Halcrow Transportation Infrastructure Public Disclosure Authorized Belize Urban Infrastructureproject Environmentalimpact Assessment Final Report November1999

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Halcrow Transportation Infrastructure Public Disclosure Authorized Belize Urban InfrastructureProject EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Final Report November1999

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Halcrow Transportation Infrastructure Belize Urban InfrastructureProject EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Final Report November1999

Ministry of Works, Government of Belize

Halcrow Group Limited Burderop Park Swindon Wiltshire SN4 OQD Tel +44 (0)1793 812479 Fax +44 (0)1793 812089 www.halcrow.com

Halcrow TransportationInfrastructure has preparedthis report in accordance with the instructionsof their client Ministry of Works, Govemment of Belize for their sole and specific use. Any other persons who use any information contained hereindo so at their own risk.

Abstract:

This document is an Environmental Impact Assessment of proposals to constuct a number of drainage sub-projects in six towns in Belize. The study towns are Corozal, Orange Walk, San Ignacio and Santa Elena, Benque Viejo del Carmen, Dangriga and Punta Gorda. The proposed drainage sub-projects have been prioriused on the basis of need, cost and economic criteria, and grouped into three construction phases.

All the proposed sub-projects are concemed with improvements to the main drainage svstem in the study towns, to evacuate runoff arising from the 30 minute rainfall with a 1:10 vear return period.

Construction of the proposed sub-projects will provide relief from flooding to occupiers of houses and commercial properties in the vicinity of the proposed works for small to moderate sized storm events. It is not within the scope of this project to provide drainage for extreme events like hurricanes. There will also be economrc benefits to the construction industry and local town economics during construction, and potential for umproving the amenity value of land.

During the Phase I construction period, most of the adverse impacts which will arise will be associated with construction nuisance to residents, pedestrians and road users due to noise, dust, access, construction traffic etc. There will also be potentially high adverse impacts on archaeological remains, particularly in Corozal, but also in Orange \Valk, San Ignacio and Santa Elena, and Benque.

During Phases II and III, in addition to the construction nuisances identified above, there will also be small, adverse impacts on critical habitats in Dangriga and Punta Gorda.

This report puts forward recommendations for a mitigation plan to reduce the adverse impacts identified in the EIA and an Environmental Management Plan to ensure adequate management of the implementation of the schemes. I I Contact: Mr John Harding Hummingbird Highway Mile 43/2 Belmopan Belize Tel: + 501 08 13021 Fax: + 501 08 13022 I Ministry of Works, Government of Belize Belize Urban InfrastructureProject EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Final Report

ContentsAmendment Record This report has been issued and amended as follows:

Issue Revision Description Date Signed

1 0 Final EIA 2/11/99 I Contents

ExecutiveSummary

I Introduction I 1.1 Backgroundto the Project 1 1.2 Oudineof the ProposedScheme 2 1.3 The EnvironrmentalImpact Assessment Studv 3

2 Appreciationof the StudyArea 5 2.1 Location 5 2.2 Climate 5 2.3 Hvdrology 6 2.4 Land Use 6 2.5 The Coastlineand MarineProcesses 7 2.6 MarineEcology 8 2.7 Human Settlement 9 2.8 UrbanDrainage 9 2.9 WaterSupply 10 2.10 Sanitationand WastewaterDisposal 11 2.11 SolidWaste Disposal 13 2.12 Water-RelatedDiseases 13

3 EnvironmentalLegislation Framework 15 3.1 Politicaland AdministrativeFramework 15 3.2 The PlanningSystem and RelatedLegislation 16 3.3 EnvironmentalLegislation 19 3.4 IntemationalTreaties and Conventions 25

4 Programmeof Projects 27 4.1 Developmentof the Programmeof Schemes 27 4.2 Developmentof Alternatives 28 4.3 Design Criteria 28 4.4 GenericOudine of the Proposed Schemes 30 4.5 Construction 32 I I I I 11.3 Potential Environrnental Impacts 107

12 Mitigation Plan 113

13 Institutional Issues 118 13.1 Overview 118 13.2 Project Implementation 118 13.3 Post-Implementation 119

14 Environmental Management Plan 122 14.1 Overview 122 14.2 Sectoral Issues 122 14.3 Environmental Management Plan 129

15 Inter-Agency and PubliclNGO Consultation 141 15.1 Consultation with Government and Non-Govemment Organisations 141 15.2 Social Surveys 142 15.3 Future Public Consultation 143

16 Conclusions and Recommendations 162 16.1 Conclusions 162 16.2 Recomrnendations 164

List of References 166

Figures Plates

Appendix A - Terms of Reference Appendix B - Ecology Appendix C - Archaeology Appendix D - Institutional Issues Appendix E - Construction Issues Appendix F - Environmental Contract Clauses I I I 12.1 Generic rmitigationplan

