Historic Heritage Assessment for the Town Centre Arterial, Queenstown

Commissioned by Queenstown Lakes District Council

Prepared by Jeremy Moyle

Reviewed by Benjamin Teele

Origin Consultants Ltd

November 2020

Cover: View south-west across Queenstown, c. 1886 (Te Papa, C.015918).

Contents

Introduction ...... 1 Statutory Requirements ...... 3 Methodology ...... 3 Physical Environment or Setting ...... 4 Historical Background to the Assessment Area ...... 5 Recorded Historic Heritage ...... 8 Areas of Interest ...... 16 Historic Heritage Values and Assessment of Effects ...... 36 Summary and Recommendations ...... 39 References ...... 40

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List of Figures

Figure 1. Queenstown, and the assessed route of the proposed town centre arterial...... 1 Figure 2. Looking south-east across Queenstown from Bob’s Peak (L. Murray)...... 4 Figure 3. Areas covered by Queenstown’s initial surveys...... 7 Figure 4. QLDC listed heritage items close to the Project route...... 8 Figure 5. Transit of Venus Site, looking from Melbourne Street...... 9 Figure 6. Thompson House, looking south-east from Ballarat Street...... 10 Figure 7. Hulbert House, looking north-west from Ballarat Street...... 10 Figure 8. St Joseph’s Church with the former Dominican Convent building also visible to the left, looking north from Melbourne Street...... 11 Figure 9. Gratuity Cottage...... 11 Figure 10. Glenarm Cottage, looking west from the corner of Camp and Man Streets...... 12 Figure 11. Beacon Tripod and Beacon, looking south-east from below Thompson Street...... 12 Figure 12. Rifle Butt, looking from Glenorchy-Queenstown Road...... 13 Figure 13. Locations of archaeological sites recorded in the vicinity of the proposed arterial route...... 14 Figure 14. Overview of the Melbourne Street Walls...... 16 Figure 15. Stone walls at the corner of Melbourne and Beetham Streets, looking east...... 17 Figure 16. Detail of the small stone wall within the road reserve, looking east...... 17 Figure 17. Detail of a c. 1880s view across Queenstown, looking north-east...... 18 Figure 18. Detail of a c. 1890s view across Queenstown, looking north-east...... 18 Figure 19. Detail of a c. 1901 view across Queenstown, looking east...... 19 Figure 20. Detail of a 1912 view across Queenstown, looking east...... 19 Figure 21. Detail of a c. 1920-1934 view across Queenstown, looking east...... 20 Figure 22. Overview of Block XVI...... 21 Figure 23. Detail of 1954 aerial photo showing the house at Section 2...... 22 Figure 24. The north-east portion of Section 1, looking east...... 23 Figure 25. Section 2, looking south-east...... 23 Figure 26. Section 11, looking north-west from the end of Melbourne Street...... 24 Figure 27. Overview of Templeton Way...... 24 Figure 28. The Queenstown Memorial Centre from Man Street...... 26 Figure 29. Horne Creek adjacent to the recreation ground...... 26 Figure 30. Detail of a c. 1876-1880 view across the recreation reserve, looking west. Gorge Road (formally Skippers Road) is visible running across the image. The house on Section 4 is visible at the far right of the image...... 27 Figure 31. Detail of 1964 aerial photograph overlaid with modern parcel boundaries, the former house has been removed by this date...... 27

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Figure 32. View across Templeton Way car park towards the QLDC building, looking south. This area – encompassing part of what was Section 4 – appears to have been significantly excavated...... 28 Figure 33. Overview of the Lake View Gardens site...... 28 Figure 34. View south-west down Thompson Street. The cribs are visible at the right of the image...... 29 Figure 35. Overview of the south-west town boundary...... 29 Figure 36. Detail of a c. 1920 view across Queenstown, looking south-west. The vacant original sections are located roughly at the centre and centre right of the image...... 30 Figure 37. View across the former Section 10, looking north-east...... 31 Figure 38. Overview of the One Mile Creek workings (circled)...... 32 Figure 39. View of the of the overgrown tailing’s piles, looking south-east from the elevated ridgeline to the north-west of the feature...... 32 Figure 40. Digital elevation model of the One Mile Creek workings (circled)...... 33 Figure 41. Overview map of the Queenstown Immigration Barracks site...... 34 Figure 42. Detail of a c. 1920s-1930s view across Queenstown, looking south-west. The former immigration barracks building, and associated outbuildings are visible at the centre of the image...... 34 Figure 43. View of the ornamental garden beds that have been established on the immigration barracks site, looking north...... 35

List of Tables

Table 1. QLDC listed historic heritage items close to the Project route...... 8 Table 2. Archaeological sites recorded around Queenstown...... 14 Table 3. Historic heritage affected by the Project...... 36

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Introduction

This Heritage Assessment has been prepared for the Queenstown Lakes District Council (QLDC) as part of a proposal to develop an arterial road route that circumnavigates the Queenstown town centre. The Arterials Project (Project) is described in detail in the Application. Briefly, the Project involves the creation of a new arterial road route that delivers an alternative urban route around Queenstown’s commercial area. The new route commences at the Frankton Road/Suburb Street intersection then circuits the town centre along Melbourne Street, Henry Street, Gorge Road, Memorial Street, Man Street, Thompson Street, and down to a new One Mile roundabout at the Fernhill Road/Lake Esplanade/Glenorchy Road intersection. The route is depicted in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Queenstown, and the assessed route of the proposed town centre arterial. The purpose of this report is to assess any actual or potential effects on historic heritage as a result of the Project. This report:

• Identifies recorded historic heritage items in the vicinity of the Project route (including QLDC listed, Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga (HNZPT) listed, and recorded archaeological sites).

• Identifies areas of interest where there is the potential for the Project to affect unrecorded/unlisted historic heritage items.

• Assesses the heritage value of affected historic heritage items and how they will be impacted by the Project works.

• Provides appropriate recommendations for the mitigation and management of any potential effects on historic heritage.

A total of 23 historic heritage items are identified in the vicinity of the Project, though only seven are assessed as impacted by the Project works. The Project will have less than minor effects on four of these heritage items, and the impact on the remaining three is considered acceptable considering their low-to-moderate heritage values and the fact that they are not listed in either the Operative or Proposed District Plans by QLDC.

