Sampling Plan for Serosurveillance and Seromonitoring of FMD in India under National FMD Control Programme ( Revised ) (Volume I : Serosurveillance) ICAR-National ICAR-Directorate of Foot Institute of Veterinary and Mouth Disease Epidemiology and (DFMD) Disease Informatics (NIVEDI) Dr J K Mohapatra, Sr. Scientist Dr K P Suresh, Principal Scientist Dr Saravanan S, Sr. Scientist Dr S S Patil, Principal Scientist Dr R K Singh, Director (Acting) Dr Parimal Roy, Director Citation: Suresh K P. Patil S S, Parmial Roy, . Mohapatra J K. Saravanan S and Singh R K (2019) Sampling Plan for Serosurveillance and Seromonitoring of FMD in India under National FMD Control Programme (Volume I: Serosurveillance), ICAR-NIVEDI. Bengaluru Year: January, 2020 Published by: Director, ICAR-NationaI Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), PBNO-6450. Yelahanka. Bengaluru-64 Printed by M/S Naveen Printers, #07, MIG, 1st Main. 4th Phase, 707. Yelahanka Town, Bengaluru-64 FOREWORD Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is an important contagious transboundary animal disease (TAD) in the world, caused by different serotypes and many genotypes of FMD virus, posing constant threat to livestock husbandry and food security locally and globally. FMD is widely prevalent in most parts of Africa, West Eurasia, Asia and the Middle East. About 70 countries are free from FMD but always under threat of virus incursion from endemic countries. Spread of the disease occurs through contaminated air, water, feed, fomites, livestock movement and trade etc. The burden of FMD in developing countries is usually underestimated. The disease threatens livelihood security and associated with reduced productive performance of farm animals and economic losses. As suggested by FAO, with a fast-moving infection, surveillance is essential and building up national and regional epidemio-surveillance capacities is a priority. The direct economic impact of FMD is attributed to drop in milk production, abortions, and death of young calves. The indirect adverse effect includes loss of draught power, the cost of treatment, trade embargo by FMD free countries and implementation of FMD control programme. In India, annual direct loss is estimated at Rs. 20,000 (about 3.5bn USD) crore. Indirect loss due to trade barrier could be much more. Controlling FMD and reducing its economic impact would improve livelihood of farming community and will have huge impact on both FMD endemic and non- endemic countries. As we know the FMD control strategy includes: (1) Mass awareness (2) Mass vaccination (3) Post vaccinal Seromonitoring (4) Serological Surveillance (5) Disease detection and reporting in real-time (5) Management of risks in virus spread and prevent escape of virus from laboratories. Govt. of India has taken lots of initiatives to control the disease in India. Recently the Union Cabinet has granted considerable amount of money on priority basis to control FMD in next five years by mass vaccination and subsequent eradication of the disease from India. Post vaccination seromonitoring is essential to assess the efficacy of vaccine or vaccination in the fields. Sero surveillance is essential to understand the prevalence of the disease. Considering the huge livestock resource of the country, two-stage sampling plan is very important for systematic collection of representative samples and thereafter testing in laboratories. The sampling plan provided in this bulletin is the guideline for collection of samples from different parts of the country to be tested for FMD vaccine induced antibody response under FMDCP and National FMD Sero surveillance. I thank the Directors and Scientists of ICAR-NIVEDI and ICAR-D FMD for taking initiatives to prepare this useful bulletin to be used in FMDCP of the country. ( T. MOHAPATRA ) Dated the 12th June, 2019 New Delhi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to Secretary DARE and Director General, ICAR, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmer`s Welfare, for his constant guidance and support in bringing out this bulletin on sampling plan for FMD CP It is to place on record our acknowledgement to Deputy Director General (Animal Science) for his valuables suggestions and moral support in bringing out this bulletin on sampling plan for FMDCP. Our special thanks are due to Department of Animal husbandry, dairying and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmer`s Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi for their encouragement in planning to bring this bulletin. Authors thank all the Scientists of ICAR-NIVEDI and ICAR-DFMD for their inputs in bringing this bulletin. We also thank our research fellows working in Spatial Epidemiology lab of ICAR-NIVEDI for their hard work in programming and technical assistance in generating sampling