14.1 Examnpleof a variation register 14.2 Costs of the work packages for the EMP (BzS, 1999)

15.1 Surnmary of consultations with government and non government organisations 15.2 Social survey results for Corozal 15.3 Social survey results for Orange Walk 15.4 Social survey results for San Ignacio and Santa Elena 15.5 Social survev results for Benque 15.6 Social survev results for Dangriga 15.7 Social survey results for Punta Gorda 15.8 Frequency and severity of house flooding 15.9 Frequencv and severity of plot flooding 15.10 Frequency and severity of street flooding I I I List of Plates

5.1 Specific problems

6.1 Corozal

7.1 Orange Walk

8.1 San Ignacio/Santa Elena

9.1 Benque \iejo del Carmen

10.1 Dangriga (Stann Creek)

11.1 Punta Gorda I I I SDA Special Development Area SI Statutorv Instrument

TIDE Toledo Institute for Development and Environment ToR Terms of Reference

ILV Ultra Low Volume UNDP United Nations Development Project

VCU Vector Control Unit

WASA Water and Sewerage Authonrty I ExecutiveSummary

Introduction

In 1996, the Goverrment of Belize (GoB) instructed Consuitiberica-Halcrow to undertake a study of infrastructure needs in six towns in Belize, namely Corozal, Orange Walk, the twin towns of San Ignacio and Santa Elena, Benque, Dangriga and Punta Gorda. In August 1999, the GoB instructed Halcrow to update and revise the urban drainage schemes identified under the Belize Urban Infrastructure Project (BUIP) and undertake an environmental impact assessment (EIA) and economic assessment of the proposals.

The scope of the engineering proposals was to recommend improvements to the main drainage system within the town boundaries. The study does not extent to local flooding problems. The types of drainage sub-projects proposed consist of renovation of existing mnaindrains, excavation of new drains or canals, and outfall structures.

This document is the Final EIA report It has been prepared in compliance with the Belize Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (1995) and World Bank guidelines. The EIA report is structured into 16 Sections. The first 5 sections cover the Introduction, Appreciation of the Study Area, the Environmental Legislation Framework, Programme of Projects, and Approach to the EIA. Sections 6-11 describe the results of the EIA for each town. Sections 12 to 16 present the Mitigation Plan, Institutional Issues, the Environmental Management Plan, Inter- Agency and Public/NGO Consultation, and the Conclusions and Recomnmendations.The Terms of Reference and additional infornation on ecology, archaeology, institutional issues, construction and environrmentalcontract clauses are provided in the appendices.

Appreciation of the Study Area

Belize is located in Central America, on the western coast of the Caribbean sea, with Mexico to the north and Guatemala to the west and south. The topography of the country is characterised by the Maya mountains occupying the southern central part of the country, the subdued relief of the Rio Hondo and New River drainage basins in the northern half of the country, and coastal plains.

The climate is sub-tropical, with high annual rainfall increasing southwards from 150cms to 450cms, and unevenly distributed through the year resulting in a pronounced wet season from July to November. The country also lies in the track of tropical storms and hurricanes originating in the Atlantic and Caribbean seas. Several hurricanes have hit Belize this century,causing widespread flooding and damage.

Doc No 0O -0 Dw y 1999 A\EtlASoc I I Numerous perennial watercourses rise in the Maya mountains. The hydrographs of these rivers are punctuated by steep peaks representing the passage of storms over the mountains. One of the largest rivers is the Macal River, which flows past San Ignacio and Santa Elena. It joins the

Mopan River, which rises in Guatemala and flows past Benque, at Branch Mouth, and continues northeastwards discharging to the sea near Belize City. In contrast, the New River, which drains much of Northern Belize, flowing past Orange Walk and discharging to Chetumal Bay near CorozaL is characterised by a gradual r'se in water level during the wet season reaching a peak in November or December depending on the rainfall pattern

The natural vegetation in northern Belize is dominated by flat plains and palm savannahs, lagoons, coastal swamps and some inland flat areas and hills supporting serni-deciduous, broadleaf rainforest. The southern coastal plain is vegetated by marshes, savannahs, and some rainforest, with evergreen forest and pine savannah associated with the Maya Mountains. Much of the natural vegetation in lowland Belize has been altered by human activities, in particular through agriculture, including widespread slash and burn under the traditional 'milpa' form of agriculture, and land dcearance for urban development

The configuration of the Belize coastline varies from the semi-enclosed Chetumal Bay in the north, to more open coastlines punctuated with estuaries, lagoons, spits and low lying headlands to the south. Over 1000 islands or caves lie offshore within a barrier reef which runs the length of the country. The tides are semi-diurnal, with a tidal range normally below 40 cms. Water levels are more strongly influenced by onshore winds and inshore of the barrier reef may reach 4-6 m high before breaking. Tidal currents near the shore are generallyinsignificant, except around river mouths, but there is a persistent southerly current offshore which, together with the dominant winds from the north east and east, account for the general net trend for sedirnent transport from north to south.