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Sites of significance to Māori and heritage trees potentially affected by the Project is assessed by other consultants. However, the presence of a Wāhi Tūpuna and statutory acknowledgement area in the vicinity of the Project is identified.

The author of this report is Jeremy Moyle, Archaeologist at Origin Consultants Ltd and a member of the New Zealand Archaeological Association.

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Statutory Requirements

The Covid 19 Recovery (Fast-track Consenting) Act 2020 (Fast-track Act) requires that a panel must, when considering a notice of requirement and any comments received, subject to Part 2 of the RMA, and the purposes of the Fast-Track Act, consider the effects on the environment of allowing the requirement.

The protection of historic heritage from inappropriate subdivision, use and development is identified as a matter of national importance in Part 2 of the RMA (section 6(f)).

Historic heritage is defined in s 2 of the RMA as those natural and physical resources that contribute to an understanding and appreciation of New Zealand's history and cultures, derived from archaeological, architectural, cultural, historic, scientific, or technological qualities.

Historic heritage can include:

• historic sites, structures, places, and areas

• archaeological sites;

• sites of significance to Māori, including wāhi tapu;

• surroundings associated with the natural and physical resources.

These categories are not mutually exclusive and some archaeological sites may include above ground structures or may also be places that are of significance to Māori.

Methodology

This assessment was carried out in three stages. Several heritage records were first reviewed for any recorded historic heritage that may be affected by the project. Sources included:

• The QLDC District Plan maps and associated inventories of heritage features (for both the operative district plan and the proposed district plan).

• The HNZPT List.

• ArchSite, the New Zealand Archaeological Association’s site database.

A variety of historic sources were also consulted to establish the potential for other heritage features being present along the Project route. These included:

• Published histories of Queenstown and the surrounding area;

• Archaeological site records (via ArchSite) and archaeological reports for Queenstown;

• Information on mana whenua interests from Kā Huru Manu and Aukaha;

• Archival documents from Archives New Zealand and the Hocken Library;

• Photographic collections held by the Lakes District Museum, the Hocken Library, Te Papa, the Alexander Turnbull Library, and RetroLens;

• Historic survey maps sourced via QuickMap.

Secondly, site visits were made on 31 July and 19 September 2020 by Jeremy Moyle and Ben Teele to locate these features on the ground relative to the Project route and identify areas of interest impacted by the Project that may also have heritage value.

Finally, if an area of interest was determined to have heritage value, this was assessed using the criteria outlined in Section 26.6.1 of the proposed QLDC district plan.

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Constraints and Limitations

The only notable constraint or limitation on this assessment is that it is based upon desk-top research and a visual inspection of the site – no intrusive or investigatory work into potential archaeological sites or their environs has been undertaken to confirm the results of the assessment.

Physical Environment or Setting

Queenstown’s town centre is situated around a bay on the northern edge of Lake Wakatipu. The central business district is located on a small alluvial flat at the head of this bay, while the surrounding inner suburbs sit on raised terraces around the base of Queenstown Hill (841 m) and Ben Lomond (1748 m). These features are split by a deep gorge running northwards from the town centre.

The town itself comprises a high-density commercial core on the flat adjacent to the lake surrounded by medium to low density housing on the surrounding hillsides. The commercial core was also the historic heart of the town and is today made up of a mixture of mostly multi-storey modern buildings alongside a scattering of significantly renovated historic buildings. Historically, the surrounding residential areas were sparsely occupied but today this land is becoming increasingly dominated by medium-density housing units and tourist accommodation. However, detached 20th houses are still reasonably numerous.

The pre-human vegetation cover of the area has been extensively modified, with most of the area not covered by buildings or infrastructure planted with introduced ornamental trees and exotic grasses.

The Project route is described in detail in the Transport Assessment and predominately traverses existing road reserve.

Figure 2. Looking south-east across Queenstown from Bob’s Peak (L. Murray).

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Historical Background to the Assessment Area

Māori Settlement and Early Contact Period

The earliest human occupation of the South Island and Otago region is considered to be by Polynesian settlers dating from around 1280AD who quickly spread across the region, developing different types of settlement sites dependent on the available local resources and environmental conditions 1. These included settled village sites along the coast adjacent to rich and sustained food resources such as seals and moa; seasonal inland sites for collecting stone resources and hunting; and comparable seasonal coastal sites for ‘fishing and moa processing’ 2. Such settlement and exploitation of the abundant resources was not without its impacts. Much of the forest along the coastal region was reduced in extent; there were changes in patterns of hunting and fishing; and increasing use of smaller, more mobile occupation sites by the 16th and 17th centuries. This was followed by further changes in subsistence, based on organised food gathering and processing that created settled village communities along the Otago coastline from the mid-18th Century onwards 3.

The importance of Lake Wakatipu and the wider area as a place to gather food and other resources is identified in the oral histories of the area. The Statutory Acknowledgment for Whakatipu-wai-māori 4 outlines some of the Māori history of the lake and Whakatipu basin:

The name 'Whakatipu-wai-maori' originates from the earliest expedition of discovery made many generations ago by the tupuna Rakaihautu and his party of the Uruao waka. Rakaihautu is traditionally credited with creating the great waterways of the interior of the island with his famous ko (a tool similar to a spade), known as Tu Whakaroria (renamed Tuhiraki at the conclusion of the expedition).

Whakatipu-wai-maori once supported nohoanga and villages which were the seasonal destinations of Otago and Murihiku (Southland) whanau and hapu for many generations, exercising ahi ka and accessing mahinga kai and providing a route to access the treasured pounamu located beyond the head of the lake. Strategic marriages between hapu strengthened the kupenga (net) of whakapapa and thus rights to use the resources of the lake. It is because of these patterns of activity that the lake continues to be important to runanga located in Murihiku, Otago and beyond. These runanga carry the responsibilities of kaitiaki in relation to the Area, and are represented by the tribal structure, Te Runanga o Ngai Tahu.

