriot b) A martyr c) Ransom d) Salary c) An alien d) An atheist 12. Property inherited from one’s father or 27. One who knows everything ancestors a) Omnipresent b) Omnipotent a) Alimony b) Patrimony c) Omniscient d) Almighty c) Voluntary d) Armistice 28. Animals that eat flesh 13. One whose motive is merely to get money a) Herbivorous b) Omnivorous a) Businesslike b) Mercenary c) Carnivorous d) Aquatic c) Polyglot d) Fastidious 29. A handwriting which is difficult or 14. A man who is quite like a woman impossible to read a) Feminine b) Feminist a) Illegitimate b) Illicit c) Effeminate d) Womanly c) Illegible d) Illusive 15. A co-worker in an office or institution 30. Talking disrespectfully of sacred things a) Companion b) Ally a) Heresy b) Atheism c) Accomplice d) Colleague c) Blasphemy d) Apostasy 16. To supply land with water by artificial means 31. Men living in the same age a) Irrigate b) Mitigate a) Recent b) Modern c) Watergate d) Postulate c) Contemporary d) Compatriot 17. A large burial ground 32. Someone who is killed fighting for the cause a) Mercenary b) Emissary of religion or faith c) Symmetry d) Cemetery a) Prophet b) Martyr 18. Exclusive possession or control of anything c) Seer d) Mystic a) Monotheism b) Monopoly 33. A list of books and writings of one author or c) Monoism d) Monomania one subject 19. One who is unable to pay his debt a) Biography b) Lithography a) Bankrupt b) Bankroll c) Bibliography d) Orthography c) Extravagant d) Borrower 34. Yearly celebration of a date or an event 20. Instrument that magnifies objects a) Birthday b) Jubilee a) Periscope b) Stethoscope c) Anniversary d) Centenary c) Telescope d) Microscope 35. A list of the names of the books 21. Animals which live in water a) Epilogue b) Dialogue a) Wild b) Domestic c) Catalogue d) Prologue c) Aquatic d) Barren 36. A person who readily believes others 22. The study of plant life a) Credible b) Credulous a) Zoology b) Botany c) Sensitive d) Sensible c) Geography d) Geology 37. Person having an evil reputation 23. One who eats too much a) Notorious b) Malicious a) Glutton b) Obese c) Magnanimous d) Dubious c) Overweight d) Greedy 38. A person who helps even a stranger in 24. Existing only in mind difficulty a) Imaginary b) Fallacy a) Samaritan b) Altruist c) Gamble d) Missionary c) Philanthropist d) Beneficiary 25. Likely to arouse envy 39. The production of raw silk a) Enviable b) Economical a) Sericulture b) Seroculture c) Envious d) Jealous c) Sariculture d) Syrumculture
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40. Meaningless language with an exaggerated 45. Not allowing the passage of light style intended to impress a) Oblique b) Opaque a) Orator b) Public speaking c) Optique d) Opulant c) Verbalization d) Rhetoric 46. Science regarding principles of classification a) Taxidermy b) Taxonomy 41. The conference takes place once in three c) Toxicology d) Classicology years 47. A political leader appealing to popular a) Tetraenning b) Triennial desires and prejudices c) Treennial d) Thriennnial a) Dictator b) Tyrant 42. An apartment building in which each c) Popularist d) Demagogue apartment is owned separately by the 48. Enclosed in a small closed space. people living in it, but also containing a) Closophobia b) Clusterophobia shared areas c) Claustrophobia d) Liftophobia a) Condominium b) Multiplex 49. A general pardon granted by the c) Duplex d) Caravan Government to political offenders a) Excuse b) Honesty 43. A group of three powerful people c) Amnesty d) Pardon a) Trio b) Tritium 50. One who hates women c) Trivet d) Triumvirate a) Misogamist b) Ambivert 44. Operation of the body after death c) Misanthrope d) Misogynist a) Post-mortem b) Obituary c) Homage d) Mortuary 1. C 2. B 3. a 4. c 5. d 6. c 7. a 8. b 9. b 10. b 11. c 12. b 13. b 14. c 15. d 16. a 17. d 18. b 19. a 20. d 21. c 22. b 23. a 24. a 25. a 26. a 27. c 28. c 29. c 30. c 31. c 32. b 33. c 34. c 35. c 36. b 37. a 38. a 39. a 40. d 41. c 42. a 43. a 44. a 45. b 46. b 47. d 48. c 49. c 50. d
EXERCISE 8
1. One who cannot be corrected a) Stealomania b) Kleptomania a) Incorrigible b) Hardened c) Cleptomania d) keptomania c) Invulnerable d) Incurable 9. Prohibited by law or treaty from being 2. A school boy who cuts classes frequently is a imported or exported a) Sycophant b) Truant a) Contraband b) Smuggled c) Martinet d) Defeatist c) Counterfeit d) Forged 3. Detailed plan of a journey 10. Intentional destruction of racial groups a) Travel kit b) Schedule a) Regicide b) Genocide c) Itinerary d) Travelogue c) Homicide d) Fratricide 4. Stealing of ideas or writings of someone else 11. A person in a vehicle or on horseback a) Scepticism b) mesmerism escorting another vehicle c) plagiarism d) autism a) Navigator b) Escort 5. A person who consumes human flesh c) Outrider d) security a) Javage b) Captor 12. A person specially interested in the study of c) Carnivore d) Cannibal coins and medals 6. One who is unaffected or indifferent to joy, a) Medalist b) Coinist pain, pleasure or grief c) Numismatist d) Numerist a) Tolerant b) Resigned 13. An act of violence to take control of a plane c) Passive d) Stoic a) Hold as hostage b) Abduct 7. A person who is greatly respected because of c) Hijack d) Kidnap wisdom 14. One who is all powerful a) Veracious b) Vulnerable a) Omnipotent b) Omniscient c) Venerable d) Verger c) Absolute d) Almighty 8. An excessively morbid desire to steal 15. That which cannot be believed 20
a) Inaudible b) Incredible a) Thespian b) Sadist c) Invincible d) Indivisible c) Stoic d) Humanitarian 16. A form of government in which the supreme 31. One who thinks or speak too much for power rests with people is himself a) Monarchy b) Oligarchy a) Imposter b) Enthusiast c) Democracy d) Bureaucracy 17. Animals that live in a particular region c) Egotist d) Optimist a) Fauna b) Wildlife 32. An exact-copy of handwriting or a picture c) Native d) Beast made by a machine 18. Send or bring somebody back to his own a) Original b) Facsimile country c) Copy d) None of these a) Asylum b) Refuge 33. Study of sound c) Repatriate d) Emigrate a) Stylistics b) Linguistics 19. More like a woman than a man in manners c) Phonetics d) Semantics and habits
a) Unmanly b) Effeminate 34. To reduce to nothing c) Womanish d) Delicate a) Lull b) Null 20. Handwriting which is difficult or impossible c) Annul d) Cull to read 35. An obviously true or hackneyed statement a) Unintelligible b) Eligible a) Syllogism b) Iconic c) Illegible d) Illogical c) Imagism d) Truism
21. To play the part of, and function as, some 36. The act of producing beautiful handwriting other people using a brush or a special pen a) Imitate b) Pretend a) Calligraphy b) Stencilling c) Impersonate d) Act 22. Not easily pleased by anything c) Graphics d) Hieroglyphics a) Fastidious b) Maiden 37. A word composed of the first letters of the c) Medieval d) Precarious words in a phrase 23. To die without having made a will a) Abridgement b) Almanac a) Intaglio b) Inveterate c) Anachronism d) Acronym c) Intestate d) Insolvent 38. A person of obscure position who has
24. One who enjoys inflicting pain on himself gained wealth a) Masochist b) Nihilist a) Promiscuous b) Parvenu c) Egoist d) Sadist c) Sumptuary d) Extravagant 25. Murder of a brother
a) Fratricide b) Patricide 39. A person who attends to the diseases of eyes is an c) Regicide d) Homicide a) Oculist b) Optimist 26. Science of human mind and behavior c) Obstetrician d) Optician a) Physiology b) Psychology 40. The study of worms and insects c) Sociology d) Philology a) Taxidermy b) Entomology 27. A set of three related words by the same c) Ornithology d) Paleontology author
a) Topology b) Trilogy 41. A person who devotes his or her life for the welfare of others c) Trichology d) Ecology a) Altruist b) Hermit 28. The study or practice of dancing or c) Volunteer d) Martyr composing ballets
a) Calligraphy b) Cartography 42. A person who shows off his learning a) Pedant b) Educationist c) Choreography d) Epigraphy c) Exhibitor d) Researcher 29. Having juicy or fleshy and thick tissues
a) Succulent b) Translucent 43. Written law of legislative body a) Statute b) Stature c) Dissolvent d) Dissident c) Static d) Statue 30. One who accepts pleasure and pain equally 21
44. A pole or beam used as a temporary support c) Wirepuller d) Whist a) Scaffold b) Prop 48. A person difficult to please c) Lean-to d) Rafter a) Fastidious b) Callous 45. One who studies the art of gardening c) Sadist d) Ferocious a) Agriculturist b) Horticulturist 49. That which cannot be defeated c) Gardener d) Botanist a) Invincible b) Invulnerable 46. The line where the land and the sky seems c) Infallible d) Indictable to meet 50. Study of the nature of god a) Atmosphere b) Milky way a) Philology b) Theology c) Horizon d) Distant land c) Humanism d) Philosophy 47. A list of passengers and luggage a) Waybill b) Wagon 1. A 2. B 3. c 4. c 5. d 6. d 7. c 8. c 9. a 10. b 11. b 12. c 13. c 14. a 15. b 16. c 17. a 18. c 19. b 20. c 21. c 22. a 23. c 24. a 25. a 26. b 27. b 28. c 29. a 30. c 31. c 32. b 33. c 34. b 35. c 36. a 37. d 38. b 39. a 40. b 41. a 42. a 43. a 44. b 45. b 46. c 47. a 48. a 49. a 50. b
EXERCISE 9
1. A short story based on your personal c) Parasite d) Refugee experience 10. An assembly of worshippers a) Legend b) Anecdote a) Configuration b) Confrontation c) Fable d) Parable c) Congregation d) Conflagration 2. A former student of a school, college or 11. A person who lives by himself university a) Extrovert b) Prophet a) Genius b) Scholar c) Monk d) Recluse c) Learner d) Alumnus 12. A medicine to nullify the effect of poison 3. A building in which aircrafts are housed a) Antidote b) Anticlimax a) Granary b) Dockyard c) Antibody d) Antigen c) Garage d) Hangar 13. A decorative ring of flowers and leaves 4. One who lends money at a very high interest a) Wreathe b) Wreath a) Banker b) Usurer c) Wreeth d) Wrath c) Imposter d) Former 14. A man of evil reputation 5. Incapable of being approached a) Notorious b) Gracious a) Inaccessible b) Inadmissible c) Laborious d) Mischievous c) Irresistible d) Illegal 15. A public institution for the care and 6. One who takes care of a building protection of children without parents a) Janitor b) Manager a) Conservatory b) Orphanage c) Warden d) Beadle c) Academy d) Asylum 7. One who possesses many talents 16. A heavy continuous fall of rain a) Versatile b) Unique a) Drizzle b) Blizzard c) Dexterous d) Attractive c) Downpour d) Avalanche 8. Detailed plan of journey 17. Completing a period of hundred years a) Travelogue b) Travel-kit a) Centennial b) Centurion c) Schedule d) Itinerary c) Centaury d) Centenarian 9. One who lives / survives on others / other 18. The art of making maps and charts lives a) Calligraphy b) Palaeography a) Expatriate b) Pesticide 22
c) Metallurgy d) Cartography 33. To take great pleasure 19. A game in which no one wins a) Revel b) Satisfied a) Draw b) Obsolete c) Uphold d) Overhaul c) Legal d) Illegal 34. A strong dislike 20. Shaking movement of the ground a) Reciprocity b) Entreaty a) Tremor b) Shiver c) Animosity d) Malice c) Vibrate d) Oscillate 35. The Mahabharta is a long poem based on a 21. A room or building for the preservation of noble theme plants a) Summary b) Story a) Plantation b) Farmyard c) Narration d) Epic c) Greenhouse d) Plantain 36. A person who abstains completely from 22. A large number of fish swimming together alcoholic drinks a) Troupe b) Swarm a) Teetotaller b) Derelict c) Litter d) Shoal c) Subjunctive d) incriminatory 23. A list of things to be discussed at a meeting 37. Person who files a suit a) Minutes b) Issues A) Charger b) Suitor c) Agenda d) Data c) Plaintiff d) Accuser 24. A figure with many angles or sides 38. One who offers his service of his own free a) Hexagon b) Octagon will c) Polygon d) Pentagon a) Worker b) Slave 25. An extract from a book of writing c) Volunteer d) Servant a) Excerpt b) Review 39. One who is always doubting c) Footnote d) Preface a) Sceptic b) Deist 26. A person who supports or speaks in favour c) Rationalist d) Positivist of something 40. A collection of slaves a) Advocate b) Assistance a) Coffle b) Crew c) Adviser d) Volunteer c) Company d) Cortege 27. One living on vegetables 41. A professional soldier hired to serve in a a) Vegetarian b) Herbivore foreign army c) Carnivore d) Barbarian a) Mercenary b) Liquidator 28. The firing of many guns at the same time to c) Venal d) Hireling mark an occasion 42. A writing or a speech in in praise of a) Fusillade b) Salvo someone c) Attack d) Volley a) Tribute b) Eulogy 29. A word that reads the same backwards as c) Accolade d) Oration forwards 43. A person who repairs broken window a) Acrostic b) Homophone glasses c) Acronym d) Palindrome a) Welder b) Sculptor 30. A person who is self-centered c) Glazier c) patisserie a) Egoist b) Masochist 44. A state where no law and order exist c) Narcissist d) Eccentric a) Monarchy b) mobocracy 31. A principle or standard by which anything is c) Anarchy d) Democracy or can be judged 45. Partner in crime a) Manifesto b) Copyright a) Friend b) Accomplice c) Epitome d) Criterion c) Neighbour d) Companion 32. The practice of having many wives 46. A short trip or excursion a) Bigamy b) Calligraphy a) Rambler b) Jaunt c) Polygamy d) Polyandry c) Detour d) Stroller 23
47. Motive or incitement to action 49. A person who works for an employer for a a) Remark b) Contract fixed period of time in order to learn the c) Proposition d) incentive particular skills needed in their job 48. A speaker’s platform a) Labourer b) Worker a) Stage b) Stand c) Employee d) Apprentice c) Pulpit d) Podium 50. A word or practice that has gone out of use a) Obsolete b) Absolute c) Outdated d) Old-fashioned 1. B 2. D 3. d 4. b 5. a 6. c 7. a 8. d 9. c 10. c 11. d 12. a 13. b 14. a 15. b 16. c 17. a 18. d 19. a 20. a 21. c 22. d 23. c 24. c 25. a 26. a 27. a 28. a 29. d 30. a 31. d 32. c 33. a 34. c 35. d 36. a 37. c 38. c 39. a 40. a 41. a 42. b 43. c 44. c 45. b 46. b 47. d 48. d 49. d 50. a EXERCISE 10 1. A supplement to a will a) Canine b) Bovine a) Furlough b) Adjunct c) Ovine d) Feline c) Effusion d) Codicil 12. Hole excavated by an animal as dwelling 2. Estimation of a thing’s worth a) Borrow b) Burrow a) Pay b) Goodness c) Bore d) Pierce c) Appraisal d) Beliefs 13. Person believing in free will 3. To free completely from blame a) Guardian b) Tyrant a) Let go b) Clear c) Humanitarian d) Libertarian c) Exonerate d) Release 14. Small pieces of metal that fly out from an 4. Passing out of use exploding bomb a) Adolescent b) Reticent a) Shrapnel b) Splinters c) Translucent d) Obsolescent c) Filings d) Bullets 5. A drink usually made from a mixture of one 15. All the arts, beliefs and social institutions or more alcoholic drinks etc. characteristics of a race a) Cocktail b) Mocktail a) Culture b) Civilization c) Liquor d) Bisque c) Infrastructure d) Ritual 6. Affecting or relating to cows 16. The act of speaking about one’s thoughts a) Feline b) Bovine when one is alone c) Ovine d) Vulpine a) Silence b) Monologue 7. Something that might happen in future c) Dialogue d) Soliloquy a) Contingency b) Insurance 17. Study of caves c) Emergency d) Prophecy a) Speleology b) Seismology 8. Relating to kinship with the father c) Topology d) Numismatics a) Patrilineal b) Fratrilineal 18. Government by few c) Matrilineal d) Familial a) Oligarchy b) Autocracy 9. A part of a word that can be pronounced c) Monarchy d) Anarchy separately 19. Materials that change naturally by the a) Particle b) Sibilant action of bacteria c) Syllable d) Letter a) Inflammable b) Perishable 10. To remove an objectionable part from a c) Biological d) Biodegradable book 20. Having a stale smell or taste a) Exterminate b) Expurgate a) Rancid b) Insipid c) Extirpate d) Destroy c) Savoury d) Tepid 11. Pertaining to sheep 24
21. A wooden object used for connecting 35. Wild imagination animals that are pulling a vehicle a) Whim b) Fantasy a) Rein b) Leash c) Fancy d) Memory c) Whip d) Yoke 36. A poem of fourteen lines 22. A man who knows a lot about things like a) Ballad b) Psalm food, music and art c) Sonnet d) Carol a) Priest b) Optimist 37. The secretary’s proposal was adopted with c) Hostage d) Connoisseur the full agreement of all the members 23. A doctor who specializes in diseases of nose a) Ambitiously b) Unanimously a) Rhinologist b) Otologist c) Equivocally d) Vehemently c) Pathologist d) Podiatrist 38. That which makes it difficult to recognize 24. Animals which suckle their young the presence or real nature of something a) Herbivorous b) Mammals a) Camouflage b) Transparent c) Carnivorous d) Omnivorous c) Infallible d) Image 25. A drug or other substance that induces 39. Code of diplomatic etiquette and sleep precedence a) Reviver b) Stimulant a) Formality b) Statesmanship c) Energic d) Sedative c) Protocol d) Hierarchy 26. A fictitious name especially one assumed by 40. A person who can make himself/herself feel an author at home in any country a) Nick name b) Pseudonym a) Cosmocrate b) Cosmesis c) Sobriquet d) Per name c) Cosmetician d) Cosmopolitan 27. Widespread scarcity of food 41. The Bedouin Arabs are people of no fixed a) Hunger b) Drought abode c) Poverty d) Famine a) Barbarians b) Nomads 28. Inflammation of gums c) Vagabonds d) Travellers a) Gangerene b) Gingivitis 42. A person who drives our motor cars c) Conjunctivitis d) Orchitis a) Driver b) Chauffeur 29. A book written by an unknown author c) Conductor d) Lift-operator a) Anonymous b) Acrimonious 43. The headmaster brought back to mind the c) Audacious d) Assiduous outstanding achievement of the school 30. An event that causes great harm or damage a) Remembered b) Reminded a) Problem b) Disaster c) Reminisced d) Recalled c) Pain d) Relief 44. Lack of feeling 31. Beyond correction a) Empathy b) Apathy a) Inverterate b) Glib c) Sympathy d) Pity c) Incorrigible d) Incongruous 45. Accidental good fortune 32. Incapable of error a) Serendipity b) Good luck a) Erroneous b) Incorrigible c) Chance d) Fluke c) Unbeatable d) Infallible 46. Short speech or poem given at end of a play 33. One who believes everything he or she or a book hears a) Epilogue b) Epigram a) Credulous b) Credible c) Epitaph d) Epicure c) Creditable d) Credential 47. Study of interaction of people with their 34. An allowance made to a wife by her environment husband, when they are legally separated a) Ecology b) Psychology a) Alimony b) Parsimony c) Philosophy d) geography c) Matrimony d) Honorarium
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48. A list of explanations of rare, technical or 60. Edible means that which obsolete words a) Can be edited b) Cannot be deleted a) Dictionary b) Glossary c) Edifying d) Is worth eating c) Lexicon d) Catalogue 61. A written declaration of government or a 49. Underground place for storing wine or other political party provisions a) Manifesto b) Affidavit a) Garage b) Cellar c) Dossier d) Document c) Attic d) Hall 62. One who is rather fastidious 50. Free somebody from blame or guilt a) Tempestuous b) Punctual a) Excuse b) Reprimand c) Meticulous d) Carefree c) Exonerate d) Acquit 63. Pay attention 51. One who plays for pleasure rather than as a a) Heed b) Glance at profession c) Overlook d) Repair a) Player b) Amateur 64. Branch of medicine concerned with children c) Performer d) Actor a) Cardiology b) Osteopathy 52. One who does something for the first time c) Pediatrics d) Morphology a) Leader b) Model 65. Government by the wealthy c) Forerunner d) Pioneer a) Theocracy b) Plutocracy 53. A government run by officials c) Bureaucracy d) Aristocracy a) Democracy b) Anarchy 66. A person who collects/studies stamps c) Oligarchy d) Bureaucracy a) Pioneer b) Philatelist 54. That which can be drunk c) Pianist d) Philanthropist a) Edible b) Palatable 67. Information about the bird species was c) Potable d) Culpable inaccessible. One has to access rare 55. One who is neither intelligent nor dull websites to access it a) Ordinary b) Average a) That which cannot be read c) Fair d) Mediocre b) That which cannot be reached 56. Person leading a life of strict self-discipline c) That which cannot be remembered a) Hedonist b) Disciplinarian d) That which cannot be stretched c) Atheist d) Ascetic 68. Guilty of crime 57. A person who loves everybody a) Daring b) Suspicious a) Egoist b) Fatalist c) Culpable d) Ruthless c) Humanist d) Altruist 69. Incapable of being tired 58. A small village or a group of houses a) Indefatigable b) Invincible a) Community b) Settlement c) Untiring d) Tireless c) Hamlet d) Colony 70. People at a religious gathering 59. A person who wastes his money on luxury a) Rabble b) Mob a) Luxuriant b) Stingy c) Congregation d) Crowd c) Extravagant d) Luxurious 1. D 2. C 3. c 4. d 5. a 6. b 7. a 8. a 9. c 10. b 11. c 12. b 13. d 14. b 15. a 16. d 17. a 18. a 19. d 20. a 21. d 22. d 23. a 24. b 25. d 26. b 27. d 28. b 29. a 30. b 31. c 32. d 33. a 34. a 35. b 36. c 37. b 38. a 39. d 40. d 41. b 42. b 43. c 44. b 45. d 46. a 47. a 48. b 49. b 50. c 51. b 52. d 53. d 54. c 55. d 56. d 57. d 58. c 59. c 60. d 61. a 62. c 63. a 64. c 65. b 66. b 67. b 68. c 69. a 70. c
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Special words
MANIA: means excessive desire about 16. Odontology: teeth something 17. Ophthalmology: eyes 1. Bibliomania: book collection 18. Ornithology: birds 2. Cynomania: dogs 19. Paedology: children 3. Demonania: crowd 20. Palaeontology: fossils 4. Dipsomania: alcohol 21. Potamology: rivers 5. Dromomania: Travelling 22. Psephology: elections 6. Hedomania: pleasure 23. Seismology: earthquakes 7. Kleptomania: stealing things 24. Speleology: caves 8. Logomania: talking 25. Trichology: hair 9. Nostomania: home 26. Cartography: map making 10. Plutomania: wealth 27. Choreography: dancing 11. Pyromania: set things on fire 28. Demography: population 12. Xenomania: foreigners / foreign 29. Lexicography: dictionary things 30. Topography: surface features of a region PHOBIA: means illogical or irrational fear about something SPECIALISTS: of different fields or subjects 1. Acrophobia: air 1. Apiarist: bee keeping 2. Androphobia: males 2. Cardiologist: heart diseases 3. Anemophobia: wind 3. Chiropodist: hand diseases 4. Astrophobia: lightning 4. Cosmetologist: beauty problems 5. Chirophobia: hands 5. Dermatologist: skin diseases 6. Chromophobia: colours 6. Entomologist: insects 7. Claustrophobia: closed places 7. Geologists: earth’s crust 8. Cynophobia: dogs 8. Gerontologist: old age problems 9. Entomophobia: insects 9. Grapholoist: handwriting 10. Potamophobia: rivers 10. Gynaecologist: women’s diseases 11. Pyrophobia: fire 11. Horticulturist: gardens 12. Trichophobia: hair 12. Ichthyologist: fishes 13. Xenophobia: strangers 13. Numismatist: coins 14. Opthalmologist: eyes LOGOS: (in Greek) means study of something, 15. Optometrist: eyes power and glasses so logy is used as a suffix to denote study of 16. Ornithologist: birds something 17. Paediatrician: diseases of children 1. Anemology: wind 18. Periodontist: gum 2. Anthropology: mankind 19. Philatelist: stamp collection 3. Cardiology: heart 20. Psephologist: election trends 4. Chronology: dates 21. Psychiatrist: mental disorders 5. Cosmology: universe 22. Psychologist: human mind 6. Cryptology: codes 23. Semanticist: meaning of words 7. Dendrology: trees 8. Dermatology: skin PHILOSOPHIES: 9. Ecology: environment 1. Altruism: selflessness 10. Endocrinology: glands 2. Antitheism: opposition to existence 11. Entomology: insects of god 12. Ethnology: human races 3. Atheism: disbelief in god 13. Gerontology: old age 4. Hedonism: pleasures being the 14. Gynaecology: women’s diseases main aim 15. Ichthyology: fish 5. Monotheism: one god 27
6. Narcissism: self-adoration 4. Chiropractic: manipulating spine 7. Nepotism: favouring relatives 5. Herbotherapy: using plants and herbs 8. Pacifism: abolishing war 6. Hydrotherapy: using warm/cold water 9. Plagiarism: using other’s ideas 7. Hypnotherapy: using hypnosis without permission 8. Naturopathy: using natural things 10. Stoicism: indifferent to pleasure 9. Osteopathy: manipulating bones and pain 10. Phototherapy: using light 11. Neologism: coining / using new 11. Physiotherapy: using Words exercises/massage 12. Zone therapy: using foot massage TYPES OF GOVERNMENTS: 1. Aristocracy: privileged and wealthy PEOPLE WHO LOVES SOMETHING: group 1. Bibliophile: books 2. Diarchy: two persons/bodies 2. Cannibal: human meat 3. Gerontocracy: old men 3. Connoisseur: art and artistic 4. Theocracy: clergy class creations 5. Matriarchy: only women 4. Dendrophile: trees 6. Patriarchy: only men 5. Gourmet: good food 7. Meritocracy: meritorious people 6. Globe-trotter: travelling 8. Ochlocracy: mob 7. Hippophile: horses 9. Oligarchy: a small group 8. Megalomaniac: grandeur 10. Pantisocracy: rule by all equally 9. Mercenary: money 11. Plutocracy: rich people 10. Materialist: material things 12. Stratocracy: army 11. Nomad: unsettled life 13. Technocracy: technological experts 12. Narcissist: self 13. Paedophile: children DIFFERENT WAYS OF CURING: 14. Philologist: words 1. Acupuncture: by puncturing/inserting 15. Pacifist: peace needles in body 16. Warmonger: war 2. Aromatherapy: fragrant oils 17. Philanthropist: mankind 3. Chemotherapy: using chemicals (spl. in 18. Theist: god cancer) 19. Zoophile: animals
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Idioms & Phrases 1. Above board (honest and straightforward) - Gandhi ji was above board and hence had nothing to hide. 2. Adam’s ale (pure water) - In the remotest parts of Rajasthan, people walk miles for Adam’s ale. 3. Add a new feather in one’s cap (to acquire a new honour or distinction) - e1 Coaching Centre has added a new feather in its cap by starting Video Lecture. 4. Add insult to injury (to harm as well as humiliate) - She has added insult to injury by returning the gift and sending a ‘get lost’ note. 5. After one’s own heart (similar to you) - Seeing your inclination towards art and Literature, I can say that you are clearly a person after my own heart. 6. An eye wash (a pretence) - The whole investigation was just an eye wash as no one was held guilty. 7. A hair-breadth escape (very narrow escape) - He had a hair-breadth escape when his bike skid on the oil drenched road. 8. An old flame (long time love) - He met his old flame in the market yesterday but prudently avoided eye contact. 9. An old head on young shoulders (to be more matured than one’s own age) - He is an old head on young shoulders as he teaches Physics at a university at an young age of 25 . 10. As fit as a fiddle (strong and healthy) - He feigned illness but I knew that he was as fit as a fiddle. 11. Assume airs (to pretend superiority) - After becoming an IAS officer he has assumed airs. 12. At a stone’s throw (at a little distance) - Lal Quila is at a stone’s throw from my house. 13. At large (absconding) - Many terrorists are at large and posing serious threat to the security of India. 14. At logger heads (to be at strife) - Congress is always at logger heads with BJP. 15. At naught (to disregard or treat as of no importance) - Leaders today set Gandhiji’s ideals at naught. 16. At odds (in disagreement) - Various political parties are at odds in the matter of Women Reservation Bill. 17. At sea (to be confused) - He was at sea when he saw the question paper. 18. At one’s beck and call (at service) - The servants were always at the beck and call of the rich merchant. 19. Back stairs influence (improper and private influence) - He tried to get a government job by back stair influence. 20. Bad egg (a worthless person) - Often a prodigal son of a rich father becomes a bad egg for the society. 21. Bandy words (to argue) - The two neighbours usually bandy words and create a lot of nuisance. 22. Bank upon (depend on, count on) - You can bank upon us at the time of need. 23. Bated breath (holding your breath, in anxiety) - We waited for the good news outside the delivery room with bated breath. 24. Caught red-handed (to be caught while committing a crime) - My brother felt ashamed when he was caught red handed reading my personal diary. 25. Be in bad books of (out of favour) - She is in bad books of her parents as she went to see a movie without informing them. 26. Be in bad odour of (to be out of favour) – A corrupt minister is always in bad odour of the public. 27. Be in good books of (to be in kind favour) – She is in good books of her parents as she is very efficient and hardworking. 28. Be in good odour of (to be in good favour) – An honest minister is always in good odour of the public. 29. Be in the driving seat (to take the whole responsibility) – Rajesh is the eldest son and so he is in the driving seat after his father’s death. 30. Bear the palm (to be victorious) – Our school bore the palm in the dance competition held at the district level.