The coastal zone supports five major ecological habitats, coral reefs, seagrass beds, estuaries and wetlands, mangroves and littoral forest The coral reefs lie furthest offshore, and tend to be in good condition. The seagrass beds lie inshore and in the shallower waters around the coral reefs. They are also generally in good condition, but suffer from localised degradation due to anthropogenic causes. The estuaies and wedands, mangroves and littoral forest are found along the shoreline. These habitats are most at risk from human intervention, particularly through land clearance for agriculture or land development, or pollution from wastewater.

Belize has been settled for over 2000 years, with evidence of Maya setdement dating to about 1000 BC. Many modern setdements probably developed from Maya or Colonial settlements. The present day population of Belize is about 230,000 (1997),with slightly over half of the population living in urban areas. The study towns are relatively smalL ranging from Punta Gorda with a population of 5010 to Orange Walkwith a population of 15,000. Al the study towns are experiencing urban expansion as a consequence of natural increase, mfigrationfrom mral areas, and immigration from neighbouring countries.

Do No Rr .O Daf, 1t999. AA\EUAo i I Urban expansion is poorly controlled, despite legal procedures for land subdivision and building codes. As a consequence urban drainage is often poorly catered for in land development, and worsened by the actions of individuals to reduce flooding problems on their plots.

All the study towns enjoy a piped water supply, provided from surface or groundwater sources. In Dangriga crude water is subject to flocculation, sedimentation and disinfection, while in the remaining towns the water undergoes disinfection only by chlorination. It is also commron practice to collect and drink rainwater. Water quality data for samples taken from the distribution systems show periodic contamination from Total and Faecal Coliforms. The Water and Sewerage Authority (WASA) attribute this to poor chlonination rather than cross contanination where water pipes cross the drains.

None of the study towns has a wastewater collection and treatment system. Sanitation facilities are usually provided by septic tanks with a soakway or cess pits. This form of disposal is thought to contribute to groundwater pollution in the towns. It is commnonpractice for storm runoff and sullage (such as bathing and washing water) from houses to be piped direcdy to the drains, as is wastewater from commercial premises. There is widespread belief dtat the drainage ditches are contaminated from direct discharges and groundwater seepage although little data are available to validate these points. Storrnwater flushing and rapid runoff would help to dilute and disperse such contamination.

Domestic solid waste disposal services are currendy in the process of being privatised. Each town has a designated waste disposal site, however, tipping at these sites is largely uncontrolled. Furthermore, fly tipping, though illegal, is widespread, and results in a lot of solid waste accumulating in the drains, particularlyin Dangriga.

The environrmentalconditions are favourable for disease vectors, notably the Anopheks mosquito which carries malaria and the Aedes Wfiiwhich carries dengue fever. The number of cases of malaria have fallen in the last few years to about 4000 pa following a peak of over 10,000 pa in the mid 1999s. The number of dengue cases is very low. Nonetheless Vector Control Units (VCU) operate in each District to reduce the incidence of these diseases by Ultra Low Volume (IJLV) spraying and house-to-house inspections. There are also low numbers of cases of other types of water-borne diseases such as cholera, dysentery and hepatitis.

Environmental Legislation Framework

The political systemnin Belize is based on a bi-cameral system with elected Area Representatives sitting in the House of Representatives and members appointed by the Governor-General sitting in the House of Senate. Following the latest govenment reshuffle in October 1999, responsibility for public works projects lies with the Ministry of Works, Transport, Citrus and Banana Industries. Environmental issues, including the implementation of EIA regulations and pollution control, is the responsibility of the Department of Environment (DoE) in the, Ministry of Natural Resources, the Environent and Industry, while issues concerning archaeological

DocNoO Re:O Ds a 1t999 i9 A.\EIA4oc I I heritage are the responsibility of the Department of Archaeology (DoA) in the Ministry of Tourism and Youth.

Local governnmentis based on a system of Town Boards. The Town Board comprises seven councillors elected by the residents and a Mayor elected by the councillors. The Town Board also employs permanent staff in administration and works departments. The Town Boards have responsibilities for raising local taxes and providing services, induding the nmaintenanceof drains within the town.

There is no strategic national planning in Belize and only patchy control of land development within the country. The subdivision of private and public land is controlled by the Land Utilisation Authority through a perrnitting system. Special Development Areas have been designated to guide preferred development in rural areas. Town planning schemes have been introduced for only four towns, Belize City, San Pedro (Ambergris Caye), Corozal and Dangriga under the Housing and Town Planning Act. In these four towns the Town Boards are responsible for granting building permission in line with permitted development in zoned areas. In other towns there seerns to be little control on land development

With the introduction of the Environmental Protection Act 1992 as amended, a number of enabling legislation has been introduced in recent years. The EIA Regulations came into force in 1995, the Pollution Regulations governing discharges to the environment came into force in 1996, and the Mines and Minerals (General) Regulations came into force in 1994. There is also legislation to protect archaeological sites and aniquities, wildlife, and forestry. Belize is a signatory to a number of international environmental conventions. The most relevant of these, in the context of this project, is the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (C1TES).