The lake also supported permanent settlements, such as the kaika (village) Tahuna near present-day Queenstown, Te Kirikiri Pa, located where the Queenstown gardens are found today, a Ngati Mamoe kaika near the Kawarau Falls called O Te Roto, and another called Takerehaka near Kingston. The Ngati Mamoe chief Tu Wiri Roa had a daughter, Haki Te Kura, who is remembered for her feat of swimming across the lake from Tahuna, a distance of some three kilometres.

The tupuna had considerable knowledge of whakapapa, traditional trails and tauranga waka, places for gathering kai and other taonga, ways in which to use the resources of the lake, the relationship of people with the lake and their dependence on it and tikanga for the proper and sustainable utilisation of resources. All of these values remain important to Ngai Tahu today.

A key attraction of the lake was the access it provided to seasonal campsites and the pounamu located at the head of the lake at the Dart and Routeburn River catchments, from which countless generations gathered inaka and koko-takiwai pounamu and transported it back to coastal settlements for fashioning into tools, ornaments and weapons.

Waka and mokihi were the key modes of transport for the pounamu trade, travelling the length and breadth of Whakatipu-wai-maori. Thus, there were numerous tauranga waka (landing places) on the lake and the

1 Janet M Wilmshurst et al., “Dating the Late Prehistoric Dispersal of Polynesians to New Zealand Using the Commensal Pacific Rat,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, no. 22 (June 2008): 7676–80. 2 Jill Hamel, The Archaeology of Otago (Department of Conservation, 2001). 3 Hamel. 4 Statutory Acknowledgement for Whakatipu-Wai-Māori (Lake Wakatipu) (Schedule 75, 1998).

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islands upon it (Matau and Wawahi-waka). The tupuna had an intimate knowledge of navigation, river routes, safe harbours and landing places, and the locations of food and other resources on the lake. The lake was an integral part of a network of trails which were used in order to ensure the safest journey and incorporated locations along the way that were identified for activities including camping overnight and gathering kai. Knowledge of these trails continue to be held by whanau and hapu and are regarded as taonga. The traditional mobile lifestyle of the people led to their dependence on the resources of the roto (lake).

Whakatipu-wai-maori is an important source of freshwater, the lake itself being fed by hukawai (melt waters). These are waters with the highest level of purity and were accorded traditional classifications by Ngai Tahu that recognised this value. Thus it is a puna (spring) which sustains many ecosystems important to Ngai Tahu. The mauri of Wakatipu-wai-maori represents the essence that binds the physical and spiritual elements of all things together, generating and upholding all life. All elements of the natural environment possess a life force, and all forms of life are related. Mauri is a critical element of the spiritual relationship of Ngai Tahu Whanui with the lake.

A variety of kai was hunted and cultivated around the lake. Weka were one of the main local hunting resources, with tuna, kererū, kea, and kākā also reputed to have been gathered. On Wāwahi Waka/Pigeon Island there is evidence of gardens as an additional food source. These were potentially used for the cultivation of kāuru and rīwai 5.

Anderson 6 describes the occupation by different iwi of the interior of Otago in more detail:

The traditions indicate that at the beginning of the 18th century, Waitaha and Ngatimamoe occupied settlements concentrated around the western lakes; Waitaha mainly at Ohau, Wanaka, Te Anau and Manapouri and Ngatimamoe in the Wakatipu district in particular. The conflicts between these groups, and within them, were turned into a three-way contest by the arrival of Ngaitahu. Waitaha, not as closely related to the other two groups as these were to each other, and seeming always to be victims rather than aggressors, were compelled to abandon the MacKenzie country and Wanaka by about 1720, and were driven from their last interior settlements in the south-west barely a generation later. Ngatimamoe, after the first Ngaitahu raids, retained a tenuous grip on Ohau and the Queenstown settlements, but by the mid-18th century seem to have retreated to areas south of Wakatipu. It is impossible to be more emphatic or precise about the course of events because of the uncertainties introduced by variations in the ascription of individuals to tribal groups, and of attributions of events to settlements. Moreover, given mobility in settlement patterns (below), the lack of a traditional encounter at any particular settlement need not mean that it had already been abandoned, only that it was empty when it came to the attention of a raiding party. But, despite these problems, it seems quite clear that Waitaha and Ngatimamoe had abandoned the interior as far south as Wakatipu by about 1780.

As mentioned in the Statutory Acknowledgement history above, the Queenstown foreshore is known to have been the site Tāhuna pā. This settlement is thought to have been located in close proximity to the outflow of Horne Creek. Though no physical remains of this particular settlement have been recorded traces of other, similar occupation sites have been recorded further up the lake (archaeological sites E41/14, E41/115) and at Frankton (F41/67). It is expected that Māori occupation at Tāhuna would have left only ephemeral traces in the archaeological record, and therefore could easily have been destroyed during the intensive occupation of the township over the last 150 years. Previous archaeological investigations in the immediate area have not identified any features specifically associated with Māori occupation. Horne Creek is not noted as an especially important mahika ka resource, but weka, tuna, kererū, kea and kākā were still potentially harvested in the vicinity.7

5 Phoenix Hale, Cultural Values Statement: Queenstown Lakes District Council Overflow Discharge (Unublished report for the Queenstown Lakes District Council, 2019). 6 A J Anderson, “Maori Settlement in the Interior of Southern New Zealand from the Early 18th to Late 19th Centuries A.D.,” Journal of the Polynesian Society 91, no. 1 (1982): 53–80. 7 Hale, Cultural Values Statement: Queenstown Lakes District Council Overflow Discharge.

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European Settlement

After the arrival of Europeans in New Zealand, an initial European traverse of the Wakatipu Basin was carried out by Nathanial Chalmers who was led through the area by Ngāi Tahu guides in September 1853. By the end of the 1850s European pastoralists had begun to stake out claims to various runs in the area, taking up the depasturing licences on offer. In 1859 Rees built a homestead and woolshed on the lake shore to act as the centre of his large pastoral holdings.8

This initial area of settlement was quickly followed by the Otago goldrushes of the early 1860s, which brought large numbers of miners to the area. Rees’ homestead run was declared an official goldfield in 1863, and the main business area of the town developed around the site of the original woolshed.9 This initial development occurred organically around the intersection of Beach and Rees Streets, with tents or shanties erected within close proximity to each other.