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31. Beat the air (to make useless efforts) – Trying to reform a hard-core criminal is like beating the air. 32. Bed of roses (an easy and comfortable situation) – The life of Prince was a bed of roses. 33. Bee in one’s bonnet (go on talking about something which other people think is not important) – She has a new in her bonnet about recycling of waste material. 34. Behind the scene (secretly) – The minister is the mastermind behind the scene and the police are arresting small fries. 35. Below the belt (to strike unfairly) – One must compete with others in a fair manner and should not hit anyone below the belt. 36. Beside oneself (to feel extremely nervous or worried) – Before any exam I am beside myself. 37. Beside the mark (irrelevant) – The judge did not hear any argument that was beside the mark. 38. Between Scylla and Charybdis (between two great dangers) – She is between scylla and charybdis: if she obeys her mother-in-law she will lose her job and if she doesn’t she will lose her family. 39. Bid defiance (to defy) – The army is bidding defiance by going against the government. 40. Bite the dust (to be defeated) – In every match, Pakistan team but the dust. 41. Blaze the trail (to be pioneer and make path for others) – Only a man of iron can blaze the trail. 42. Blessings in disguise (something intrinsically good but having a bad appearance) – He missed the train but it was blessing in disguise as the train met with an accident. 43. Blow one’s own trumpet (to praise one’s own self) – Every political party always blow its own trumpet and denounces the other political parties. 44. Blue stocking (an educated intellectual lady) – A blue stocking was rarely found in Medieval India. 45. Book worm (A bibliophilic person) – She is not a book worm but still come first. 46. Break the ice (to break the silence by speaking first) – Shyam broke the ice by talking to me after a long time. 47. Bring down the house (receive great applause) – The performance of Lara Mangeshkar brought the house down. 48. Bring home (to explain) – I was unable to bring my views home before my parents. 49. Bring to book (to punish) – The guilty should be brought to book. 50. Bring to light (to disclose) – The CBI has brought many indiscripancies to light in many high profile cases. 51. Brow beat (to intimidate) – The government must not brow beat the social reformers if they protest against any unjust law. 52. By and By (gradually) – You will learn the norms of this organization by and by. 53. By and large (on the whole) – My friend is by and large an honest person. 54. By dint of (by means of) – You can succeed by dint of hard work only. 55. By fair or foul means (by anyway right or wrong) – He will try to get a job by fair or foul means but will ultimately lose his peace of mind. 56. By the rule of thumb (according to practical experience) – By rule of thumb we must not allow children to take major decisions. 57. Call a spade and spade (to be frank) – He never hesitated in calling a spade a spade and hence he has few friends. 58. Call names (to abuse) – He has a bad habit of calling names. 59. Capital punishment (death penalty) – Capital punishment should be abolished as it is the cruelest form of punishment. 60. Carrot and stick policy (reward and punishment policy) – The multinational companies adopt carrot and stick policy to get maximum output. 61. Carry matters with a high hand (to deal with a person strictly) – The police carry matters with high hand. 62. Cast a slur (to bring disgrace) – Taking bribe could cast a slur on the honour of your family. 63. Cave in (yield) – One must not cave in under pressure or temptation. 64. Chapter and verse (in full detail) – I can’t narrate the whole incident in chapter and verse. 65. Cheek by jowl (close together) – Many poor people live cheek by jowl in a small room. 30
66. Child's play (A very easy task) – It is not a child’s play to address a crowd. 67. Clinch the issue (to clear the controversy) – The college administration clinched the issue by accepting the demands of the students. 68. Clip one’s wing (to weaken the power) – Sonia Gandhi clipped the wings of some ministers by withdrawing the powers delegated to them. 69. Close shave (A narrow escape) – His family had a close shave in the bus accident. 70. Cloven hoof (symbol of disgrace or evil intention) – Usually some or other leader of the BJP shows cloven hoof to the BJP leadership. 71. Cock a snook (to show impudent contempt) – He refused to accept the award, cocking a snook at the Filmfare Award jury. 72. Cock sure (very sure and certain) – I am a cock sure, we will win the match. 73. Cold reception (not a hearty welcome) – We were very unhappy when we were given cold reception at his marriage party. 74. Come across (meet by chance) – I came across a problem when I was solving the question. 75. Come home to (to understand) – At last, it came home and we got the correct answer. 76. Come in handy (to be useful) – This opener comes in handy when we need to open this container. 77. Come to a pass (A difficult situation) – The accident came to pass due to the negligence of the driver. 78. Come true (to prove true) – My dreams have come true as I have got selected. 79. Cool one’s heels (to be kept waiting) – We sat down and cooled our heels for the minister who didn’t turn up. 80. Corporal punishment (bodily punishment) – Corporal punishment is banned in schools. 81. Count chickens before they are hatched (to anticipate profit before hand) – Don’t dream of profit now as it is futile to count your chickens before they are hatched. 82. Cross one’s mind (to occur to oneself) – I was resting when suddenly a new idea crossed my mind. 83. Curry favour (to win favor by flattery) – Many developing countries curry favour with America. 84. Curtain lecture (A private scolding by wife to her husband) – Don’t tell me that your father has never got any curtain lecture in his wife. 85. Cut both ends (to argue in support of both sides of the issue) – Mahesh always cuts both ends and hence he has neither friends nor does. 86. Cut the Gordian knot (to solve a difficult problem) – The national leaders cut the Gordian knot by making India a secular country. 87. Cut throat (tough) – We face cut throat competition in every field. 88. Damp squib (complete failure though earlier thought to be exciting) – The performance of team India turned out to be a damp squib. 89. Dance attendance upon (to be in servile attitude all the time) – The mother-in-law wanted the lady to dance upon her. 90. Dark horse (unexpected winner) – An unknown independent candidate came out as a dark horse after the election. 91. Days of reckoning (A time when the effects of one’s past mistakes or misdeed catch up with one) – You have been manipulating the account for a long time. Now days of reckoning have come. 92. Dead broke (penniless) – Due to recession he has become a dead broke. 93. Die Hard (intimately resistant to change) – he is a diehard fan of Dev Anand. 94. Dig ones own grave (to do something which causes you harm) – you are digging your own grave by writing your password in your diary. 95. Dog's life (very miserable life) – due to uncheck inflation, the poor are living a dog’s life. 96. Double dealing (deceitful actions) – the double meaning of the lawyer was exposed by a sting operation. 97. Double edged sword (act that will harm oneself as well as others) - corruption is a double edged sword for the public as well as the government. 98. Down and out (lacking funds, resources or prospects) – she was down and out when her factory was burnt to the ground. 31
99. Down in the mouth (filled with melancholy and despondency) – she was down in the mouth when she saw her husband’s dead body. 100.Draconian law (extremely severe law) – There are still many draconian laws under developed countries. 101.Draw the longbow (to tell large stories or to exaggerate) - come to the point. Don’t draw a longbow. 102.Drawn battle/match (A battle or match in which no party wins) – the drawn battle created a lot of excitement till the last ball. 103.Drop in the ocean (very in significant amount) - my knowledge about archaeology is only a drop in the ocean. 104.Ducks and drakes (to waste money) – I cannot allow you to play Ducks and drakes with my hard earned money. 105.Dutch courage (bravery under alcoholic influence) – his Dutch courage will vanish when he will gain his sense. 106.Easy money (bribe) - many officers make easy money. 107.Eat one’s word (to admit that something you said in the past was wrong) – those who said that Amitabh Bachchan’s charm was over had to eat their word after the success of Kaun Banega karodpati. 108.Egg on (to urge somebody to do something that is generally wrong) - she and me on to drive faster. 109.Eke out (to support with difficulty and effort or to add) - he is trying to eke out an income by doing overtime. 110.Elixir of life (nectar of life) – contentment is the elixir of life. 111.Enough and to spare (plentiful) – he earns enough and to spare. 112.Ever and anon (now and then) – the night was dark and we could hear the howling of dogs ever and anon. 113.Every dog has his day (good Fortune comes sooner or later) – when he bagged 3 movies in a row, he realized that every dog has his day. 114.Every inch (completely) - she is an honest person by every inch. 115.Eye wash (ineffective remedy which is just for show) - The committee set up to look into the multiple scams was just an eye wash. 116.See eye – to – eye (showing agreement / to agree) - the two competitors never see Eye To Eye. 117.Face the music (to face opposition) – every leader has to face the music if he does not fulfill promises made by him. 118.Fan the flame (to aggravate) – I don’t want to fan the flame of the tension between the husband and the wife. 119.Few and far between (very rare) – The houses in this remote village are few and far away. 120.Fight to the finish (to fight to the end) – when she was blamed and sued without any rhyme or reason, she pledged to fight the case to the finish. 121.Fish in troubled waters (to take advantage of the difficulties of others) – Many lawyers don’t hesitate from fishing in troubled waters. 122.Fit to hold a candle to (match for, equal in quality) – He is such a miser that he is not fit to hold a candle of such a lavish reception. 123.Flash in the pan (something or someone that became successful quickly and is unlikely to be repeated) – The success of Kumar Gaurav in his debut movie ‘Love story’s was a flash in the pan. 124.Flesh and blood (human nature or physical existence, together with its weaknesses/substance and depth in artistic portrayal) – The movies of late seventies lacked flesh and blood with their ketchup blood and round the tree romance. 125.Flog a dead horse (to waste one’s energy) – Trying to reform a terrorist is like flogging a dead horse. 126.Fly in the face of (to defy/to brave / to withstand) – The theory about the existence of heaven and hell flies in the face of all logic and common sense. 127.Fly into a passion (to be enraged) – he flies into a passion within seconds if someone ignores his instructions. 32
128.Fool’s errand (A fruitless mission or undertaking) – many projects of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq were fool's errand. 129.Foot the bill (bear expenses) – you had ordered this tasteless pizzas. Now you will have to foot the bill. 130.For good (for ever) – he educated him and sent him America for good. 131.For the rainy day (precaution for emergency) - I have kept some money in the bank for the rainy days 132.Foul play (treachery) - foul play destroys the fun of life. 133.French leave (leave without information) – if you take French leave, you will be fined. 134.Gain ground (to progress / advance) – due to miss governance by the ruling party, the opposition is gaining ground. 135.Gentleman at large (wealthy man with time on his hands) – here he was, talking like a gentleman at large who was free to come and go and wrong about the world at pleasure. 136.Get down to brass tacks (discuss the basic facts or realities / to deal with the matters straight) – after avoiding the thorny question of tax reforms for months, the ruling party finally got down to brass tacks last week and drafted preliminary proposal. 137.Get into a scrape (find oneself in a difficult or awkward situation) – by signing the bond he will get into a scrape. 138.Get the better of (to overcome) – at last he got the better of his problems and opponents. 139.Get wind of (to know the Secret) – the opposition got the wind of the plants of the ruling party. 140.Gird up the loin (to be well prepared for some difficult task) – if we all goes up the loin, we can remove illiteracy. 141.Give a wide berth (to give ample space or distance to avoid and unwanted consequence) – being an understanding father, you should give a wide berth to your son and wait for the right time to talk to him. 142.Give cold shoulder (pay no attention to) - she went to the police for help but they gave him cold shoulder. 143.Give somebody enough rope (to hello someone to do what he wants to, knowing that he will probably fail or get into trouble) – don’t stop him. Give him enough rope to hang. He will be rejected for his poor performance and will return home. 144.Give the devil his due (even the wicked person should be given the credit due to him) – in spite of being so rude, he helped me in need. The devil should be given his due. 145.Give up the ghost (to die) - my grandfather give up the ghost last Sunday. 146.Give vent to (to Express one's Thoughts or feelings) - every Indian is free to give vent to his thoughts. 147.Wool gathering (to engage in fancy full day dreaming) - work hard. Wool gathering will not help you in any way. 148.Go back on one’s word (to change one's mind about / repudiate) – she has decided to do charity and she should not go back on her word. 149.Go broke (become bankrupt) – he has gone broke and is unable to make both ends meet. 150.Whole hog (whole way / completely) – she went the whole hog and checked the account of the whole month in one go. 151.Golden opportunity (very favourable opportunity or chance) - she missed the golden opportunity by declining the offer. 152.Greenhorn (an inexperienced or immature person, especially one who is easily deceived) – he incurred heavy loss because he relied on the green horn who was his own nephew. 153.Hang in balance (have two equal possible results / be uncertain) – after the opposition party won the election, whether or not the new Highway will be built, hangs in the balance. 154.Hang over one’s head (to have something bothering or worrying one) – he committed suicide because troubles and Court cases hung over his head. 155.Hard and fast (definite) – there is no hard and fast rule for solving these numericals. 156.Harp on the same string (to keep on talking on the same topic) – some best people have the habit of harping on the same string.
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157.At the nick of time (at the last possible moment) – I reached the examination hall at the nick of time. 158.Heart and soul (with complete faith and dedication) - he has put heart and soul in his work. 159.Heart to heart (very frankly) – the two friends had a heart to heart talk as they met after many years. 160.Henpecked husband (admirer of one’s own wife in a servile manner) - every boy boasts,” I will never become a henpecked husband.” 161.Himalayan blunder (A serious mistake) – he committed a Himalayan blunder by leaving for work without his bodyguards and was shot dead. 162.Hit the nail on the head (to act in the right way) - you have hit the nail on the head by making the bid at the right time. 163.Hold good (valid / applicable) – rule of triple talaq doesn’t hold Good even in the Islamic countries. 164.Hold one’s ground (to stand firm) - The Indian soldiers held their ground to the end.
165.Hold one’s jaw (to stop talking) - Please hold your jaw else I shall go away. 166.Hold the fort (to stand firm on one’s position) - Our soldiers held the fort and proved their valour. 167.Hold the scales even (to be impartial) - The Judge must hold the scales even. 168.Hold water (to stand up to critical examination, & Your argument does not hold water. 169.Hot water (trouble) - Your cousin is in hot water due to his controversial speech. 170.In a fix (in a difficult mental state) - He was in a fix when he saw his mother in ICU. 171.In a tight corner (in difficult situation) - I found myself in a tight corner when I lost my journey ticket. 172. In doldrums (to be depressed) - He was found in doldrum when he could not succeed even in his third attempt. 173. In embryo (immature/ in the making) - My plan of expanding my business is still in embryo. 174. In no time (in a very short time) - He can solve any mathematical problem in no time. 175. In one’s teens (from thirteen to nineteen years of age) - A person in his teen is spirited, full of dreams and optimistic. 176. In the air (in circulation/ in people’s thoughts) - News of his cold blooded murder is very much in the air. 177. Down in the dumps (unhappy, depressed) - He is down in the dumps after his father’s death. 178. In the family way (pregnant) - She has applied for leave as she is in the family way. 179. In the good books of (to be in favour with a person) - People usually flatter their boss to remain in their good books. 180. In the jaws of (in the grip of) - The boy was in the jaws of the kidnappers. 181. In the limelight (at the centre of attention) - Film stars are habitual of remaining in the lime light. 182. In the lurch (in a difficult and embarrassing position) - when the experiment failed, the sub- ordinates left the eminent scientist in lurch. 183. Melting pot (a place where immigrants of different cultures or races form an integrated society) - With immigrants from all over the world getting an easy passage to India, our country is becoming a melting pot. 184. In the red (in debt) - The company is in the red due to its unfeasible projects. 185. In the teeth of (in opposition to or defiance of/facing danger or threats) - The tribe was in the teeth of starvation. 186. In the twinkling of an eye (in a moment/in no time) - The house came down in the twinkling of an eye. 187. To fish in troubled waters (to take advantage of the problems of others) - Many self-centred lawyers fish in troubled water. 188. For all intents and purposes (for all practical purposes) - This dictionary is useful for all intents and purposes.
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189. Snake in the grass (a secret enemy) - Politicians playing caste based politics are snakes in the grass. 190. Keep abreast of (not to fall behind) - We must keep ourselves abreast of the latest development in technology. 191. Keep an eye on (to watch) - It is very necessary for us to keep an eye on our growing children. 192. Keep an open table (to entertain all) - It is not very difficult to keep an open table in a party. 193. Keep at an arm’s length (to keep at a distance) - You must keep bad habits at arm’s length. 194. Keep at bay (To keep someone at a distance) - He held the police at bay with a gun for several hours. 195. Keep body and soul together (to be able to pay for just those things that you need in order to live) - They can barely keep body and soul together on what he earns. 196. Keep the pot boiling (to keep going on actively) - One has to keep the pot boiling inspite of all odds one has to face in life. 197. Keep up appearance (to keep one’s prestige/to maintain outward show) - Inspite of being a bankrupt, he is able to keep up his appearance. 198. Kick one’s heels (wait impatiently to be summoned) - The whole day we kicked our heels outside the court room. 199. Kick the bucket (to die) - He kicked the bucket and left his family in extreme financial difficulty. 200. Kill the fat calf for (to arrange a lavish reception for someone) - India killed the fat calf for the Common Wealth Games. 201. Kiss the dust (to be humiliated) - In Indo-Pak war our enemies had to kiss the dust. 202. Knock against (to hit against) - I couldn’t see the transparent door and knocked against it. 203. Lapped in luxury (brought up in luxury) - Great people are generally not lapped in luxury. 204. Laugh in one’s sleeves (to laugh secretly) - Our neighbours laughed in their sleeves when they saw my grand father wearing a pair of fashionable googles. 205. Lead by the nose (to lead someone by coercion/ to guide someone very carefully) - I had to lead him by the nose to the meeting. He will never find his way through the admission form unless you lead him by the nose. 206. Lead to the altar (to marry) - He promised her to lead her to the altar. 207. Leap in the dark (to do something though there is uncertainty about the outcome) - To play lottery is to leap in the dark. 208. Leave no stone unturned (to make all possible efforts) - He worked very hard to pass the Civil Services Exams and left no stone unturned. 209. Leave one in the lurch (to leave one in difficulties) - He kicked the bucket and left his family in the lurch. 210. Let by-gones be by-gones (to forget old things) - India and Pakistan must start bi-lateral talks and let by-gones be by-gones. 211. Lick the dust (to get defeated) - The team licked the dust in the final match. 212. Lie in wait (wait in hiding to attack) - The policemen were lying in wait for the kidnappers. 213. Live in an Ivory tower (where one can be aloof from the realities of life) - The queen lived in an ivory tower and did not know the meaning of poverty. 214. Long and short (all that can or need be said) - The long and short of the whole discussion will be made available to all in black and white. 215. Look down upon (To hate a person) - I hate those people who look down upon the poor. 216. Lose the day (to be defeated) - My favourite football team lost the day. 217. Make a fortune (To grow rich) - He made a fortune by selling smuggled goods. 218. Make after (to pursue or chase)& The people made after the chain snatcher and caught him. 219. Make amends (to compensate) - He had to make amends for his bad behavior. 220. Make head or tail of (to understand) - The doctor could not make the head or tail of his illness. 221. Make one’s mark (to achieve distinction) - India has made its mark in the field of technology. 222. Make out (to understand) - I could not make out what he was saying. 223. Make up the leeway (struggle out of a bad position, especially by recovering lost time) - The Government will have to make up the leeway by taking remedial actions immediately. 224. Make up one’s mind (To determine) - She has made up her mind to divorce her cruel husband. 35
225. Make a clean breast (to confess especially something bad or illegal) - After months of lying about the money, he decided to make a clean breast of it and tell the truth. 226. Man in the street (common man) - The life of a man in the street has become very difficult because of rising price. 227. Man of iron (man with strong will-power) - Nothing can deter a man of iron . 228. Meet half-way (to be prepared for compromise) - We were ready to meet the other party half way and settle all litigation. 229. Milk of human kindness (human compassion) - Milk of human kindness is necessary for the existence of humanity. 230. Narrow circumstances (hard days/ poverty) - After his father’s death, he is living in narrow circumstances. 231. Neither chick nor child (no child) - She feels very lonely because she has neither chick nor child. 232. No love lost (having no love) - There is no love lost between these two neighbours who are fighting an endless court case. 233. Nook and corner (at every place) - I searched for my book at every nook and corner of the house. 234. Oil someone’s hands (to bribe) - We should stop oiling the officials’ hands. 235. Beauty is only skin deep (physical beauty is not important) - She took a wrong decision by not marrying this gentleman. She doesn't know that beauty is only skin deep. 236. On and on (to continue) - She went on and on but nobody listened to her. 237. On the horns of a dilemma (to face a difficult situation between two problems) - The demolition drive has put many shops on the horns of a dilemma because if they do not shut down, their shops will be sealed and if they do, they lose their means of livelihood. 238. On the wrong side of (one’s age being more than) - He is on the wrong side of fifty now. 239. Open secret (known to all) - He is bankrupt and this is an open secret now. 240. Order of the day (some common things of the time) - Following new fashion is the order of the day. 241. Out of the wood (out of difficulties) - At last India came out of the wood and got independence. 242. Pay one back in one’s own coin (tit for tat) - The person doing wrong should be paid back in his own coin. 243. Pell mell (very fast and not organised) - Every thing was done pell mell as we got the order at the eleventh hour. 244. Petticoat-Government ( undue influence of women) - Petticoat-government may adversaly influence your whole project. 245. Pick holes in (to find fault with) - My boss has the habit of picking holes in our performance. 246. Pin prick (troubles that are for short time) - We should ignore such pin pricks and get on with the job. 247. Play a double game (to act dubiously) - My friend was playing a double game. 248. Play fast and loose (be unreliable) - How can you trust a man who plays fast and loose changing his statement every minute? 249. Play one false (to deceive) - He played her false and married again. 250. Play one’s cards well (to do the correct things to achieve a desired result) - If you play your cards well, you will get selected.. 251. Play the fool (to act foolishly) - Why do you play the fool when it comes to spending money? 252. Pocket an insult (to bear insult) - Indians had to pocket much insult during their fight for Independence. 253. Poison one’s ears against (to set a person against another) - She has poisoned the ears of my mother-in-law. 254. Past master (an expert) - He is a past master in cheating others. 255. Pour oil on troubled waters (to pacify the anger of others) - He solved the matter by pouring oil on troubled waters with his good behaviour.
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256. Pull the string (to exercise secret influence) - When I saw extreme level of red-tapism in the organization, I had to pull my strings to get my work done. 257. Pull to pieces (to criticise severely) - The leader of opposition has pulled the ruling party to pieces. 258. Put an end to (to finish) - She has put an end to her unfeasible ideas. 259. Put pen to paper (to start writing) - In my board examination I put my pen to paper without wasting a second. 260. Put the saddle on the right horse (to blame the really guilty person) - The court put the saddle on the right horse and passed the right order. 261. Put to the sword (to kill,) - Nadir Shah put even children to the sword. 262. Put up with (to tolerate) - Maharana Pratap could not put up with insult. 263. Rank and file (lower middle class people) - The extra-ordinary speeches of the great orators cannot be appreciated by the rank and file. 264. Red rag to a bull (something that will surely produce a violent reaction) - The racial comments against the Indians proved to be a red rag to a bull and the riot took place. 265. Rise to the occasion (to show that you can deal with a difficult situation) - Mahatma Gandhi rose to the occasion and dared the British. 266. Roll up one’s sleeves (to be prepared for hard work) - We will have to roll up our sleeves as the time of examination has come. 267. Rub shoulders with (to meet and spend time with) - He claims to have rubbed shoulders with Salman Khan during his journey to Sydney. 268. Run down (reduced in health/to criticize) - I was worried because she looked run down. Do not run down your friends in public. 269. Run short/ Hard up (not proving sufficient, shortage of money/ something) - I am running short of money these days. If you are hard up, you can come to me. 270. Scratch one’s head (to be perplexed) - I scratched my head when I saw the puzzles in the PO exam. 271. Screw up one’s courage (to gather courage) - Working women have to screw up their courage to handle eve teasing incidents at their working places. 272. Seal of love (kiss) - They validated their marriage with a seal of love. 273. See the light (to be born) - Many female babies are aborted before they see the light. 274. Set price on one’s head (to offer reward for killing or helping in the arrest of a criminal) - The government of America had set price on Osama’s head. 275. Show a clean pair of heels (to run away) - The chain snatcher showed a clean pair of heels and the people were unable to catch him. 276. Sink fast (to deteriorate in quality or condition) - The patient was sinking fast. 277. Slip of the pen (a small unintentional mistake in writing) - The slip of the pen created a lot of confusion. 278. Snake in the grass (some hidden enemy) - Many leaders are snake in the grass creating disharmony in the society. 279. Sow wild oats (indulgence in youthful follies) - Mothers always keeps an eye on their daughters to see that they do not sow wild oats. 280. Square meal (full meal) - A poor person does not get even one square meal a day. 281. Stand in good stead (to be of great service) - Your experience will always stand in good stead when you join a full time job. 282. Storm in a tea cup (much hue and cry over a little matter) - Do not worry about these silly rows. They are just storm in a tea cup. 283. Strain every nerve (to make every possible effort) - I strained every nerve to get out of the problem. 284. Sword of Damocles (an imminent danger) - Terrorism is a sword of Damocles hanging over the whole world. 285. Take a leaf out of another man’s book (to imitate another person) - He has no originality of thought; he only takes a leaf out of another man’s book to make quick money. 286. Take an exception to (to be offended by something) - She took an exception to his joke. 37
287. Take into one’s head (to suddenly decide to do some thing, often silly or surprising) - It took into their heads to get married next sunday. 288. Take pains (to work hard) - She took pains to bring up her children after her husband's death. 289. Take the bull by the horns (to face danger with courage) - Bhagat Singh took the bull by the horns and bravely challenged the British empire. 290. Take to one’s heels (to run away) - when the police came, the robber took to his heels. 291. Tall talk (boasting) - One of my friends Rajesh is famous for his tall talks. 292. The Fourth Estate (the press) - Today the fourth estate can influence the court proceedings of any case. 293. The knock down price (very low price) - I bought every thing at the mega sale at knock down prices. 294. Sheet anchor (a person or thing to be relied upon in an emergency) - His uncle proved to be his sheet anchor after his father’s death. 295. Thick-skinned person (not easily offended, insensitive) - He is such a thick- skinned person that he laughed when people cursed and abused him. 296. Think lightly (not to be serious about a thing) - Don’t think of your married life lightly. 297. Throw light on (to make something easier to understand) – I wanted to throw light on the pitiful life of the bar dancers. 298. Throw mud at (try to make a low opinion of someone by saying unpleasant things about him) - Companies should think carefully before slinging mud at someone who may respond with a libel action costing it crores of rupees. 299. Tool in the hands of (under the authority of another) – The whole legal system has become a tool in the hands of the politicians. 300. Turn one’s coat (to change one’s party) - Some people are so ambitious that they often turn their coat. 301. Turn the tables (to change the situation completely) - The ruling party had an easy victory in the last Lok sabha election but inflation and corruption have totally turned the table. 302. Under a cloud (under suspicious conditions) - Ever since the rumours of corruption started, the former chief minister has been under a cloud. 303. Under the rose (secretly) - He is selling confidential documents under the rose. 304. Under the thumb of (completely under one’s power or influence) - He is under the thumb of his mother and does not listen to the problems of his wife. 305. Upto the mark (up to standard) - I have to watch my staff all the time to keep them up to the mark. 306. Vexed question (much debated and discussed) - 'Mercy killing should be granted or not' has become a vexed question. 307. Wash dirty linen in public (to expose private affairs in public) - There is nothing as bad as washing one’s dirty linen in public. 308. Wash one’s hand of (to be free from) - Police have washed their hands of the kidnapping case. 309. Wear a long face (to look gloomy) - Inspite of losing his job, he did not wear a long face. 310. Wild goose chase (useless efforts) - Pakistan’s efforts to grab Kashmir have proved to be a wild goose chase. 311. Win laurels (to win honours) - Sachin won laurels for India.
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Confusing Words WORD MEANING IN ENGLISH 1. Accept To receive a thing Except Leaving apart or excluding 2. Expect To hope Suspect To apprehend 3. Adopt To accept / to take another person’s child legally Adept Proficient Adapt To change accordingly 4. Allude Refer to Elude To escape 5. Alternate One after another Alternative Available instead / substitute 6. Aural Of ear Oral Verbal 7. Access Approach Excess More than due 8. Averse To dislike Adverse Unfavorable 9. Advice An opinion Advise To offer an opinion 10. Affect To influence Effect Result 11. Apposite Proper Opposite In front of / contrary 12. Amend To improve Emend To remove the mistakes 13. Amoral Having no moral sense Immoral Not conforming to moral standards 14. Antics Tricks Antiques Ancient pieces of art 15. Appraise Asses the quality/value of Apprise Inform 16. Allusion Indirect reference Illusion Deception 17. Beside By the side of Besides Apart from 18. Bridle Headgear of horse Bridal Related to bride / bridegroom 19. Beneficial Useful Beneficiary One who receives benefit 20. Boar A pig Bore To tolerate or to produce 21. Bought V2 and V3 of buy Brought V2 and V3 of bring 22. Catch To take hold of something when it is moving Hold To take hold of something when it is static 23. Childish Foolish Childlike Innocent 24. Continual Happening repeatedly Continuous Without break 39
25. Credible Believable Creditable Praiseworthy, honourable 26. Censure To criticise Censor Official Licensing of films etc. 27. Canon Rule Cannon A powerful gun fixed to wheels 28. Canvas Coarse cloth Canvass Visit house to get political support. 29. Cemetery A burial place Symmetry Harmony 30. Casual Not formal, not taking much interest. Causal Relating to cause 31. Climactic Relating to climax Climatic Relating to climate 32. Coarse Rough Course A line of action 33. Confidant A person who is entrusted with secrets. 34. Contagious A disease that spreads by contact. Contagious Near Infectious A disease that spreads by air or water. 35. Corps A division of army. Corpse A dead body of a large animal. Carcass The dead body of a large animal. 36. Conscious To know Conscientious With a sense of duty. 37. Complain (V) To say that something is wrong or not satisfactory. Complaint (N) A report of a problem. 38. Complacent Self-satisfied. Complaisant Obedient and compliant. 39. Complement N-a thing that completes or improves. Compliment A remark of admiration. 40. Custom Social usage. Habit Personal usage. 41. Compose Make up the whole. Comprise Consist of. 42. Career Course through life. Carrier That which carries. 43. Credible Believable Credulous Too ready to believe. 44. Discreet Careful not to cause offence by speech or behaviour. Discrete Separate, distinct. 45. Disease Ailment or illness. Decease Death. 46. Decent Nice, respectable. Descent Downward motion. Dissent Difference of opinion. 47. Dual With two parts. Duel A fight between two persons using guns or swords. 48. Deface Disfigure. Efface Wipe out. 49. Deny To declare untrue. Decline Refuse to accept an offer. 40
Refuse Show unwillingness towards. Refute Prove wrong. 50. Defy To break the law. Deify To make someone or something a god. 51. Defuse Remove the tension. Diffuse Spread out; not clear or concise. 52. Desert N- An area where there is little rain. Dessert Sweet dish eaten at the end of a meal. 53. Depression Hollow/ A mental state of despair. Depreciation Undervalue. 54. Depression Impartial. Uninterested Not interested. 55. Delightful Very pleasant. Delicious Pleasing to taste 56. Deprecate To hate Depreciate To reduce in value. 57. Defective Having a certain imperfection. Deficient Lacking something. 58. Decided Clear and definite Decisive Deciding 59. Effective Producing effect. Efficacious Able to produce the desired result. Efficient Competent. 60. Elicit To get or produce something. Illicit Illegal or disapproved of by society 61. Economical Existing for a long time. Economic Relating to economy. 62. Enduring Existing for a long time. Endurable Bearable. 63. Emigrant A person who leaves his country to settle in anther. Immigrant One who comes to another country 64. Enormity Extreme seriousness. Enormousness Great in size or scale. 65. Ensure To make sure Insure To protect against risk. Assure To make certain of. 66. Envelop To cover or surround something completely. Envelope A flat usually square paper container for a letter 67. Especially In particular above all Specially For a special purpose 68. Excite To arouse feelings of happiness or enthusiasm. Incite To arouse unpleasant or violent feelings. 69. Expendient Helpful or useful in a particular situation. Expeditious Prompt 70. Extinct No longer existing Instinct Inborn impulse 71. Flair Natural ability Flare A burst of flame or light/to become angry 72. Flaunt Display ostentatiously/to show off Flout Disregard a rule or custom 73. Fortuitous Happening by change Fortunate Lucky 41
74. Felicity A blessing, happiness Facility Ease or comfort Faculty Ability/departments of college/the people who teach 75. Fatal Deadly Fateful Important but with usually negative effect 76. Fain Gladly Feign To pretend to feel something 77. Floor The flat surface of room on which we walk Ground The surface of earth outside the room 78. Graceful Handsome or attractive Gracious Merciful 79. Gate An entrance Gait A particular way of walking 80. Gourmand A glutton Gourmet A food connoisseur 81. Hear To receive sound Listen To hear carefully 82. Hoard To store in a secret place. Horde A large group of people 83. Humility The quality of being humble Humiliation Disrespect 84. Historic Important Historical Relating to history Histrionic Dramatic and exaggerated 85. Human Relating to man Humane Kind 86. Illegal Against the law Illicit Disapproved of by society 87. Incredible Unbelievable Incredulous Not ready to believe something / someone 88. Ingenious Clever and involving new ideas Ingenuous Honest and sincere 89. Invent Extreme and forceful Intensive Involving a lot of effort 90. Invent To create something which never existed before Discover To find something for the first time which nobody was aware of 91. Industrial Relating to industry Industrious Hard-working 92. Imperious Haughty Imperial Majestic, relating to empire 93. Incumbet To be necessary Recumbet Lying down 94. Jealous When we are afraid of losing the person / thing we love, we feel jealous Envious When we wish we had what someone else have, we feel envious. 95. Judicial Relating to a judge or justice. Judicious Wise, Prudent 96. Light Verb- to start flames in order to spread light/ Noun- radiance/ Adj- not heavy. Burn V- to start flames to destroy something/ N- the 97. Lightening To make bright/ less heavy/ pale/ less/ serious Lightning A flash of bright light seen in the sky Lighting The arrangement of lights. 42
98. Loath luctant, unwilling Loathe To hate 99. Loose Not tight Lose Be defeated Loss The state of not in possession of something or having it less than before. 100. Luxuriant Strong in growth Luxurious Very comfortable and expensive 101. Lovely Beautiful Lovable Worthy of love 102. Metal A chemical element. Eg-gold, iron etc. Mettle Ability 103. Metre A unit of length. Meter A device used to measure the amount of something that is used. 104. Negligent Careless Negligible Very important 105. Momentary Short-lived Momentous Very little 106. Minor Underage Miner One who works in mines 107. Militate To hinder Mitigate Make less severe 108. Naval Relating to a navy Navel Small round part in the middle of the stomach. 109. Notable Important and deserving attention. Notorious Known for bad qualities Famous Well known Eminent Well known and respected 110. Official Relating to an office Officious Too eager to tell others what to do 111. Ordinance A law made by the government Ordnance Military material such as weapons, ammunition etc. 112. Pane A flat piece of glass used in a window/ door. Pain Feeling of physical suffering Pains A lot of efforts. 113. Palate The roof of the mouth/ the sense of taste. Palette An artist’s mixing board Pellet A small ball of any substance 114. Pedal A foot-operated laver Peddle To sell goods by going from one place to another 115. Perpetrate To commit (a crime) Perpetuate To cause something to continue 116. Personal Private personnel Staff 117. Pore Small hole Pour Flow, cause to flow 118. Practice (N) Regular activity Practise (V) To do something regularly 119. Practicable Able to be done Practical/Pragmatic Effective or realistic 120. Prescribe To recommend Proscribe Forbid or condemn 121. Proceed To continue 43
Precede To come before/ happen before. 122. Popular Liked by all Populous Thickly populated 123. Pray To offer prayer to God Prey Hunt and kill/ victim 124. Principal One who is in charge of a school / first in order of importance Principle Most important basic idea/ moral rule. 125. Quite Completely/ a little/ Note: both meanings are different from each other Quiet To be silent Quit To give up 126. Respectable Worthy of respect Respectful Showing respect Respective Particular 127. Resource Means Recourse Resort 128. Refute Prove to be wrong Repudiate Refuse to accept as true or correct 129. Regrettable Causing regret, undesirable Regretful Feeling sorry 130. Rise To get up, to progress Raise To lift Raze To demolish Rage Anger 131. Ride To sit on an animal or two-wheeler and travel Drive To travel by a four-wheeler 132. Rout To defeat completely and easily Route Path Root The underground part of a plant 133. Septic A medical term involving sepsis Sceptic Doubtful of an idea or belief. 134. See Perceive with eyes Look To direct the eyes in order to see Watch To look at something for a period of time/ to keep an eye on Stare To look continuously for a long time Peep To see secretly or through a hole Glance To give a quick short look Glimpse To see someone very briefly Glower To see angrily 135. Sever To break/ to separate Amputate Cut off a body part that is permanently damaged Maim To damage any body part permanently Severe Extreme Sewer Drain 136. Story Account of any event Storey Floor 137. Suit Action in a law court Soot Black substance in smoke Suite A set of rooms/ furniture. 138. Statue Image Statute Written law 139. Straight Extending without a curve Strait Narrow passage of water.