Programme of Projects

The drainage sub-projects identified in the 1996 BUIP were reviewed in the the light of discussions with the Town Boards on local flooding problems and field visits. All the drainage sub-projects have been designed to evacuate storm runoff generated by a 30 minute rainfall with a 1:10 year return period. This design criterium was selected to provide a reasonable level of security at an acceptable cost It would prevent flooding during small to moderate sized events, but not for extreme events such as hurricanes.

Most of the proposals involve the improvement of existing main drains through enlargement and replacement of undersized culverts. In some locations, new drains have been proposed. The types of drains proposed consist of unlined drains vvith 1:2 side slopes and lined drains constructed in blockwork or cast in concrete. The larger lined drains will be braced with struts, and where space is limited, for example in streets, the lined drains will be covered, thereby also providing walkways for pedestrians as an enhancement

In several towns it will be necessary to construct new outfalls to the rivers or dredge existing outfalls to the sea In Dangriga, it wil also be necessary to replace several wooden bridges,and

Doc NoO R.O Da= Mky199" W AAEIA.O I I I build penstocks on canals discharging into North Stann Creek to prevent floodwaters from the Creek backing up the canals.

The proposed sub-projects have been prioritised on the basis of need, cost and economic criteria, and grouped into three construction phases. Phase I construction should start in late spring 2000. At this stage it is not known when Phases II and III will commence. The proposed schemes are well within the capability of national construction companies, and the MoW proposes to let contracts to Belizean contractors, and appoint a Supervising Engineer to oversee the construction of the works.

Construction activities will result in demand for local materials such as blockwork, sand, aggregate, and timber. Sand and aggregate will be obtained from licensed sites. It will also be necessary to import materials such as cement and reinforcement The excavation of drains will also release large volumes of spoil. Some of this will be unsuitable for reuse for example due to the presence of roots, solid waste, and potential wastewater contamination, and will have to be disposed of to Municipal waste disposal sites. However, dean spoil will be available for controlled reuse in land raising.

The delivery of materials and disposal of wastes will generate construction traffic to and from the construction sites. Other construction traffic will include plant used on site for exacavation, rolling etc, and light vehicles to transport workers to and from the site.

Once the drains have been renovated, responsibility for maintenance will lie with the Town Boards.

Approach to EIA

The approach to the EIA has been based on the requirements of the Belizean EIA Regulations 1995 and World Bank guidelines. The potential environmental impacts were identified from a scoping study looking at the environmental characteristics of the study towns and the nature of the engineering works. The key environmental concerns were identified and studied in detail. The evaluation of the impacts has been based on a qualitative assessment, using the criteria of direction of impact (adverse/beneficial); mnagnitude(high, mediurm,low); direct/indirect; duration (temporary or pernanent); avoidability-,and reversibility.

Corozal

Corozal is located in the north of Belize on the western shore of Cheturnal Bay. The area has been settled since prehistoric times, but only a small area of the Maya settlement now known as Santa Rita remains. The rest of the ancient city has been built over as modern day Corozal expanded. In 1955 Corozal was largely destroyed by HurricaneJanet and has been rebuilt The town now has a population of about 8,085.

The old part of Corozal is located on low lying land along the shoreline, and has expanded inland to higher ground along Santa Rita Road and between College Road and San Andres Road. The town is drained by two magoons. Both rise in a swampy depression between Skeleton Town and White Cocal: one flows to the north east of town and the other to the south west. The rnagoons are generally in good condition with sufficiently steep gradients to promote a good flow. Therc

9 DocNoO KeR-ODateMir 1 A\EIAAm I I are also a number of smaller drains. Corozal is fronted bv a rocky coastline where erosion and morphological changes are associated with high magnitude events such as hurricanes.

The Phase I Works involve improvements to the two magoon drains and their tributaries and dredging of their outfalls. Phase II involves the installation of new road drains along College Road. Phase III involves new road drains along San Andres Road and Santa Rita Road, and improvements to 3rd Street North Drain.

The drainage proposals will impact upon the archaeological record in Corozal, as excavations below 0.3 m frequently unearth the remains of Maya structures and artefacts. The works will cause disturbance to residents, particularly with regards the magoon drains which flow through densely populated areas.

There is good access to Corozal via the Northern Highway. Construction traffic would also have good access to the construciton sites for the road drains, but there is restricted access to the magoon drains. Construction traffic would also have to travel through town to get to the NE magoon and 3rd Street North Drain.

All the works will provide benefits to local residents and the local economy. No significant impacts are expected on soil erosion, coastal configuration or beach stability, hydrology and drainage, terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna, and disease vectors and their habitats. The proposals will not affect flooding in Skeleton Town where urbanisation is expanding into the natural swamp.