Official surveys to define the new town began in 1864 and continued into the 1870s. As well as formalising the cramped settlement of the town centre into a series of long, thin sections, the 1864 survey also began to lay out the remainder of the town centre in a grid of blocks containing rows of rectangular sections, as was the traditional method of town planning at the time. Further surveys of this type followed in 1865 and 1871, together creating most of today’s street layout.

Intense gold mining in the area lasted until approximately the turn of the century, but even before then, the emphasis of the town was turning towards tourism, with many hotels, boarding houses and tourist activities. The rate of growth of the town slowed down compared to the gold rush days, but gradually the tents disappeared, and more substantial buildings were built as the town flourished.

Figure 3. Areas covered by Queenstown’s initial surveys.10

8 G J Griffiths, Queenstown’s King Wakatip (Dunedin: John McIndoe Limited, 1971). 9 Griffiths. 10 Hayden Cawte, Jeremy Moyle, and Dawn Cropper, Queenstown Lakes District Council Inner Links Project: Archaeological and Heritage Assessment (Unpublished report for the Queenstown Lakes District Council and AECOM, 2013).

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Recorded Historic Heritage

QLDC/HNZPT Listed Heritage

Eleven historic heritage items listed in the QLDC district plan were identified close to the Project route and are outlined below in Figure 4 and Table 1. Four items are also HNZPT listed historic places. There are no HNZPT listed places close to the Project route that are not listed in the Operative or Proposed District Plan. While these items are identified as being within the vicinity of the Project route, none of the listed items are impacted by the route.

Figure 4. QLDC listed heritage items close to the Project route.

Table 1. QLDC listed historic heritage items close to the Project route.

QLDC Reference Name QLDC HNZPT List HNZPT Number Category Number Category 18 Transit of Venus Site 2 N/A N/A 42 Stone Walled Race 3 5224 2 102 St Joseph’s Roman Catholic Church 2 2340 2 98 Dominican Convent (Of Our Lady of 2 N/A N/A the Sacred Heart) 73 Thompson House 3 N/A N/A 56 Hulbert House (Tutuila)11 2 2343 2 8712 Gratuity Cottage 3 2339 2

11 A heritage covenant also covers this property. 12 Note: Gratuity cottage is only included in the proposed district plan Inventory of Listed Heritage Features, and not the operative district plan.

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QLDC Reference Name QLDC HNZPT List HNZPT Number Category Number Category 1113 Horne Creek 2 N/A N/A 68 Glenarm Cottage 2 N/A N/A 221 Beacon Tripod and Beacon 2 N/A N/A 220 Rifle Butt 3 N/A N/A

Figure 5. Transit of Venus Site, looking from Melbourne Street.

13 The Project route along Templeton Way crosses Horne Creek. However, the QLDC heritage listing for Horne Creek only covers the watercourse from the Village Green to its outlet into Lake Wakatipu.

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Figure 6. Thompson House, looking south-east from Ballarat Street.

Figure 7. Hulbert House, looking north-west from Ballarat Street.

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Figure 8. St Joseph’s Church with the former Dominican Convent building also visible to the left, looking north from Melbourne Street.

Figure 9. Gratuity Cottage.

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Figure 10. Glenarm Cottage, looking west from the corner of Camp and Man Streets.

Figure 11. Beacon Tripod and Beacon, looking south-east from below Thompson Street.

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Figure 12. Rifle Butt, looking from Glenorchy-Queenstown Road.

Archaeological Sites

Fourteen archaeological sites are recorded in ArchSite close to the Project route and are outlined below in Figure 13 and Table 2. Five of these sites are also listed historic heritage items in the QLDC district plan.14 Site E41/303 also contains two heritage items listed in the district plan.15

The One Mile Creek site (E41/228) is the subject of an agreement between the Department of Conservation (DOC) and the New Zealand Historic Places Trust (now HNZPT). In 2008, as part of the development of new DOC facilities at the Morning Star Reserve, the former DOC Wakatipu Area Manager Greg Lind proposed:

“to designate the area of significant historic remains (identified in the Gill [Jill] Hamel Assessment Report) on the One Mile Recreation Reserve as a covenant to protect it from any future development on that site. This action would occur when or if the Reserve is sold.”

This approach was suggested to the Historic Places Trust as a form of mitigation to offset the damage caused by the proposed new DOC facilities. It is understood that since the Reserve at One Mile is still held by DOC, and that such a covenant has not yet been put in place.

14 As noted above in footnote 12, Gratuity Cottage is only included in the proposed district plan Inventory of Listed Heritage Features, and not the operative district plan. The other sites are included in both the operative and proposed district plans. 15 Both the operative and proposed district plan.

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Figure 13. Locations of archaeological sites recorded in the vicinity of the proposed arterial route.16

Table 2. Archaeological sites recorded around Queenstown.

Site Number Site Name Site Type QLDC Reference Number E41/228 One Mile Creek Mining – gold N/A E41/254 N/A Historic – domestic N/A E41/263 N/A Historic – domestic N/A E41/265 Hulbert House Historic – domestic 56 E41/284 Hallenstein Street Industrial 42 stone-lined water race E41/285 N/A Historic – domestic N/A E41/286 N/A Historic – domestic N/A E41/287 Gratuity Cottage Historic – domestic 87 E41/293 Thompson House Historic – domestic 73 E41/297 Lake View Gardens Historic – land parcel N/A E41/302 Rosedale House Historic – land parcel N/A E41/303 St Joseph’s Precinct Religious 98, 102 E41/304 Queenstown Historic - domestic N/A Immigration Barracks

16 ArchSite, 2020.

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Site Number Site Name Site Type QLDC Reference Number E41/305 Queenstown Rifle Military (non-Māori) 220 Butt

Sites of Interest to Māori

Though sites of interest to Māori are not assessed in this report, it is important to note that that the Wāhi Tūpuna covering Lake Wakatipu in the proposed QLDC district plan extends to cover parts of the Lake Esplanade and the Glenorchy-Queenstown Road in the vicinity of the Project. The extent of this proposed Wāhi Tūpuna is shown in the QLDC Proposed District Plan Stage 3 and 3b maps.17 Stage 3 of the Project route, at the Lake Esplanade / Fernhill road end will traverse an area of the Wāhi Tūpuna, within existing road reserve.