plan ICAR-National Institute of ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Veterinary Epidemiology and Mouth Disease (DFMD) Disease Informatics (NIVEDI) Dr J K Mohapatra, Sr. Scientist Dr K P Suresh, Principal Scientist Dr Saravanan S, Sr. Scientist Dr S S Patil, Principal Scientist Dr R K Singh, Director (Acting) Dr Parimal Roy, Director Table of Contents Foreword by Hon’ble Secretary (DARE) and DG(ICAR)…………………………………….i Foreword by Hon’ble Deputy Director General (AS), ICAR…………………………………ii Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………...iii I. Introduction………………………………………………………………………….1 II. Sampling Plan for Serosurveillance of FMD 1. Andaman and Nicobar Islands…………………………………………………..7 2. Andhra Pradesh…………………………………………………………………………..10 3. Arunachal Pradesh……………………………………………………………………….16 4. Assam……………………………………………………………………………………19 5. Bihar……………………………………………………………………………………...23 6. Chhattisgarh……………………………………………………………………………...28 7. Goa……………………………………………………………………………………….32 8. Gujarat……………………………………………………………………………………34 9. Haryana…………………………………………………………………………………..39 10. Himachal Pradesh………………………………………………………………………..42 11. Jammu and Kashmir……………………………………………………………………..46 12. Jharkhand………………………………………………………………………………...50 13. Karnataka………………………………………………………………………………...55 14. Kerala…………….………………………………………………………………………59 15. Madhya Pradesh………………………………………………………………………….64 16. Maharashtra………………………………………………………………………………68 17. Manipur…………………………………………………………………………………..74 18. Meghalaya………………………………………………………………………………..76 19. Mizoram …………………………………………………………………………………79 20. Nagaland…………………………………………………………………………………82 21. Odisha……………………………………………………………………………………84 22. Puducherry……………………………………………………………………………….89 23. Punjab……………………………………………………………………………………91 24. Rajasthan…………………………………………………………………………………95 25. Sikkim……………………………………………………………………………………100 26. Tamil Nadu………………………………………………………………………………102 27. Telangana………………………………………………………………………………...105 28. Tripura……………………………………………………………………………………112 29. Uttarakhand………………………………………………………………………………115 30. Uttar Pradesh……………………………………………………………………………..121 31. West Bengal………………………………………………………………………………129 FMD Serosurveillance Introduction and objectives In general, surveillance is aimed at demonstrating the absence of disease or infection, determining the presence or distribution of disease or infection or detecting as early as possible exotic or emerging diseases. The type of surveillance applied depends on the outputs needed to support decision-making (OIE, 2018). Animal health surveillance is also a tool to monitor disease trends, to facilitate the control of disease or infection, to provide data for use in risk analysis, for animal or public health purposes, and to substantiate the rationale for sanitary measures. Both domestic animals and wildlife are susceptible to certain diseases or infections. However, the presence of a disease or infection in wildlife does not mean it is necessarily present in domestic animals in the same country or zone or vice versa. Wildlife may be included in a surveillance system because they can serve as reservoirs of infection and as indicators of disease risk to humans and domestic animals (OIE, 2018). The objective of serosurveillance of FMD in India 1. To provide the Sampling Scheme for estimation of total number of animals to be sampled, total number of villages (epi units) to be selected, number of animals within the village to be sampled and location of villages for surveillance of FMD in India. National FMD Serosurveillance In India, vaccination with inactivated vaccine is the primary mode of FMD control. There is challenge to identify the infected animals among the vaccinated animals for appropriate implementation of the control programme. Differentiation of these two categories of animals is important during serological surveys to detect evidence of infection, as a follow up to ring vaccination in FMD free countries and for import/ export serology. During active viral replication following FMD virus infection, arrays of non structural proteins (NSPs) are produced that elicit anti-NSP antibodies, which is not the case in animals which are vaccinated against FMD with inactivated virus vaccine. A recombinant 3AB3 non structural protein based 1 ELISA test for differentiation of FMD virus infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) has been developed. This indigenously developed rDIVA-FMD kit, amenable to mass scale comprehensive serosurveillance has been designed as per the OIE approved guidelines and is at least four-fold cheaper than the commercial DIVA kits available on import. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of this kit is 95% and 98%, respectively. Now this kit is in extensive use in the country as a companion diagnostic in the National FMD control programme. Use of DIVA assay