Orange Walk

Orange Walk is located some 70 km north west of Belize City on the Northern Highway, the main arterial link with Corozal District and Mexico. The town is situated on gently undulating terrain on the west bank of the New River. The area has been settled since pre-historic times, and Orange Walk itself is possibly the location of the Colonial settlement Holpatin. Today the population of Orange Walk is about 15,000.

Orange Walk has expanded rapidly in recent years, particularly along the Northern Highway and to the north west and west. Expansion is impeded to the south west due to an area of low lying swamp and to the east due to the New River. There is little formal strategic drainage in Orange Walk Dunn Street Drain flows into the swamp mentioned above and there are some road drains.

The Phase I Works involve improvements to the Dunn Street Drain and the replacement of an undersized culvert on the San Lorenzo Road. During Phase II, a new short length of road drain would be built on Tangerine Street and Craboo Street, discharing into the swamp on the New River floodplain. In Phase III, consideration could be given to improving a local flooding problem in Ziricote Street, although this ray be better addressed as a local scheme.

Overall the scale of works proposed in Orange Walk is small, and construction works are likely to have low, temporary impacts on residents. Improvements to the Dunn Street Drain would not affect the water quality and ecology of the inner swarnp. Surveys of the swamp show that this is

OC NoO erO ODa May1999 A\EIAO V I an internally draining depression with no natural outlet It essentiallyacts as a balancing pond, retaining floodwaters following rainfall. The current desire of local inhabitants to infill the swamp for housing would result in greater flooding risk as it is not economically feasible to evacuate floodwaters. Further development around the swamp should be discouraged.

Tangerine Street Drain and Ziticote Street Drain are small scale schemes which will have little impact on residents or the natural enfvironment during construction. The latter scheme has been compromised by recent land raising on one of the plots affected, and the scheme may be abandoned, or modified as a local improvement scheme.

There is some potential for unearthing archaeological antiquities, given the known prehistoric and historic connections in the area, and the discovery of Maya ceramics to the west of the Inner Swamp area.

The proposed sub-proeicts will provide benefits to residents from the relief of flooding. The replacement of the San Lorenzo culvert may improve land conditions to the north west of town, and, indirectly land values and land development potential in the area. The proposals are not expected to have any significant effects on soil erosion, river morphology, the quality of surface waters, terrestrial or aquatic flora and fauna, visual impact, disease vectors or their habitats.

San Ignacio/Santa Elena

The twin towns of San Ignacio and Santa Elena are located on the Western Highway, near the border with Guatemala. The twin towns lie on either side of the Macal River, and are joined by the Hawksworth bridge. There is evidence of settlement in the area since prehistoric times, with the Cahal Pech Maya site located on the southern outskirts of San Ignacio. In recent years San Ignacio has expanded southwards, up the hillslopes towards Cahal Pech, and westwards along Bullet Tree Road. Santa Elena is expanding northwards between the Macal River and the Westemr Highway. The current population of the two towns is about 11,570.

There is no strategic drainage system in the twin towns, although there are a number of main drains and streets drains. In San Ignacio, flooding occurs in the new suburbs to the north of Bullet Tree Road where storm runoff collects in the valley due to the lack of continuity in drainage provision. Flooding also occurs along Savannah Street between the cemetery and citrus groves at the northern end of San Ignacio and along Salazar Street in Santa Elena.

It is proposed to improve the John Martinez Drain and outlet during Phase I, followed by improvements to Salazar Street Drain and George Price Drain and outfall in Phase II. The Savannah Street Drain could be improved under Phase III, however the local MoW office is already undertaking further improvement works which may resolve the flooding problem here.

The main potential adverse impacts in San Ignacio and Santa Elena are related to construction nuisances for residents, pedestrians and road users. The John Martinez and Salazar Street sub- projects are located in residential areas, the Savannah Street Drain lies close to a school, and the Salazar Street Drain passes a football ground which is well attended. Construction traffic should

Doc NoO RerO Dugtb99erk .. AAEAO Vll I I I have good access to the construction sites, although the traffic would have to be routed around San Ignacio to arrive at the proposed sites. There is potential to unearth Maya antiquities in the renovation of John Martinez Drain and Savannah Street Drain where cerarnic fragrnents have been found. Construction of new outfalls for the Salazar Street and Savannah Street Drains will introduce new, hard features into the natural environment of the Macal River. The outfall for the Salazar Street in particular will be a sizeable features, although view of it would be resmcted to people swimming or canoeing on the river in the immediate vicinity.

The proposals to improve the John Martinez Road Drain would bring relief from flooding to a number of houses and potentially improve opportunities for land development in an area where there are a number of vacant lots and abandoned properties. The relief from flooding for residents near the Salazar Street Drain will be less, and no residents will benefit from the Savannah Street Drain improvements. The proposed sub-projects will not have significant impacts on soil erosion, fluvialgeomorphology, flora and fauna, disease vectors or their habitats.

Benque Viejo del Carmen

Benque Viejo del Carmen (Benque) is also located on the Western Highway and is the last settlement in Belize before the border with Guatemala. Benque is situated on the east bank of the Mopan River. The old part of town lies on a gently sloping terrace, but the town has extended up some of the surrounding hillsides. The current population of Benque is about 6,200.