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140. Stationary Not moving Stationery Things needed for writing 141. Sight Ability to see/ view. Site A place of construction Cite To mention 142. Shear To cut off-hair, wool etc. Sheer Utter, complete 143. Toe Any of the five separate parts at the end of the foot. Tow To pull a vehicle using a rope or chain tied to another vehicle 144. Temper Anger, rage Tamper To interfere with 145. Temporary Short lived Temporal Earthly or worldly 146. Titillate Stimulate or excite especially in a sexual way Titivate To make smarter or more pretty 147. Topical Related to present time Tropical With hot climate 148. Vain Not successful/arrogant Vein Tube that carries blood to the heart in our body 149. Verbal Relating to words Verbose Containing more words than necessary Oral Spoken Verbiage Use of too many words due to which it becomes difficult for one to understand the speech or article 150. Virtuous Having good moral qualities Virtual In effect, though not in fact 151. Vile Immoral Wile Tricks 152. Vale Valley Veil Cover of face Wail Weep 153. Vocation Profession Vacation Holidays 154. Violence Force Violation Infringement of law 155. Wither To fade Whither Where Weather Atmospheric condition (of a short period) Whether ‘Whether…… or’ is a co-relative 156. Wave Raised mass of water in sea/ to move Waive To give up
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Phrasal Verbs 1. Account for (explain the reason, answer for) I can’t account for his unusual behaviour in this matter. 2. Ask after (ask about the Welfare, inquire after) I met your brother at the party, he asked after you. 3. Ask for (request for) she asked for a glass of water. 4. Back out (go back on, withdrawal from promise) he agreed to help but back out at the last moment. 5. Be in for (about to take place (unpleasant)) on account of his bad habits he is in for trouble. 6. Bear away (win) Suhani bore away the first price in the dance competition. 7. Bear on / upon (relevant, (bearing on)) your remarks have no bearing on the main problem. 8. Bear out (support the argument, corroborate) I am sure my classmates will be out my statement. 9. Bear with (to show patience, co-operate) in view of the heavy losses suffered by this company, the shareholders were requested to bear with. 10. Blow out (extinguish) the candle blew out as the gust of wind came in. 11. Blow over (pass off without harm, come to an end) don’t worry, the crisis are likely to blow over. 12. Blow up (explode, start suddenly) the plan of the enemy to blow up the flyover was foiled by the police. 13. Break down (emotional collapse, stop functioning) while giving evidence in the court, she broke down. 14. Break into (enter by force) the robbers broke into his house last night. 15. Break off (come to an end, unsuccessfully) the talks between India and China broke off. 16. Break out (spread (war, epidemic, fire, riots)) the fear that aids has broken out in India is not unfounded. 17. Break through (Discover a secret, major achievement) there is a no hope of breakthrough in the murder case. 18. Break up (terminate) the college will break up next week for summer vacation. 19. Break up with (quarrel) after long and fruitful friendship the two friends broken up with each other 20. Bring about (cause to happen) the administration helped to bring about a peaceful settlement. 21. Bring out (explain the meaning, publish) when asked to explain, she could not bring out the meaning of the poem. 22. Bring round (to make one agree, bring to senses) I was able to bring my mother round to my views with great difficulty. 23. Bring up (rear, educate) fathers are beginning to play bigger role in bringing up their children. 24. Call at (visit a place to meet) I called at the residence of my boss yesterday. 25. Call for (necessary, require) for the unity of the country discipline among the people is called for. 26. Call in / call out (send for help) the police work called in without delay by the residents. 27. Call off (suspend or abandon) we decided to call off the strike. 28. Call on (go and visit a person) it is a tradition for the prime minister to call on the president. 29. Call out (ask to come for help) the national Guards has been called out. 30. Call up (to telephone, recall) many of my friends called me up to congratulate me. 31. Call upon (appeal, exhort) he was called upon to prove the correctness of the press reports. 32. Carry away by (lose control) on hearing the news of his success he was carried away by Joy. 33. Carry on (continue) now it is difficult to carry on this business in the teeth of stiff competition. 34. Carry out (implement, obey, execute) it is not likely that your father will carry out the threat of disintegrating you. 35. Cast Away (throw away as useless) we usually give our servants the old clothes which we Cast Away. 36. Cast down (dejected, downcast) now a days he is cast down as a result of his failure in the examination. 37. Cast off (release, remove) organisation mast cast off old fashioned practices in order to survive. 38. Catch up with (make up for deficiency, overtake) he remained ill for many days but caught up with the pending work very soon. 39. Come about (happen) it is not good that such an unfortunate accident came about. 46
40. Come across (meet by chance) I came across my old friend in the market yesterday. 41. Come by (get) how have you come by such a precious diamond? 42. Come of (belong to) Rita comes of a family of freedom fighters. 43. Come off (take place as arranged, fade, get separated) I was surprised to see that plaster had come off the walls. 44. Come over (get over, overcome) you can come over your problems by honest means. 45. Come round (agree, recover from illness) my father at first refused to let me continue study but he came round in the end. 46. Come upon (come across, get by chance) my friend came upon the evidence just by chance. 47. Cope with (manage) they coped with all their problems cheerfully. 48. Cut down (curtail, reduce) since you are out of job these days, you must cut down your expenditure. 49. Cut off (discontinue, die, remove) gas supplies have now been cut off. 50. Cut out for (suitable) he is cut out for an administrative career. 51. Cut out (to take a piece from the whole) he cut out a piece of the cake and put it in my plate. 52. Cut up (distressed, cut into small pieces) she was cut up because she had been scolded by her teacher. 53. Die down (gradually disappear (riots, excitement, storm etc.)) The wind has died down. 54. Die out (become out of use or existence) he thought that the custom had died out a long time ago. 55. Dispose of (Sell off) she has decided to dispose of her old house. 56. Dispose to (willing, inclined favorably) my friend is disposed to discussing the problems thoroughly. 57. Do away with (eradicate) we should do away with social evils. 58. Do for (serve the purpose) this book will do for the SSC examination. 59. Done with (have no relation) I have done with him because of his dishonesty. 60. Do without (dispense with, to manage without) we cannot do without fan in summer. 61. Done for, done in (be ruined) he appears to be done for since he has lost heavily in gambling. 62. Draw up (to write, compose, draft) I was busy drawing up plans for the new course. 63. Draw on or upon (to get money from) he was able to draw on vast reserves of talent. 64. Drop in (to pay a short visit) I thought I would just drop in and see how you were. 65. Drop out (retire in the midst of doing something) she could not qualify for the selection as she dropped out while the race was in progress. 66. Fall back (retreat) the rioters fell back when the police arrived. 67. Fall back on (depend on) you must save money to fall back on it in old age. 68. Fall off (decrease in number, get separated) in the wake of roof tragedy the admissions in the school have fallen off. 69. Fall out (quarrel) two friends appear to have fallen out over a minor issue. 70. Fall in with (agree with) instead of challenging the lie, she fell in with their views. 71. Fall through (to remain incomplete, fail) for want of sufficient funds your new project is likely to fall through. 72. Follow up (pursue after the first attempt) the idea has been followed up by a group of researchers. 73. Get ahead (go forward) you can get ahead of your Rivals only by hard work. 74. Get along (be friendly) we just can’t get along together because of temperamental differences. 75. Get at (reach, understand) it is very difficult to get at the truth etc. 76. Get away (escape) they got away on scooter. 77. Get away with (without being punished or with little punishment) although His fault was serious, he got away with light punishment. 78. Get on (progress) how is your son getting on with your study? 79. Get on with (live together, pull with) both husband and wife are getting on well with each other. 80. Get over (recover from illness or shock, come over) he is still trying to get over the financial crises. 81. Get through (pass through, succeed) it is not possible to get through examination without labor. 82. Get up (rise from bed, dressed) the woman got up from her chair with the baby in her arms. 83. Give away (distribute) he has given away jewellery worth thousands of rupees. 47
84. Give in (surrender, agree) at first she was adamant but at last she gave into the request of her friend. 85. Give out (announce verbally, emit) it was given out that she had failed. 86. Give up (stop, abstain from) he gave up smoking to save money. 87. Give way (collapse under pressure, break) the contractor was charged with negligence when the roof of a new building gave away. 88. Given to (accustomed to) he is given to smoking. 89. Go back on (withdrawal, back out) one should not go back on one’s promise. 90. Go down (be believed) your excuse will not go down. 91. Go in for (buy, practice, to enter a contest) I thought of going in for teaching. 92. Go off (explode and be discharged) when he was cleaning his gun it went off and killed him. 93. Go on (continue) there is no need to go on arguing about it. 94. Go over (examine carefully, look over) on going over the balance sheet of the company the auditors have found serious mistakes. 95. Go through (read hurriedly, endure) he didn’t lend me the newspaper because he was going through it. 96. Go up (rise, increase) as a result of a sharp rise in prices the price of washing soap has gone up. 97. Hand out (distribute) hand out the books to the students. 98. Hand over (give charge or authority) he has not handed over charge to the new manager. 99. Hang about (still waiting, roam about) the boys hanging about girls hostel rounded up by the police. 100. Hold on (carry on, bear difficulties, persist) in spite of financial difficulties he held on and succeeded in the long run. 101. Hold out (resist) when the robot ran short of ammunition, they could no longer hold out. 102. Hold over (postpone) most of the bills are held over till the next session of the Parliament. 103. Hold up (to stop in order to rob, delay) the terrorist held up the motor car and kept the ladies as hostages. 104. Jump at (accept happily) he jumped at the offer of his boss to accept the job abroad. 105. Jump to (arrived suddenly [conclusion]) you should never jump to conclusions. 106. Keep from (refrain from, not to mix with) always keep from selfish people because they can have you any time. 107. Keep off (keep at a distance) there was a notice at the site,” keep off the bushes”. 108. Keep on (continue) she kept on crying in spite of my assurance of help. 109. Keep up (maintain) always try to keep up the standard of life even in the face of crises. 110. Keep up with (try to move with, not to fall behind) young man should keep up with the latest development in international field. 111. Lay by (save money) the wise man always lay by money for their old age. 112. Laid up with (confined to bed) she is not going out as she is laid up with the flu. 113. Lay down (establish a rule, sacrifice, surrender) the conditions laid down by the department of health violated by the nursing homes. 114. Lay off ( to discontinue work, dismiss temporarily) the workers have been laid off for raw material 115. Lay out (play building, garden) A number of gardens were laid out by the Moghuls. 116. Let out (humiliate, to lower down) we should never let down our friends. 117. Let into( allow to enter) after repeated requests he was let into the classroom 118. Let off ( to free from punishment, pardon) she was let off by the principal punishment 119. Let ( somebody) in on ( share a secret) I will not like her in on my plans 120. Let up( cessation, respite) there is no let up in heat during may 121. Live on( depend for food ( staple food) The lion is carnivorous and lives on flesh 122. Live by( means/ manner) you must learn to leave by honest means 123. Live off ( source of income) they were living off rental income 124. Look about ( in search of, on the way) the thirsty crow was looking about what are here and there 125. Look after( take care of) in her old age she has no one to look after her 48
126. Look at( see carefully) The boy are looking at the sky 127. Look back on( to think of the past) People can offer look back and reflect on happy childhood memories 128. Look for (search for a lost think) She was looking for her lost book 129. Look down upon (hate, despise) it is folly on your part to look down upon the poor student 130. Look into ( investigate the merger) A committee was set up to look into the problem 131. Look on ( to see as a spectator) His parents looked on with a triumphant smile 132. Look over( examine carefully, go over) the examiners has yet to look over practice note books 133. Look out( watch out, carefully, beware) look out, there is a snake under the bush 134. Look out for( in search of , on the watch) he is looking out for a decent job 135. Look to( reply upon ,be careful) the poor look to financial help from the government 136. Look up( consult some book for a word, rise) please look up this world in the dictionary 137. Look up to( respect) his younger brother look up to him and obey his every order 138. Look account( consider, regard) he must look upon social evils as nuisance 139. Make up with/away with( run away, destroy) they made off with the cash and fled 140. Make out( understand the meaning) the police could not make out the coded message they intercepted 141. Make over (transfer possession, convert) since she had no legal heir, she made over her house in charity. 142. Make up (to end (quarrel), compose) you should make an effort to make up a quarrel with your friend. 143. Make up for (compensate for) after her long illness she is trying her best to make up for her deficiency in study.. 144. Pass away (die, expire) on the passing away of his father I sent him message of condolence. 145. Pass for (regarded to be) the TATAs pass for philanthropists in the country. 146. Pass off (take place) the elections are likely to pass off peacefully. 147. Pass oneself off (show off) the hypocrites always pass themselves off as honest persons. 148. Pass through (go through, undergo, endure) he is passing through financial difficulties these days. 149. Pass out (leave after completing education) the cadets will pass out next month after completing their training. 150. Pull down (demolish a structure) why did they pull the shops down? 151. Pull off (succeed) India pulled off victory in the last stage of the match. 152. Pull up (stop, Scold) the students were pulled up by the principal for their misbehavior with the class teacher. 153. Pull through (recover from illness) I think she will pull through her serious illness very soon. 154. Pull with (live together, get on with) he is pulling well with his wife these days. 155. Put down (Crush, keep down) the riots were put down by the local police. 156. Put off (postpone, avoid, discourage) the meeting had to be put off because the president could not come. 157. Put on (wear, pretend) it is difficult to put on the appearance of Innocence for a long time. 158. Put out (extinguish) the fire was put out suddenly. 159. Put up (stays, question) he is putting up at a hostel these days. 160. Put up with (tolerate patiently) for an honorable person it is difficult to put up with the haughty behavior of the directors. 161. Round up (arrest) the police rounded up antisocial elements last night. 162. Run after (pursue, hanker after) we should not run after money. 163. Run down (criticize, poor health) as a result of long illness she has run down a lot. 164. Run into (come across, meet by chance) while walking along the roadside, I ran into my old schoolmates. 165. Run out (come to an end) when the rations ran out, the head office was informed. 166. Run over (Crush under) he was Run over by a speeding car. 49
167. Run through (waste money) it is a pity that he has run through his fortune over gambling and drinking. 168. See off (to escort a guest for his departure) his friends were present at the station to see him off. 169. See through (Discover something hidden, motive) man has grown so clever that it is difficult to see through his tricks. 170. Send for (summon) she sent for a doctor when her husband fell ill. 171. Set about (start doing) as soon as she reached home, she set about calling up her friends. 172. Set aside (allocate, Strike down, turn down) the High Court set aside the verdict of the Lower court in this sensitive matter. 173. Set in (begin) as soon as the summer sets in, the reptiles come out of hibernation. 174. Set off (to start a series of events, process, improve) privatization has set off the process of liberalization in foreign trade. 175. Set up (establish) the factory was set up by his uncle. 176. Set forth (start on a journey, explain) the party will set forth its views on globalization at a public rally. 177. Set out (start on a journey, set forth) no sooner was the hunter informed of loin's presence in the forest than he set out. 178. Sit back (relax) he believes that he has the right to sit back while others should work hard. 179. Sit up (stay out of bed, stay up) she sat up till her son returned. 180. Stand by (support, help) although he promised to stand by me in difficulties, he did not live up to it. 181. Stand for (represent) T.E.C stands for technical education certificate. 182. Stand out (to be conspicuous) she stood out from the ground because of her amiable manners. 183. Stand up for (defend) it is your duty to stand up always for the poor. 184. Strike off (remove from the list) his name has been struck off the admission list. 185. Take after (resemble) she always reminds me of her mother since she takes after her mother. 186. Take down (write) she was busy in taking down the dictation which the teacher was giving. 187. Take off (remove, leave the ground, improve) it is difficult for Indian economy to take off in the absence of heavy investment. 188. Take over (take up responsibility) the agency tried to take over another company. 189. (Be) Taken to (form a habit) he took to wearing black leather jackets. 190. Take up (start a hobby study, occupy) he has taken up modelling as a career.. 191. Tell upon (affect adversely) I have warned him that heavy work will tell upon his health. 192. (Be) taken in (be deceived) for all your intelligence you are likely to be taken in by imposters. 193. Take for (supposed to be, identify) I took the scoundrel for a noble person. 194. Taken aback (be surprised) I was taken aback to hear of the news of his failure. 195. Talk over (discuss a matter) agreed to go home and talk over the matter. 196. Turn down (reject, strike down) I turned down the request of my friend to go to Shimla. 197. Turn off (stop, switch off) please make it a point to turn off water tap before you go out. 198. Turn on (switch on, start) she turned on the shower to take bath. 199. Turn over (change, capsize, upset) the boat turned over and 10 persons were drowned. 200. Turn out (proof, reveal, expel) nothing ever turned out right for me in life. 201. Turn up (arrive, take place) who can say what will turn up next? 202. Watch out (look out, careful) if you do not watch out, he might harm you. 203. Wipe away (cleanse, remove) the marks of blood were wiped away by the accused. 204. Wipe out (destroy completely) we must try to wipe out poverty from the country. 205. Wind up (bring to an end) we were forced to wind up the business on account of heavy loss. 206. Work out (solve the problem) he is very intelligent and can work out any difficult problem. 207. Work up (incite, instigate) the politicians should not try to work up communal Frenzy. 208. Work upon (influence) the leader tried to work upon the mob.
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Reading Comprehension Dear student, This is the topic, in which your understanding of English language is examined. You cannot develop or improve understanding by mugging up rules or any trick. The process of developing better understanding of any language needs active involvement of the person i.e. you. You can involve yourself (means can use a language) in 4 ways i.e. reading, listening, speaking (thinking) and writing. And all or some of these exercises must be done on a daily basis for improving understanding. Right now your understanding of English may be Weak, Average or Strong. If it is average or strong then you must practice previous year passages (obviously after completing this chapter) for further improvement. But if you are weak in understanding portion, it means your basics of English language understanding are weak. And best way to strengthen your basics is to start with English textbooks of NCERT from class I to class X (either download PDFs from ePathshala app or buy from book shops) and read them regularly. It won’t take much time if you read some chapters daily. And if you are planning to go with this method then, for more benefit, also note down the difficult words from those books (in the way as I told for developing vocabulary). That’s all from my side. Best of luck for your future.
Passage-1 All of us have enormous capabilities. In many of us however, our achievements failed to correlate with our potential, because of lack of Self Discipline- the effort needed to channel your energy for productive uses. To maximise your effectiveness you must “learn to put your nose to the grindstone, work against boredom and learn to take the long, Hard Way in life rather than the short, easy way”. Here are few suggestions that focus on “how to do what you want to do”. Take risks. It is important to Reliance that nothing in life is achieved unless you risk something. That’s how self-confidence develops. Every chance you take office your valuable spinoffs in terms of learning. Earn a reward. Sometime back I had to face the rather unenviable task of preparing for two examinations simultaneously. I had to be ruthless I’m driving myself from one goal to another hard-nosed attitude show me sail through the courses. I recorded myself at the end of it indulging in my favourite past time and taking a short holiday.
1. Why do our achievements fail to correlate c) It helps us to learn with our potential? d) It shows us our limitation a) Because of lack of Intelligence 4. How does the author reward him after his b) Because of lack of discipline success? c) Because of lack of external help a) By taking a short holiday d) Because of lack of Self Discipline b) By Doing more work 2. How does one’s self confidence develop? c) By visiting friends a) By taking risks d) By thanking God b) By always meeting with success 5. What does the author try to convey? c) By being cautious a) One has to be complacent his present self d) By being garrulous b) One has to work hard at least from 3. What does every chance in our life teach failures us? c) Only born genius success in life a) It helps us to become philosophical d) One has to believe in luck b) It helps us to become idealistic dacab
Passage-2 For months the old tanker, African queen, lay turned over on her side, stuck fast in the sands off the coast of Maryland. She had run aground so badly that her owners had decided to leave her to her fate. It was considered impossible to refloat her and the ship began to rust and sink deeper and deeper into the Sands. Men frequently came out in small boats and removed any parts that could be sold- until two men decided to attempt the Impossible: to float the African queen once more. Both men were engineers and
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had no experience of ships so that few people thought they could succeed. The men began by studying the exact state of the African queen and came to the conclusion that she would float again and air were pumped into tanks which were now full of seawater. A diver was sent down to examine the underside of the ship. In the cold, dark water he found an enormous hole in her side which had been torn when the ship ran aground. It was plain that nothing could be done until the hole was repaired. As no single sheet of steel would cover it, the men were obliged to order a great number of sheets which had to be joined together. For several weeks divers worked continuously to close the hole. At times, the sea was so love that it was difficult to go down; and on more than one occasion comma they had to contend with the sharks. At last the hole was covered and the men began to pump the sea water out of the ship's tanks. It seemed as if they were bound to succeed, for when the tanks were full of air, the African queen began to stir in the water. The men could not understand why she still would not float until they discovered that her rudder was embedded in mud. Huge cranes were brought haul the sunken rudder out and the ship was again afloat. By this time, the men were almost exhausted. They had worked ceaselessly for three months to save the African queen and had succeeded when everyone thought they would fail. Now they stood on the bridge of the ship, tired but proud, as tugs brought the African queen into the harbour.
1. Men frequently went out to the African Queen because a) It was a rare site to see a sunken ship b) The attempted to float the ship once again c) they wanted to take parts of the ship and sell them d) It was an interesting exercise 2. How did the two men propose to float the ship again? a) By sending divers to examine the damage b) By closing the large hole in her side c) By joining a large number of steel sheets together d) By pumping air into the tanks. 3. What was the danger which the divers faced? a) The rough sea b) The cold and dark situation under water c) Having to contend with sharks d) The cutting edges of the Steel sheets 4. The two man felt proud because a) They could float the ship in 3 months b) They had succeeded when everyone thought they would fail c) The African Queen was coming in to the harbour 5. The part of the ship used for steering is called a) Rudder b) Bridge c) Underside d) Tank cdcba, bacbd
Passage-3 The Indians as a group are not cohesive. There is a lack of ‘coordination’ among individuals, groups, Institutions and States. This lack of coordination may be traced to selfishness, lack of trust and inability to find joy in working together as a team for a common goal. This leads to divisiveness, asking for criticism, with the result images are tarnished and the main purpose is defeated. This phenomenon is visible among the bureaucrats, the politicians, the intellectuals, the business community and the sports fraternity, all those who matters and who give a poor account of themselves as a group despite
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individual brilliance. This contrast in human behaviour can perhaps be traced to age old beliefs, religious tolerance, poverty and the diversity in day-to-day living conditions.
1. Why are the Indians not cohesive as a c) Visible group? d) Tarnish a) There is a lack of coordination between 4. To what can the contrast in human individual behaviour be traced to? b) There is a lack of coordination among a) Age old beliefs and diversity in day to day individuals, groups and States living c) There is a lack of coordination between b) Age-old beliefs and religious tolerance individuals and States c) Age old beliefs, religious tolerance, d) There is a lack of coordination among poverty and diversity in day to day living individuals comma groups, Institutions and d) Nothing in particular States 5. What does ‘goal' in this passage mean? 2. What does lack of coordination lead to? a) The place where the ball has to pass in a) divisiveness the football match b) Divisiveness and asking for criticism b) The object of ambition c) Asking for criticism c) A point scored by a particular team in a d) Nothing in particular football match 3. Which word in the passage means loss of d) The poles fitted at the end of a football brightness or dull? field a) Brilliance dbdcb b) Phenomenon
Passage-4 Speech is a great blessing but it can also be a great curse for while it helps us to make our intentions and desires known to ourselves, it can also if we use it carelessly make our attitude completely misunderstood. A slip of tongue, the use of an unusual word or of an ambiguous word main create an anime where we had hoped to win a friend. Again different classes of people use different vocabularies and the ordinary speech of an educated man may strike an uneducated listener is showing Pride; unwillingly we may use a word which bears a different meaning to our listeners from what it does to men of our own class. Thus speech is not a gift to use lightly without thought but one which demands careful handling, only a fool will express himself alike to all.
1. Speech is a great blessing, 4. The passage reveals that a) If we use it indiscriminately a) The use of ambiguous and unusual words b) If we use it carefully brings us friends c) If we use it to please others b) Careless use of words creates enemies d) If we use it to play One against the other c) Careful use of words may bring us profit 2. Speech can also be a great curse but not friends a) If we express ourselves alike to all d) Speech always reflects one’s attitude b) If we adopt different vocabularies to 5. A fool will express himself alike to all kinds different classes of people and conditions of the men because c) If we always try to please everyone with it a) He want to play with people d) If we always try to win friends with it b) He want to deceive everyone 3. A slip of tongue means c) He wants to amuse everyone a) Biting the tongue while speaking d) Helix the power of discrimination in the b) Telling lies to defend oneself use of words c) Using words carefully d) Incurring loss of profit in hasty bargain bacbd
Passage-5 A small band of biologists share a dream – to find species of sea or land animals hitherto completely unknown or to discover living examples of animals thought to have died out ages ago. Finds made in this 53
century encourage these dreamers, whose field is aptly named cryptozoology – literally, the science of hidden animals. Size and habitat are often responsible for an animal’s having been overlooked. Not surprisingly, a bumblebee size bat that lives in caves in Thailand eluded detection until 1973. But larger animals in less remote sites have also remained hidden. Herds of a species of peccary supposedly extinct since the last ice age, for instance, were found in Paraguay in 1975. Native people sometimes offer scientists useful clues. An unusual feather in a local’s hat sparked the discovery of a showy African peacock in 1936, and accounts of giant lizards on the Indonesian island of Komodo proved not to be mere myth when naturalist P.A. Ouweus identified four of the creatures captured in 1912. As cryptozoologists follow such leads into little-explored areas, they remain optimistic that it is not too late to uncover sensational surprise. 1.Myths refer to ------a) 1936 a) love stories b) 1973 b) historical stories c) 1912 c) legends d) 1975 d) traditional stories involving 7.An unusual feather in a local’s hat sparked the supernatural beings or events discovery of a showy African peacock in ----- 2.A bumblebee-size bat that lives in caves in - Thailand was discovered a) 1936 a) 1973 b) 1973 b) 1936 c) 1975 c) 1912 d) 1912 d) 1975 8.Giant lizards on the Indonesian island of 3.------still look forward to discovering Komodo were discovered in ------sensational surprises. a) 1975 a) P.A. Ouwens b) 1936 b) The natives c) 1912 c) The naturalists d) 1973 d) A small band of biologists 9.It is the ------of the cryptozoologists that 4.Often the cryptozoologists get a lot of leads keep their dream alive. from------a) spirit a) native people b) finding b) the animal’s size and habitat. c) love for adventure c) myths. d) curiosity d) legends. 10.Often ------responsible for an animal having 5.The dream of the cryptozoologist is to find----- been overlooked ------a) the uniqueness of the animals a) species of sea or land animals hitherto themselves Is completely unknown b) the resigning nature of the scientists b) all of the given options themselves is c) living examples of animals thought to c) size and habitat are have died out ages ago. d) unexplored areas remain d) hidden, supposedly extinct animals 6.Herds of a species of peccary supposedly cadac, dacbc extinct since the last ice age were discovered in
Passage-6 One conspicuous question in the modern journals is: How can I develop personality? Ursula Bloom gives this noteworthy advice to young people: Please do not do as I did, at your age, and waste years copying other people, Of old, to the same question asked by Greek youth, Socrates replied: Know yourself! That was excellent advice; but it did not satisfy, because it did not go far enough.
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When Roman youth questioned Marcus Aurelius, he said: Be yourself! To the youth of our atomic age, the psychologist says: Develop yourself! That is the answer to the question; what is personality? Personality is the development of oneself.
1. The development of oneself------the c) A definitive answer question on, what is personality? d) No answers a) Gives an unsatisfactory answer to 4. The Greek philosopher Socrates promoted - b) Does not give a satisfactory answer to ------c) Satisfactory answers a) tested – knowledge d) Partly answers b) self- knowledge 2. Marcus Aurelius preached to the Roman c) referred – knowledge youth of his day to------d) borrowed – knowledge a) Express themselves 5. Ursula Bloom propagated that young b) Understand themselves people should ------c) Be themselves a) copy others d) Know themselves b) not copy others 3. The question on personality development c) not waste years has------d) give advice a) No definitive answers ccabb b) Correct answers
Passage-7 My lodge is nothing but a dark, tiny hut made of palm fronds, with a bunch of damp branches and a swarm of flies through a whole in the wall of leaves. I see a patch of cleared earth in the rainforest: the stage of Cicinnurus magnificus, the magnificient bird of paradise. The bird’s loud call, ‘Kyeng, Kyeng’ has been ringing since dawn, announcing the male’s imminent performance. But his feathered female spectators have not show yet. Perhaps they are out window-shopping, taking a good look around until they find the most resplendent specimen. I hear a fluttering and look up. A magnificus is ‘enthroned on a branch about 2m above the stage: an iridescent-green breast shield, bright orange-red wings and a lemon-yellow cape with a furry brown collar. The feat and hill are a sparkling sky-blue, which also covers the eyelids and extends down to the neck. He plucks off a few leaves to let in more light and optimize eye-contact with his audience. Finally, he drags the freshly fallen leaves away from catwalk.
1.The most ‘resplendent specimen’ means. d) a piece of twig used by the bird in its a) bright and colourful performance. b) beautiful and gentle 4.The cicinnurus magnificus is: c) appalling and ugly a) the magnificient bird of paradies. d) extravagant and gaudy b) a patch of cleared earth in the 2.The bird performs for: rainforest a) no one c) a place where his hut is located b) the author d) the stage in the rainforest c) sheer enjoyment 5.The synonym for ‘optimize’ is d) female birds a) to make best use of 3.An ‘iridescent-green breast shield’ means. b) to improve vision a) a shield worn by the bird to protect c) to see clearly itself. d) to enlarge b) the bright, colourful feathers of the bird. adbaa c) a description of the surroundings.
Passage-8 The recent change to all-volunteer armed forces in the United States will eventually produce a gradual increase in the proportion of women in the armed forces and in the variety of women’s 55
assignments, but probably not the dramatic gains for women that might have been expected. This is so even though the armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work. The difficulty is that women are unlikely to be trained for any direct combat operations. A significant portion of the larger society remains uncomfortable as yet with extending equality in this direction. Therefore, for women in the military, the search for equality will still be based on functional equivalence, not identity or even similarity of task. Opportunities seem certain to arise. The growing emphasis on deterrence is bound to offer increasing scope for women to become involved in novel types of noncombat military assignments. 1.Which sentence is an incorrect one? a) the recent change to all voluntary armed forces in US will produce a gradual increase in the proportion of women. b) The difficulty is that women are likely to be trained for any direct combat operation. c) Opportunities seem certain to arise d) The difficulty is that women are unlikely to be trained for any direct combat operation 2.A suitable title for the passage might be a) Current status of women in US military b) Current status of women in US navy. c) Current status of women in US airforce. d) Current status of women in US teaching service. 3.According to the passage, despite the United States armed forces’ commitment to occupational equality for women in the military, certain other factors preclude women a) being assigned all of the military tasks that are assigned to men b) drawing assignments from a wider range of assignments than before c) having access to positions of responsibility d) receiving equal pay for equal 4.The passage implies which of the following is a factor conducive to a more equitable representation of women in the United States armed forces than has existed in the past? a) The all-volunteer character of the present armed forces. b) The past service records of women who had assignments functionally equivalent to men’s assignments. c) The level of awareness on the part of the larger society of military issues d) An increased decline in the proportion of deterrence oriented non combat assignments. 5.The primary purpose of the passage is to a) Present an overview of the different types of assignments available to women. b) analyze reforms in the new United States all-volunteer armed forces necessitated by the increasing number of women in the military c) present the new United States all-volunteer armed forces as a model case of equal employment policies in action d) present a reasoned prognosis of the status of women in the new United States all-volunteer armed forces 6.Which of the following is closest in sense to the word ‘novel’ used in the passage? a) new b) prosaic c) dull d) boring 7.It can be inferred from the passage that after the recent change a) some join willingly, some are forced b) everyone joins the military under compulsion c) men are forced, women join willingly d) everyone joins the military willingly 8.The word ‘opportunities’ used in the passage may be replaced by all except a) openings b) failures 56
c) scope d) prospects 9.It can be inferred from the passage that a) the change to all-volunteer armed forces took place many years ago b) opportunities for women in military are certain to decline c) the Government sanctions equal pay for equal work d) the society encourages increased participation of women in direct combat 10.The ‘dramatic gains for women’ and change in the attitude of a ‘significant portion of the larger society’ are logically related to each other in as much as the author puts forward the latter as a) the major reason for absence of the former b) a public response to achievement of the former c) a reason for some of the former being lost again d) a pre condition for any prospect of achieving the former baaad, adbcd
Passage-9 Entrepreneurship is the modern-day philosopher’s stone: a mysterious something that supposedly holds the secret to boosting growth and creating jobs. The G20 countries hold an annual youth-entrepreneurship summit. More than 130 countries celebrate Global Entrepreneurship Week. Business schools offer hugely popular courses on how to become an entrepreneur. Business gurus produce often contradictory guides to entrepreneurship: David Gumpert wrote both “Burn Your Business Plan!”.
But what exactly is entrepreneurship apart from a longer way of saying “enterprise”. And how should governments encourage it. The policy makers are as confused as the gurus. They assume that it must mean new technology; so they try to create new Silicon Valley. Or that it is about small businesses; so they focus on fostering start-ups. Both assumptions are misleading.
Silicon Valley has certainly been the capital of technology-based entrepreneurship in recent decades. But you do not need to be a geek to be an entrepreneur. George Mitchell, the Texas oilman who pioneered fracking, did as much to change the world as anybody in the Valley. Nor do you need to be a conventional innovator. Miguel Davila and his colleagues built a huge business by importing the American multiplex cinema into Mexico. Their only innovation, says Mr Davila, “was putting lime juice and chili sauce on the popcorn instead of butter.”
Equally, there is a world of difference between the typical small-business owner (who dreams of opening another shop) and the true entrepreneur (who dreams of changing an entire industry). Jim McCann, the creator of 1-800-flowers. com, is an entrepreneur rather than just a florist because, when he opened his first shop in 1976, he looked at the business “with McDonald’s eyes”, as he put it, and labored for years to build the world’s biggest flower-delivery business.
These misconceptions matter because they produce lousy policies. The world is littered with high-tech enclaves that fail to flourish. Malaysia’s biotech valley has been nicknamed ”Valley of the BioGhosts”. The world is also full of small- business department that fail to produce many jobs. The Kauffman Foundation, which researches such matters, has shown that the bulk of new jobs come from a tiny sliver of high-growth companies. Daniel Isenberg has spent 30 years spent in the world of entrepreneurship as a (sometimes failed) entrepreneur and venture capitalist as well as an academic (he previously taught at Harvard Business School and is now at nearby Babson college). He has also travelled the world accumulating examples- he is just as interested in Iceland’s generic-drug industry as in Silicon Valley’s giants. In a new book, “Worthless, Impossible and Stupid”, he presents a new definition of entrepreneurship. In essence, entrepreneurs are contrarian value creators. They see economic value where see heaps of nothing. And they see business opportunities where others see only dead ends.