Lake Wakatipu is also a statutory acknowledgement area – Whakatipu-wai-māori – in the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 (Schedule 75). As we understand it, while the Project runs adjacent to Lake Wakatipu at the Stage 3 end, it does not touch on Lake Wakatipu.

It is understood that relevant mana whenua representatives are being consulted with in relation to the Project.

17 See: https://www.qldc.govt.nz/your-council/district-plan/proposed-district-plan-maps

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Areas of Interest

Six areas of interest are identified along the proposed arterial route. These are areas where there is a heightened potential for both recorded and unrecorded historic heritage to be affected by the Project.

Melbourne Street Walls

Two stone retaining walls are present on Melbourne Street close to the intersection with Beetham Street. The St Joseph’s Church precinct archaeological site (E41/303) and two QLDC listed heritage items – St Joseph’s Church and the Dominican Convent – are located immediately to the north-east of this area of interest. The larger of the walls supports a terraced play area within St Joseph’s School (Figure 15). The smaller wall sits within the road reserve and supports the footpath in front of St Joseph’s (Figure 16). Historic photographs show that both walls are post-1900 features, only constructed between c. 1912-1934 (likely mid 1920s)(Figure 17- Figure 21). These photographs also show that the part of E41/303 within the immediate vicinity of the larger wall remained vacant into the 20th century.

Figure 14. Overview of the Melbourne Street Walls.

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Figure 15. Stone walls at the corner of Melbourne and Beetham Streets, looking east.

Figure 16. Detail of the small stone wall within the road reserve, looking east.

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Figure 17. Detail of a c. 1880s view across Queenstown, looking north-east.18

Figure 18. Detail of a c. 1890s view across Queenstown, looking north-east.19

18 TePapa, C.015925. 19 TePapa, O.001384.

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Figure 19. Detail of a c. 1901 view across Queenstown, looking east.20

Figure 20. Detail of a 1912 view across Queenstown, looking east.21

20 Lakes District Museum, EL0754. 21 TePapa, C.014253.

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Figure 21. Detail of a c. 1920-1934 view across Queenstown, looking east.22

22 Alexander Turnbull Library.

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Block XVI

The Project will affect several historic land parcels when it cuts through Block XVI, the original town block bounded by Ballarat, Hallenstein, Beetham, and Stanley Streets. Specifically, it will run across land surveyed as Sections 1, 2, and 11.

Figure 22. Overview of Block XVI. Section 1 This section was the site of Queenstown School from the 19th century until the late 1970s.23 Historic photos suggest that the north-east portion of the site – the area to be affected by road construction – has been progressively dug out and redeveloped since at least the 1890s (Figure 18). Today the section is used as a car park and it is clear that the north-east portion of the site has seen significant excavation (Figure 24).

Section 2 Section 2 was formally part of a large, roughly ¾ acre, suburban land parcel that also included the neighbouring Sections 3 and 4.24 Historic photographs suggest that the house on this property sat on Section 4 and was well set back from Ballarat Street (Figure 14-Figure 17). Section 2 appears to have remained vacant into the 20th century (Figure 20-Figure 21). The house presently on the site (Figure 25) was constructed at some point between c.1920-1934 and 1954 (Figure 21 and Figure 23).

Section 11 This section appears to have remained unoccupied through into the 20th century (Figure 20-Figure 21).25 Early photographs also show how the terrain of this section, and the adjacent Beetham Street has changed over time, with the landscape formerly cut by two gullies running towards the town (Figure 17-Figure 18). Today some remnants of this broken topography are evident in the differing ground level across Section 11, but it is clear

23 Hocken Library, Misc-MS-1016/002; Pauline Lawrence, pers. comm. 24 Hocken Library, Misc-MS-1016/002. 25 Hocken Library, Misc-MS-1016/002.

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Queenstown Town Centre Arterial/Archaeological Assessment/Origin Consultants/October 2020 that that the whole area has been majorly altered by over 140 years of cutting and filling to create building platforms and road formations (Figure 26).

Figure 23. Detail of 1954 aerial photo showing the house at Section 2.26

26 Retrolens, 2293/44.

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Figure 24. The north-east portion of Section 1, looking east.

Figure 25. Section 2, looking south-east.

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Figure 26. Section 11, looking north-west from the end of Melbourne Street.

Templeton Way

This was originally surveyed as a continuation of Man Street through to Gorge Road (formally Skippers Road). At this point the proposed arterial route will cut across part of the recreation ground and Section 4, Block XXIII.

Figure 27. Overview of Templeton Way.

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Recreation Ground Though the recreation ground was originally leased or owned by W. G. Rees in the 1860s. It subsequently became a council reserve. It appears to have always remained vacant through to the present.27

Queenstown Memorial Centre The Queenstown Memorial Centre (formally the Queenstown Memorial Hall) was constructed in the late 1950s “as part of the Sidney Holland government's policy that money be set aside to help build a suitable World War 2 Memorial in every town and city throughout New Zealand.”28 It was intended to be a “living memorial” that would “help serve the community’s interests, especially its cultural and recreational needs.”29 It has previously had at least two major modifications: a temporary ‘stop-gap’ upgrade in 1998 and a major 2012-2013 facilities upgrade that created building’s current appearance and layout (Figure 28).30

Horne Creek Horne Creek has been an enduring natural feature for both mana whenua and European settlement around the Queenstown town centre. It has historically been used for both drinking water and motive power. Today its course is largely defined by artificial channelling formed by both historic and modern areas of stone revetment. Some concrete channelling is also used. The creek flows through earth banks near the recreation reserve. Only the lower reaches of creek (not impacted by the Project) running from the Queenstown Village Green is listed as a historic heritage item in the QLDC district plan.31 During engagement with mana whenua on the Project, Horne Creek has been identified as a feature of some cultural significance.

Section 4 By the 1880s a dwelling is recorded on this property.32 A photograph taken between 1876-1880 shows that this was a small hipped-roof cottage that was located near the northern corner of the section (Figure 30). By 1964 this cottage had been demolished or removed from the site (Figure 31). More recently it appears that the site has been significantly excavated by earthworks associated with the construction of the present QLDC building (Figure 32).