The town is drained by two streams, one flows along the northern side of town, while the central streamn,or Central Main Drain rises to the south, passes under George Price Avenue (also part of the Westem Highway) and diagonally through Benque, discharging into the Mopan River a little upstream of the northern stream. The Maya site of Xunantunich lies on one of the hilltops on the opposite bank of the river and there are smaller Maya sites in the vicinity of Benque.

It is proposed to renovate the Central Main Drain during Phase 1. This will be followed in Phase II by the provision of new street drains along Iiberty Street and George Street and a new outfall to the river. This will alleviate flooding on the lower lying land close to the river. In Phase III it is proposed to extend the street drains along Wyatt Street with a new river outfall.

Improvemernts to the Central Main Drain will irnpact upon the residents living on either side. The renovation of the culverted section through Mount Carmel School could present a hazard to children and should be carried out during school holidays. Construction traffic would cause some disruption to other traffic and it may be necessary to close streets ternporarily during the replacement of culverts. The construction of the new drains proposed for Phases II and III will again cause a nuisance to residents and travellers, particularly as these will be constructed along narrow streets. However the impact on traffic would be minimal, as, given the grid layout of the town, there are opportunities for rerouting traffic. The new outfalls to be constructed under Phases II and III will introduce new, hard features onto the shore of the Mopan River. However this impact would not be significant in the contewt of the urban setting.

The proposals will provide relief from flooding for occupiers of residential and comtnercial properties along the drains, and benefits to the local econorny. The improvements to the Central

Doc No e RmO Due Ma 1999. k1a4Vlll I I I Main Drain wil remove a health hazard to school children, release land for recreational use, and unite the two areas of the school grounds. The proposals to cover the lined drains to be built in Phases II and III wil also provide sidewalks for pedestrians. There would be no sigrificant impacts on the hydrology and water quality of the Mopan River, flora and fauna, disease vectors and their habitats.

Dangriga

Dangriga is situated on the coast some 60 km south of Belize City. The town was first settled by Garifuna immigrants in the early 19th century, and is not associated with any known pre-historic sites. Today the town extends along the coast for about 2 krn, and 1 km inland. The population of Dangriga is about 7,390.

Dangriga is located on low-lying deltaic sandy sediments deposited by the Nrnth Stann Creek. While there is historic evidence of rapid accretion along this coastline from longshore drift, in recent decades there has been significant erosion of the beaches due to several possible factors such as erosion by extreme events, sand mining, dredging and the construction of a large pier. Notwithstanding, longshore drift results in the accretion of sand across the mouths of creeks and canals.

The flat terrain, high water levels and low tidal range impede storm drainage from the creeks and canals which drain the town. Drainage is mainly provided by John Creek to the north, North Stann Creek in the centre and Havannah Creek to the south. There are also a number of canals, which are partially blocked, or not continuous. Some of the mnainstreets have drains, but again these are not continuous and do not have effective outfaDs.

The swamps around Dangriga provide a variety of wetland habitats. Mangroves, a globaly threatened habitat, are found extensivelyto the south of Dangriga towards the Gra Gra Lagoon, and to a lesser extent to the west of Dangriga in the Melinda Road area and alongJohn Creek.

The proposals to improve drainage in Dangriga is based on the principal of enlargement and increased inter-connectedness of existng canals and creeks. This will provide greater storage capacity for storm water and perrnit tide-induced flushing of the canals. Phase I Works wil involve the renovation of the inner network of canals (ohn Creek Canal, Penn Street Canal, Havanah Creek Canal, and dredging of the outfalls) and greater inter-connectivity beteeen John Creek Canal North Stann Creek and Havanah Creek. Phase II wil involved improving Sabal Steet Canal and excavating a new lower section of Lakeland Canal to the sea. Phase III wil improve an outer ring of canals (Abogaldes Street Canal, the rest of Lakeland Canal and Melinda Road Canal) and improve road drainage along St Vmcent Street and CommnerceStreet.

The Phase I Works would result in construction nuisance to nearby residents, increased traffic on the local road network, and the loss of mangroves along the lower 590 m ofjohn Creek. On comnpletionof the scheme, John Creek Canal, Penn Street Canal and North Stann Creek would be linked. There would be an initial flushing of potentially contaminated drainage waters into the deaner North Stann Creek. However, in the longer temi, the flushing action induced by tides

DocNoO P .O Dow May1999 A\EdAoc I I should help to reduce the occurence of stagnant water in the canal system. Drainage of the outfalls could impact further on the erosion of the beaches, particularly if the sediment is removed from the coastal environment and used in land raising.

The Phase II Works would cause disturbance to residents along SabeWStreet Canal, where housing is relatively dense and access to the canal is restricted. Construction of the Lakeland Canal would require the clearance of about 1 ha of basin mangrove, which, although not significant at the national scale, has implications for the conservation and management of the remaining mangrove.