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There are plenty of striking examples of this: Mo Ibrahim, the founder of Celtel, saw the possibility of bringing mobile phones to Sub-Saharan Africa when telecom giants saw only penniless peasants and logistical nightmares. On a trip to Tobago Sean Dimin and his father Michael observed that fishermen were leaving tonnes of fish to rot, so they created a company, Sea to Table, to get the surplus fish to New York restaurants. As a student at Harward Business School, Will Dean noticed that social media were irritating a fashion for extreme sports. So he established a company, Tough Mudder, that charged people to subject themselves to pain and humiliation. Mr. Isenberg emphasizes that successful contrarians also need the self-confidence to defy conventional wisdom (Mr. Dean’s professors told him that he was crazy) and the determination to overcome obstacles (it took the Dimins two years to get the fishermen to change their habits). Indeed some of the entrepreneurs are distinguished more by their ability to achieve the impossible than by the originality of their thinking. TCS is essentially a Pakistani version of FedEx. But to get it going, Khalid Awanhad had to overcome “insuperable” problems such as striking deals with the gangs that controls the haulage industry and sweet-talking the politicians who can shut a new company at the drop of a hat. Mr. Isenberg has two important bits of advice for policymakers who genuinely want to foster entrepreneurship. First, they should remove barriers to entry, and growth, for all sorts of business, rather than seeking to particular types of clusters. Second, they should recognize the importance of profit motive. There has been much fancy talk of “social entrepreneurship”-harnessing enterprises to do good deeds- but in truth the main motivator for entrepreneurs is the chance of making big money. This is what drives people to take huge risks and endure years of hardship. And this is what encourages investors to take a punt on business ideas that, at first sight, look half crazy. Politicians and bureaucrats do not just confuse entrepreneurship with things like-technology, small business- they also fail to recognize that it entails things that set their teeth on edge. Entrepreneurs thrive on inequality: the fabulous wealth they generate in America makes the country more unequal. They also thrive on disruption, which creates losers as well as winners. Joseph Schumpeter once argued that economic progress takes place in “cracks” and “leaps” rather than “infinitesimal small steps” because it is driven by rule breaking entrepreneurs. It might be nice to think that we could have growth and job-creation without a good deal of Schumpeterian cracking. But, alas, some thoughts really are worthless, impossible and stupid.
1. Miguel Davila and his colleagues built a (d) Both C and A huge business by importing the American (e) All A, B and C multiplex cinema into Mexico. Their only 3. What according to Daniel Isenberg is the innovation was new definition of entrepreneurship. a) Putting effort with new ideas and goals a) Entrepreneurs are contrarian value b) Putting lime juice and chili sauce on the creators. popcorn instead of butter. b) Entrepreneurs are those who makes c) To imitate the path of successful efforts to earn. entrepreneurs c) Entrepreneurship is the modern day d) To be a conventional innovator philospher’s stone. e) None of these d) Entrepreneurship is a mix of optimism 2. Which of the following statement (s) is/are and pessimism. true in the context of the given passage. 4. As per the contents in the passage, what are A) The policymakers assume that important bits of advice by Mr. Isenberg for entrepreneurship must mean new policymakers who genuinely want to foster technology and hence they try to create entrepreneurship? new Silicon Valleys. A) Policymakers should remove barriers to B) David Gurmpert has written “How to entry and growth, for all sorts of business. Really Create a Successful Business Plan”. B) Policymakers should recognize the C) The policymakers assume that importance of profit motive. entrepreneurship is about small business. C) Policymakers should focus on social (a) Only A entrepreneurship. (b) Both A and B a) Only A (c) Both B and C b) Only C 58
c) Both A and B c) bet d) Both B and C d) unit of money e) All A, B and C e) punnet 5. What in your opinion should be the most 8. ACCUMULATE appropriate title of this passage? a) amass a) Entrepreneurship is the modern day b) ascertain philosopher’s stone. c) accoutre b) Entrepreneurship is nothing but d) make familiar innovation. e) destroy c) Entrepreneurship and global approach. Choose the word/group of words which is most d) How to become a successful opposite in meaning to the word/group of entrepreneur. words printed in bold as used in the passage. e) None of these 9. HARNESS 6. Who among the following is the writer of a) use the book “Worthless, Impossible and b) control Stupid”? c) let go in vain a) David Gumpert d) hark b) Daniel Isenberg e) harass c) Joseph Schumpeter 10. CONVENTIONAL d) Tough Mudder a) traditional e) Sean Dimin b) unconventional Choose the word/group of words which is most c) additional similar in meaning to the word/group of words d) controllable printed in bold as used in the passage. e) modern 7. PUNT a) a shallow boat beaca, bcabc b) kick
Passage-10 Until 540 million years ago it is believed, sponges and other simple creatures had the planet largely to themselves, but within a few million years, the animal kingdom became much more varied- similar to what is now happening in the digital realm-an entrepreneurial explosion. Software is eating the world. Digital startups are bubbling up in an astonishing variety of services and products, penetrating every nook and cranny of the economy, reshaping entire industries and even changing the very notion of the firm; giving rise to a global movement. Most big cities now have a sizeable startup colony (ecosystem) and between them are home to hundreds of startup schools (accelerators). All these ecosystems are highly interconnected which explains why internet entrepreneurs are a global crowd. The tendency to think “Here we go again yet another dotcom bubble that is bound to pop!”. Indeed many new offerings are simply iterations on existing ones. The danger is that once again too much money is being pumped into start-ups. When things popped last time, it took ten years to reset the psychology. And even without another Internet bust, more than 90 percent of start-ups will crash and burn. But this time is also different. Today’s entrepreneurial boom is based on more solid foundations than the 1990s internet bubble, which makes it more likely to continue for the foreseeable future. Today the basic building blocks for digital services and products-technologies of start-up production have become so evolved, cheap and ubiquitous that they can be easily combined and recombined. Some of these building blocks are snippets of code that can be copied free from the internet, along with easy to learn programming frameworks, others are services for finding developers sharing code and testing usability. Yet others are application programming interfaces digital plugs that are multiplying rapidly. They allow one sentence to use another for instance voice calls, maps and payments.
The most important are ‘platforms’ services that host ‘startups’ offerings and market them, and then there is the internet, the mother of all platforms, which is now fast, universal and wireless. Startups are all thought of as experiments on top of such platforms, testing automated in business and other walks of life. Some will work out, many will not. Through this “combinational innovation” start-ups are 59
doing what humans hpve always done; apply known techniques to new problems. Technology has fuelled the entrepreneurial explosion in other ways too. Thanks to the web, information about how to establish and run startup has become more accessible and more uniform. Global standards are emerging for all things ‘startup’, from programming tools to term sheets for investments, dress code and vocabulary, making it easy for entrepreneurs and developers to move around the world. Economic and social shifts have provided added momentum for startups. The prolonged economic crisis that began in 2008 has caused many millenials- people born since the early 1980- to abandon hope of finding a conventional sense for them to strike out on their own. According to a survey of people aged between 18 and 30 in 27 countries, more than two thirds see opportunities in becoming an entrepreneur, signaling a cultural shift. Start-ups run on hype, things are always ‘awesome’ and people ‘overexcited’ but failure can be devastating. Being an entrepreneur often mean having no private life, getting little sleep which may be one reason why fewer women are interested. More ominously, start-ups today offers a preview of how large swathes of the economy was organized tomorrow. This pattern is already emerging in such sectors as banking telecommunications, electricity which governments are increasingly supporting.
11. Which of the following is author’s main objective in writing the passage. a) To outline the difficulties in launching start-ups and dissuade entrepreneurship b) To enumerate the environmental factors which should be fostered to help entrepreneurship flourish c)To access the explosive growth of start-ups and their significance for the future. (1) Only B and C (2) Only C (3) Only A and B (4) All A, B and C (5) Only A 12. According to the passage, which of the following is an outcome of current environment regarding start-ups. a). Conventions regarding operation of start-ups are being devised. b). Startups are growing too slowly thereby putting the economy at risk. c). Startups are increasingly falling as they lack government funding. d). Fierce competition among start-ups has resulted in a drop of prices and quality of digital services. e). It has resulted in the collapse of political regimes in many countries. 13. Which of the following can be said about combinational innovation. a). People with entrepreneurial spirit and complementary skills come together to create innovative products. b). It is an easy process, requiring little investment and success is guaranteed. c). It is a system of management techniques to provide feedback to startups and help these run efficiently. d). It is a process of identifying needs and using existing means to innovatively address these. e). It helps nurture startups by identifying appropriate accelerators for entrepreneurs. 14. What do the statistics regarding youth reveal. a). Unemployment is rampant and youth are increasingly disillusioned with governments. b). There is a change in mindset towards more unconventional employment opportunities. c). They are keen to attain the huge benefits of start-ups but reluctant to work towards them. d). They do not put stock in conventional formal education but are drawn to setting up startups. e). Other than those given as options. 15. What does the author want to convey through the phrase “software is eating the world”. a). Just as evolution wiped out lower species, technology will wipe out human beings if not deployed judiciously. b). The focus on technology is too much and will create tremendous job losses. c). Software is changing existing dynamics from industries to the way we interact. d). Industries and people have become so dependent on digital power that they are vulnerable to crimes. 60
e). Software poses a threat as huge amount of personal data and information may be misused. 16. Which of the following can be inferred in the context of the passage? a) Digital technology has created endless possibilities for new products and businesses. b) The know-how to set up startups is easily available. c) The spread of startups is being positively viewed by governments. d) Accelerators try to equip entrepreneurs with the capabilities to be successful. e) All the given statements can be inferred in the context of the passage. 17. Choose the word which is most nearly the same in the meaning EVOLVED given in bold as used in the passage. a) Nurtured b) Inclined c) Advanced d) Increased e) Produced 18. Choose the word which is most nearly the opposite in the meaning OMINOUSLY given in bold as used in the passage. a) Inauspiciously b) Favourably c) Understanding d) Worryingly e) Confidently 19. What is the author’s view of the future of the startups? a) He is a wary of startups as these are experimental and not enduring organisations. b) He is reconciled to startups being the way of the future and to the change that will occur. c) He feels the startups are too dependent on feedback and hence doomed to fail. d) He is of the opinion that startups are detrimental to customers’ personal wellbeing. e) Infringement of others’ intellectual property rights will be a huge issue jeopardizing the future of startups. 20. Which of the following is a reason for the reluctance to take up entrepreneurship? a) Vulnerability during economic downturn. b) New difficulty in acquiring mentors. c) Vast financial investments in infrastructure. d) Risks involved and sacrifices to be made. e) Lack of diverse workforce. baaba, ecbba
Passage-11 Gross Domestic Savings (GDS) play a vital role in the growth of a country since it facilitates to provide requisite financial resources to undertake various developmental and welfare programs. A high level of savings helps the economy to progress on a continuous growth path as investment is mainly financed out of the country. GDS is one of the important economic indicators to measure financial regulation and soundness of the country. Absence of required savings rate may lead to external dependence which may jeopardize the interests of the Nation. Saving habit is an in-built culture of the Indian system and it has been growing consistently over the years. The GDS percentage to GDP has shown considerable improvement from 10% in 1950 to 33.70% in 2010, which is one of the highest globally. It is interesting to know that while the share of corporate sector increased from 10% to 24% during 1950 to 2010, the share of public sector has come down to 6% from 18% during the said period. The buoyancy of corporate sector in post reform era could be one of the reasons for increased share of corporates in GDS. While there is increasing trend in saving rate, marginal decline is observed under household sector i.e. 72% to 70%. Notwithstanding the fact that the share of household savings to GDS is showing decline, still this segment is significant contributor to GDS with 70% share Indian households are among the most frugal in the world. However, commensurate capital formation has not been taking place as a lion’s share of household savings are being parked in physical assets compared to financial assets. 61
The pattern of disposition of savings is an important factor in determining how the saved amount is utilized for productive purposes. The proportion of household saving in financial assets determines the channelization of savings for investment in other sectors of the economy. However, the volume of investment of saving in physical assets determines the productivity and generation of income in that sector itself. Post-Independent era witnessed a significant shift in deployment of household savings especially the share of financial assets increased from 26.39% in 1950 to 54.05% in 1990may be on the account of increased bank branch network across the country coupled with improved awareness of investors on various financial / banking products. However, contrast to common expectations, the share of financial assets in total household savings has come down from 54.05% to 50.21% especially in post reform period i.e. 1990 to 2010 despite providing easy access and availability of banking facilities compared to earlier years, The increased share of physical assets over financial assets (around 4%) during the last two decades is a cause of concern requires focused attention to arrest the trend. Traditionally, the Indians are risk-averse and prefer to invest surplus funds in physical assets such as Gold, Silver and Lands. Nevertheless considerable share of savings also flowing to financial assets, which includes, Currency, Bank Deposits, Claims on Government, Contractual Savings, Equities. The composition of household financial savings that the bank deposits (44%) continue to remain the major contributor along with the rise in the Contractual Savings, Claims on Government and Currency. Though there was gradual decline in currency holdings by the households i.e. 13.79% in 1970s to 9.30% in 2007, still the present currency holding level with households appears to be on high side compared to other countries. The primary reasons for higher currency holdings could be absence of banking facilities in majority villages (5.70 lakh villages) as well as hoarding of unaccounted money in the form of cash to circumvent tax laws. Though, cash is treated as financial assets, in reality, a major portion of currency is blocked and become unproductive. Bank deposits seemed to be the preferred choice mainly on account of its inbuilt features such as Safety, Security, and Liquidity. Traditionally, the Household sector has been playing a leading role in the landscape of bank deposits followed by The Government sector. However, the last two decades has witnessed significant shift in ownership of Bank Deposits. While there was improvement in Corporate and Government sectors’ share by 8.30% and 7.20% respectively during the period 1999 to 2009, household sector lost a share of 13.30% in the post reform period. In the post-Independence era, Indian financial system was characterized by poor infrastructure and low level of financial deepening. Savings in physical assets constituted the largest portion of savings compared to the financial assets in the initial years of the planning periods. While rural households were keen on acquiring farm assets constituted consumer durables, gold, jewellery and house property. Despite the fact that the household savings have been gradually moving from physical assets to financial assets over the years, still 49.79% of household savings are wrapped in unproductive physical assets, which is a cause of concern as the share of physical assets to total savings are very high in the recent years compared to emerging economies, This trend needs to be arrested as scarece funds are being diverted into unproductive segments. Of course, investment in Real estate sector can be treated as productive provided construction activity is commenced within reasonable note that many investors just buy and hold it for speculation leading to unproductive investment. India has probably the largest fascination with gold than any other country in the world with a share of 9.50% of the world’s total gold holdings. The World Gold Council believes that they are over 18000 tonnes of gold holding in the country. More impressive is the fact that current demand from India alone consumes 25% of the world’s annual gold output. Large amount of capital is blocked in gold which resides in bank lockers and remain unproductive. Indian economy would grow faster if the capital markets could attract more of the nation’s savings and channel them into more productive areas, especially infrastructure, If the Indian market can develop and evolve into a more mature financial system, which persuades the middle class to put more of its money into equities, the potential is mind-boggling.
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1. Which of the following is/are true in the 4. Which of the following are the primary context of the passage? reasons, cited in the passages, for higher a) The GDS percentage to GDP has shown currency holdings? considerable improvement from 10% in a) It is due to large banking network that 1950 to 33.7% in 2010, which is one of the stashes money. highest globally. b) It is due to absence of banking facilities in b) The saving rate however shows an majority of villages and tendency to increasing trend, marginal decline is circumvent tax laws for unaccounted observed under household sector. money. c) The share of financial assets in total c) People don’t believe in banks and fear household savings have come down from that government may take their money. 54.05% to 50.21% especially in post reform d) There is lack of awareness among people era. about savings in banks. a) Only a e) None of these b) Only a and b 5. Despite the fact that the household savings c) Only c and b have been gradually moving from physical d) All a, b and c assets to financial assets over the years. e) None of these What percentage of household savings is wrapped in unproductive physical assets? 2. Post-Independence era has witnessed a a) 45% b) 46.79% c) 58% significant shift in deploying of household d) 49.79% e) None of these savings especially the share of financial 6. Which of the following should be a suitable assets increased to 50.05% in 1990. Which title of the passages? of the following is/are supposed to be prime a) Importance of Gross Domestic savings cause of this shift? b) Growth of Indian Economy a) It is due to bank branch network across c) Fascination for Gold the country. d) Physical assets versus financial assets b) Government has made arrangements to e) None of these aware the people. Choose the word/group of words which is most c) It is due to increase in bank branch nearly the same in meaning to the word/group network and awareness among investors on of words printed in bold various banking products. 7. Contractual d) Indian economy is growing at 8% and a) promising people are saving more than earlier b) agreeing e) None of these c) promissory d) agreeable 3. India has probably the largest fascination e) concord with gold than any other country in the 8. Commensurate world. Which of the following is incorrect in a) matching regard to this fascination as mentioned in b) commensal the passages? c) commemorative a) India share 9.50% of the total gold d) unmatching holdings e) comfortable b) According to the World Gold Council Choose the word/group of words which is most estimates, there are over 18000 tonnes of opposite in meaning to the word/group of gold holding in India. words printed in bold c) The current demand from India alone 9. Jeopardize consumes 25% of the world’s annual gold a) severe output. b) endanger d) A small amount of capital is blocked in c) saddle gold in banks but is however productive. d) safeguard e) None of these e) saturate 10. Mind-boggling a) conscious 63
b) inclined e) unsurprising c) very difficult dcdbd, acade d) surprising
Passage-12 For more than three years, Anna Feng didn’t tell her husband that they had sunk nearly half of their savings into the Shanghai stock market. While he thought all their money was safely sitting in bank, the value of the stocks plunged by almost 75%. But over the past couple of months market has shown signs of life, and Feng, a 56-year old retiree, has recoupled half her losses. She’s quality hopeful that maybe she’ll make it all back. “Everyone seems to be so optimistic about the markets now,” she says.
Around the world, stocks have been on a tear. In Asia, for example, The Tokyo TOPIX stock index hit a 14-year hot last week as a bull run in once-dormant Japan gathered momentum; Mumbai main equity index hit an all time high in trading early Friday amid India’s continuing economic boom; and Hong Kong shares reached five- year high while indices in Singapore, Jakarta and Sydney set new records. And though stocks in Asia, in particular are on fire, they are not alone. From Germany to Venezuela to South Africa, equity markets in both mature and emerging markets have moved up sharply this year-and show little sign of slowing.
The underpinning for stocks’ strong performance, global bulls say, is straightforward. Economic growth continues to be strong in places where it has been buoyant for several years (the US, China and India) and is finally picking up in place where it had been notably absent- Japan and parts of “old” Europe. Moreover, earnings and corporate balance sheets around the world are as healthy as they have been in years. In Japan, corporate profits have climbed for four straight years and consumer spending is rising briskly on the back of declining unemployment. Economists say that Japan is now in a golden cycle. So, for now, is much of the world. “It comes down to very simple macroeconomics,” says Subir Gokam, an economist at CRISIL, India’s largest credit-rating firm. “The global economy is growing without much inflationary pressure.”
Is anything wrong with this picture. One very big thing, warn the sceptics. Interest rates are rising nearly everywhere, and if there is one simple adage that many investment advisers live by, it’s this: “When rates are high, stocks will die.” Indeed, one of the most impressive-or scariest aspects of the current global bull run is that it has come in the teeth of central-bank tightening, most importantly by the US Federal reserve, which could slow growth in the world’s key economic locomotive. The Fed has increased a key short term interest rate-the so called Fed funds rate-15times dating back to June 2004, and is widely expected to raise it once or twice over the next few months. A brief-recession and the September 11 terrorist attack in 2001 spurred a prolonged period of very low interest rates. That boosted US consumption-in Particular the rate-sensitive housing market-and kept the global economy humming. Not long term rates are now beginning to tick upward: last week the US 30year treasury bond reached 5.04%, its highest level since late 2004, and the housing market is cooling off- potentially triggering an economic slowdown as homeowners cut their spending.
1. According to the passage, what makes A) Demand in housing market is gradually people hopeful about the markets. diminishing. a) The descent in the value of stocks. B) Retardation in economic growth. b) The trend of substantial increase in the C) Restrictions imposed by central bank. value of stocks. (a) A only c) Safety provided by banks to their (b) B only deposits. (c) C only d) Optimism of the stock market players. (d) A and C only e) The interest rates are going up. (e) All A, B and C 2. What is the impact of increasing long-term 3. Which of the following is TRUE about the interest rates? comparison between market indices of
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Mumbai and Hong Kong on one hand and d) Dependent upon the investors Singapore, Jakarta and Sydney on the other. e) None of the given options is true a) The indices in the former case are 7. Which of the following is most nearly the increasing while those in the latter are opposite in meaning to the word ‘BRISKLY’ decreasing. given in bold as used in the passage. b) There is no remarkable trend visible a) Vigorously between the two sets of indices. b) Efficiently c) Indices in both the groups have been c) Hurriedly stable over a period of last five years. d) Insignificantly d) The market in both the groups of e) Slowly countries have shown upward trend. 8. Which of the following is most nearly the e) None of the given options is true. same in meaning to the word ‘skeptic’ given 4. Which of the following statements is/are in bold as used in the passage. False in the context of the passage? a) Disbeliever A) Economic growth in US, China, India, b) Orthodox Japan and Old European countries started c) Theist to show a downward trend. d) Philosopher B) Higher interest rates help boost stock e) Analyst value. 9. In what way did the terrorist attacks in the C) Skeptics believe that economic growth is US influence the markets. a boom from all the angles. a) It led to a brief recession. (a) All A, B and C b) It increased long-term need for housing. (b) A and B only c) It helped increased the growth rates on (c) B and C only housing. (d) A and C only d) It prolonged the low interest rate regime (e) None of the given options is true e) None of the given options is true 5. According to the context of the passage, the 10. How do the stock values in Asian countries spurt in stock markets appears to be compare with that in the other countries of a) A healthy sign or growing world peace the globe? b) An indication of eradication of global a) It cannot be inferred on the basis of the poverty content of the passage. c) A proof of a negligible number of people b) There is a general decline in the market below poverty line indices all over the globe. d) A transition from under development to c) Markets show a general rise in the indices enrichment. all over the globe. e) None of the given options is true d) Markets only in Asian countries have 6. How are the interest rates associated with shown upward trend. the stocks? e) None of the given options is true. a) In direct proportion b) In inverse proportion dedee, ceaac c) No relation Passage-13 There are various sectors in India that are to be assessed for their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The total population is over 1 billion which will increase to 1.46 billion by 2035 to cross China. The huge population will result in higher unemployment and deterioration of quality. Literacy, in India is yet another factor to be discussed. According to 1991 census, 64.8% of population was illiterate. The major downtrend of education is due to child labour which has spread all over India and this should be totally eradicated by way of surveillance and a good educational system implemented properly by the Government. Pollution is one more threat to the environment and for the country’s prospects. This has been experienced more in urban areas mainly in metropolitan cities. The water pollution by the sewage seepage into the ground water and improper maintenance will lead to various diseases which in turn will
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affect the next generation. In most of the cities there is no proper sewage disposal. The Government has to take effective steps to control population which, in turn, will minimize the pollution. Poverty questions the entire strength of India’s political view and minimize the energetic way of approach. The shortfall of rains, enormous floods, unexpected famine, drought, earthquake and the recent tsunami hit the country in a negative way. The proactive approach through effective research and analytical study helps us to determine the effects in advance. Proper allocation of funds is a prerequisite. In developed countries like U.S., Japan precautionary methods are adopted to overcome this, but it has to be improved a lot in our systems. Increased population is one of the major reasons for poverty and the government is unable to allocate funds for basic needs to the society. India has nearly 400 million people living below poverty line and 90% of active population is in informal economy. The children are forced to work due to their poverty and differential caste system. They work in match industry for daily wages, as servants, mechanic, stone breakers, agricultural workers etc. To prevent child labour, existing laws which favour the Anti Child Labour Act should be implemented by Government vigorously. Most population results in cheap cost by virtue of the demand supply concept. Most of the foreign countries try to utilize this factor by outsourcing their businesses in India with a very low capital. According to U.S., India is a “knowledge pool” with cheap labour. The major advantage is our communication and technical skill which is adaptable to any environment. The cutting edge skill in IT of our professionals helps the outsourcing companies to commensurate with the needs of the customers in a short span. The major competition for India are China and Philippines and by the way of an effective communication and expert technical ability, Indians are ahead of the race. The major metropolitan states are targeting the outsourcing field vigorously by giving various amenities to the outsourcing companies like tax concession, allotting land etc., to start their business in its cities without any hurdles. Thereby most of the MNC’s prefer India as their destination and capitalize the resources to maximize their assets. Infrastructure is another key factor for an outsourcing company to start a business in a particular city. It includes road, rail, ports, power and water. The increased input in infrastructure in India is very limited where Chinas record is excellent. India in earlier days gave more importance to the development of industry and less importance to other departments. But the scenario has quite changed now-a-days by allocating a special budget of funds for security. This is because of the frightening increase in terrorism all around the world especially emerging after the 9/11 terror attack in U.S. In the last ten years, budget towards the development of military forces is higher when compared to others. It shows that the threat from our neighbouring countries is escalating. India has to concentrate more on this security factor to wipe out the problem in the way of cross-border terrorism. Making India a developed country in 2020 is not an easy task. India has to keep I check a variety of factors in order to progress rapidly. To quote China as an example is that they demolished an old building to construct a very big port to meet future demands, but India is still waiting for things to happen. The profits gained by India through various sectors are to be spent for the development and welfare of the country. India’s vision for a brighter path will come true not only by mere words or speech, but extra effort is needed at all levels to overcome the pitfalls. 1. Which of the following according to the a) To improve security in order to counter author, is/are a result(s) of increased increasing terrorism population in India? b) As the security in India over the past ten A) Pollution years was grossly inadequate B) Poverty c) As the U.S. too has strengthened its C) Unemployment military forces after the 9/11 attack a) Only A d) As the industry is developed enough and b) Only A and B is not in needs of any more funds c) Only B e) None of these d) Only A and C 3. What is the author’s main objective in e) All A, B and C writing this passage? 2. Why, according to the author, has the a) To exhort the Government to garner Indian Government allotted more funds to support from its neighbouring countries strengthen the military forces? 66
b) To suggest to the Government to follow c) Only a and b China’s example blindly thereby bringing d) Only a and c about rapid development e) None of these c) To highlight the plight of the poor 7. Which of the following, according to the d) To discuss the problems of child labour author, is a result of poverty in India? and suggest suitable remedies a) Lack of a robust security system e) To bring forth the problems associated b) Child labour and the resulting dearth of with the India’s development and to suggest educated youth measures to counter them c) Floods, famines and other calamities 4. Why according to author, is India one of the d) Rapid increase in population favourite destinations for investment by e) None of these outsourcing companies? 8. How according to the author can the effects a) Shorter response time for clients of floods, famines, drought, etc be b) Better technical skills minimized? c) Availability of cheap labour a) By limiting pollution thereby reducing the a) Only c chances of such events taking place b) All a, b and c b) By educating the children about the ill c) Only b and c effect of such calamities who in turn will d) Only a and b help during the time of need e) Only a c) By following the U.S system of providing 5. Which of the following is/are true in the relief to its citizens context of the passage? d) By allocating proper funds for research a) India leads the way in the amount which can predict the outcome of such invested in the development of calamities and thus design relief measures infrastructure e) None of these b) Political system in India is not influenced Choose the word/group of words which is most by poverty similar in meaning to the word/group of words c) Indian population would increase by printed in bold as used in the passage. approximately 50 percent in the next 9. SURVEILLANCE twenty five years a) Spying a) Only a and b b) Cameras b) Only b c) Security c) Only c d) Observation d) Only b and c e) Alertness e) All a, b and c 10. PREREGUISITE 6. Which of the following is/are the facility(ies) a) Result available to MNCs investing in India? b) Association a) Easy availability of land c) Necessity b) Better infrastructure than China d) Factor c) Tax Concessions e) mystery a) Only c eaebc, dbddc b) All a, b and c
Passage-14 The past quarter of a century has seen several bursts of selling by the world’s governments, mostly but not always in benign market conditions. Those in the OECD, a rich country club, divested plenty of stuff in the 20 years before the global financial crisis. The first privatization wave, which built up from the mid-1980s and peaked in 2000, was largely European. The drive to cut state intervention under Margaret Thatcher in Britain soon spread to the continent. The movement gathered pace after 1991, when Eastern Europe put thousands of rusting state- owned enterprises (SOEs) on the block. A second wave came in the mid-2000s, as European economies sought to cash in on buoyant markets. But activity in OECD countries slowed sharply as the financial crisis began. In fact, it reversed. Bail-outs of failing banks and companies have contributed to a dramatic increase in government purchases of corporate equity during the past five years. A more lasting feature is the expansion of the 67
state capitalism practiced by China and other emerging economic powers. Governments have actually bought more equity than they have sold in most years since 2007, though sales far exceeded purchases in 2013. Today privatization is once again “alive and well”, says William Megginson of the Price College of Business at the University of Oklahoma. According to a global tally he recently completed, 2012 was the third-best year ever, and preliminary evidence suggests that 2013 may have been better. However, the geography of sell-offs has changed, with emerging markets now to the fore. China, for instance, has been selling minority stakes in banking, energy, engineering and broadcasting. Brazil is selling airports to help finance a $20 billion investment programme. Eleven of the 20 largest IPOs between 2005 and 2013 were sales of minority stakes by SOEs, mostly in developing countries. By contrast, state-owned assets are now “the forgotten side of the balance-sheet” in many advanced partner of whetstone Solutions, an adviser to governments on assets restructuring. They shouldn’t be. Governments of OECD countries still oversee vast piles of assets, from banks and utilities to buildings, lands and the riches beneath. Selling some of these holdings could work wonders: reduce debt, finance infrastructure, boost economic efficiency. But government often barely grasps the value locked up in them. The picture is clearest for companies or company like entities held by central government. According to data compiled by the OECD and published on its website, its 34 member countries had 2,111 fully or majority-owned SOEs, with 5.9m employees, at the end of 2012. Their combined value (allowing for some but not all pension-fund liabilities) is estimated at $2.2 trillion, roughly by same size as the global hedge- fund industry. Most are in network industries such as telecom, electricity and transport. In addition, many countries have large minority stakes in listed firms. Those in which they hold a stake of between 10% and 50% have a combined market value of $890 billion and employ 2.9m people. The data are far from perfect. The quality of reporting varies widely, as do definitions of what counts as a state-owned company: most include only central government holdings. If all assets held at sub-national level, such as local water companies, were included, the total value could be more than $4 trillion, reckons Hans Christiansen, an OECD economist. Moreover, his team has had to extrapolate because some OECD members, including America and Japan, provide patchy data. America is apparently so queasy about discussions of public ownership of commercial assets that the Treasury takes no part in the OECD’s working group on the issue, even though it has vast holdings, from Amtrak and the 520,000 employee Postal Service to power generators and airports. The club’s efforts to calculate the value that SOEs add to, or subtract from, economies were abandoned after several countries, including America, refused to co-operate. Privatisation has begun picking up again recently in the OECD for a variety of reasons. Britain’s Conservative led coalition is focused on (some would say obsessed with) reducing the public debt-to- GDP ratio. Having recently sold the Royal Mail through a public offering, it is hoping to offload other assets, including its stake in URENCO, a uranium enricher and its student-loan portfolio. From January 8th, under a new Treasury scheme, members of the public and businesses will be allowed to buy government land and buildings on the open market. A website will shortly be set up to help potential buyers see which bits of the government’s $337 billion worth of holdings ($527 billion today’s rate, accounting for 40% of developable sites round Britain) might be surplus. The government said the chief treasury secretary, Danny Alexander, “should not act as some kind of compulsive hoarder”. Japan has different reasons to revive sell-offs, such as to finance reconstruction after its devastating earthquakes and tsunami in 2011. Eyes are once again turning to Japan Post, a giant postal- to-financial-services conglomerate whose oft-postponed partial sale could at last happen in 2015 and raise{Yen} 4 trillion ($40 billion) or more. Australia wants to sell financial, postal and aviation assets to offset the fall in revenues caused by the commodities slowdown. In almost all the countries of Europe, privatization is likely “to surprise on the upside” as long as markets continue to mend, reckons Mr. Megginson. Mr. Christiansen expects to three main areas of activity in coming years. First will be the resumption of partial sell-offs in industries such as telecoms, transport and utilities. Many residual stakes in partly privatized firms could be sold down further. France for instance, still has hefty stakes in GDF SUEZ, Renault, Thales and Orange. The government of Francois
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Hollande may be ideologically opposed to privatization, but it is hoping to reduce industrial stakes to raise funds for livelier sectors, such as broadband and health. The second area of growth should be in Eastern Europe, where hundreds of large firms, including manufacturers, remain in state hands. Poland will sell down its stakes in listed firms to make up for an expected reduction in EU structural funds. And the third area is the reprivatisation of financial institutions rescued during the crisis. This process is under way: the largest privatization in 2012 was the $18 billion offering of America’s residual stake in AIG, an insurance company.
1. Which of the following statement is not true 4. Which of the following statement is not true in the context of the given passages? in the context of the given passages? a) The first privatization way which built up a) Japan has to revive sell-offs such as to from the mid-1980s was largely European. finance reconstruction after tsunami in b) Governments have actually bought more 2011 equity than they sold in most years since b) China has been selling minority stakes in 2007, though sales far exceeded purchases banking, energy, engineering and in 2013. broadcasting c) Today privatization is once again “alive c) A second-wave of privatization came in and well”, says Dag Detter. the mid-2000s on OECD, as European d) Brazil is selling airports to help finance a economies sought to cash on buoyant $ 20 billion investment programme. markets. e) None of these d) Australia is to sell financial postal and 2. Which of the following statement is true in aviation assets to offset the fall in revenues regard to the data compiled by the OECD? caused by the commodities slow down a) The 34 member countries of OECD had e) All are correct 2111 fully or majority owned state-owned 5. What should be the most appropriate title enterprises (SOEs) of the passage? b) In these SOEs there were 5.9 million a) Dawn of Re-privatization in OECD employees at the end of 2012. b) Gloomy Face of World Economy c) The combined value of these SOEs is c) Growing Economy of China estimated at $ 2.2 trillion, roughly the same d) Global Economy slowdown size as the global hedge-fund industry. e) None of these a) Only a 6. In almost all the countries of Europe, b) Both b and c privatization is to surprise, As expected by c) Both b and a Mr. Christiansen, Which of the following d) Both a and c is/are to be main areas of activity? e) All three a, b and c a) Resumption of partial sell-offs in 3. Privatisation has begun picking up again industries such as telecoms, transport and recently in the OECD for a variety of utilities. reasons, which of the following statement b) The other area of growth should be in does not support the above mentioned Eastern Europe view? c) The other area is the reprivatisation of a) Britain’s conservative-led coalition is financial institutions rescued during the focused on reducing the public debt to GDP crisis ratio. a) Both a and b b) Britain is to off-load other assets such as b) Both b and c its stake in URENCO, uranium enricher and c) Only a its student-loan portfolio. d) Only c c) A website will shortly be set to help e) All three a, b and c potential buyers. d) Under a new Treasury scheme, members Choose the word/group of words which is most of the public and businesses will be allowed similar in meaning to the word/group of words to buy government land and buildings on printed in bold as used in the passages the open market. 7. Buoyant e) None of these a) Increasing b) floating 69
c) sinking d) buzzing e) erratic 9. Benign a) Kind b) gentle 8. Revive c) malevolent d) makeover a) Review b) make e) bequeathed c) start again d) revile 10. Offload e) rewind a) Get rid of b) online Choose the word/group of words which is most c) offering d) conserve opposite in meaning to the word/group of e) deserve words printed in bold as used in the passages cacbd
Passage-15 The Wright brothers did not have to look far for ideas when building their airplane, they studied birds. The act of copying from nature to address a design problem is not new, but over the last decade the practice has moved from obscure scientific journals to the mainstream. The term ‘biomimicry’, popularized by American natural-sciences writer Janine Benyus in the late 1990s, refers to innovation that take their inspiration from flora and fauna. Biomimicry advocates argue that with 3.8 billion years of research and development, evolution has already solved many of the challenges humans now encounter. Although we often see nature as something we mine for resources, biomimicry views nature as a mentor. From all around the globe, there are countless instances where natural sources have serve as inspiration for inventions that promise to transform every sector of society. One such instance occurred in 1941 when Swiss engineer, George de Mestral was out hunting with his dog one day when he noticed sticky burrs, with their hundreds tiny hooks, had attached themselves to his pants and his dog’s fur. These were his inspiration for Velcro.