27 Jeremy Moyle, Ground Pump Station and Rising Main, Queenstown: Archaeological and Heritage Assessment (Unpublished report for Beca, 2020). 28 Tracey Roxburgh, “Big Changes Ahead for Hall,” Otago Daily Times, 2011, https://www.odt.co.nz/regions/queenstown- lakes/big-changes-ahead-hall. 29 Roxburgh. 30 Brooke Gardiner, “Queenstown Hall Upgrade Under Way,” The Southland Times, 2012, http://www.stuff.co.nz/southland-times/news/7426285/Queenstown-hall-upgrade-under-way. 31 Ref 11 – QLDC District Plan Chapter 26 32 Hocken Library, Misc-MS-1016/002.

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Figure 28. The Queenstown Memorial Centre from Man Street.

Figure 29. Horne Creek adjacent to the recreation ground.

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Figure 30. Detail of a c. 1876-1880 view across the recreation reserve, looking west. Gorge Road (formally Skippers Road) is visible running across the image. The house on Section 4 is visible at the far right of the image.33

Figure 31. Detail of 1964 aerial photograph overlaid with modern parcel boundaries, the former house has been removed by this date.34

33 TePapa, PA.000175. 34 Retrolens, 1620 A/3.

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Figure 32. View across Templeton Way car park towards the QLDC building, looking south. This area – encompassing part of what was Section 4 – appears to have been significantly excavated.

Lake View Gardens

Along Thompson Street, the Project route will cut across the south-east side of the Lake View Gardens archaeological site (E41/297). This portion of the site appears to have remained vacant into the 20th century.35 Redevelopment works at the Lake View Site have an existing archaeological authority in place (2020/559).

Multiple cribs are situated in the path of the project route along Thompson Street. These structures date back to at least 1954, when they appear in an aerial photograph of the area.36 Many – if not most – of these structures, were built by their owners as family summer holiday homes. More recently many had been occupied year-round by local workers.37 The demolition of these buildings is authorised as part of the Lakeview site development, with works starting in 2020. They will be removed before Project works begin.

Figure 33. Overview of the Lake View Gardens site.

35 Megan Lawrence, Lakeview, Queenstown: Archaeological Assessment for Site No. E41/297 (Unpublished report for Queenstown Lakes District Council, 2020). 36 Retrolens, 2293/44. 37 Marion Borrell, “Good-Bye to the Last Cribs at Queenstown Camping Ground,” Queenstown Courier, no. 103 (2020): 21– 24.

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Figure 34. View south-west down Thompson Street. The cribs are visible at the right of the image.

South-West Town Boundary

Four historic land parcels – Sections 10-11, Block XXVIII and Sections 1 and 2, Block XXX – are cut by the Project where it departs Thompson Street before heading downhill to the relocated site of the One Mile Roundabout (Figure 35). These properties sit close to the south-west town boundary in the original 1870s survey for this part of Queenstown. A photograph from circa 1920 (Figure 36) and 1950s survey plans38 show that sections 10 and 11 remained vacant well into the 20th century. They were both vacant at the time of the site visit (Figure 37).

Figure 35. Overview of the south-west town boundary.

38 QuickMap, DP 7207, DP 7409, DP 9171.

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Figure 36. Detail of a c. 1920 view across Queenstown, looking south-west. The vacant original sections are located roughly at the centre and centre right of the image.39

39 Alexander Turnbull Library, APG-1574-1/2-G.

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Figure 37. View across the former Section 10, looking north-east.

One Mile Creek

One Mile Creek Workings The One Mile Creek workings (E41/228) are a series of sluice tailings and associated races/pipe benching that has been identified by Jill Hamel as dating back to the 1860s gold-rush period (Figure 38). Mining in the Queenstown area had begun in 1862, and as early as 1863 there are reports of sluicing on terraces around Lake Wakatipu. Hamel suggests that the One Mile Creek site was created by this early terrace sluicing.40 Gold mining near the mouth of One Mile Creek continued until at least the 1890s, but it is unclear if this work was just confined to the creek bed or also included terrace sluicing.41

Vegetation cover made it difficult to establish the extent of the One Mile Creek workings during the site visit, though parts of the tailings piles were evident (Figure 39). These features are clearer in a digital elevation model of the site created from LiDAR data (Figure 40).42 The careful clearance of vegetation from the site would facilitate a more in-depth appraisal of the on-ground extent and features of the gold workings. Access to the site is provided by a driveway running up from the One-mile roundabout to the adjacent terrace. This formerly provided access to the since-demolished Girl-Guides building on the terrace.

40 Jill Hamel, Archaeological Assessment of Tailings at One Mile Site for Department of Conservation (Unpublished report for Department of Conservation, 2005). 41 Lake Wakatip Mail, “Municipal Council, Queenstown,” 4 July 1890, Pg. 5. 42 Land Information New Zealand, “Otago - Queenstown LiDAR 1m DEM,” LINZ Data Service, 2016, https://data.linz.govt.nz/layer/99115-otago-queenstown-lidar-1m-dem-2016/.

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Figure 38. Overview of the One Mile Creek workings (circled).

Figure 39. View of the of the overgrown tailing’s piles, looking south-east from the elevated ridgeline to the north-west of the feature.

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Figure 40. Digital elevation model of the One Mile Creek workings (circled). Queenstown Immigration Barracks The Queenstown Immigration Barracks (E41/304) was constructed on a site fronting the Lake Esplanade in 1874.43 This location sat at the front of a larger 2-acre immigration barracks reserve;44 at least part of the terrace area to the rear was fenced in and may have been used as a garden plot.45 Funded by a provincial government grant,46 the barracks are assumed to have been constructed as part of Premier Julius Vogel’s expansionist immigration policies of the 1870s.47 However, contemporary commentary suggests there was little demand for the facility48 and by 1876 it is was criticised as an example of wasteful government spending.49 In the same year the building’s furniture was sold off at auction, and in 1877 the Queenstown Borough Council began to lease out the space.50 By the beginning of the 20th century it was leased for use as a private dwelling by the McLeely family.51 In 1946 the building was dismantled, with elements of its fabric incorporated into a new ‘annexe’ on the Queenstown Camping Ground.52

Today, several ornamental garden beds have been established on the barracks site and no remains relating to its early occupation were evident during the site visit (Figure 43). However, there is a reasonable potential for in-situ subsurface features at the site given that it appears not to have been significantly redeveloped or excavated since the deconstruction of the Barracks in the 1940s. There is a high potential that pre-1900 archaeological remains will be present in the vicinity of the Immigration Barracks site.