The Phase III Works would result in further clearance of up to 2 ha of basin mangrove and encroachment into forest habitat containing Morelet's crocodile which is listed as 'threatened' by IUCN, but which has a healthy population in Belize and is being increasingly seen as a pest. The works will also impact upon residential areas, induding the main high school in Dangriga.

The construction of the proposed schemes would bring relief from flooding, and improve the quality of drainage waters by allowing regular flushing of the drains through tidal action. The scheme may encourage further development, particularly in sensitive environments such as the mangroves which are already been encroached upon by the construcion of houses, for example in the Rivas Estate. The enlargement of canals may marginally increase the habitat for disease vectors, but given the extensive areas of swamp around Dangriga, this increase is not considered to be significant The proposals are not expected to impact upon cultural heritage.

Punta Gorda

Punta Gorda is located on the coast some 150 km south of Dangriga. The town was settle by Carib imrmigrantsin Colonial times and grew rapidly in the mrid 19th century. Today the population of Punta Gorda is about 5010.

Punta Gorda is situated on sloping land falling to a rocky shore fronted by coarse gravel beaches and muddy foreshore. The town is drained by two magoons: the NE magoon flows through the centre of town while the SW magoon flows around the west of the town, through swamp forest to an outfall some 300 m south of the town. The swamp forest habitat is well represented in protected areas in Belize. However, Black Howler Monkeys, listed as 'vulnerable',by the IUCN, frequent the forest on the outskirts of town, and a rare plant listed in CITES, Zamiapirfa,was identified in the forest during an ecological survey conducted for this project

It is proposed to renovate the NE magoon duing Phase I and the SW magoon during Phase II.

Overall the scale of works proposed for Punta Gorda is relatively small, so the construction impacts on residents and road users are expected to be low. The existing road network can accommodate construction haulage, although the impacts on the local road network would be worse during the Phase II Works as construction traffic would have to cross town. Given the grid network of streets, local traffic can be easilyrerouted during temporary road dosures.

DoeNo O R-O Dt Ml 1999 x &\EIAdm I I The Phase II Works would require the straightening and widening of the SW rnagoon to improve capacity. This would lead to the clearance of about Iha of forest or about 70/o of the 14 ha of forest in the vicinity. This could lead to the loss of specimens of Zamiapida and disturbance to, and severance of woodland, for the Black Howler Monkeys. Works in the swamp forest could lead to soil erosion and compaction, and would be best carried out in the dry season. There would also be localised deterioration in water quality due to turbidity in the magoon and around the outfall.

Construction of the scheme would provide economnicbenefits to national construction firms and the local economy. Completion of the schemes would result in a reduction in flooding for numerous properties located along the magoons. No significant impacts are expected on the cultural heritage, coastal environment, or disease vectors and their habitats.

Mitigation Plan

A plan for rnitigating the adverse impacts of the proposed sub-projects has been put forward. This plan focuses on the implementation of 'good housekeeping measures' to reduce or avoid adverse impacts. These measure will include access and rights of way, dust control, noise, pollution control, protection of construction sites, landscaping, protection of flora and fauna, selection of quarries, traffic management, disposal of wastes, health and safety of workers and pedestrians (induding school children) and public relations. The design engineer will be responsible for preparing 'environmental' clauses in the contract documents. The contractors will be responsible for complying with these clauses, and the Supervising Engineer will be responsible for ensurirg that the contractors are in compliance.

Institutional Issues

Implementation of the drainage proposals lies with the Ministry of Works. Local offices of the MoW construction local schemes. However, it is understood that in this case, the MoW intends to contract the works to national construction companies, and appoint a Supervising Engineer to oversee the works.

T-he Department of Environment (DoE) is responsible for implementing the EIA Regulations. This includes approving the Terms of Reference of the EIA, reviewing and approving EIA reports, and ensuring that the mitigation measures are implemented. It is understook that the DoE likes to involve its staff in observing the implementation of environmental mitigation and management plans, but they lack the resources to do so for all projects.

The Department of Archaeology (DoA) is concemed with the potential impacts of schemes on archaeological sites and antiquities, and the Commissioner of Archaeology has certain powers to halt construction or direct developers to undertake certain actions to protect ancient monuments or antiquities. The DoA relies to a large extent on developers reporting archaeological finds to them, and lack the staff to undertake routine monitoring for construction programmes.

Once the drains have been constructed, the Town Boards are responsible for mnaintenance.Field observations show that drains are frequently not maintained adequately. While it appears that the

Doc No 0 F- 0 Dc Nr 199 A:\AIAo, Xi I I I Town Boards employ sufficient labourers for this task, the lack of maintenance may be due to problems such as lack of training or understanding among the supervisory staff on the requirements of mnaintenance.The Town Boards are currendy facing problems in raising revenue from local taxes and accumulating capital. In the longer terms this will affect their ability to pay for and undertake their duties, including maintenance of drains.