1.The airplane was inspired by 4.What has helped solve many of the challenges a) animals encountered by man? b) plants a) biomimicry c) birds b) evolution d) flies c) innovation 2.Biomimicry refers to designs that d) invention a) are inspired by natural things 5.The two instances of biomimicry mentioned in b) transformed society the passage are c) are based on scientific engineering a) flora and fauna d) arise out of man’s creativity b) birds and burrs 3.Biomimicry views the natural world as a c) copying and innovating a) mine for resources d) airplane and Velcro b) mine field of ideas c) mentor cacbd d) source of inspiration
Passage-16 The world’s largest living organism is not the blue whale-which still is the world’s largest living animal-but Australia’s prime living animals and ‘prime tourist attraction. Sadly, size notwithstanding, it is slowly succumbing to the Killer ‘white syndrome’, a bleaching disease which has invaded 33 of its 48 reefs. Otherwise brilliantly multicoloured and teeming with a Kaleidoscope of life, the affected reefs have acquired a deathly white pallor, the result of dying tissues. The bleaching of the reef happened following the recording of the warmest ever sea water temperature in the area here. Scientists fear that the naturally gorgeous reef-are endangered and the as yet undiscovered animal and plant species would soon suffer irreplaceable damage. This is only because of the rising of water temperature.
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1.Which of the following statements is not true? 2) kaleidoscopic hues a) The Great Barrier Reef is not the world’s 3) brilliant blue colour like the whale largest living mammal 4) sickly white pallor b) The Blue whale is dying of ‘white 4.Scientists main worry is that syndrome’ 1) there will be a fall in tourism with the c) The ‘white syndrome’ is a new reefs gone bleaching disease 2) the bleaching will make the water d) The Great Barrier Reef is the world’s warmer largest living organism 3) other endangered and undiscovered 2.33 out of Australia’s 48 reefs have succumbed flora and fauna will also be damaged to 4) future research on ‘white syndrome’ 1) the impact of the Blue whale will stop 2) the impact of tourism 5.The meaning of ‘succumbing’ is 3) the destructive impact of ‘white 1) giving way to an underground passage syndrome’ 2) giving way to something powerful 4) the bleaching disease affecting the 3) following order whales 4) coming in the way of 3.The dying reefs acquired a 1) brilliant and multicolour bcdcb
Passage-17 At low tide he walked over the sands to the headland and round the corner to the little bay facing the open sea. If was inaccessible by boat, because seams of rock jutted out and currents swirled round them treacherously. But you could walk there if you chose one of the lowest ebb tides that receded a very long way. You could not linger on the expedition, for once the tide was on the turn, it came in rapidly. For this reason very few people cared to explore the little bay fresh and unlittered, as it was completely covered by the sea at high tide. The cave inviting, looked mysteriously dark, cool and inviting, and he penetrated to the farthest corner where he discovered a wide crack, rather like a chimney. He peered up and thought he could see a patch of daylight. 1. 2.According to the writer, the bay could not be d) the water rushed with great force reached by boat because 4. While passing through the cave, the writer a) it had numerous number of rocks discovered a b) there were too many ebbs a) large opening c) it was facing the open sea b) chimney-shaped rock d) there were seams of rock and c) cool and secluded corner treacherously swirling currents d) big crack through which light came in 2. One could visit the bay 5. He found the bay ‘fresh and unlittered’ a) at any time one chose because b) when there was low tide a) the sea water had receded c) on certain occasions b) he was the first visitor there d) during the evenings c) the high tide had just washed the litter 3. It was not possible to ‘linger on the away expedition’ because d) it was not frequented by people a) the tide turned sprightly b) the tide turned at once dbadc c) the water rose rapidly
Passage-18 We all know that Eskimos have 50 different words for ‘snow’. Or is it 500? Anyway, an awful lot. It is one of those interesting little facts that says something about the amazing ingenuity of humans. Whereas we see snow, the Eskimos perceive an endlessly varying realm of white textures and possibilities. Except that is not true. Talk to the average Eskimo and you’ll find he has about the same number of words for snow as we do. I discovered this when I took a sledge-dog team through the 71
Russian Arctic and asked the locals. And it gets worse: the Eskimo-Inuit do not live in igloos. They do not even rub their noses together Hearing this I began wondering what other myths surround the world’s far flung places. Shelters made out of snow are indeed constructed and fashioned from snowy bricks, just as we like to imagine. Except the Eskimo-Inuit rarely lived in them for long periods and disappointingly, the elders that I met had never heard of them. In truth, these are coastal peoples who traditionally foraged for driftwood, whalebones, stones and turf to construct their camps, saving snow-houses for hunting excursions or migrations. Chameleons also attract numerous myths. While many of them change colour, this is often less to do with camouflage and more to do with their mood and temperature. A chameleon might, if too cold, turn a darker shade to absorb more heat. Or it might turn a lighter colour to reflect the sun and so cool down. Moreover, chameleons often change colour as a signaling device-some such as the panther chameleon, transform into a vivid orange to scare off predators, while others flash bright colours to attract a mate. The brighter the colour a mate is able to display, the more dominant. The brighter the colour a mate is able to display, the more dominant. Thus the act of standing out can be more important than that of blending in.
1. The author was surprised by the fact that d) protection a) Eskimos have 500 words for ‘snow’ 4. A chameleon warms itself by b) the ingenuity of humans a) residing in bright areas c) the Eskimo-Inuit do not live in igloos b) turning a darker colour to absorb more d) the Eskimo-Inuit rub their noses together heat 2. The author discovered that c) matching its colour with the environment a) igloos are not fashioned from snowy d) adjusting its body temperature with that bricks of the environment b) only the Eskimo-Inuit elders live in igloos 5. A male chameleon is believed to be more c) snow houses are reserved for hunting dominant if migrations a) he has the colours of the panther d) the coastal people foraged for fire-wood b) he exhibits vivid orange colour 3. The changing colour of a chameleon is more c) if he can blend in with the others to do with d) if he displays flashing bright colour a) camouflage b) mood and temperature ccbbd c) transformation
Passage-19 As my train was not due to leave for another hour, I had plenty of time to spare. After buying some magazines to read on the journey, I made my way to the luggage office to collect the heavy suitcase I had left there three days before. There were only a few people waiting, and I took out my wallet to find the receipt for my case. The receipt did not seem to be where I had left it. I emptied the contents of the wallet, and the railway tickets, money, scraps of paper, and photographs tumbled out of it; but no matter how hard I searched, the receipt was nowhere to be found. I explained the situation sorrowfully to the assistant. The man looked at me suspiciously as if to say he had heard this type of story many times and asked me to describe the case. I told him that it was an old, brown looking object no different from the many suitcases I could see on the shelves. The assistant then gave me form and told me to make a list of the contents of the case. If they were correct, he said, I could take the case away. I tried to remember all the articles I had hurriedly packed and wrote them down. After I had done this, I went to look among the shelves. There were hundreds of cases there and for one dreadful moment, it occurred to me that if someone had picked the receipt up, he could easily have claimed the case already. Fortunately this had not happened, for after a time, I found the case lying on its side high up in the corner. After examining the articles inside, the assistant gave me the case.
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I took out my wallet to pay him. I pulled out a ten shilling note and out slipped my ‘lost’ receipt with it! I could not help blushing. The assistant nodded his head knowingly, as if to say that he had often seen this happen too!!
1. The writer had plenty of time to spare c) nestled with the money in his wallet because d) trapped between the photographs in his a) he had arrived three days before wallet b) he had arrived an hour earlier 7. The writer took out his wallet the first time c) he had to collect his luggage to d) he needed to buy magazines a) buy some magazines 2. The writer needed the receipt b) look for the receipt a) to claim his suitcase c) fill out the form given by the assistant b) to pay at the luggage office d) pay the assistant c) to prove that he had paid at the luggage 8. The assistant asked the writer to make a list office of the contents to d) to prove that he had bought the suitcase a) ascertain his ownership of the case 3. The writer felt foolish because b) test his memory a) he could not find his receipt c) charge him extra money b) he hadn’t really lost his receipt at all d) embarrass the writer c) he had to fill in a form 9. ‘I explained the situation sorrowfully to the d) the assistant eyed him suspiciously assistant’ means 4. There weren’t______people waiting a) the writer found the situation tragic at the luggage office b) he explained the situation to the a) very much assistant who was very sorrowful b) a great deal of c) with great distress the writer explained c) lots of his unfortunate situation to the assistant d) very many d) the assistant found the situation tragic 5. ‘wrote them down’ means 10. In this passage ‘situation’ means a) copied them a) place b) signed them b) event c) made a note of them c) condition d) pointed at them d) position 6. The writer found the receipt a) on the high shelf near the cases babdc, cbacd b) among the contents of his suitcase
Passage-20 Two or three days and nights went by: I reckon I might say they swum by, they slid along so quiet and smooth and lovely. Here is the way we put it in the time. It was a monstrous big river down there sometimes a mile and a half wide: we ran nights, and laid up and hid daytimes: soon as night was most gone we stopped navigating and tied up nearly always in the dead water under a towhead: and then cut young cottonwoods and willows, and hid the raft with them. Then we set out the lines. Next we slid into the river and had a swim, so as to freshen up and cool off; then we set down on the sandy bottom where the water was about knee deep and watched the daylight come. Not a sound anywhere perfectly still – just like the whole world was asleep only sometimes the bullfrogs a cluttering maybe. The first thing to see, looking away over the water was a king of dull line – that was the woods on t’ other side; you couldn’t make nothing else out; then a pale place in the sky; then more paleness spreading around; then the river softened up away off, and wasn’t black any more, but gray; you could see little dark spots drifting along ever so far away – trading scows and such things and long black streaks – rafts; sometimes you could hear a sweep creaking or jumbled up voices, it was so still and sounds come so far and by and by you could see a streak on the water which you know by the look of the streak that there’s a snag there in a swift current which breaks on it and makes that streak look that way.
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1. They stopped navigating 4. The streak on the water looks as it does a) at night because b) at dusk a) the swift current has broken the streak c) at daytime b) the streak has been swept by the swift d) at dawn current to the shore 2. After a swim in the moor they c) of a snag there in the swift current a) set down on the sandy bottom where which breaks on it the water was about ankle deep and d) the streak has been swept by the swift watched the daylight come. current b) set down on the sandy bottom where 5. How did the days and nights go by, the water was about knee deep and according to the writer? watched the daylight come. a) They slid along so quiet and smooth and c) set down on the sandy shore and lovely watched the daylight come b) They slid along so smooth and quietly d) set down on the sandy bottom and c) They slid along so smooth and soft and watched the daylight come. quietly 3. In the stillness of the night d) They slid along so quietly and smooth a) sounds come so far and softly b) the bullfrogs also were asleep c) the whole world was asleep abcca d) a sweep creaking or jumbled up voices could be heard
Passage-21 The wisdom of learning from failure is incontrovertible. Yet organisations that do it well are extraordinarily rare. This gap is not due to a lack of commitment to learning. Managers in the vast majority of enterprises that I have studied over the past 20years – pharmaceutical, financial services, product design, telecommunications, and construction companies; hospitals; and NASA’s space shuttle program, among others-genuinely wanted to help their organisations learn from failures to improve future performance. In some cases they and their teams had devoted many hours to after – time I saw that these painstaking efforts led to no real change. The reason: Those managers were thinking about failure the wrong way. Most executives I’ve talked to believe that failure is bad (of course!). They also believe that learning from it is pretty straightforward: Ask people to reflect on what they did wrong and exhort them to avoid similar mistakes in the future – or, better yet, assign a team to review and write a report on what happened and then distribute it throughout the organization. These widely held beliefs are misguided. First, failure is not always bad. In organizational life it is sometimes bad, sometimes inevitable, and sometimes even good. Second, learning from organizational failures is anything but straightforward. The attitudes and activities required to effectively detect and analyze failures are in short supply in most companies, and the need for context-specific learning strategies is underappreciated. Organisations need new and better ways to go beyond lessons that are superficial (“Procedures weren’t followed”) or self-serving (“The market just wasn’t ready for our great new product”). That means jettisoning old cultural beliefs and stereotypical notions of success and embracing failure’s lessons. Leaders can begin by understanding how the blame game gets in the way. The Blame Game Failure and fault are virtually inseparable in most households, organisations, and cultures. Every child learns at some point that admitting failure means taking the blame. That is why so few organisations have shifted to a culture of psychological safety in which the rewards of learning from failure can be fully realized. Executuves I’ve interviewed in organisations as different as hospitals and investment banks admit to being torn: How can they respond constructively to failures without giving rise to an anything- goes attitude? If people aren’t blamed for failures, what will ensure that they try as hard as possible to do their best work?
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This concern is based on a false dichotomy. In actuality, a culture that makes it safe to admit and report on failure can-and in some organizational contexts must-coexist with high standards for performance. To understand why, look at the exhibit “A Spectrum of Reasons for Failure,” which lists causes ranging from deliberate deviation to thoughtful experimentation. Which of these causes involve blameworthy actions? Deliberate deviance, first on the list, obviously warrants blame, But inattention might not. If it results from a lack of effort, perhaps it’s blameworthy. But if it results from fatigue near the end of an overly long shift, the manager who assigned the shift is more at fault than the employee. As we go down the list, it gets more and more difficult to find blameworthy acts. In fact, a failure resulting from thoughtful experimentation that generates valuable information may actually be praiseworthy. When I ask excutives to consider this spectrum and then to estimate how many of the failures in their organisations are truly blameworthy, their answers are usually in single digits-perhaps 2% to 5%. But when I ask how many are treated as blameworthy, they say (after a pause or a laugh) 70% to 90%. The unfortunate consequence is that many failures go unreported and their lessons are lost. A sophisticated understanding of failure’s causes and contexts will help to avoid the blame game and institute an effective strategy for learning from failure. Although an infinite number of things can go wrong in organisations, mistakes fall into three broad categories: preventable, complexity-related, and intelligent.
1. Which of the following statement(S) is /are true in the context of the given passage? I) Most executives believe that failure is bad and learning from it is pretty straightforward. II) The wisdom of learning from failure is disputable. III) Deliberate deviance, first on the list of the exhibit, “A Spectrum of Reasons for Failure” obviously warrants blame. a) Only I b) Both I and II c) Both II and III d) Both I and III e) All three I, II and III 2. Which of the following statements is not true in the context of the given passage? a) Organizations need new and better ways to go beyond lessons that are superficial or self- serving. b) Leaders can begin by understanding how the blame game gets in the way. c) The writer of this article has studied managers in the vast majority of enterprises over the past 30 years. d) Failure and fault are truly inseparable in most households, organisations and cultures. 3. As opinioned by the writer of this article, although an infinite number of things can go wrong in organisations, mistakes fall into three broad categories. What are these categories? a) Forgetable, preventable and intelligent b) Superficial, preventable and complex c) Precaution related, complexity related and intelligent d) Preventive, complexity-related and intelligent e) None of these 4. Why have so few organisations shifted to a culture of psychological safety in which the rewards of learning from failure can be fully realized? a) Because every child does not learn at some point that admitting failure means taking the blame. b) Because failure and fault are virtually inseparable in most cultures and every child learns at some point that admitting failure means taking the blame. c) Because culture is an important aspect os our life. d) It is easy for executives to blame others and save their heads. e) None of these 5. What in your opinion should be the most appropriate title of this passage? a) Learning from failures b) Failures discourage an executive 75
c) Success is nothing but working hard d) The Blame Game e) None of these
Choose the word/group of words which is most d) uniformity similar in meaning to the word/group of words e) diaeresis printed in bold as used in the passage. 6. Exhort Choose the word/group of words which is most a) urge opposite in meaning to the word/group of b) discourage words printed in bold as used in the passage. c) exclaim 9. Incontrovertible d) exhume a) indisputable e) expect b) disputable c) separable 7. Jettison d) convertible a) regard e) dynamic b) discard c) forgive 10. Overly d) collect a) excessively e) jumble b) abundantly c) overriding 8. Dichotomy d) meagerly a) separation e) substantially b) diagram c) harmony bcdba, ababd
Passage-22 No leader is perfect. The best ones don’t try to be. They concentrate on honing their strengths and find others who can make up for their limitations. We expect lot of our leaders will be Top executives, the thinking goes, should have the intellectual capacity to make sense of unfathomably complex issues, the imaginative powers to paint a vision of the future that generates everyone’s enthusiasm, the operational know – how to translate strategy into concrete plans, and the interpersonal skills to foster commitment to undertakings that could cost people’s jobs should they fail. Unfortunately, no single person can possibly live up to those standards. It’s time to end the myth of the complete leader: the flawless person at the top who’s got it all figured out. In fact, the sooner leaders stop trying to be all things to all people, the better off their organizations will be. In today’s world, the executive’s job is no longer to command and control but to cultivate and coordinate the actions of other at all leaves of the organization. Only when leaders come to see themselves as incomplete-as having both strengths and weaknesses-will they be able to make up for their missing skills by relying on others. Corporations have been becoming less hierarchical and more collaborative for decades, of course, as globalization and the growing importance of knowledge work have required that responsibility and initiative be distributed more widely. Moreover, it is now possible for large groups of people to coordinate their actions, not just by bringing lots of information to a few centralized places but also by bringing lots of places through ever-growing networks within and beyond the firm. The sheer complexity and ambiguity of problems is humbling. More and more decisions are made in the context of global markets and rapidly – sometimes radically – changing financial, social, political, technological and environmental forces. Stakeholders such as activities, regulators, and employees all have claims on organization. No one person could possibly stay on top of everything. But the myth of the complete leader (and the attendant fear of appearing incompetent) makes many executives try to do just that, exhausting themselves and damaging their organisations in the process. The incomplete leader, by contrast, knows when to let go: when to let those who know the local market do the advertising plan or when to let the engineering team run with its idea of what the customer needs. The incomplete leader 76
also knows that leadership exists throughout the organizational hierarchy – whenever expertise, vision new ideas, and commitment are found. We’ve worked with hundreds of people who have struggled under the weight of the myth of the complete leader. Over the past six years, our work at the MIT leadership Centre has included studying leadership in many organisations and teaching the topic to senior executives, middle managers, and MBA students. In our practice – based programs, we have analyzed numerous accounts of organizational change and watched leaders struggle to meld top down strategic initiatives with vibrant ideas from the rest of the organization. All this work has led us to develop a model distributed leadership. This frame work which synthesizes our own research with the ideas from other leadership scholars, views leadership as a set of four capabilities sense making (understanding the context in which a company and its people operate). Relating (building relationships within and across organisations), visioning (creating a compelling picture of future), and inventing (developing new ways to achieve the vision). While somewhat simplified, these capabilities span the intellectual and interpersonal, the rational and intuitive, and the conceptual and creative capacities required in today’s business environment. Rarely, if ever, will someone be equally skilled in all four do mains. Thus, incomplete leaders differ from incompetent leaders in that they understand what they’re good at and what they’re not and have good judgment about how they can work with others to build on their strengths and offset their limitations. Sometimes, leaders need to further develop the capabilities they are weakest in. The exhibits throughout this article provide some suggestions for when and how to do that. Other times, however, it’s more important for leaders to find and work with others to compensate for their weaknesses. Teams and oganisations – not just individuals can use this framework to diagnose their strengths and weak nesses and find ways to balance their skill sets.
1. As mentioned in the passage, a lot of qualities are expected from our leaders. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true in this context? a) Leaders should have the intellectual capacity to make sense of complex issues. b) Leaders should have operational know – how to translate strategy into concrete plans. c) Leaders should have the imaginative powers to paint a vision of the future. d) Leaders should have interpersonal skill to foster commitment. 2. Which of the following statements is not true in the context of the given passage? a) No leader is perfect. b) Corporations have been becoming more hierarchical and less collaborative for decades. c) In today’s world, the executive’s job is no longer to command and control. d) The researchers worked at the MIT leadership centre over the past six years. e) None of these. 3. What should be the most appropriate title of the given passage in your opinion? a) An incomplete leader b) Challenges before a leader c) Role of a chief executive d) None of these 4. Some opinions have been made about an incomplete leader that serves the organisations affirmatively. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true in this regard? I) An incomplete leader knows when to let go: when to let those who know the local market do the advertising plan. II) An incomplete leader knows when to let the engineering team run with its idea of what the customer needs. III) An incomplete leader also knows that leadership exists throughout the organizational hierarchy. a) Only I b) Both I and II c) Both II and III d) Both III and I e) All I, II and III 77
5. The researchers with the idea from other leadership scholars view leadership as a set of four capabilities. Which of the following alternatives mentions them correctly? a) Sense making, relating, visioning and inventing b) Sense making, disciplining, visioning and inventing c) Sense making, unrelating, visioning and inventing d) Decision making, unrelating, visioning and inventing e) None of these
Choose the word/group of words which is most d) relieving similar in meaning to the word/group of words e) relocating printed in bold as used in the passage. Choose the word/group of words which is 6. MELD most/opposite in meaning to the word/group a) Blend of words printed in bold as used in the passage. b) Mend 9. HUMBLE c) Mellow a) make weaker d) Menace b) defeat e) mesh c) subside d) strengthen 7. UNFATHOMABLY e) founder a) understandably 10. FOSTER b) uncomprehensibly a) encourage c) unfortunately b) promote d) merely c) foul e) unfavourably d) focus 8. RELYING e) discourage a) trusting b) needed ebaea, abade c) remaining
Passage-23 In general, before the financial crisis of 2008, the financial sector the world over had been steadily liberalizing. Limits on foreign ownership of banks and on the kinds of transactions they were able to engage in were being lifted. Rich countries were deregulating faster than others. Banks were given greater leeway on how much capital they should hold and how much risk they should take on. But banks the world over, did not maintain adequate capital cushions and balance sheets showed inflated profits. In 1999, America also repealed the Glass Staegall Act- a 1930s Depression era law separating investment and commercial banking-without bothering about the threat to the economy. ‘Restrictions are a sign of backwardness’- But the resulting crisis of 2008 put an end to this belief. Banking supervisors in many developing countries said that tight regulations saved them from getting into trouble. Under the old rules supervisors were simply referees trying to ensure that the game was played fairly. Now regulators have gone from saying ‘tell’ me that all your payment systems work to saying ‘show me how your payment systems work’. Regulators are now tentatively stepping over a long over a long standing divide between enforcing basic rules and playing a part in business decisions. This shift is particularly marked in Britain which once championed ‘light touch regulation’. This pre-crisis behavior is being criticized as surrender to banks or as a self servicing device for attracting financial activity to Britain. In truth it was neither. It was the simple belief that markets are better than governments at allocating services. In America, too, regulators were reluctant to suppress innovation because they felt that “the self interest of lending institutions will be enough to ensure they did not all leap from the same tall building.” In rich countries, enthusiasm for prescriptive supervision depends on the degree of harm suffered during the banking crisis or to the threat from the failing banks to bring down their governments with them. But it is not easy to stop banks from making bad decisions. In the past, regulators left it to the market to judge the health of the banks. But clever, well-paid analysts failed to see the crisis coming. Now central bankers are expected to do a better job. One problem is that the rules 78
and the laws are written with the benefit of hind-sight. The good ideas that may have prevented the last crisis however can make regulators dangerously overconfident about being able to predict and prevent the next one. Also, if regulators underwrite certain strategies that seem safe such as lending to small businesses, they may encourage banks to crowd into those lines of business. If enough banks pile into these markets, downturns in them can affect not just a few banks but the whole system. On the other hand prescriptive supervision can stifle financial innovation and squeeze all appetite for risk out of the banking system. In Japan, a banking crisis that started more than two decades ago still liners on, in part because the country’s bankers have become gun shy and lend to buy government bonds rather than lend money or make foreign investments. Regulators are doing all they can to strike a balance and mitigate these risks.
1. Choose the word which is most nearly the a) These are unnecessary and harmful to SAME in meaning to the word LAST given in banks. bold as used in the passage. b) These are faulty as they encourage risky a) Final financial innovations. b) Continue c) To succeed these should be co- c) First ordinated and uniform across countries. d) Recent d) The measures they prescribe have no e) subsequent loopholes 2. Which of the following is the central idea of e) They have done their best to effectively the passage? regulate. a) Regulators are lazy and shirk their duty 6. Which of the following can be said about of protecting financial systems. ‘light touch regulation’ adopted by Britain? b) Banks should go back to traditional a) It gave Britain’s financial institutions banking and abandon riskier options. very little autonomy. c) Banks in developed countries have b) It forced banks to invest in government destroyed developing economies. bonds. d) Today the task of financial regulation is c) It resulted in banks holding too much tricky capital e) Financial systems have been damaged d) It encouraged financial activity in the beyond repair. country 3. Choose the word which is most nearly the e) It stifled banks appetite for risk. SAME in meaning to the word CROWD 7. Choose the word which is most nearly the given in bold as used in the passage. SAME in meaning to the word LIMITS given a) Multitude in bold as used in the passage. b) Flock a) Caps c) Party b) Rims d) Crew c) Frames e) None of these d) Frontiers 4. Which of the following is/are the possible e) skirts impact(s) of prescriptive supervision? 8. Which of the following is TRUE in the A) Governments are likely to collapse as context of the passage? people are opposed to such measures. a) The financial crisis of 2008 did not B) Many executives are likely to exploit the impact developing countries. system. b) Markets can easily regulate themselves. C) These measures could unintentionally c) Developing economies should not allow prolong a crisis. foreign investment at present, a) Only C d) After the crisis, America’s central bank b) Only B and C has imposed unnecessary regulations. c) Only A and B e) None of the given statements is true in d) All A,B and C the context of the passage. e) Only B 9. Why has the author cited the reference of 5. What is the author’s view of central banks repealing the Gass-Steagall Act? present efforts at regulation? 79
a) To indicate that regulations were e) tenuously relaxed without appreciating the impact 13. Which of the following is/are the on the economy. consequence(s) of the crisis of 2008? b) To criticize the backward restrictions A) Banks have become overconfident in that rich countries imposed on their abilities to regulate themselves. developing countries. B) Regulators have increased vigilance of c) To show that the economy had not financial systems. progressed much since the Depression. C) Economies are careful about foreign d) To illustrate that only America could investment foresee the financial crisis. a) Only A e) To indicate the soundness of America’s b) Only B and C financial system prior to depression. c) Only A and B 10. Which of the following difficulties is faced d) All A, B and C by regulators at present? e) Only A and C a) Banks lack the expertise to comply with 14. Choose the word which is most nearly the norms. OPPOSITE in meaning to the word FAILING b) Tremendous competition between local given in bold as used in the passage. and foreign banks. a) Increasing c) Striking a balance between protecting b) Passing and stifling the economy c) Successful d) Unwillingness of government to bail out d) Depleting failing banks e) important e) Lack of adequate manpower 15. What does the author want to convey 11. Which of the following approaches was through the phrase ‘Under the old rules, adopted by the financial sector of rich world supervisors were simply referees trying to economies prior to the crisis? ensure that the game was played fairly? a) Banks strictly adhere to out-dated laws. a) Regulators did not make mistakes while b) Banks maintained very large capital regulating financial markets. cushions b) Regulators were passive and did not c) They were innovative and took a lot of intervene in the working of financial risks organisations in the past. d) They withdrew investment from c) Regulators were concerned about the traditional banking. health of financial organizations. e) Not clearly mentioned in the passage. d) Regulators used to cross the lone and 12. Choose the word which is most nearly the interfere in financial markets in the OPPOSITE in meaning to the word past. TENTATIVELY given in bold as used in the e) Regulators devised many strict rules passage. without taking into account the needs a) Certainly of financial systems. b) Permanent c) Termly ddbaa, daaac, cabcb d) Slightly
Passage-24 The international definition of water stress is 1000 cubic meters of usable water of usable water per person per year. The average northern Chinese has less than a fifth of that amount. China has 20 percent of the population but only 7 percent of its fresh water. China has built as many large dams as the rest of the world put together. But, while the South of China is a lush, lake-filled region, the north-which has half the population and most of the farm-land is more like a desert and the shortage is worsening. In the 1950s the country had 50000 rivers with catchment areas of 100 square kilometres or more. Today, China has only 23000 as a result of over-exploitation by farm or factories. China was hoping for a shale gas revolution but does not have enough water for it since most of the gas reserves are in the driest parts of the country. The World Bank puts the cost of China’s water problems-mostly damage to health- at 2.3 percent of the year’s GDP. China clearly needs to do something to remedy the situation in the 80
North and has initiated one of the biggest engineering projects the world has never seen-a diversion to move water along 2000 miles of water canals. Aside from the massive cost, the two rivers involved have very different ecosystems and taking water from one to another could do irreparable environmental harm. The parts of the project completed have already killed many organisms. Such projects could also hurt China’s neighbours and all these projects would increase the amount of water in china by only a few percentage points. The Government would do better to focus on demand, reducing consumption of water in order to make better use of limited supplies. Water is too cheap in most cities and such mispricing results in extravagance. Industry recycles too little water, agriculture wastes too much. Higher water prices would raise costs for farms and factories but would be better than spending millions on shipping water around the country. Development plans such as building cities of a million people in the Gobi desert should be rewritten. China should also fine polluters stiffly. China’s engineers have performed amazing feats in the past but the current water problem in the North should also involve economists and environmental regulators in the solution.
1. Which of the following is the central idea of b) China is willing to implement novel the story? solutions to the water crisis despite a) China needs to devote its resources to uprisings. expanding infrastructure. c) China has an abundance of fresh water b) Northern China is experiencing a water resources for its population but these crisis and suggested remedies need to are mismanaged. be rethought. d) The finances generated from shale gas c) China’s efforts to solve its water crisis reserves have been used to remedy are praiseworthy and are an example to China’s water problems. the world. e) None of the given statements is true in d) The Chinese government is obvious to the context of the passage. sharing water resources with its 4. Which of the following is an appropriate neighbours. title for the passage? e) China’s politicians were ill-equipped to a) China Divided : River Disputes handle the country’s water problems b) Mighty Rivers : A Conflict Among which are beyond remedy. Neighbours 2. According to the passage, which of the c) Rivers in China : A Sustainable Marvel following is/are the consequences of the d) Free Water : A Necessity China’s efforts to remedy its water e) Northern China : A Future Drying Up problems? 5. According to the author, what approach A) Many aquatic organisms have been should China adopt to handle its water sacrificed. crisis? B) Water has become unaffordable in a) Approach neighbouring countries to China. rework water sharing agreements. C) The Governments has put on hold its b) Penalise industries for polluting ambitious plans for urban housing. excessively and provide water to a) Only (B) farmers at discounted rates. b) Only (C) c) Implement a multi-pronged approach- c) Only (A) keeping in mind economic and d) All (A), (B) and (C) environmental conditions. e) Only (A) and (C) d) Adopt the recommendations of the 3. Which of the following is true in the context ‘World Bank to resolve the issue. of the passage? e) Other than those given as options. a) China is over exploiting its water bcaec resources which is detrimental.