43 Lake Wakatip Mail, “Municipal Council,” 4 August 1874, Pg. 2. 44 QuickMap, SO 6573. 45 QuickMap, SO 6770; Lake Wakatip Mail, “Municipal Council, Queenstown,” 4 July 1890, Pg. 5. 46 Lake Wakatip Mail, “Queenstown Municipal Council,” 27 January 1874, Pg. 3. 47 Heritage New Zealand, “Caversham Immigration Barracks,” New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero, 2018, https://www.heritage.org.nz/the-list/details/9713. 48 Lake County Press, “Queenstown,” 25 September 1874, Pg. 2. 49 Lake County Press, “Arrowtown, Wednesday, June 11, 1876,” 14 June 1876, Pg. 2. 50 Cromwell Argus, “Telegraphic News,” 22 August 1876, Pg. 5; Lake Wakatip Mail, “Municipal Council,” 25 January 1877, Pg. 3. 51 Lake Wakatip Mail, “Municipal Council,” 11 September 1903, Pg. 5. 52 Lake Wakatip Mail, “News of the Week,” 16 May 1946, Pg. 2.

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Figure 41. Overview map of the Queenstown Immigration Barracks site.

Figure 42. Detail of a c. 1920s-1930s view across Queenstown, looking south-west. The former immigration barracks building, and associated outbuildings are visible at the centre of the image.53

53 TePapa, A.019355.

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Figure 43. View of the ornamental garden beds that have been established on the immigration barracks site, looking north.

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Historic Heritage Values and Assessment of Effects

From the background research and site survey a total of 23 historic heritage items were identified in the vicinity of the project route. This includes:

• 11 QLDC-listed historic heritage items.

• 14 archaeological sites (including five sites that are also QLDC-listed, and one site that includes two QLDC listed items).

• Four additional items with historic heritage value.

From this range of identified items, seven will be impacted in some way by the proposed project route. Table 3 below identifies the historic heritage values of the impacted items and assesses the effect the project will have on these heritage values. The assessment of each item’s historic heritage value is based on the heritage evaluation criteria outlined in Section 26.6.1 of the proposed QLDC district plan:

1. Historic and social value.

2. Cultural and spiritual value.

3. Architectural value.

4. Townscape and context value.

5. Rarity and representative value.

6. Technological value.

7. Archaeological value.

Only the items discussed below will be affected by the Project. The other historic heritage items identified in the vicinity of the Project are assessed as not being affected by the present Project route. No listed heritage items (either in the operative district plan, proposed district plan, or HNZPT List) are impacted by the Project. No further historic heritage items are identified that will be affected by the Project beyond those assessed below.

Table 3. Historic heritage affected by the Project.

Heritage Item Historic Heritage Values Effects of Project Works Melbourne St Walls Historic and social value: Low The walls will be demolished as part of Cultural and spiritual value: Low the Project. Architectural value: Low Townscape and context value: Moderate Rarity and representative value: Low Technological value: Low Archaeological value: Low Overall value: Low Early-Mid 20th Historic and social value: Low The house will be demolished as part of Century House Cultural and spiritual value: Low the Project. (Section 2 Block Architectural value: Moderate XVI) Townscape and context value: Moderate Rarity and representative value: Low- Moderate Technological value: Low

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Heritage Item Historic Heritage Values Effects of Project Works Archaeological value: Low Overall value: Low Horne Creek Historic and social value: High The Project route will cross Horne Cultural and spiritual value: see right Creek and a new culvert will be formed Architectural value: Moderate for the creek at Templeton Way. This work will only affect a localised portion Townscape and context value: High of the creek, upstream of the QLDC Rarity and representative value: Low listed section of the feature, and will Technological value: None not result in a significant alteration to Archaeological value: Low the creek’s presence in the town Overall value: High centre. Accordingly, the Project is assessed as having a less than minor effect on the creek’s heritage values. The cultural and spiritual values of Horne Creek to tangata whenua are identified in the cultural impact assessment responses from mana whenua. Queenstown Historic and social value: High The Queenstown Memorial Centre will Memorial Centre Cultural and spiritual value: Moderate be demolished as part of the Project. Architectural value: Low Townscape and context value: Low Rarity and representative value: Low Technological value: Low Archaeological value: Low Overall value: Moderate Lakeview Gardens Historic and social value: Low Only a small portion of the Lakeview (Archaeological Site Cultural and spiritual value: Low Gardens site will be affected by the E41/297) Architectural value: None Project route. As this area is understood to be vacant for most of its Townscape and context value: None history the Project is assessed as Rarity and representative value: Low having a less than minor effect on its Technological value: Low heritage values. Archaeological value: Moderate Overall value: Low One Mile Tailings Historic and social value: High Though the exact extent of the site is (Archaeological Site Cultural and spiritual value: Low unclear, the current Project route is E41/228) Architectural value: None understood to likely avoid the site. Accordingly, the Project is assessed as Townscape and context value: Low having a less than minor effect on the Rarity and representative value: High tailings’ heritage values. Technological value: High Archaeological value: High Overall value: High

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Heritage Item Historic Heritage Values Effects of Project Works Queenstown Historic and social value: High It is unclear the degree to which the Immigration Cultural and spiritual value: Low Project works will affect this site given Barracks Architectural value: None that its archaeological features are (Archaeological Site below ground. However, it is possible Townscape and context value: None E41/304) the Project will have a minor effect on Rarity and representative value: High the site’s heritage values as the present Technological value: Low road route crosses over the ‘back yard’ Archaeological value: Moderate of the former building. Overall value: Moderate

The Project will have less than minor effects on four of the impacted items. However, three heritage items will be destroyed or at least have their heritage values moderately affected by the Project. While this is a regrettable outcome, it is acceptable considering the only low-to-moderate heritage values involved and the fact that these items have not been previously assessed by the QLDC as qualifying for a listed status in either the proposed or operative district plans.

No mitigation options are recommended or necessary for both the Melbourne Street walls or the early-mid 20th century house. The technical challenges associated with potential mitigation options for these two items would be disproportionate to the item’s heritage low value (e.g., the reengineering and reinstatement of the schist walls, or the removal and reinstatement of the early-mid 20th century house at another location).

The demolition of the Queenstown Memorial Centre and the loss of its moderate heritage value can be offset by the development of a new World War 2 memorial, ideally a public facility of some form to replicate the original hall’s function as a living memorial. 54 Origin understands the QLDC is already investigating appropriate replacement options.

54 Tracey Roxburgh, “Big Changes Ahead for Hall,” Otago Daily Times, 2011, https://www.odt.co.nz/regions/queenstown- lakes/big-changes-ahead-hall.

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Summary and Recommendations

This report provides an overview of the historic heritage along the proposed Project route. It also offers an assessment of historical heritage values of relevant sites and the expected impact of the proposed road construction.

Historically, Queenstown was part of the landscape traversed and utilised by southern Māori. With the arrival of Europeans in the 1850s, the area was first settled by pastoralists before becoming the centre of early gold mining in the 1860s, and later agriculture. In the wake of the goldrush Queenstown’s layout was formalised in 1863 and the existing townscape developed.

Multiple instances of recorded historic heritage are identified in the vicinity of the Project route. This includes:

• 11 heritage items listed in the QLDC district plan.

• 14 archaeological sites recorded on ArchSite (including five sites that are also QLDC listed, and one site that includes two QLDC listed items).

• A Wāhi Tūpuna and statutory acknowledgement area.

Six areas of interest are reviewed along the Project route where there is an increased potential for works to affect both recorded and unrecorded historic heritage. Four additional items with historic heritage value were identified within these areas.

Within the areas of interest, seven historic heritage items are identified as being impacted by the works. The heritage values of these items and the impact of Project works are assessed. The heritage values of the affected items ranged from low to high and the effects of the Project works ranged from the destruction of features to less than minor impacts.

While regrettable, the destruction or moderate impact of the Project on some features is acceptable considering the low to moderate heritage values involved and the fact that these items have not been previously assessed by the QLDC as qualifying for a listed status in either the proposed or operative district plans.

Aside from these impacted items, no QLDC-listed items or archaeological sites identified in the vicinity of the Project route will be affected. No additional historic heritage items are identified beyond those discussed in this report.

The following conditions are recommended:

• A new World War 2 memorial should be developed to offset the destruction of the Queenstown Memorial Centre. Ideally this will be some form of public facility. QLDC should identify and engage with stakeholders about the development of this new memorial.

• An archaeological authority should be applied for to cover works that will/may affect archaeological features at sites E41/297 and E41/304.

• The archaeological site E41/228 should be surveyed by an archaeologist during the Project planning stage that determines the location of the road in order to properly establish its extent. If it is established that parts of this site will be affected by the Project, then an archaeological authority should be applied for to cover this work.

• Once surveyed, the extent of the archaeological features at E41/228 should be marked on the ground by an archaeologist to ensure they are not damaged by the Project works.

• DOC should be consulted about their interest in archaeological site E41/228 due to them being the land owner in that instance.

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• Mana whenua should be consulted about the potential for the project to impact the Lake Wakatipu Wāhi Tūpuna and statutory acknowledgement area.

Given the low heritage values of some impacted items, or the limited effects of the Project on historic heritage, no further conditions are recommended.

References

Anderson, A J. “Māori Settlement in the Interior of Southern New Zealand from the Early 18th to Late 19th Centuries A.D.” Journal of the Polynesian Society 91, no. 1 (1982): 53–80.

Borrell, Marion. “Good-Bye to the Last Cribs at Queenstown Camping Ground.” Queenstown Courier, no. 103 (2020): 21–24.

Cawte, Hayden, Jeremy Moyle, and Dawn Cropper. Queenstown Lakes District Council Inner Links Project: Archaeological and Heritage Assessment. Unpublished report for the Queenstown Lakes District Council and AECOM, 2013.

Gardiner, Brooke. “Queenstown Hall Upgrade Under Way.” The Southland Times, 2012. http://www.stuff.co.nz/southland-times/news/7426285/Queenstown-hall-upgrade-under-way.

Griffiths, G J. Queenstown’s King Wakatip. Dunedin: John McIndoe Limited, 1971.

Hale, Phoenix. Cultural Values Statement: Queenstown Lakes District Council Overflow Discharge. Unublished report for the Queenstown Lakes District Council, 2019.

Hamel, Jill. Archaeological Assessment of Tailings at One Mile Site for Department of Conservation. Unpublished report for Department of Conservation, 2005.

———. The Archaeology of Otago. Department of Conservation, 2001.

Heritage New Zealand. “Caversham Immigration Barracks.” New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero, 2018. https://www.heritage.org.nz/the-list/details/9713.

Land Information New Zealand. “Otago - Queenstown LiDAR 1m DEM.” LINZ Data Service, 2016. https://data.linz.govt.nz/layer/99115-otago-queenstown-lidar-1m-dem-2016/.

Lawrence, Megan. Lakeview, Queenstown: Archaeological Assessment for Site No. E41/297. Unpublished report for Queenstown Lakes District Council, 2020.

Moyle, Jeremy. Ground Pump Station and Rising Main, Queenstown: Archaeological and Heritage Assessment. Unpublished report for Beca, 2020.

Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act. Statutory Acknowledgement for Whakatipu-Wai-Māori (Lake Wakatipu). Schedule 75, 1998.

Roxburgh, Tracey. “Big Changes Ahead for Hall.” Otago Daily Times, 2011. https://www.odt.co.nz/regions/queenstown-lakes/big-changes-ahead-hall.

Wilmshurst, Janet M, Atholl J Anderson, Thomas F G Higham, and Trevor H Worthy. “Dating the Late Prehistoric Dispersal of Polynesians to New Zealand Using the Commensal Pacific Rat.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, no. 22 (June 2008): 7676–80.

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