Passage-25 A couple of weeks ago I was asked what I thought the future of technology in education was. It is a really interesting question and one that I am required to think about all the time. By its very nature, 81
technology changes at a fast pace and making it accessible to pupils, teachers and other stakeholders is and ongoing challenge. So what is the future? Is it the iPad? No, I don’t think it is. For me, the future is not about one specific device. Don’t get me wrong, I love the iPad. In fact, I have just finished a trial to see if using them really does support teaching and learning – and they have proved effective. I’ve written about the trial in more detail on my blog. iPads and other mobile technology are the ‘now’. Although, they will play a part in the future, some years ago the iPad didn’t even exist. We don’t know what will be the current technology in other four years. Perhaps it will be wearable devices such as Google Glass, although I suspect that tablets will still be used in education. The future is about access, anywhere learning and collaboration, both locally and globally. Teaching and learning is going to be social. Schools of the future could have a traditional cohort of students, as well as online only students who live across the country or even the world. Things are already starting to move this way with the emergence of massive open line courses (MOOCs). For me, the future of technology in education is the cloud. Technology can often be a barrier to teaching and learning. I think the cloud will go a long way to removing this barrier. Why? By removing the number of things that can go wrong. Schools, will only need one major thing to be prepared for the future. They will not need software installed, servers or local file storage. Schools will need a fast robust internet connection. Infrastructure is paramount to the future of technology in education. We don’t know what the new ‘in’ device will be in the future. What we do know, is that it will need the cloud. Schools and other educational institutions will need to future proof their infrastructure the best they can. This should be happening now. If you want to start to use mobile technology in your school, whether it is an iPad program or a bring your own device (BODY) program your connectivity must be fast and reliable. Student and teacher buy in, is so important. If the network is slow and things are not working properly students and teachers will not want to use the devices. Make sure the infrastructure is there before the devices. Teachers can use cloud to set, collect and grade work online. Students will have instant access to grades, comments and work via a computer, smartphone or tablet. Many schools are already doing this. Plus, services such as the educational social network Edmodo offer this for free. This is where devices come in. All devices not matter which ones we will use in the future will need to access the cloud. Either a device specified by the school or one they have chosen to bring in themselves. School classrooms are going to change. Thanks to the cloud and mobile devices, technology will be integrated into every part of school. In fact, it won’t just be the classrooms that will change. Games fields, gyms and school trips will all change. Whether offsite or on site the school, teachers, students and support staff will all be connected. In my ideal world, all classrooms will be paperless. With the cloud, the world will be our classroom. E-learning will change teaching and learning. Students can learn from anywhere and teachers can teach from anywhere. The cloud can also encourage independent learning. Teachers could adopt a flipped classroom approach more often. Students will take ownership of their own learning. Teachers can put resources for students online for students to use. These could be videos, documents, audio podcasts or interactive images. All of these resources can be accessed via a student’s computer, smartphone or tablet. As long as they have an internet connection either via Wifi, 3G or 4G they are good to go. Rather than being ‘taught’ students can learn independently and in their own way. There is also a massive amount of resources online that students can find and use themselves, without the help of the teacher. This of course means the role of the teacher will change. Shared applications and documents on the cloud, such as Google Apps will allow for more social lessons. How often do students get an opportunity to collaborate productively using technology in the classroom? It isn’t always easy. However, students working on documents together using Google Apps are easy. They could be in the same room or in different countries. These are all good skills for students to have. Of course, these collaborative tools are also very useful for teachers. I for one have worked on 82
several projects where these tools have let me work with people across the country. Some of which I have never met. What we must remember is that when schools adopt new technology and services, they must be evaluated. This way, as a school, you know if they are successful and what improvements are needed. Staff will also need training, you can’t expect staff to use new technology if they are not confident users or creators. Any initiative is doomed to failure without well trained, confident staff who can see how technology can support and benefit teaching and learning. Plenty of schools have already embraced this, but there’s still a way to go to ensure all schools are ready for the future of technology. It is time for all schools to embrace the cloud.
1. What do you think should be the most appropriate title of the given passage? a) Future of Technology in Education b) Technology-Barrier to Education c) Massive Open Online Courses d) Hypothetical Approach to Education e) None of these 2. Which of the following statements is not correct as per the context of the given article? a) According to the writer of this article, future of technology in education is cloud b) The writer sees ipad as the only future in education c) Schools will need a fast robust internet connection for getting advantage of technology d) The writer opines that ipads and other mobile technology are the ‘now’ andplay a part in the future e) None of these 3. The writer advocates about the use of cloud. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true in this regard? I) Teachers can use the cloud to set, collect and grade work online. II) Students will have instant access to grades, comments and work via computer etc. III) Services such as the educational social network Edmodo offer facilities to students for free. a) Only I b) Only II c) Both II and III d) All three I,II and III e) Both I and II 4. The writer opines that with the use of cloud, schoolrooms will change and many facilities will be available. Which of the following changes will be perceived in education? a) With the cloud, the world will be our classroom. b) Students can learn from anywhere and teachers can teach from anywhere. c) Students will take ownership of their own learning. d) Teachers can put resources for students online to use e) All the above 5. Which of the following statement(s) is/are NOT true in the context of the given passage? I) Shared applications and documents on the cloud, such as Google Apps will allow for more social lesson II) Teachers could adopt a flipped classroom approach more often after cloud. III) A few schools have already embraced new cloud technology. a) Only I b) Only II c) Only III d) Both I and III e) None
Choose the word/group of words which is most 6. Robust similar in meaning to the word/group of words a) Sturdy printed in bold as used in the passage. b) Roguish 83
c) Roasting Choose the word/group of words which is most d) Rusting opposite in meaning to the word/group of e) Dazed words printed in bold as used in the passage. 7. Emergence 9. Paramount a) Transpiration a) Very important b) Empire b) Less important c) Emplacement c) Morally high d) Empathy d) Paranoid e) eminence e) parched 8. Collaborate 10. Embrace a) work together a) hug b) collect b) accept c) collide c) reject d) corroborate d) include e) colonize e) embroil
abdec, aaabc
Passage-26 The great recession hasn’t been great for free trade. As unemployment has risen throughout the world, governments have become more focused on protecting their own industries than on promoting international commerce. The U.S., though typically an enthusiastic supporter of open markets, in duded “buy American” clauses in its stimulus package and propped up its failing auto industry with handouts. But according to the Asian Development Bank (ADB), in the part of the world that was hit hardest by the trade crash-Asia, the number of Free-Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed by Asian countries has grown from just three in 2000 to 56 by the end of August 2009. Nineteen of those FTAs are among 16 Asian economies, a trend that could help the region become a powerful trading bloc. The drive to lower trade barriers has taken on fresh urgency amid the recession. As Asian manufacturing networks become more intertwined – and as Asian consumers become wealthier – regional commerce is becoming critical to future economic expansion. Intraregional trade last year made up 57% of total Asian trade, up from 37% in 1980. In the past Asia produced for America and Europe, now Asia is producing for Asia. Of course, Asia is still dependent on sales to the west. But FTAs could reduce the region’s exposure to the United States by giving Asian companies preferential treatment in selling to Asian companies and consumers. These benefits could come with downsides, however. According to experts, FTAs create a “non-level playing field with advantage for Asian countries”. If the most dynamically growing part of the global economy gives the U.S. restricted access it will impact global balance. Companies in countries like the United States left out of the trade pacts could face disadvantages when trying to tap fast – growing Asian markets. This, in turn, could have a negative impact on efforts to rebalance excessive debt in the U.S. and excessive savings in Asia. Still, the benefits of greater regional integration could prove powerful enough to overcome the roadblocks. In Asia, the only thing everyone agrees upon is business. If it does, the world economy may never be the same.
1. What do the Asian Development Bank statistics indicate? a) Asian economies are financially more sound than those of the developed world b) The financial crisis impacted the West far more than it did Asia c) Asian countries have aligned themselves on lines similar to the European Union d) Western countries are skeptical about trading with developing countries e) Asian countries have been actively opening their markets to one another 2. What has given rise to the large number of trade agreements between Asian countries? a) The need to insulate Asian economies from overexposure to the American economy b) Angry reaction among Asian countries owing to America’s protectionist policy c) The aim of empowering the poorer Asian economies and bring them on par with Western economies 84
d) The desire to achieve conditions conducive to global consensus on trade regulations and tariffs e) Widespread panic in Europe and Asia as Asian economies are yet to recover from the recession 3. Which of the following is NOT TRUE in the context of the passage? A) Political and economic rivalries between Asian countries are non-existent today B) Asian countries hold America responsible for the recession and have imposed economic sanctions against the U.S. C) America has adopted a protectionist stratey after the recession. a) Only (A) b) Only (B) and (C) c) Only (A) and (B) d) Only (C) e) None of these 4. Which of the following describes expert predictions about trade pacts between Asian countries? a) These will be beneficial and likely to give rise to a common Asian currency b) Tariffs will be lowered and bureaucratic regulations will become transparent c) Widening of differences between participant and nonparticipant countries will hamper global stability d) Regional conflicts will increase as competition and inequities between Asian nations will intensify. e) They are likely to be short-lived as it will be difficult to get participating nations to arrive at a consensus 5. Which of the following has/have not been (an) impact (s) of the recession? A) Various trade agreements signed between developed and Asian countries have not been honoured B) The U.S. government has restructured the automobile industry. C) Regional conflicts in Asia have substantially reduced. a) Only (C) b) Only (A) c) Only (A) and (B) d) All (A), (B) and (C) e) None of these 6. According to the author what danger does creating an Asian trading bloc pose? a) Political instability in Asia will rise as some countries are wealthier than others b) American consumers have ceased their demand for Asian goods c) Unemployment in Asian countries will rise as many plants will be forced to close down d) It will alter the balance of power in the World with small Asian countries becoming most dominate e) None of these 7. What is the author trying to convey through the phrase “In the past Asia produced for American and Europe, now Asia is producing for Asia”? a) The number of wealthy consumers in Asia outnumber those in America and Europe together b) Asian countries do not support free trade and continue to trade among themselves despite the recession c) Goods manufactured in Asian countries often fail to meet the standards set by developed countries d) Asian countries no longer export to Western markets alone and now cater to Asian markets as well e) Interregional trade barriers between Europe and Asia have weakened considerably 8. Which of the following is most opposite in meaning to the word “CRITICAL” as used in the passage? a) Unimportant b) Complimentary c) Approval d) Sale e) steady 85
9. Which of the following is most similar in meaning to the word “FRESH” as used in the passage? a) Additional b) Renewed c) Original d) Healthy e) modern 10. Which of the following can be said about the American economy in the context of the passage? A) Most American companies have opted to withdraw from Asia B) America’s stand on free trade has altered because of the recession C) The American economy is far too dependent on Asia for trade. a) Only (A) b) Only (B) c) Only (C) d) All (A), (B) and (C) e) None of these edccd, ddaeb
Passage-27 A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: If women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them, their communities, and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author. Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue? This is not surprising. Forests constitute no just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives. Yes first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests, Is there an evolution of argument here? Yes indeed: In Cold Hearts and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top – down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor for estry, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forests communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing. Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found paradox: Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term “participatory exclusions” to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask: What if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make? But has this question not been raised before? Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence form governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No. Rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors. What did you find? First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision-making. And there is a critical mass effect: If forests management groups have 25-33 per cent female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When 86
present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women. Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self – interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision – making positions. Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity, and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
1. What was author’s view on ‘Social Forestry d) Top – down approach to Community Scheme’? forestry a) A great success e) Participatory exclusion to Greener b) Beneficial for villagers slopes c) Neither good nor bad 6. Why does author say, ‘Rural women’s d) Should have been implemented as ‘top- relationship with forests is complex’? down’ a) Dependence forces them to extract and e) None of these also have concern for conservation 2. Which of the following is one of the reasons b) If they protect forests, their livelihood is of forests being a conflict-ridden issue? severely affected a) Some countries have larger forest cover c) Poor women have been excluded from b) There is less awareness about global forest management warming d) They cannot be asked to restore forests c) High dependence of many on forests which are critical for them d) Less representation of women e) Greener forests do not meet the e) Less representation of local women requirement of firewood 3. The author is advocating inclusion of 7. Landless women, when in decision making a) More landless women role b) More landed women a) Extract much more from forest c) More women irrespective of their b) Improve their own financial status financial status c) Do not care for forest d) Local people d) Are able to meet conservation e) Younger women in the age group of 25- objectives as well as their own interest 33 years e) Fulfill their own interest at the cost of 4. Which of the following best describes conservation goals “participatory exclusion”, as used in the Choose the word/group of words which is most interview? nearly the same in meaning to the word/group a) Outside support of words printed in bold. b) Overdependence 8. CONTROLLING c) Benefitting without self interest a) Holding in check d) Contributing with profits b) Increasing e) None of these c) Decreasing 5. In the second question, the interviewer d) Passing asked – “Is there an evolution of argument e) ignoring here? Which of the following best describes 9. PARADOX that? a) similarity a) From Barren to Greener slopes b) position b) From local groups to local groups with c) anomaly more women d) difference c) A fine balance between conservation e) excuse and commercial forestry 10. ACUTE 87
a) accurate e) refined b) severe c) dull ecacd, adacb d) focused
Passage-28 Following the end of the Second World War, the United Kingdom enjoyed a long period without a major recession (from 1945 to 1973) and a rapid growth in prosperity in the 1950s and 1960s. According to the OECD, the annual rate of growth (percentage change) between 1960 and 1973 averaged 2.9%, although this figure was far behind the rates of other European countries such as France, West Germany and Italy. However, following the 1973 off crisis and the 1973-1974 stock market crash, the British economy fell into recession and the government of Edward Heath was ousted by the Labour Party under Harold Wilson. Wilson formed a minority government on 4 March 1974 after the general election on 28 February ended in a hung parliament. Wilson subsequently secured a three seat majority in a second election in October that year. The UK recorded weaker growth than many other European nations in the 1970s; even after the early 1970s recession ended, the economy was still blighted by rising unemployment and double – digit inflation. In 1976, the UK was forced to request a loan of $2.3 billion from the International Monetary Fund. The then Chancellor of the Exchequer Denis Healey was required to implement public spending cuts and other economic reforms in order to secure the loan. Following the Winter of Discontent, the government of James Callaghan lost a vote of no confidence. This triggered the May 1979 General election which resulted in Margaret Thatcher’s Conservative Party forming a few government. A new period of neo-liberal economics began in 1979 with the election of Margaret Thatcher who won the general election on 3 May that year to return the Conservative Party to government after five years of Labour government. During the 1980s most stateowned enterprises were privatized, taxes cut and markets deregulated. GDP fell 5.9% initially but growth subsequently returned and rose to 5% at its peak in 1988, one of the highest rates of any European nation. The UK economy had been one of the strongest economies in terms of inflation, interest rates and unemployment, all of which remained relatively low until the 2008-09 recession. Unemployment has since reached a peak of just under 2.5 million (7.8%), the highest level since the early 1990s, although still far lower than some other European nations. However, interest rates have reduced to 0.5% pa. During August 2008 the IMF warned that the UK economic outlook had worsened due to a twin shock: financial turmoil and rising commodity prices. Both developments harm the UK more than most developed countries, as the UK obtains revenue from exporting financial services while recording deficits in finished goods and commodities, including food. In 2007, the UK government to broaden the scope of fiscal policy to promote external balance. Although the UK’s “labour productivity per person employed” has been progressing well over the last two decades and has overtaken productivity in Germany, it still lags around 20% behind France, where workers have a 35-hour working week. The UK’s “labour productivity per hour worked” is currently on a par with the average for the “old” EU (15 countries). In 2010, the United Kingdom ranked 26th on the Human Development Index. The UK entered a recession in 2 of 2008, according to the Office for National Statistics and exited in 4 of 2009. The subsequently revised ONS figures show that the UK suffered six consecutive quarters of negative growth, making it the longest recession since records began. As of the end of 4 2009, revised statistics from the Office for National Statistics demonstrate that the UK economy shrank by 7.2% from peak to trough. The Blue Book 2013 confirms that UK growth in 2 of 2013 was 0.7%, and that the volume of output of GDP remains 3.2% below its pre-recession peak; The UK economy’s recovery has thus been more lackluster than previously thought. Furthermore, The Blue Book 2013 demonstrates that the UK experienced a deeper initial downturn than all of the G7 economies save for Japan, and has experienced a slower recovery than all but Italy. A report released by the Office of National Statistics on 14 May 2013 revealed that over the six- year period between 2005 and 2011, the UK dropped from 5th place to 12th place in terms of household 88
income on an international scale – the drop was partially attributed to the devaluation of sterling over this time frame. However, the report also concluded that, during this period, inflation was relatively less volatile, the UK labour market was more resilient in comparison to other recessions, and household spending and wealth in the UK remained relatively strong in comparison with other OECD countries. Accoring to a report by Moody’s Corporation, Britain’s debt-to-GDP ratio continues to increase in 2013 and is expected to reach 93% at the end of the year. The UK has lost its triple-A credit rating on the basis of poor economic outlook. 2013 Economic Growth has surprised many Economists, Ministers and the OBR in the 2013 budget projected annual growth of just 0.6%, In 2013 1 the economy grew by 0.7% and 3 the economy is predicted to have grown at 0.8%.
1. A new period of neo-liberal economics b) 80 % began in United Kingdom with the election c) 87.3 % of Margaret Thatcher after five years of d) 93 % Labour government. Margaret Thatcher e) None of these came in power in 6. In 2007, the United Kingdom had the a) 1980 world’s third largest current account deficit b) 1976 due mainly to large deficit in c) 1979 a) Manufactured goods d) 1982 b) High inflation e) None of these c) Agricultural produces 2. According to the OECD, the annual rate of d) Exports growth of United Kingdom’s economy e) imports between 1960 and 1973 averaged In the following questions, choose the a) 2.9 % word/group of words which is MOST SIMILAR in b) 2.34 % meaning to the word/group of words printed c) 2.87 % bold as used in the passage. d) 5.9 % 7. Broaden e) None of these a) narrow 3. During August 2008, International Monetary b) widen Fund warned that the United Kingdom c) scatter economic outlook had worsened due to a d) brittle twin shock. What were the twin shocks? e) broadcast a) Financial turmoil and commodity prices 8. on a par b) Financial turmoil and rising commodity a) up to a scratch prices b) of same value c) Increasing exports and decreasing c) equal to imports d) in contrast d) Low industrial growth and increasing e) on the contrary imports In the following questions, choose the e) None of these word/group of words which is MOST OPPOSITE 4. A report of Office on National Statistics in meaning to the word/group of words printed revealed that between 2005 and 2011, the in bold as used in the passage. UK dropped from 5th place to 12th place in 9. Volatile terms of a) stable a) Exports on an international scale b) unstable b) Imports on an international scale c) sincere c) Household income on an international d) voracious scale e) buxom d) Agricultural productivity 10. Reveal e) None of these a) Bring out 5. According to a report by Moody’s, Britain’s b) Concentrate debt to – GDP ratio is expected to c) Concede reach____ at the end of 2013. d) Conceal a) 90 % e) Confer 89
cabcd, abbad
Passage-29 Indeed the western recession is really the beginning of good news for India! But to understand that we will have to move away for a while from the topic of western recession …………. To the Japanese style of management has been admired. However, over the last decade or so, one key question has sprung up ‘if Japanese management style is as wonderful as described then why has Japan been in a recession for more than a decade?’ The answer to this question is very simple. Culture plays a very important part in shaping up economies. What succeeds in one culture fails in another. Japanese are basically non materialistic. And however rich they become, unlike others, they cannot just keep throwing and buying endlessly. And once they have everything they need; there is a saturation point. It was only when companies like Toyota realized that they cannot keep selling cars endlessly to their home market that they went really aggressive in the western markets – and the rest is history. Japanese companies grew bigger by catering to the world markets when their home markets shrunk. And the markets have to shrink finally after attaining a level of affluence! And that’s great for the world because earth needs sustainable development. It does not need monstrous consumers who keep consuming at the cost of the environment and the earth. There should be limits to growth so that consumers are not converted into material dustbins for the profit of a handful of corporations. Owing to the materialistic culture elsewhere, it was possible to keep selling newer products to the consumers despite having existing ones which served equally well. They were lured through advertising and marketing techniques of ‘dustbinisation’ of the customer; and then finally, once they became ready customers, they were given loans and credits to help them buy more and more. When all the creditworthy people were given loans to a logical limit, they ceased to be a part of the market. Even this would have been understandable if it could work as an eye opener. Instead of taking the ‘Right Step’ as Toyota did, they preferred to take a ‘shortcut’. Now banks went to the non-creditworthy people and gave them loans. The people expectedly defaulted and the entire system collapsed. Now like Toyota western companies will learn to find new markets. They will now lean towards India because of its common man! The billion plus population in the next 25 years will become, a consuming middleclass. Finally, the world’s attention will shift to the developing world. Finally, there will be a real surge in income of these people and in the next fifty odd years, one can really hope to see an equal world in terms of material plenty, with poverty being almost nonexistent! And this will happen not by selling more cars to Americans and Europeans. It will happen by creating markets in India, China, Latin America and Africa, by giving their people purchasing power and by making products for them. The recession has made us realize that it is not because of worse management techniques, but because of limits to growth. And they will realize that it is great for planet earth. After all, how man cars and houses must the rich own before calling it enough? It’s time for them to look at others as well. Many years back, to increase his own profits, Henry Ford had started paying his workers more, so that they could buy his cars. In similar fashion, now the developed world will pay they developing world people so that they can buy their cars and washing machines. The recession will kick – start the process of making the entire world more prosperous, and lay the foundation of limits to growth in the west and the foundation of real globalization in the world – of the globalization of prosperity. And one of its first beneficiaries will be India.
1. What does the author mean by the “Right Step” in the passage? a) Giving loans to creditworthy people only b) Considering market growth along with environment protection c) Restricting people to buy only such products which are needed by them. d) To start looking at newer avenues and markets. e) None of these 2. Although admire since years, why did the skepticism over the Japanese management style start since the last decade? a) Japanese companies have been moving out of their home markets since the last decade
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b) Japanese banks have provided loans indiscriminately to the creditworthy as well as non- creditworthy people. c) Because Japanese markets have been going through a period of continuous recession since the last decade. d) The unlimited growth of the Japanese markets has come at the cost of the western market. e) None of these 3. Why does the author foresee the markets being created in the developing countries instead of America and Europe? a) All developing countries have materialistic culture b) Developing countries are willing to make an effort to achieve globalization. c) American and European markets have had a large number of credit defaulters. d) Recession has not hit the markets of developing countries yet. e) None of these 4. According to the author, what is the main cause of Japanese recession? a) Only a handful of corporations earned profits and not the people in general. b) Non creditworthy people defaulted which led to a collapse of the entire system c) Consumers were solid newer products which were similar in quality to the existing ones d) Japanese do not purchase endlessly and thus when products had been sold to every customer, the markets slowed down. e) None of these 5. How does the author foresee the future globalization as an analogy to Henry Ford’s example? A) Car companies would start selling cars in developing countries as well. B) By paying the developing world the developed world would increase its own profit, in turn bringing affluence to developing world as well C) To earn profit, the companies in developing countries would move to foreign land a) Only A b) Only B c) Only C d) Only A and C e) None of these 6. According to the passage, which of the following was NOT an effect of providing loans and credits to the customers? A) The non-creditworthy people defaulted B) People bought new products which were not needed C) Poverty became non – existent a) Only A b) Only B c) Only A and B d) Only B and C e) Only C 7. Why is recession the beginning of good news for India in the author’s view? A) India can provide an attractive market to the western companies B) India has remained largely unaffected by recession owing to its huge population C) Indians keep purchasing products despite owning equally good products a) Only C b) Only B c) Only A d) Only B and C e) None of these 8. What does the author mean by ‘Dustbinisation’ of the customer? a) Convincing the customer to buy products he does not need b) Denying the non-creditworthy people of any loans c) Denying more loans to people who have already taken loans to a logical limit d) Moving from old customers at the home market to foreign markets 91
e) None of these 9. Why according to the author is the current recession great for ‘Planet Earth’? A) It will make people non – materialistic like the Japanese B) The unlimited market growth which caused hazards to the environment would be checked to a certain extent C) Banks will now provide loans only to the creditworthy people D) Developing countries will also be benefited by shifted markets. a) Only A b) Only B and D c) Only A and B d) Only B e) None of these dcedb, eccb
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Para Jumble Direction (1-5): Rearrange the following six sentences A, B, C, D, E and F in the proper sequence so as to form a meaningful paragraph, and then answer the questions given below them. A) It was further revived by a Boston publishing firm, and from that time mother Goose continued and grew in fame and interested till date. B) The first collection of verses under her name was publishing in London in book from by John Newbery. C) There were known long before they were designated as Mother Goose rhymes. D) Some rhymes can be traced to popular ballads, folk songs and games, political satire, ancient proverbs, cries of street vendors, real or legendary events. E) About twenty five years later the book was reprinted in the Unite state in Worcester, Massachusetts. F) In fact unit the eighteenth century Mother Goose did not have a name in print in English literature. 1. Which of the following will be the last sentence? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 2. Which of the following will be the FOURTH sentence? (1) F (2) E (3) D (4) C (5) B 3. Which of the following will be the FIFTH sentence? (1) F (2) E (3) D (4) C (5) B 4. Which of the following will be the FIRST sentence? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 5. Which of the following will be the SECOND sentence? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E
Directions (6-10): Rearrange the following five sentence (A),(B),(C),(D) and (E) in the proper sequence so as to form a meaningful paragraph : then answer the question given below them. (A) The basic justification of this scrutiny is to divest unrestricted investments from certain low priority area. (B) The Govt. has decided in principle to throw open to private sector which is reserved for the unrestricted sector. (C) Only those industries are proposed to be reserved for the unrestricted sector, which fall in the high priority areas. (D) In addition the government is also occupied in an analysis of the existing range of unrestricted investment. (E) This will enable the government to abolish the monopoly of any sector in the field of publish services except these priority sectors.
6. Which sentence should come LAST in the paragraph? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 7. Which sentence should come THIRD in the paragraph? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 8. Which sentence should come FOURTH in the paragraph? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 9. Which sentence should come FIRST in the paragraph? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 10. Which sentence should come SECOND in the paragraph? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E Directions (11-15): Rearrange the following six sentence (A),(B),(C),(D),(E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph : then answer the question given below them. (A) To propose the idea of becoming perfected is not the same as saying that we human beings can be perfect. (B) It only means that we are capable of learning, changing and growing throughout the span of our earthly life. (C) Learning is the process that begins at birth and lasts till death. (E) Given that we are here to continually learn on the journey of life, it seems that the ultimate goal of learning is the perfection of our souls. (F) Nor that we should be perfect in everything.
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11. Which of the following should be the SECOND statement after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 12. Which of the following should be the FIRST statement after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 13. Which of the following should be the FIFTH statement after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 14. Which of the following should be the SIXTH statement after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 15. Which of the following should be the THIRD statement after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E
Directions (16-20): Rearrange the following six sentence (A),(B),(C),(D),(E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph : then answer the question given below them. (A) In this early period a good memory was a prerequisite for success and poets like Homer memorized their work before it was even written down. (B) If we have to remember everything will it not increase the feeling of stress? (C) Today memory is widely regarded as a useful aid to survival. (D) However it is not what we grasp but what we fall to forgetting a file, key points at an interview-which causes stress. (E) Some people however are of the view that having an exceptional memory in a world of high pressure working is a disadvantage. (F) To our ancestors thought, in the absence of the printing press it was much more it was the slate on which history was recording.
16. Which of the following will be the THIRD sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 17. Which of the following will be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 18. Which of the following will be the SECOND sentence after rearrangement? (1) B (2) C (3) D (4) E (5) F 19. Which of the following will be the SIXTH (LAST) sentence after rearrangement? (1) B (2) C (3) D (4) E (5) F 20. Which of the following will be the FIFTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E
Directions (21-25): Rearrange the following sentence (A), (B), (C), (D), (E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph: then answer the question given below them. (A) In fact he believed that customers are the origin the source of the money we have (B) The customer thus has the power to fire everybody in the company from the chairman to down. (C) Management can ensure this doesn’t happen by motivating employees to cultivate meaningful relationships with customers. (D) Sam Walton built his Walmart Business Empire knowing there was only one boss the customer, (E) So it is not the company which pays us but the customer. (F) He can achieve this by simply spending his money elsewhere.
21. Which of the following will be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement? (1) B (2) C (3) D (4) E (5) F 22. Which of the following will be the SECOND sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 23. Which of the following will be the THIRD sentence after rearrangement? (1) B (2) C (3) D (4) E (5) F 24. Which of the following will be the FIFTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) F 25. Which of the following will be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement? (1) B (2) C (3) D (4) E (5) F
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Directions (26-30): Rearrange the following six sentence (A),(B),(C),(D),(E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph : then answer the question given below them. (A) Irrespective of hierarchical level, he would give undivided attention to those who voiced ideas. (B) He would then ask him risk some probing questions and turn to his senior most manager to get there impletnented. (C) What set him apart from other industrialists was that he was not interested in demonstrating his power over his employees. (D) This is a prime example of how he fostered the participation of everyone pf in the organisation. (E) For example he would typically look intently at a young engineer presenting his ideas. (F) Instead he thought of himself as one of them.
26. Which of the following should be the FOURTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) B (2) C (3) D (4) E (5) F 27. Which of the following should be the SIXTH (LAST) sentence after rearrangement? (1) B (2) C (3) D (4) E (5) F 28. Which of the following should be the FIFTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 29. Which of the following should be the SECOND sentence after rearrangement? (1) B (2) C (3) D (4) E (5) F 30. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E
Directions (31-35):Rearrange the following six sentence (A),(B),(C),(D),(E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph: then answer the question given below them. (A) Assuming that all these reasons are true, the fact remains that there is an urgent need to check the accelerated costs and initiate suitable measures. (B) Some people attribute it to the increasing greediness among the medicos. (C) The Impact of these measures will be visible only after a considerable passage of time. (D) Health care costs have been sky-rocketing our country. (E) The measures include yoga classes with emphasis on physical and mental exercises and also change in food habits. (F) Certain others feel that it is because of drastic changes in people lifestyle and eating habit.
31. Which of the following would be the FIRST statement after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 32. Which of the following would be the SECOND statement after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 33. Which of the following would be the FOURTH statement after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 34. Which of the following would be the FIFTH statement after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 35. Which of the following would be the SIXTH (LAST) statement after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E Directions (36-40):Rearrange the following six sentence (A),(B),(C),(D),(E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph: then answer the question given below them. (A) As a result the non- stop tensions and anxieties at work often result in health relate problems. (B) The truth is we cannot change the word of work. (C) We spend at least half our working hours at work. (D) We have there form to take charge and transform the way in which we respond our work environment. (E) So how can we control these problems at work? (F) However we can change the way we feel and deal with various situations. 36. Which of the following should be the LAST (SIXTH) sentence after the rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 37. Which of the following should be the FIFTH sentence after the rearrangement? (1) B (2) C (3) D (4) E (5) F 38. Which of the following should be the SECOND sentence after the rearrangement? 95
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 39. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence after the rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 40. Which of the following should be the FOURTH sentence after the rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E Directions (41-45):Rearrange the following six sentence (A),(B),(C),(D),(E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph: then answer the question given below them. (A) Expansion of retail banking especially has a lot of scope, since retail assets are just 22 percent of the total banking assets. (B) Where they do not find it viable to open branches they may open satellite offices in these areas. (C) There is tremendous scope for the expansion of banking in in-dia. (D) Banks can also diversify beyond cities to semi urban and rural areas. (E) In these ways a transition from class banking to mass banking can take place. (F) They can also collaborate with local stakeholders in order to extend microcredit services to those living there.
41. Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence after the rearrangement? (1) B (2) C (3) D (4) E (5) F 42. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence after the rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 43. Which of the following should be the FIFTH sentence after the rearrangement? (1) B (2) C (3) D (4) E (5) F 44. Which of the following should be the SIXTH (LAST) sentence after the rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 45. Which of the following should be the SECOND sentence after the rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E
Directions (46-50):Rearrange the following six sentence (A),(B),(C),(D),(E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph: then answer the question given below them. (A) In all varieties of homour, especially the subtle once it is therefore what the reader thinks which given extra meaning to these verses. (B) But such a verse may also be enjoyed at the surface level. (C) Nonsense verse is not of the most sophisticated form of literature. (D) This fulfills the author’s main intention in such a verse which is to give pleasure. (E) However the reader who understands the broad of implications of the content and allusion finds greater pleasure. (F) The reason being it requires the reader to supply a meaning be yond the surface meaning.
46. Which of the following is the FIFTH sentence? (1) D (2) E (3) B (4) C (5) A 47. Which of the following is the SNIXTH (LAST) sentence? (1) F (2) E (3) D (4) A (5) C 48. Which of the following is the FIRST sentence? (1) E (2) A (3) F (4) D (5) C 49. Which of the following is the SECOND sentence? (1) A (2) E (3) F (4) B (5) C 50. Which of the following is the THIRD sentence? (1) A (2) B (3) F (4) C (5) D Directions (51-55 )Rearrange the following six sentence (A),(B),(C),(D),(E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph: then answer the question given below them. (A) What appears to be emerging is a new kind of warfare. (B) This does not mean the advocacy of isolation or going back to concept of a nut and bolt from of self- reliance. (C) Issue of national security is no longer simple consideration of defense but is closely intertwined with many other aspects. (D) We need to address newer and more sophisticated concepts of protecting our strategic interests.
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(E) Trade, commerce, investment creation of knowledge base and its application are depends on national security. (F) If country does not learn to master these new realities of life, all our aspiration to ensure the prosperity of our people may come to naught.
51. Which of the following should be the THIRD statement after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E
52. Which of the following should be the SIXTH (LAST) statement after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 53. Which of the following should be the FOURTH statement after rearrangement? (1) F (2) D (3) E (4) A (5) B 54. Which of the following should be the FIRST statement after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 55. Which of the following should be the SECOND statement after rearrangement? (1) F (2) E (3) D (4) C (5) B Directions (56-60):Rearrange the following six sentence (A),(B),(C),(D),(E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph: then answer the question given below them. (A) For instance, if we measure the room temperature continuously and plot its graph with time as X- axis, we get a continuous were from, which is an analog signal Analog is always continuous. (B) The absence or presence of something can be used to plot a digital signal. (C) An analog signal is a continuously varying signal, similar to a nusoidal, waveform. (D) Any signal can be classified into one of the two types analog and digital. (E) In contrast, a digital signal take the form of pulse, where we have something or nothing.
56. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 57. Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 58. Which of the following should be the SECOND sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 59. Which of the following should be the FOURTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 60. Which of the following should be the FIFTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E
Directions (61-65): Rearrange the following six sentence (A),(B),(C),(D),(E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph: then answer the question given below them. (A) However while reading they would not know when to pause and what to emphasize. (B) Since then there use has been followed by all. (C) In earlier days people learnt reading out loud. (D) But not everybody used the same punctuations for the same think. (E)To address this problem, various sings depicting various punctuation were introduced. (F) Thus firmer guidelines regarding punctuation were framed so that everyone used them in similar way.
61. Which of the following should be the SECOND sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) D (4) E (5) F 62. Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) E (3) D (4) F (5) C 63. Which of the following should be the FIFTGH sentence after rearrangement? (1) B (2) C (3) A (4) E (5) F 64. Which of the following should be the SIXTH (LAST) sentence after rearrangement? (1) C (2) E (3) D (4) B (5) F 65. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E
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Directions (66-70): Rearrange the following six sentence (A),(B),(C),(D),(E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph: then answer the question given below them. (A) Had it been not for them, Indian banks would have had their hands tied down too. (B) Today almost all the countries are facing the heart of recession. (C) One of there is the strict RBI and SEBI rules which regulated banking sector very efficiently. (E) However there are a few things which help India in bouncing bank from the state of recession. (F) Like others India too has not remained immune to the epidemic.
66. Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) E (3) D (4) F (5) C 67. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 68. Which of the following should be the SECOND sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) D (4) E (5) F 69. Which of the following should be the SIXTH (LAST) sentence after rearrangement? (1) C (2) E (3) D (4) B (5) F 70. Which of the following should be the FIFTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) E (3) D (4) F (5) C
Directions (71-75): Rearrange the following six sentence (A),(B),(C),(D),(E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph: then answer the question given below them. (A) The blame for lacking creativity is however, put on the present generation by the modern educationists. (B) The concept of home work began so that the pupils could revise that was being taught in the class. (C) By doing so, most of the schools took away the leisure time of the children. (D) Instead, these educationists should suggest lowering of burden of handwork to the commission for educational reforms. (E) The purpose of this concept was however, defeated when the school started with so called homework. (F) Lack such leisure time does not allow the children to develop creative pursuits.
71. Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) E (3) D (4) F (5) C 72. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 73. Which of the following should be the SECOND sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) D (4) E (5) F 74. Which of the following should be the SIXTH (LAST) sentence after rearrangement? (1) B (2) C (3) D (4) E (5) F 75. Which of the following should be the FIFTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) E (3) D (4) F (5) C
Directions (76-80):Rearrange the following six sentence (A),(B),(C),(D),(E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph: then answer the question given below them. (A) With all the bid information being available and tracked online, corruption has been considerably reduced. (B) Today most i.e. over ninety-five per cent householder in the city enjoy a broadband connection. (C) All city contracts are now bid for online. (D) Over twenty years ago the city government, central government and the private sector made a concerted effort to shift the economy in include IT. (E) As our cities continue to expand and become more complex, such a system will make governance more manageable. (F) This level of connectedness has changed not only the city’s economy but also how it is governed and how business is conducted. 76. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 77. Which of the following should be the SECOND sentence after rearrangement? 98
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) F 78. Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence after rearrangement? (1) B (2) C (3) D (4) E (5) F 79. Which of the following should be the FIFTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 80. Which of the following should be the SIXTH (LAST) sentence after rearrangement? (1) B (2) C (3) D (4) E (5) F
Directions (81-85):Rearrange the following six sentence (A),(B),(C),(D),(E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph: then answer the question given below them. (A) As a result the nonstop tensions and anxieties at work often result in health related problems. (B) The truth is we cannot change the word work. (C) We spend at least half our working hours at work. (D) We have therefore to take change and transform the way in which we respond to our work environment. (E) So how can we control these problems and perform at work? (F) However we can change the way we feel and deal with various situations.
81. Which of the following should be the SIXTH (LAST) sentence after rearrangement? (1) B (2) C (3) D (4) E (5) F 82. Which of the following should be the FIFTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) B (2) C (3) D (4) E (5) F 83. Which of the following should be the SECOND sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 84. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 85. Which of the following should be the FOURTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E
Directions (86-90):Rearrange the following six sentence (A),(B),(C),(D),(E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph: then answer the question given below them. (A) With all the bid information being available and tracked online corruption has considerably reduced. (B) Today most i.e. over ninety-five percent householder in the city enjoy broad band connection. (C) All city contracts are now bid online. (D) Over twenty year ago the city government, central government and private sector made effort to shift the economy to include IT. (E) As our cities to expand and become more complex such a system will make governance more manageable. (F) This level of connectedness has changed not only the city economy but also how it is governed and how business is conducted. 86. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 87. Which of the following should be the SECOND sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) F 88. Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) F 89. Which of the following should be the FIFTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 90. Which of the following should be the SIXTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) B (2) C (3) D (4) E (5) F
Directions (91-95):Rearrange the following six sentence (A),(B),(C),(D),(E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph: then answer the question given below them. (A) In fact according to mainstream economists it is inevitable and a necessary evil in any economy. (B) It is thus important foe every nation to maintain this reserve of labour force to maintain an optimal level of unemployment.
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(C) Unemployment is popularly believed to be an index which measures the economic condition of a nation. (D) This is because it help avert inflation by providing a reserve army of labour which keeps wages in check. (E) The problem, however only emerges when governments indirectly facilitate unemployment in order to curb inflation through various policies and frameworks, depriving a large population of its fundamental rights. (F) But contrary to popular belief unemployment is not always disadvantageous to the economy of a state
91. Which of the following should be the SIXTH (LAST) sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) E (5) F 92. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 93. Which of the following should be the FIFTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) E (5) F 94. Which of the following should be the SECOND sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) D (4) E (5) F 95. Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) E (3) D (4) F (5) C
Directions (96-100):Rearrange the following six sentence (A),(B),(C),(D),(E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph: then answer the question given below them.
(A) However, many people may not be aware of the numerous other areas where it has been applied. (B) Today, even those who have little knowledge about the production of virtual reality are now most likely aware of its use in video game. (C) Similarly, medical student have substituted a cadaver for a fiberglass could of a body and headset when training to perform surgery. (D) Virtual reality was an unfamiliar concept to many people till the early 90’s. (E) Introducing virtual reality to the real world thus, has already proven to be beneficial for every industry it encounters. (F) For example: astronaut trainees have recently used virtual reality to simulate a trip to space.
96. Which of the following should be the FOURTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) E (2) F (3) A (4) D (5) B 97. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 98. Which of the following should be the LAST (SIXTH) sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 99. Which of the following should be the SECOND sentence after rearrangement? (1) B (2) C (3) D (4) E (5) F 100. Which of the following should be the FIFTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E
Directions (101-105):Rearrange the following seven sentence (A),(B),(C),(D),(E),(F) and (G)in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph: then answer the question given below them.
(A) But seriously, how much would you pay to know what thoughts are swimming around in someone else’s head? (B) In most fictional movies thus the idea of reading minds – of seeing the private intentions of another, and the possibility of intervening in those plans has always been highly attractive (C) Such fantastical questions have long been the bread and butter of fiction. (D) Today, more than four centuries since the phrase, “A penny for your thought?”, was first recorded, inflationary accounting makes that ancient penny worth more than $40. (E) The going rate for a “thought”- a probe into the thinking of another- was once quite a baragain. (F) And if you could really know their truthfulness how much more would you pay? 100
(G) Even with the sliding value of the dollar, this still seems quite a bargain.
101. Which of the following should be the SECOND sentence after rearrangement? (1) F (2) D (3) C (4) G (5) A 102. Which of the following should be the FOURTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) G (4) D (5) F 103. Which of the following should be the SIXTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) E (2) G (3) C (4) B (5) A 104. Which of the following should be the SEVENTH (LAST) sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) F (4) D (5) E 105. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E
Directions (106-110): Rearrange the following six sentence (A),(B),(C),(D) and (E) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph: then answer the question given below them.
(A) Our baseline study in couple of districts with lower sex selection than the national average revealed that community members have no regard for women’s rights like right to education, reproduction rights. (B) Breakthrough commenced work in the state on gender biased sex selection in 2012 and in that year census had pointed that there were 879 girls to 1000 in the state. (C) Eventually, we would like to reduce discrimination against the girl child. (D) The initiative is against gender biased sex selection, which is discriminatory and part of social and economic issues. (E) At these destinations, the locals who have been fighting discrimination against women within their families communities and villages and cities, will be turning up and supporting our initiative.
106. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 107. Which of the following should be the SECOND sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 108. Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 109. Which of the following should be the FOURTH after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 110. Which of the following should be the LAST sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E
Directions (111-115): Rearrange the following six sentence (A),(B),(C),(D),(E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph: then answer the question given below them.
(A) Speculations on future events in the epidemiology, evolution and biological expression of dengue are presented. (B) At the root of the emergence of dengue as a major health problem are changes in human demography and behavior, leading to unchecked populations of and increased exposure to the principal domestic mosquito vector, Aedes aegypati. Virus-specified factors also influence the epidemiology of dengue. (C) The risk of sequential infections and consequently the incidence of DHF, has risen dramatically, first in Asia and now in the Americas. (D) A severe form, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), is an immunopathologic disease occurring in persons who experience sequential dengue infections (E) In the last 20 years the in dence of dengue fever epidemics has increased and hyper-endemic transmission has been established over a geographically expanding area. (F) Dengue viruses are members of the flaviviridae, transmitted principally in a cycle involving humans and mosquito vectors.
111. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) E (5) F 101
112. Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E
113. Which of the following should be the LAST sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 114. Which of the following should be the FOUETH sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 115. Which of the following should be the SECOND sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E
Directions (116-120):Rearrange the following six sentence (A),(B),(C),(D),(E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph: then answer the question given below them. (A) Faced with a choice between the crown and his love, Edward VIII chose to step down. (B) The king’s marriage to Simpson also raised the possibility of an American queen, a sacrilegious idea in the eyes of this subjects. (C) Simpson’s first divorce proved even more problematic it was granted based on” emotion in compatibility”, and may not have been recognized under both Church and English law. (D) As the head of the Church of England, Edward could not marry a divorced woman whose former husband (let alone husbands) remained alive. (F) Seventy-seven years ago, in a move unprecedented since the glorious Revolution of 1688, King – emperor Edward VIII abdicated the throne.
116. Which of the following should be the FARST sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) E (5) F 117. Which of the following should be the LAST sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) E (5) F 118. Which of the following should be the FORTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 119. Which of the following should be the FIFTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) F 120. Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E
Directions (121-125):Rearrange the following six sentence (A),(B),(C),(D),(E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph: then answer the question given below them. (A) But the conventional wisdom is wrong. (B) The assumption is that planting trees and avoiding further deforestation provides a carbon capture and storage facility on the land. (C) Considering all the interactions, large scale increases in forest cover can actually make global warming worse. (D) Deforestation accounts for about 20 percent of global emissions of carbon dioxide. (E) That is the conventional wisdom. (F) In reality, the cycling of carbon energy and water between the land and atmosphere is much more complex.
121. Which of the following should be SECOND sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) F 122. Which of the following should be THIRD sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 123. Which of the following should be FOURTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) E (5) D 124. Which of the following should be FIRST sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 125. Which of the following should be LAST (SIXTH) sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) F
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Directions (126-130): Rearrange the following seven sentence A, B, C, D, E, F and G in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph; then answer the question given below them. (A) In the other words, floor and droughts are built into the countries monsoonal ecology. (B) “It pours cats and dogs” they said. (C) In the remaining 8,660 hours there is hardly any precipitation. (D) If the rain is not caught and stored, it will be impossible to live in this country. (E) But most of it pours down in a mere hundred hours. (F) India gets more rain annually – 1,100 mm, on an average than any other part of the world. (G) When the British came to India they were struck by the amount it rained here.
126. Which of the following will be the FIRST sentence? (1) G (2) A (3) C (4) D (5) F 127. Which of the following will be the SECOND sentence? (1) C (2) D (3) F (4) G (5) B 128. Which of the following will be the FOURTH sentence? (1) F (2) C (3) E (4) F (5) D 129. Which of the following will be the FIFTH sentence? (1) A (2) C (3) D (4) F (5) G 130. Which of the following will be the LAST sentence? (1) G (2) A (3) C (4) D (5) F
Directions (121-125): Rearrange the following six sentence (A),(B),(C),(D),(E) and (F),(G) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph: then answer the question given below them. (A) The history of that system is however, a warning than a stimulus to reorganize a similar scheme. (B) However, we can’t resign our -selves merely because there are no data. (C) One of the commonest risk which agricultural life is exposed to in this country is famine or failure of crops. (E) A kind of famine Insurance system was attempted by the British government of India in the last century. (F) Still, the need for such a scheme to cover the losses due to famine, cattle plague crop pests, etc, Cannot be undermined. (G) It is obviously because of failure of rain and the consequence is starvation.
131. Which of the following should be the FOURTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 132. Which of the following should be the SIXTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) E (2) D (3) B (4) C (5) A 133. Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence after rearrangement? (1) B (2) C (3) D (4) E (5) F 134. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) D (4) C (5) E 135. Which of the following should be the SECOND sentence after rearrangement? (1) B (2) G (3) D (4) E (5) F
Directions (126-130):Rearrange the following six sentence (A),(B),(C),(D),(E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph: then answer the question given below them. (A) The group of Egyptians provide answer to all his question as they were impressed by the visitor’s keen observation and intellectual curiosity. (B) From time to time he glanced at the map in his guide book to make sure that he was following. (C) All the effects were directed toward his goal to write a book on the people he met. (D) On one bright day, famous traveler and writer from the west was listening to a group of Egyptians who described to him the wonders of their country. (E) Back in his room he industriously set down his facts and his impressions in an elaborate file of notes. (F) Repeatedly he interrupted with pertinent question about Egyptian antiquities or local customs or the latest crisis in the Middle East.
136. Which of the following would be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement? 103
(1) A (2) F (3) C (4) D (5) E 137. Which of the following would be the FOURTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 138. Which of the following would be the LAST (SIXTH) sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E 139. Which of the following would be the SECOND sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) F (4) D (5) E 140. Which of the following would be the FIFTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E Directions (131-135):Rearrange the following six sentence (A),(B),(C),(D),(E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph: then answer the question given below them. (A) The application of economic, environmental and consumer pressures have been on an increase in recent years. (B) As a result, our agro-food production and technology are amongst the most advanced in the world. (C) They are thus able to provide expertise and technology to satisfy the need of agro-food production. (D) In turn the support industries have developed to an equally advanced state. (E) They have also equipped them-selves with the necessary expertise to satisfy the most exacting requirements of the overseas markets. (F) These have greatly influenced the development of the agriculture and food industries in our country.
141. Which of the following he should be the SECOND sentence after rearrangement? (1) F (2) E (3) D (4) C (5) B 142. Which of the following he should be the THIRD sentence after rearrangement? (1) F (2) E (3) D (4) C (5) B 143. Which of the following he should be the FOURTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) F (2) E (3) D (4) C (5) B 144. Which of the following he should be the FIFTH sentence after rearrangement? (1) F (2) E (3) D (4) C (5) B 145. Which of the following he should be the LAST (SIXTH) sentence after rearrangement? (1) F (2) E (3) D (4) C (5) B
Directions (136-140): Rearrange the following six sentence (A),(B),(C),(D),(E) (F)and (G),(H) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph: then answer the question given below them. (A) But I always felt somewhere in my mind that I loved acting. (B) He never wanted me to be an actor as he did not look upon theatre or acting as respectable in my family. (C) Firstly there was no tradition of theatre in my family. (D) I am talking specifically of acting not theatre in general. (E) My parents were old fashioned. (F) I will answer all your queries a little elaborately. (G) Let alone theatre arts in general had no place or respect in my family. (H) My father was a government servant.
146. Which of the following will be the LAST sentence..? (1) G (2) C (3) H (4) D (5) E 147. Which of the following will be the FIRST sentence..? (1) A (2) B (3) D (4) C (5) F 148. Which of the following will be the SIXTH sentence..? (1) B (2) C (3) A (4) D (5) E 149. Which of the following will be the FOURTH sentence..? (1) D (2) E (3) A (4) B (5) G 150. Which of the following will be the THIRD sentence..? (1) H (2) E (3) G (4) C (5) A
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ANSWER 1. 1 2. 5 3. 2 4. 4 5. 3 6. 1 7. 5 8. 4 9. 2 10. 3 11. 5 12. 3 13. 2 14. 4 15. 1 16. 1 17. 3 18. 5 19. 3 20. 2 21. 3 22. 1 23. 4 24. 5 25. 2 26. 4 27. 3 28. 2 29. 5 30. 3 31. 4 32. 2 33. 1 34. 5 35. 3 36. 3 37. 5 38. 1 39. 3 40. 2 41. 3 42. 3 43. 5 44. 5 45. 1 46. 1 47. 2 48. 5 49. 1 50. 3 51. 1 52. 2 53. 1 54. 3 55. 2 56. 2 57. 3 58. 4 59. 1 60. 5 61. 1 62. 2 63. 5 64. 4 65. 3 66. 2 67. 2 68. 5 69. 3 70. 3 71. 5 72. 2 73. 4 74. 3 75. 1 76. 4 77. 2 78. 5 79. 1 80. 4 81. 3 82. 5 83. 1 84. 2 85. 4 86. 5 87. 1 88. 3 89. 2 90. 1 91. 3 92. 2 93. 5 94. 5 95. 4 96. 3 97. 2 98. 1 99. 5 100. 4 101. 2 102. 1 103. 3 104. 2 105. 5 106. 5 107. 4 108. 3 109. 2 110. 1 111. 5 112. 4 113. 1 114. 3 115. 5 116. 5 117. 1 118. 3 119. 2 120. 4 121. 2 122. 5 123. 1 124. 4 125. 2 126. 5 127. 4 128. 3 129. 2 130. 1 131. 1 132. 2 133. 4 134. 4 135. 2 136. 4 137. 5 138. 3 139. 3 140. 2 141. 1 142. 3 143. 2 144. 4 145. 5 146. 4 147. 5 148. 1 149. 2 150. 3
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Cloze Test Directions (1-10): In following passage, there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. Against each, five words have suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.
Agriculture is a (1) sector of our economy and credit plays an important role in increasing agriculture production. Availability and access to adequate, timely and lost cost credit from institutional of great (2) especially to small and marginal farmers. Along with other outputs, credit is essential for establishing sustainable and (3) farming systems. Most farmers are small producers engaged in agricultural activities in areas of widely (4) potential. Experience has shown that easy access to financial services at affordable cost (5) affects productivity, asset formation and income and food security of the rural poor. The major concern of the government therefore, is to bring the entire farmers household within banking (6) and promote complete financial inclusion. Government has initiated several policy measures to improve the accessibility of farmers to institutional sources of credit. The (7) of these policies has been progressive institutionalization for providing timely and adequate credit support to all farmers in order to (8) them to adopt modern technology and improved agricultural practices for increasing agricultural production and productivity. The policy (9) emphasis on (10) credit flow at ground level.
1. a) integral b) Centre c) dominant d) proven e) highest 2. a) view b) importance c) urgency d) source e) choice 3. a) isolated b) apportioned c) abject d) continuous e) profitable 4. a) justified b) true c) most d) varying e) catering 5.a) not b) seriously c) must d) positively e) patiently 6. a) loans b) fold c) premises d) area e) branch 7. a) truth b) aim c) goals d) founder e) course 8. a) make b) supply c) enable d) reach e) focus 9. a) gives b) keeps c) set d) always e) lays 10.a) augmenting b) sending c) submitting d) receiving e) limiting
DIRECTIONS (11-20): In following passage, there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. Against each, five words have suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.
Visual experiences can(11) children , teenagers, and even adults learn and absorb more due to its highly stimulating and(12) engaging impact, it is for this reason that we are seeing an increase in schools across the globe (13) content providing programmes into their class curriculum to (14) lessons through videos. Visual excursions and school collaborations are (15) by advances in high definition video, high fidelity audio and content sharing, allowing students to experience a richer and more stimulating learning experience. Schools that have previously transported students to excursions in (16), now face increased transportation costs, higher insurance premium, attendance costs for families and strict duty of care policies for students while (17) school property. Virtual excursions (18) students to improve their presentation, research, learning, speaking skills while they engage in live learning session. Students also now have the ability to meet peers from many cultures, speak to subject-matter (19) like authors practice a foreign language with students from another country, and learn about global issues from the (20) of their own classrooms.
11. a) help b) aiding c) prescribe d) feature e) present 12. a) plus b) lonely c) ably d) many e) deeply 13. a) incorporating b) pressing c) following d) parting e) leaving 14. a) make b) demand c) impart d) vision e) need 15. a) dissolved b) enhanced c) measured d) failed e) blasted 16. a) deed b) parent c) total d)person e) lieu 17. a) involving b) saving c) away d) off e) vacating
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18. a) let b) enable c) present d) pressure e) collect 19. a) clauses b) dictionaries c) books d) experts e) partners 20. a) vacancy b) availability c) safety d) comfortable e) gap
DIRECTIONS (21-30): In following passage, there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. Against each, five words have suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.
Economic development of country is (21) to their individual growth. In a developing country like India, small scale industries play a significant role. In economic development of the country. They are a (22) segment Indian economy in terms of their contributions towards country’s industrial production, exports, employment and creation of an entrepreneurial base. These industries by and large represent a stage in economic (23) from traditional to modern technology. Small industry plays a very important role in widening the base of entrepreneurship. The development of small industries (24) an easy and effective means of achieving broad based ownership of industry, the diffusion of enterprise and initiative in the industrial field. Given their importance, the government policy framework right from the First plan has (25) need for the development of SSI sector keeping in view its (26) importance in overall all economic development of India. Accordingly, the policy support from the Government support from the Government towards Small scale industries has tended to be (27) and favorable to the development of small entrepreneurial class. Government accords the (28) preference to development of SSI by framing and implementing (29) policies and promotional schemes. The most important promotional policy of the Government for the SSI’s is fiscal (30) in the form of tax concession and exemptions direct or indirect taxes leviable on production or profits.
21. a) related b) relating c) concentrated d) resembled e) assimilated 22. a) mean b) vital c) insignificance d) visual e) insignificant 23. a) translation b) transferring c) translation d) transition e) transitional 24. a) offer b) offers c) differ d) differs e) encourage 25. a) highlighting b) highlighted c) heighten d) demeaning e) demeaned 26. a) strategy b) less c) complex d) strategic e) meager 27. a) conductive b) congruence c) unsuitable d) unfit e) unfair 28. a) high b) higher c) highest d) measurable e) lowest 29. a) unsuitable b) suitable c) suitably d) strategy e) unmatched 30. a) incentives b) imperatives c) needs d) improvement e) help
DIRECTIONS (31-40): In following passage, there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. Against each, five words have suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.
There is already an extensive empirical literature – often using growth accounts –that (31) these and other aspects of India’s economic growth. Many of studies (32) one or more of the following topics. First, a number of analyses (33) focused on characterizing India’s economic performance at the most aggregate level. While there is agreement that growth did indeed improve during the past quarter century, researchers have reached varying conclusions on some issues such as the timing and precise magnitude of this acceleration, and the relative importance of changes in domestic policy. There are on- going discussions over the extent in which the current growth can be maintained and various means by (34) it might be creased. Second, analysts have examined the behavior of particular outputs sectors. A number of authors have studied productivity in manufacturing reaching wide a range of conflicting conclusions. However, as explained in detail by Golder and Mira (2002),differences in foreign in the findings can be (35) to a variety of measurement issues, such as the use of single versus double deflation to construct estimates of real growth in manufacturing value added. Golder (2004) provides a careful recent updates showing that TFP growth in manufacturing (36) to have slowed in the post reform period- raising additional puzzles discussed below.
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However, (37) difficulties in measuring employment within individual industries, our analysis focuses (38) on the broader industrial sector. The 2 studies that focus on India’s services sector (many of which discuss the issue of sustainability), and those that discuss agriculture, are discussed in the body of the paper. Given the large body of prior research, many of the results to be discussed below (39) already in well to those field. None-the-less, this paper seeks to make a contribution to that literature in a variety of ways. In particular, the growth accounting framework, combined with our emphasis on data issues, pulls together concerns have typically been treated separately, and some cases, raise implications that do not appear to have been (40) recognized. Our updated growth accounts incorporate recent data revisions, some of which are quite large. They also provide new estimates for contributions to overall growth within the major economic sectors versus the gains from the real location of labor and capital among factors. Furthermore, we have examined a variety of additional data in our analysis of the role of capital accumulation – providing estimates of the returns to schooling for human capital, and reporting on trends in sectoral saving and investment, for physical capital. Thus, this paper is comprised of four remaining sections. The next section details the construction of growth accounts for India, with considerable attention paid to the quality of underlying data.
31. a) examine b) examines c) forecast d) forecasts e) augur 32. a) address b) denote c) addresses d) facilitate e) evolve 33. a) has b) will c) should have d) have e) had 34. a) which b) that c) if d) whether e) whose 35. a) devote b) attributes c) attributed d) decided e) developed 36. a) appeared b) appears c) looked d) seemed e) forecast 37. a) due to b) because c) for want of d) than e) that 38. a) primary b) primarily c) chief d) prime e)elementary 39. a) is b) was c) shall d) will e) are 40. a) consistent b) consistency c) haphazardly d) irregular e)turbulently
Directions (41-50): In following passage, there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. Against each, five words have suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.
The (41) of losing your job is getting smaller and smaller. As company has improved and employers have (42) confidence, companies have been steadily shedding fewer workers. The trend means greater job security and suggests a critical turning point in the economic recovery. It (43) the hope that workers’ pay will finally accelerate after grinding through a sluggish recovery for the past half- decade. When the economy (44) into recession at the end of 2007, employers cut deeply into their staffs. And during recovery, they hired only (45) instead; they thought to maximize the productivity of their existing employees. But in recent months the picture has (56). Employers have added 200,000- plus jobs for five straight months, and employment rate has reached 6.1%, the lowest since 2008. Now the steadily declining level of layoffs suggests that employers may have to hire even more (47) and raise pay if they want to expand their businesses. The shortage of laid off workers searching for jobs means that more companies need to pay more to (48) talent. Other data confirm that across the economy, job cuts have reached unusually low levels. Total layoffs in May dropped below pre-recession levels. Still, while layoffs have fallen 7.5 %this year, actual hiring has increased just 3 percent. That’s big reason the job markets might not seem as healthy as the series of strong monthly net job gains might suggest. Even so, more people with jobs means more people with paychecks, which tends to (49) consumer spending and growth. After a sharp (50) in the economy. In the first three months of year, most economists expect growth to exceed a 3 % annual pace in the second half of 2014.
41. a) risk b) dangerous c) risky d) prosperity e) aspect 42. a) regain b) regained c) been regained d) been lost e) lost 43. a) raised b) rose c) raises d) diminishes e) decreased 44. a) sink b) sank c) float d) swam e) floated 45. a) hesitating b) peacefully c) confidently d) rare e) hesitantly 46. a) brightened b) shining c) dooming d) brightening e) doomed 108
47. a) aggressively b) aggression c) faithful d) hesitant e) confidently 48. a) subtract b) attract c) attracting d) detract e) demean 49. a) strong b) weak c) weakening d) boosting e) boost 50. a) contraction b) contract c) contracting d) expand e) expanding
Directions (51-60): In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.
According to a report on 1991, there were about 5.4 billion people in the world. From 1990 to 1991, the population increased by 95 million and now has continued to grow at that rate. This may (51) to be new danger, but if one were to think of it as a pond doubling its amount of lily pads for 40 days, they would see it (52). It will start out with one lily pad, the next day it will have two and on the 39th day it will be (53) filled. The Earth’s population is doubling every 40 ears. We don’t want to wait until the 79th year to (54) our problem or else humankind will not have enough time to change the inevitable (55) that come with overpopulation. An expert on the subject believes the impact on the environment is equal affluence, which means the amount of energy and food supply the population (56). Therefore, with a larger population, there is a (57) impact on the Earth’s water, air and land. A common problem, that people think is associated with overpopulation is associated (58) out of space to live, but there are also many other environmental predicaments that it (59) More people use more cars, need more water (60). Therefore, population control is necessary on an international level in order to protect our environment.
51. a). Appear b). Seem c). Apparent d).Figure e). Believed 52. a). Accusingly b). Differently c). Faithfully d). Fact e). Cleared 53. a). Completely b). Subtly c). Forever d). Little e). Not 54. a). Answer b). Support c). Elevate d). Fix e). Pick 55. a). Obstacles b). High c). Personalities d). Doom e). Collisions 56. a). Assembles b). Makes c). Consumes d). Follows e). Gives 57. a). Minuscule b). Regular c). Enhanced d). Alternate e). Greater 58. a). Going b). Be c). Running d). Not e). Travelling 59. a). Results b). Creates c). Hampers d). Causes e) Substantiates 60. a). Table b). Availability c). Sources d). Reception e). Depletion
Directions (61-70): In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case. There are experts who believe that population control is not needed such as in Singapore. The government in Singapore decided that it would be better for the country to grow in population so that they are (71) to help their economy. Many less developed countries (72) population growth because they want their economy to grow. The experts who believe that it is better for us to let the population to increase or decrease on its own also think that over population will never (73) a problem. (74) For this thinking is that humans will adjust to the growing population because they are a species that are able to think, make decisions and find solutions when they (75) a problem. Advocates of this (76) think that there is no need to worry about environmental problems because there is or will be technology to fix the problems. As for the (77) amount of resources, they believe that there would be more people to think of new ways to make it easier or faster to get newer and more food and energy resources. Many people believe that overpopulation will cause and has caused many environmental problems, but they don’t think (78) families how many children they are allowed to have is the (79) to control the population. However, there has not been any other (80) suggestion on how to lower population growth, so limiting families to two children is the only solution. The worry about population started when it was noticed that many of the earth’s resources and environment were being hurt.
71.a). Able b). Made c). Tried d). Successful e). catering 72.a). Farther b). Promote c). Witness d). Subject e). Demote 73.a). Lead b). Become c). Cause d). Provide e). Have 109
74.a). Knowledge b). Reasons c). Projecting d). Truth e). Anticipation 75.a). Allow b). Generalise c). Encounter d). Find e). Suffer 76.a). Purpose b). Mentality c). Perception d). Mind e). Always 77.a). Less b). More c). Fewer d). Smaller e). Decreasing 78.a). That b). For c). About d). Of e). As 79.a). Solution b). Method c). Find d). Sample e). Importance 80.a). Valid b). Good c). Enough d). Successful e). Practical
Directions (81-90): In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.
The traditional method of managing credit risk is (81) diversification. Although (82) credit risk through diversification is effective, institutions are often constrained by (83) of diversification (84) on account of limited area of (85). During the last few years, managing credit risk through selling assets by way or securitization has (86) in popularity. The market for securitized assets has grown (87) in the last few years and is expected to grow further in the (88) years. This mode or credit risk mitigation is most (89) to loans with standardized payment schedules and similar credit risk characteristics such as housing loans, auto loans, credit card receivables, etc. Further, shedding loans through securitization might (90) client relationship. In this context, credit derivatives provide a new technique for managing credit risk.
81. a). By b). Onto c). For d). At e). Through 82.a). Watching b). Mitigating c).Taking d). Affording e). Seeing 83.a). Lack b). Supply c). Scarity d). Void e). Want 84.a). Luck b). Fortune c). Activities d). Opportunities e) Chance 85.a). Place b). Transaction c). Operations d). Dealing e). Work 86. a). Gained b). Sold c). Valued d). Bought e). Profited 87.a). Gigantic b). Slowly c). Slightly d). Needlessly e). Impressively 88.a). Yester b). Futuristic c). Golden d). Coming e). Past 89.a). Desired b). Suited c). Wanted d). Suitable e). Popular 90.a). Kill b). Lynch c). Promote d). Damage e). Burn
Direction (91-100):In the given passage, there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. Against each, five words are suggested, one of words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find the appropriate word in each case.
Changing an organization’s culture is one of the most difficult leadership challenges. That’s because an organization’s culture (91) interlocking set of goals, roles, processes, values communications practices, attitudes and assumptions. These elements (92) together as a mutually reinforcing system and combine to prevent any (93) to change it. That is why single-fix challenges, such as the introduction of teams. Of lean, or agile, or scrum or knowledge management or some new process, may (94) to make progress for a while, but (95) the interlocking elements of the organizational culture (96) over and the change is intexorably drawn (97) into the existing organizational culture. Changing a culture is large scale undertaking and eventually all of the organizational focus for changing minds will need to be put in play. However, the (98) in which they are deployed has a Critical (99) on the (100) of success.
91. a). Less b). Embrace c). Comprises d). Makes e).Composes 92.a). Amalgamate b). Conjoin c). Fit d). Stands e). Attach 93.a). Attempt b). Energy c). Ways d). Power e). Tries 94.a). Look b). Appear c). Perform d). Suspect e). Seek 95.a). Especially b). Presently c).Likely d). Eventually e). Lately 96.a). Bounce b). Throw c). Seize d). Jump e). Take 97.a). Forth b). Ahead c). Gain d). Set e). Back 98.a). Order b). Succession c). Idea d). Step e). Label 99.a). Affect b). Impact c). Control d). Jolt e). Shake 110
100.a). Change b). Odd c). Risk d). Likelihood e). Option
Directions (101-110): In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.
Generally a disaster (101) in significant loss in social, psychological, and economic aspects. It not only (102) to structural damages, but also leaves families torn apart, children orphaned, livelihoods destroyed, and communities traumatized. Nonstructural factors such as lack of responsiveness of government officials and ineffective leadership are mainly (103) for any disaster mismanagement. India is (104) to a variety of natural and man-made disasters. Strong and effective emergency management has been a felt (105) in all corners of the world. Effective policies play a vital role in mitigating the impact of disasters and (106) likely losses of life and property. Economic resources are important for any disaster management. (107) it has been recognized that economic resources did not necessarily translate into greater investment in this domain, as there is no (108) of issues that demanded governments’ attention and resources. Disaster management has (109) acquired importance in the agenda of governance, unless there is a major natural or man- made disaster. The major shortcomings observed in Indian disaster management, along with their probable solutions, are discussed (200) an important basis.
101.a). Result b).Results c). Resulted d). Impedes e). Sends 102.a). Leads b). Leading c). Led d). Has led e) Will lead 103.a). Response b). Responding c). Responsible d). Liable e). Careful 104.a). Vulnerable b). Unaffected c). Strong d). Voracious e). Voluble 105.a). Needful b). Need c).voice d).vitality e).needs 106. a). Reduce b). Reduced c). Reducing d). Increase e). Increasing 107. a). If b). That c). Till d). Until e). Yet 108.a). Deficit b). Dearth c). Plenty d). Plentiful e). Scarce 109.a). Regularly b). Generally c). Parlicularly d). Often e). Seldom 110.a). On b). In c). Within d). Of e). With
Directions (111-120): In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriate word in each case.
Women (111) up half the world’s population and yet represent a staggering 70% of the world’s poor. We live in a world in which women liying in poverty face gross (112) and injustice from birth to death. Form poor education to poor nutrition to (113) and low pay employment, the sequence of discrimination that a woman may suffer during her entire life is unacceptable but all too common. Millennium Development Goal 3 is to promote gender equality and empower women. This MDG is critical for (114) poverty and improving prospects for women. But how can women break gender based stereotypes to minimise discrimination and (115) gender based violence when they are trapped in societies with socio-cultural practices which roptinely discriminate them from having equal opportunities in education, health and livelihood! These women are invisible and the (116) in their way prevent them from accessing the most basic human rights and needs. The outlook is bleak. Women make up 70% of the world’s working hours and (117) only 10% of the world’s income and half of what men earn. This leads to greater poverty slower economic growth and a (118) standard of living. In developing countries, millions of women also die each year as a result of gender-based (119). This deep- rooted gender discrimination creates a bleak outlook for women in developing countries. For millions of girls living in poverty, it is often those closest to them who work against the child’s interests and their immediate environment is often (120) and sometimes, downright harmful. Parents arrange marriages when you are a child. Neighbors say, if you are a girl, you must limit your activities to your home. Friends say, it is OK not to go to school.
111.a). Made b). Make c). Look d). Has made e). Complete 112.a). Equality b). Affection c). Inequality d). Support e). Justice 111
113.a). Vulnerable b). Weakness c). Vulnerability d). Specific e). Weakest 114.a). Tackle b). Tackling c). Fight d). Tackled e). Fought 115.a). Increase b). Support c). Weak d). Reduce e). Influencing 116.a). Obstacles b). Make c). Pleasantries d). Pebbles e) Encouragements 117.a). Earns b). Earned c). Spend d). Earn e). Spends 118.a). Slow b). Slower c). Low d). Lowest e). Lower 119.a). Violence b). Violent c). Virulent d). Corruption e). Violation 120.a). Functional b). Natural c). Artificial d). Dysfunctional e) Disfunctional
Direction (121-130): In the following passage there are blanks, each numbers are printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.
India with its 600universities and 35,000 colleges is the third (121) education system in the world. But 68 per cent of these universities and 73 per cent of colleges are (122) to be medium or low quality by Indian standard itself. With a severe shortage of quality higher education institutions, India faces the challenge of education nearly 30per cent of its 1.1 billion people. Certainly, India requires many more institutions of higher (123) since nearly 100 million students are going to the higher education market in the next 10 years. In such a scenario improving the standards of (124) universities and establishing quality institutions should be our priority. Steps should be (125) to reduce the disconnect between higher education institutions and industry requirements. The possibilities of private sector contributions in higher education should be fully exploited. The practice of big business houses and philanthropists promoting quality universities in the west could be (126) in India. But before initiating such private sector participation in higher education the government should endure that there are proper checks and controls on the activities of such entities. Also it is our recent experience that the mushrooming of substandard schools and (127) universities (128) resulted in the deterioration of educational standards in India. Upgrading the higher education sector especially in terms of patents filed and cutting edge research output is essential in improving India’s global ranking. Our sustainable economic development depends on human resources. A quality higher education base is essential (129) rape full benefits of our demographic dividend. In its mission to redress inefficiencies in higher education, the strategies of the 12th plan focus on technical education, distance learning, quality research, infrastructure, faculty and curriculum content. Wholehearted, coordinated efforts of the government departments and the private sector are needed to (130) the plan’s educational goals.
121.a). Largest b). Large c).Larger d). Bigger e). Affluent 122.a). Founded b). Found c). Finding d). Being found e). Been founded 123.a). Learn b). Learning c). Played d). Paid e). Paying 124.a). Existing b). Existed c). Perished d). Excellent e). Exciting 125.a). Take b). Took c).Taken d). Stopped e). Forwarded 126.a). Repeated b). Replicated c). Copying d). Repeating e). Replicating 127.a). Deemed b). Deeming c). Dreaming d). Dreamt e). Deemful 128.a). Have b). Has c). Has been d). Have been e). Would be 129.a). For b). In c). With d). To e). By 130.a). Realise b). Realising c). Understand d). Achieving e). Realised
Direction (131-140): In the following passage there are blanks, each numbers are printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.
The fact that the majority of South Asia’s population of about 1.5 billion (131) in villages points towards the need for marketers to develop a good understanding of rural markets and the rural markets and the rural marketing phenomenon. For our purpose, we define rural marketing (132) any marketing activity in which one dominant participant is from a rural area. This implies that rural marketing comprises marketing of inputs to rural markets as well as marketing of outputs from rural markets to (133) geographical areas.
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It is not only the size of the population that makes rural markets in South Asia very (134) for marketers in India. Rural markets (135) for a similar products too. Banking system, limited availability of credit facilities, and problems of storage infrastructure are additional (136) for marketers. These challenges need (137) solutions. All the South Asian governments accord special (138) to the development of rural areas by addressing issues such as poverty, unequal growth, and poor infrastructure. This has led to (139) improvements in rural literacy levels in the last few years in all the South Asian countries, In addition, investments by governments in improving farm productivity and generating greater employment opportunities in rural areas have made rural markets in South Asia more (140) and prosperous
131.a). Believes b). Resides c). Concentrates d). Focuses e). Amalgamates 132.a). Since b).For c). By d).As e).While 133.a).Diverse b).Another c). Different d). Other e).Many 134.a).Valid b).Central c). Important d). Trivial e).Prime 135.a).Responded b).Counted c). Accounted d).Catered e).Seized 136.a).Attractions b). Obstacles c).Challenges d).Pitfalls e).Diversions 137.a).Pragmatic b). Scientific c). Radical d).Innovative e).Practical 138.a).Fund b).Budget c).Attention d).Primacy e).Resources 139.a).Appreciable b).Revolutionary c).Mind-boggling d).Astonishing e).Surprising 140. a).Appropriate b).Relevant c).Vibrant d).Challenging e).Dynamics
Direction (141-150): In the following passage there are blanks, each numbers are printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.
The rise of Asian manufacturers in 1990s hit African firms hard; many was wiped out. Northern Nigeria, which one had (141) garments industry, was unable to (142) with low cost imports. South Africa has similar problems it manufacturing failed to grow last (143) the continental Boom. This is partially the (144) of governments. Buoyed by commodity income, they have neglected Industries needs, (145) for roads and electricity. But Dad, too, main at last be changing. Wolfgang Gentler, a World Bank economist, says, "Africa is now in a good position to industrialized with the right mix of ingredients. This includes (146) demography, urbanization, an emerging middle class and strong services. For this to happen, "he adds, "the continent will need to scale up its infrastructure (147) and improve the business climate and many African countries have started to (148) these challenges in recent years." Kenya is not about to become (149) next South Korea. African countries are likely to follow a more diverse path, benefiting from the growth of countless small and medium sized businesses, as well as some big ones. For the next decade or so, services will still generate more jobs and wealth in Africa then manufacturing which is fine India has (150) for more than two decades on the back of services, while steadily building a manufacturing sector from a very low base. Do not bet against Africa doing the same.
141.a)thriving b) flourish c)detractive d) dooming e) repulsive 142.a) competed b) compete c) complete d) surrender e) commensurate 143.a) inspite b) additional c) in addition d) despite e) despite of 144.a) fact b) quality c) fault d) default e) fiction 145. a)specific b) especially c) particular d) partially e) generally 146. a) favourable b) favourably c) ferocious d) special e) contrast 147.a)expenditures b) disinvestment c) Investments d) Development e) developing 148. a) tackle b) tackling c) decrease d) increase e) improve 149. a) a b) an c) the d) such e) 4 150. a) Boomed b) booming c) Boom d) expand e) plummeted
Direction (151-160): In the following passage there are blanks, each numbers are printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.
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Without doubt there is one thing (151) to all of us we have all played a game at some time in our lives. Most of us play to relax all have fun, but for many, playing a game or a sport is a way to (152) poverty behind. In fact, in many African countries, playing a sport professionally can (153) the lives of a person's entire family. For example, in the small towns of Bekoji, in Ethiopia (154) than a hundred boys and girls can be seen running at dawn every day. Each of these youth is (155) and serious and their coach is (156) that one of them will be a world champion. This seems like an idle (157) but it is virtually a guarantee in this small community (158) mainly farmers. Many of the fastest male and female distance runners in the world hail from this small town. A small hand painted sign which greets visitors outside Bekoji (159)" welcome to the village of athletes." Children here start running at an early age (160) great distances to fetch water and firewood or to reach School. At the Olympics, runners from this small town are likely to win more medals then those from developed countries. It will give their families a way out of poverty.
151.a)popular b) accepted c) common d) alike e) similar 152.a) leave b) alleviate c) forgot d) prevent e) reduce 153.a) shift b) changes c) arrange d) control e) transform 154.a) larger b) further c) more d) greater e) over 155.a) performed b) concentrated c) rival d) focused e) Playful 156.a) confident b) convince c) optimist d) intended e)privilege 157.a)precaution b)boast c)suspicion d)risk e)worship 158.a)for b)existing c)that d)comprising e)consisting 159.a)wish b)warn c)inform d)notices e)reads 160.a)competing b)covering c)driving d)measuring e)following
Direction (161-165): In the following passage there are blanks, each numbers are printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.
Recently the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank released separate reports on poverty. The World Bank report (161) its benchmark of extreme poverty by 25 cents from $1 per person per day to $1.25 per person a day. The ADB announced and even higher benchmark of $1.35 per person a day. These new Benchmarks are (162) on surveys in the world's poorest countries. Expert often like to (163) that poverty has declined because of economic growth in India and China. This is wrong and misleading. In the past 25 years the poverty rate in India has (164) by less than 1 % point a year. Whether we use a poverty line of $1 per person per day or $1.25 percent per day makes little (165). The number of poor in India is large. The purpose of these statistics is not to dispute them but to study weather the benefits of economic growth are being shared with the poor.
161.a)heightened b)announced c)raised d)maintained e)notified 162.a)based b)collected c)inferred d)derived e)gathered 163.a)realise b)claim c)discover d)recommend e)criticise 164.a)deplete b)plunge c)declined d)weaken e)fell 165.a)difference b)effect c)contrast d)question e)option
Direction (166-175): In the following passage there are blanks, each numbers are printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.
Marine life (166) along the coast and in the ocean results from harmful fishing practices such as trawling or dynamite fishing; poor land use practices in agriculture, (167) development and forestry sectors; and the human activities such as mining and anchoring. Destroyed habitates include sea grasses, marshes, corals and mangroves- all of which are important nurseries for fish and Critical for buffering coats from Storm damage. Damaging habitat can lead to increased (168) and sedimentation, increased impact from storms, fewer (169) ground and fewer places for animals and plants to live. Destructive fishing, land based sedimentation, dredging, marine recreation, typhoons and storms, poor agriculture practices, and coastal development and land (170) increasingly (171) and devastate productive marine habitats. One major ecological impact derives from increased sediment loads in coastal waters from 114
activities such as logging. Sedimentation, which produces turbidity and limits the (172) of Sunlight (173) primary and secondary producers- thus altering food web dynamics. The smothering of Coral reefs by sediment also (174) fish and produces ecosystem changes. Chemicals in sediments, may bioaccumulate in marine life as well. Oil spilling is also major problem for destruction of the (175) life.
166.a)destruction b)construction c)obstruction d)description e)evolution 167.a)coast b)coastal c)coasting d)bank e)edge 168.a)igneous b)deposit c)erosion d)metamorphic e)deposition 169.a)nursing b)hospitablity c)nourishing d)nursery e)helpful 170.a)reclamation b)accumulate c)accommodation d)deserting e)habitat 171.a)add b)impair c)sound d)destructive e)construct 172.a)penetrate b)filter c)obstruction d)passing e)penetration 173.a)effects b)affects c)endangers d)facilitates e)reduces 174.a)increases b)negates c)reduces d)produce e)reduced 175.a)coastal b)ocean c)marine d)land e)forest
Direction (176-185): In the following passage there are blanks, each numbers are printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.
Indian culture is rich and (176) and as a result unique in its very own way. Our manners, way of communicating with one another, etc. are one of the important components of our culture. Even though we have accepted modern means of Living, improved our Lifestyle, our values and beliefs still remain unchanged. A person can change his way of clothing, way of eating and living but the rich values in a person always (177) unchanged because they are deeply rooted within our hearts, mind, body and soul which we receive from our culture. Indian culture (178) guests as god and serves them and takes care of them as if they are a park and parcel of the family itself. Even though we don't have anything to eat, the guests I never left hungry and are always looked after by the members of the family. Elders and the respect for elders is a major component in India culture. Elders are the (179) force for any family and hence the love and respect for elders comes from (180) and is not artificial. An (181) takes blessings from his elders by touching their feet. Elders drill and pass on the Indian culture within us as we grow. " Respect one another" is another lesson that is taught from the books of Indian culture. All people are alike and respecting one another is once duty. In foreign countries the relation (182) the boss and the employee is like a (183) and slave and is purely monetary whereas in Indian culture the relation between the boss and the employee is more like homely relations unlike foreign countries. Helpful nature is another (184) feature in our Indian culture. Right from our early days of childhood we are taught to help one another (185) help and distress. If not monetary then at least in kind or nonmonetary ways. Indian culture tells us to multiply and distribute joy and happiness and share sadness and pain. It tells us that by all this we can develop cooperation and better living amongst ourselves and subsequently make this world a better place to live in. Even though India is a country of various religion and caste our culture tell us just one thing "Phir b dil h Hindustani."
176.a)diverse b)averse c) poor d) reconciliatory e) reverse 177.a)remains b)remain c) Remaining d) reverent e)reformed 178.a)ill treat b) deals in c) treats d) treated e) behave 179.a) diversive b) driven c) Divas stating d) deriving e)driving 180.a)within b) surrounding c) proximity d) outside e) outsourcing 181.a) individual b) illiterate c) enriched d) elder e) individuals 182.a)among b) with c) between d) of e) in 183.a) master b) Zamindar c) owner d) warden e) employer 184.a)striken b) striking c) negative d) damnable e) horrifying 185.a) for need b) needful c) in need of d) for want of e) required
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Direction (186-195): In the following passage there are blanks, each numbers are printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case. With the US military tied down on two fronts and the rest of world growing (186) to American power, the challenges for rice are as (187) as they have been for any secretary of state in the past 3 decades. After 6 years of tussling with others on Bush's national security team, rice has seen of her Rivals and (188) as the principal spokesperson for Bush's foreign policy. Her reward has been to (189) responsibility for selling a failed policy in Iraq and framing a legacy for Bush at a time when (190) in the world are in the mood to help her." Bush is severely (191) and has very little credibility or support at home or abroad," says Leslie Gelb, former President of the Council on foreign relations. That is (192) true for his secretary of State. So they are basically flailing around. That's a grim assessment, since the (193) to international order are bigger today than at any other time since the end of the cold war. The most immediate sources of (194) emanates from Iraq, where are the country' civil war risks (195) a region wide conflict.
186 a) resistant b)subservient c) immune d)cordial e)Indifference 187 a)Obvious b) trivial c) superfluous d) daunting e) rewarding 188.a)renamed b) emerged c) appointed d) entrusted e) visited 189.a)shirk b) avoid c) transfer d) visualize e) inherit 190.a)people b) few c) Diplomats d) autocrats e)most 191.a)intensified b) master-minded c) weakened d) projected e) supported 192.a)not b)uniformly c)remotely d)partially e)also 193.a)admiration b)threats c)pleasantries d)demands e)accolades 194.a)instability b)fuel c)energy d)peace e)atrocity 195.a)defusing b)demolishing c)terminating d)igniting e)extinguishing
Direction (196-205): In the following passage there are blanks, each numbers are printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case Greenhouse gases are only (196) of the story when it comes to global warming. Changes to one part of the climate system can (197) additional changes to the way the planet absorbs or reflects energy. These secondary changes are (198) climate feedbacks, and they good more than double the amount of warming caused by carbon dioxide alone. The primary feedbacks are (199) to snow and ice, water vapour, clouds, and carbon cycle. Perhaps the most well (200) feedback comes from melting snow and eyes in the Northern hemisphere. Warming temperatures are already (201) a growing percentage of Arctic sea ice, exposing dark Asian water during the (202) sunlight of Summer. Snow cover on land is also (203) in many areas. In the (204) of snow and ice, These areas go from having bright, sunlight reflecting surfaces that cool the planet to having dark, sunlight absorbing surfaces that (205) more energy into the earth system and cause more warming.
196.a)whole b)part c)material d)issue e)most 197.a)raise b)brings c)refer d)stop e)cause 198.a)sensed b)called c)nothing d)but e)term 199.a)due b)results c)reason d)those e)because 200.a)done b)known c)ruled d)bestowed e)said 201.a)mastering b)sending c)melting d)calming e)increasing 202.a)make shift b)ceasing c)troubled d)perpetual e)absent 203.a)dwindling b)manufactured c)descending d)generating e)supplied 204.a)progress b)reduced c)existence d)midst e)absence 205.a)repel b)waft c)monitor d)bring e)access
Direction (206-215): In the following passage there are blanks, each numbers are printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case The (206) of India as an economic superpower is not reflected in the (207) of life enjoyed by its 1.2 billions citizens according to the human development Index which (208) India very low among 182 116
countries. In our performance oriented world, measurement issues have taken on (209) importance as what we measure affects what we do. Inspect the French president has established and international Commission on the measurement of economic performance and social progress owing to his (210) and that of others with the current state of statistical information about the economy and Society. The big question concerns (211) Gross Domestic Product GDP provides a good measure of living standards. In many cases GDP statistics seem to free (212) data economic is doing for better than most citizens feel it is. Moreover the focus on GDP create conflicts while political leaders are told to maximize it, citizens also demand that (213) be paid to enhancing security, reducing air, water and noise pollution all of which actually (214) GDP growth. Statistics are (215) to summarise what is going on in our Complex society. It is therefore obvious that we can't reduce everything to a single number GDP.
206.a)tribute b)pursuit c)perception d)conversion e)title 207.a)loss b)quality c)spirit d)span e)joy 208.a)counted b) scored c) qualified d) regard e) ranked 209.a)negligible b) great c) unduly d) trivial e) Considerably 210.a)obedience b) confidence c) belief d) dissatisfaction e) compliance 211.a) that b) unless c) because d) against e) whether 212.a) suggest b) recommend c) think d) point e) refer 213.a)Compensation b) respect c) Debt d) attention e) expense 214.a) recover b) Lower c) Attain d) Decline e) shrunk 215.a)inferred b) difficult c) interpret d) reveal e) intended
Direction (216-225): In the following passage there are blanks, each numbers are printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case
It is noteworthy that the Prime Minister's working group set up to suggest long term solutions to (216) the growing demand for affordable food has acknowledged the use of biotechnology as integral to a second Green Revolution. Although Indian agriculture serves as a good example of incorporating hybrid varieties of high yielding crops, the attitude towards genetically modified are transgenic food has been sceptical. But cotton is the only (217) crop currently approved for (218) in India. But brinjal is under Moratorium for commercial release. In a country where is 65% of agricultural land is still (219) on the monsoon, there needs to be far greater investment in biotechnology driven solutions to increase yields. True, there are valid health and environment (220) regarding the adoption of GM crops. It is for this reason that the adequate (221) need to be in place to ensure consumer safety. But an (222) rejection of genetically modified food would be (223) to the country's food security. Given the huge deficit between command and production, there is an urgent need to adopt a (224) approach to agriculture. Brazil serves as a good example. Over the last 40 years the South American Nation has scripted an Agriculture revolution in the dry Plains of the country by providing basic inputs on a large scale and vigorously adopting GM crops. There is no reason why India can't (225) this. Storage and delivery is the other side of problems that can be significantly mitigated by policy decisions that allow for Greater FDI in retail. Scientific innovations combined with a farsighted farm to fork agricultural strategy are the answer to India's growing food needs.
216.a)meet b) suggest c)complete d) seek e) recommend 217.a. food b)transgenic c) high yielding d)genetic e)organic 218.a. research b) hybrid c) release d) launch e) cultivation 219.a. filled b)dependent c) depends d) independent e) available 220.a. concerns b) protests c) factors d) yields e) areas 221.a. warnings b)features c)safeguards d) research e) alerts 222.a. accurate b) hasty c) absurd d) outright e) honest 223.a) risk b)beneficial c) attestation d) acrimonious e) detrimental 224.a. thoughtful b )middle c)holistic d) hybrid e) balance 225.a)replicate b) test c) overcome d) condemn e) simulate
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Direction (226-236): In the following passage there are blanks, each number is printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case The Economics of owning and running ration shops, the familiar name for the outlets in our public Distribution system PDS, under normal business terms, the shop owner could never make a profit. Yet, (226) the government announces that new permits for ration shops will be given out, there is Frenzy in the market to Grab one of these. (227)? The answer is obvious: the business is not for the honest and if one knows the (228), there is a fortune to be made. What are these tricks of the trade? Getting fake names into the user list is the most obvious option; the state seems to be (229) a losing battle against this practice, judging by the endless efforts to weed out bogus ration cards. The next is to get the right customers on the list, not just more customers. These are people who are registered but who do not have any interest in (230) on their entitlements. In a system where caste and income certificates are for sale, it is not (231) to produce these documents for mutual benefit. Receipts are duly made in their names, and the rations thus drawn are (232) off into the open market. The sale price of an item like rice makes clear the (233) economics- it costs Rs.8 in a ration shops while in the latter it is rupees 30 or above. There are also customers who would rather exchange their entitlements for hard cash at the beginning of the month. As the degradation progresses, the shopkeeper, in (234) with official machinery, manages to withhold effectively the entitlements from even the genuine beneficiaries and diverts them to open market. The targeted group is usually not in a position to (235) itself to get its due. And thus one has all (236) of a good PDF business.
226.a)whenever b)quickly c)just d)as soon e) time 227.a)what b)when c)where d)why e) How 228.a)lying b)people c)sprouting d)hard work e)ropes 229.a)attempt b)waging c)winning d)expecting e)trying 230.a)harping b)discussing c)realized d)drawing e)giving 231.a)easy b)must c)difficult d)simple e)enough 232.a)sell b)borrowed c)donated d)bought e)siphoned 233.a)understood b)poor c)underlying d)mechanical e)unclear 234.a)meeting b)collusion c)flow d)show e)line 235.a)ask b)voiced c)assert d)deliever e)willful 236.a)things b)ingredients c)dictate d)component e)facet
Direction (237-246): In the following passage there are blanks, each number is printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case Depending upon how humanity chooses to use it, Technology can enhance or (237) any aspect of life. The realm of interpersonal communication generally feels this impact first. Many times throughout history, humanity has changed its mode of communication as society itself has (238). As people began to spread out geographically, verbal communication turned to writing to make it more (239). Then, people invented ways of carrying both conversation and written communication between their communities to keep in (240) with one another as travel became simpler. With the advent of the telephone, people begin to wander is picking up the receiver to call one another would eventually (241) out the forms of communication. So far, as families and friends have moved away from one another, the telephone, even its cellular form, has allowed humanity to (242) the necessary links among its members. Naturally, now that computers, instant and text messaging, and other forms of communication have found their way into the world, people not familiar with these Technologies wonder what they will do to the human race. Etiquette experts and those raised on writing Formal letters often (243) that email and text message Lingo will replace the language of pen and paper. This will not (244), and both methods of communication can survive to enhance humans enjoyment of one another's company is the next generation learn how to (245) both. Each form of communication can service with its own rules as people learn which situations in life (246) for which level of formality and which of the people they spend time with can connect better with which type of language.
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237.a)depressed b)finish c)problem d)hinder e)featured 238.a)evolved b)destroyed c)pledged d)extinguished e)waited 239.a)expensive b)subjective c)easier d)loud e)portable 240.a)lines b)faith c)distance d)touch e)check 241.a)pushed b)cancel c)shells d)try e)turn 242.a)maintain b)teleport c)cut d)curb e)regulation 243.a)dominate b)elate c)worry d)says e)mentioning 244.a)agree b)happen c)occurred d)exist e)possible 245.a)forms b)prove c)accomplish d)study e)example 246.a)take b)require c)jump d)stands e)call
Direction (247-259): In the following passage there are blanks, each number is printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case
As the country embarks on planning (247) XII plan 2012 to 2017 period, a key question mark (248) hangs over the process is on the energy requirements. Growth is energy hungry, and the aspirations of growing at 9 to 10% wolf (249) huge demand on the energy resources of the country. In this energy Jigsaw, renewable energy work (250) like never before in the 12th plan and (251). By the rule of the thumb, India well (252) about 100 gigawatts-100000 megawatts of capacity addition in the next 5 years. Encouraging trends on Energy Efficiency and sustained (253) by some parts of government The Bureau of Energy Efficiency in particular needs to be complimented for this- have led to substantially lesser energy intensity of economic growth. However, even the Tempered demand numbers are (254) to below 80 gigawatt. As against this need the coal supply some domestic sources unlikely to support more than 25 gigawatt equivalent capacity. Imported coal can I add some more, but at a much (255)cost. Gas based electricity generation is unlikely to contribute anything substantial in view of unprecedented gas supply challenges. Nuclear will be (256) in the foreseeable future. Between imported coal, gas, large hydro and new color, no more than 15-20 gigawatt equivalent can be (257) to be added in the five year time block. (258) (259) this, capacity addition in the renewable energy based power generation has touched about 3 gigawatt a year. In the coming 5 years, the overall capacity addition in the electricity grid (260) renewable energy is likely to range between 20Gw and 25Gw.Additionally, over and above the grid-based capacity, off grid electricity applications are reaching remote places and (261) lives where grid-based electricity supply has miserably failed.
247.a)against b)for c)onwards d)at e)on 248.a)that b)inside c)always d)who e)where 249.a)forward b)subject c)place d)demand e)replace 250.a)pass b)publish c)feature d)find e)light 251.a)likewise b)publicity c)next d)after e)earlier 252.a)waste b)require c)highlight d)generate e)consumed 253.a)structures b)efforts c)projections d)practices e)development 254.a)sure b)unsure c)unexpected d)unlikely e)likely 255.a)nominal b)excelled c)higher d)lower e)expected 256.a)failure b)success c)dangerous d)maximum e)marginal 257.a)certain b)linked c)remarked d)expected e)sure 258.a)when b)but c)However d)If e)As 259.a)for b)with c)is d)ever e)against 260.a)through b)project c)versus d)against e)capacity 261.a)lightening b)making c)touching d)saving e)generating
Direction (262-271): In the following passage there are blanks, each number is printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case (262) over the world, rights related to information technology that are already legally recognized are daily being violated, (263) in the name of economic advancement, political stability or for 119
personal greed and interest. Violations of these rights have (264) new problem in human social systems, such as the digital divide, cybercrime, all of which have (265) people's lives either directly or indirectly. It is important that countries come up with the guidelines for action to (266) the incidences of malicious attacks on the confidentiality, integrity and availability of electronic data and system, computer related crimes, content related offenses and violations of intellectual property rights (267), threats to critical infrastructure and national interests arising from the use of the internet for criminal and terrorist activities are of growing (268). The harm incurred to businesses, governments and individuals in those countries in which the internet is used(269), is gaining in (270) and importance, while in other countries; cybercrime threatens the application of information and communication technology for government services, health care, trade, and banking .As users starts losing (271) in online transactions and business ,the opportunity costs may become substantial
262.a)entire b)lot c)great d)all e)much 263.a)scarcely b)whether c)and d)for e)hardly 264.a)created b)bent c)pressured d)risen e)stopped 265.a)distanced b)affected c)exaggerated d)advanced e)cropped 266.a)engage b)conflict c)war d)combat e)struggle 267.a)but b)more c)addition d)beside e)further 268.a)concern b)nature c)pattern d)important e)matter 269.a)really b)figuratively c)widely d)never e)tandem 270.a)fear b)days c)positivity d)width e)scope 271.a)tracks b)measure c)confidence d)mind e)grip
Direction (272-281): In the following passage there are blanks, each number is printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case There is considerable amount of research about the factors that make a complete innovate. So is it possible to create an environment (272) to innovation ? This is a particularly pertinent (273) for India today. Massive problem in health, education etc. (274) be solved using a conventional approach but (275) creative and innovative solutions that can ensure radical change and (276). There are several factors in India's (277). Few countries have the rich diversity that India or its large, young population (278).While these (279) innovation policy interventions certain additional steps are also required. These include (280) investment in research and development by (281) the government and private sector, easy transfer of Technology from the academic world etc. To fulfill its promise of being prosperous and to be at the forefront, India must be innovative. 272.a)stimuli b)conducive c)incentive d)facilitated e)impetus 273.a)objective b)controversy c)doubt d)question e)inference 274.a)cannot b)possibly c)should d)never e)must 275.a)necessary b)apply c)need d)consider e)requires 276.a)quantity b)advantages c)increase d)chaos e)growth 277.a)challenges b)praises c)favour d)leverage e)esteem 278.a)blessed b)enjoys c)endows d)prevails e)occurs 279.a)aid b)jeopardise c)promotes d)endure e)cater 280.a)acute b)utilising c)restricting d)inspiring e)increased 281.a)both b)besides c)combining d)participating e)also
Direction (282-291): In the following passage there are blanks, each number is printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case
I wanted to (282) myself a sweater. When I asked my mother for some wool, she directed me to the old cloth bag under the stairs. This was the bag (283) which my mother had over the years (284) all the remains from sweaters, scarves, cardigans and gloves that she had knitted for herself (285) the family. When I opened the bag-I screamed "What a mess!" All the wool had tangled itself into a huge knot. I said to my mother, "its hopeless". All the wool is so badly mixed. (286) can I even detangle it, let alone knit a sweater from it. "She smiled and said, "It's easier (287) you think. All you have to do is look for the easiest knot and undo that (288) that is done, the next knot will be easier. Just keep on doing 120
this, until all the wool is unravelled".I (289) as my mother had told me to, and sooner than I had thought, the wool started to loosen and different colours (290) to emerge. Very soon, instead of one huge untidy bunch of wool I had several neat balls in (291) of me.
282.a)own b)does c)have d)prepared e)knit 283.a)from b)on c)to d)for e)in 284.a)put b)keep c)managed d)instilled e)hide 285.a)and b)with c)apart d)aside e)beside 286.a)how b)what c)where d)why e)which 287.a)that b)than c)more d)those e)also 288.a)with b)along c)where d)then e)once 289.a)try b)follow c)decided d)did e)listened 290.began b)see c)could d)came e)starts 291.a)search b)reward c)close d)front e)awe
Direction (292-301): In the following passage there are blanks, each number is printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case
A mobile phone is no (292) a simple device to make calls. It has (293) the hub for all your activities,from e-mailing and browsing to paying bills and transferring money. Banks may have been first to (294) their feet into this technological pool, but telecom companies have (295) to catch up. The RBI’s step to remove the 50,000 cap that it had (296) earlier on daily mobile transactions has also provided the much needed (297) to mobile banking. Mobile banking (298) you to conduct financial transactions on your phone just as you would at a bank branch or through Net banking. Banks are now evolving this facility as they launch innovative product. For (299), a Bank’s cash-to-mobile service (300) customers to transfer money to anybody,including those who do not have a bank account. A bank customer can download the bank’s application on his phone and then put in the phone number of the person to whom he wants to send money, along with the transaction amount. The bank will send a message to thr remitter and the beneficiary along with different PINs to each. The remitter will have to message his PIN to the beneficiary, who can then use both PINs and his mobile number to withdraw cash from the respective Bank ATM. The service is (301) but operator charges will apply.Also, the sender will need a Java-enable handset.
292.a)longer b)much c)anymore d)doubt e)sooner 293.a)become b)been c)changed d)made e)transformed 294.a)dip b)stand c)wash d)touch e)pick 295.a)try b)not c)begun d)made e)soon 296.a)sanctioned b)festered c)imposed d)cooked e)built 297.a)breaking b)fact c)pushed d)drop e)boost 298.a)forces b)places c)remits d)allows e)makes 299.a)examples b)instance c)together d)now e)today 300.a)permit b)suggests c)facilitated d)attempts e)enables 301.a)expensive b)there c)costly d)free e)inaccessible
ANSWER KEY 1.c 2.b 3.e 4.d 5.d 6.b 7.b 8.c 9.e 10.a 11.a 12.e 13.a 14.c 15.b 16.e 17.b 18.b 19.d 20.b 21.a 22.b 23.c 24.b 25.b 26.d 27.a 28.c 29.c 30.a 31.b 32.a 33.d 34.a 35.c 36.b 37.a 38.b 39.e 40.b 41.a 42.b 43.c 44.b 45.e 46.a 47.a 48.b 49.e 50.a 51.e 52.b 53.a 54.c 55.a 56.c 57.e 58.d 59.d 60.e 61.a 62.c 63.e 64.b 65.a 66.d 67.d 68.c 69.c 70.a 71.a 72.b 73.c 74.e 75.c 76.c 77.e 78.c 79.a 80.a
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81.e 82.b 83.a 84.d 85.c 86.a 87.e 88.d 89.b 90.c 91.c 92.c 93.a 94.b 95.d 96.e 97.e 98.a 99.b 100.d 101.b 102.a 103.c 104.a 105.b 106.c 107.e 108.b 109.e 110.a 111.b 112.c 113.a 114.b 115.d 116.a 117.d 118.e 119.a 120.d 121.a 122.b 123.c 124.a 125.c 126.b 127.a 128.b 129.d 130.a 131.b 132.d 133.d 134.c 135.c 136.c 137.d 138.c 139.a 140.c 141.a 142.b 143.d 144.c 145.b 146.a 147.c 148.a 149.c 150.a 151.c 152.b 153.e 154.c 155.d 156.a 157.c 158.d 159.e 160.b 161.c 162.a 163.b 164.c 165.a 166.a 167.b 168.c 169.d 170.a 171.b 172.e 173.b 174.c 175.c 176.a 177.b 178.c 179.e 180.a 181.a 182.c 183.a 184.b 185.c 186.a 187.d 188.b 189.e 190.b 191.c 192.e 193.b 194.a 195.d 196.b 197.e 198.b 199.a 200.b 201.c 202.d 203.a 204.e 205.d 206.b 207.b 208.e 209.a 210.d 211.e 212.d 213.d 214.a 215.e 216.a 217.b 218.e 219.b 220.a 221.c 222.d 223.e 224.c 225.e 226.a 227.d 228.e 229.b 230.a 231.c 232.e 233.c 234.b 235.c 236.b 237.d 238.a 239.b 240.d 241.e 242.a 243.c 244.b 245.c 246.b 247.b 248.a 249.c 250.c 251.d 252.d 253.b 254.d 255.c 256.e 257.d 258.e 259.e 260.a 261.c 262.d 263.b 264.a 265.b 266.d 267.e 268.a 269.c 270.e 271.c 272.b 273.d 274.a 275.c 276.e 277.c 278.b 279.a 280.e 281.a 282.e 283.e 284.a 285.a 286.a 287.b 288.e 289.d 290.a 291.d 292.a 293.a 294.a 295.c 296.c 297.e 298.d 299.b 300.e 301.d
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