Many of the drainage problems identified in this study have become necessary either because of inappropriate road layouts when development first occurred, or because individual plot holders have subsequently damaged the drainage systemrWhile the proposals put forward under this study will resolve some of these problems, drainage will continue to be a problem due to weaknesses in the land use planning and control procedures.

Environmental Management Plan

An environmental management plan (EMP) has been developed to ensure that the drainage sub- proejcts are constructed in such a way as to mitigate the adverse impacts while taking account of some of the institutional problems identified above. The implementation of the EMP will be the responsibility of the Supervising Engineer.

The EMP identifies seven areas of concern related to the implementation of this scheme: institutional weaknesses, urban and land use planning, construction nuisances, the impacts of dredging on coastal stability in Dangriga, water quality in Dangriga, ecology and biodiversity, and cultural heritage. Construction nuisances will be controlled through the adoption of environmental clauses in the contract documents: an example is provided in the appendices. The problem of deteriorating water quality in Dangriga is only considered to be a problem during the initial flushing of the canals as they are linked up to Stann Creek and has not been considered further at this stage.

The EMP puts forward recommendations for a series of packages to be implemented during each of the construction phases. These will provide training to staff at the local MoW offices and Town Boards, further archaeological surveys and monitoring during construction, monitoring the effects of dredging on beaches in Dangriga, habitat protection in Dangrigaand Punta Gorda, and environmental education in Dangriga. The total cost of the proposed packages is 414,OOOBz$ over the three construction phases, with 160,000 Bz$ for Phase I.

Inter-Agency and Public/NGO Involvement

The engineering and EIA study team have consulted with key government offices in each of the six towns, namely the Town Boards, Public Health Inspector, Vector Control Unit, and the Water and Sewerage Authority. Consultations were held with the Friends of Gra Gra in Dangriga, ESTAP and TIDE in Punta Gorda. A social survey was undertaken in each town, to identify the magnitude and nature of the flooding problem for occupiers living or working near the mnaindrainage system, and record their concems about construction. Finally, consultations were held with school representatives where flooding was a proble.L

Do NoO RIO D.WY 999 *- AAEM4oc Xll I

I Further local consultation will be undertaken once the EIA has been prepared. This will involve placing a copy of the EIA on deposit at each of the Town Boards, and inviting residents to review and comment on the proposals.

Conclusions and Recommendations

The Belize Urban Instrastructure Project has identified and prioritised a series of drainage sub- projects to be undertaken in three construction phases in Corozal, Orange Walk, San Ignacio/Santa Elena, Benque, Dangriga and Punta Gorda. Many of the sub-projects proposed are improvement schernes to increase the capacity of existing drains.

Implementation of the schemes will provide relief from flooding to occupiers of residential and commercial properties along the main drains. In some instances the improvements could have indirect benefits on land values and future housing development Construction would also provide economic benefits to the construction industry and the six study towns.

Construction of the sub-projects will inevitably cause a nuisance to residents, pedestrians and other road users. There will be potential environmental impacts on the source of materials and through the disposal of excess spoil. Excavation of drains is likely to impact upon the archaeological record in four towns, Corozal, Orange Walk, San Ignacio/Santa Elena and Benque. While in Dangriga and Punta Gorda, drain improvements will result in the loss of small areas of critical habitats and possibly affect rare species.

It is recommended that the proposals for the mitigation and environmental plans are adopted. Furthermore, it is considered that some of the problems identified in the EIA relate to wider issues than those just concerned with drainage improvements. While the EMP puts forward a number of modest packages to addres these issues, they need to be taken up at a national level. Specific issues are land use planning and control institutional strengthening of local government, and technical assistance in sanitation and solid waste disposal.

DocNoD r. DRNW999 9 ... AA:EA4doc I Introduction

1.1 Background to the Project In 1996, the Government of Belize (GoB) instructed Consultiberica-Halcrow to conduct a studv on in'rastructure needs in Belize City (the Belize City Infrastructure Project - BCIP). During this period, the GoB also cornrmissionedthe consultants to undertake a similar study for other towns in Belize (the Belize Urban Infrastructure Project - BUIP). The six study towns were Corozal, Orange Walk, the twin towns of San Ignacio and Santa Elena, Benque Viejo del Carmnen(known as Benque), Dangriga, and Punta Gorda (Figure 1.1).

The study towns are located across the country. Corozal is the most northerly town, located on the coast near the Mexican border. Orange Walk lies on the Northern Highway some 70 km north west of Belize City. The twin towns of San lgnacio/Santa Elena and Benque are located in the west of the country near the Guatemalan border some 100-115 km from Belize Citv. Dangriga and Punta Gorda are coastal towns lvmg in the southem part of the country some 60 km and 145 km respectively from Belize City.

The BUIP identified a variety of problems in the six towns, the most common ones being

a lack of drainage * coastal erosion * river bank erosion * roads and traffic, and, in Punta Gorda, the airstrip * lack of social infrastructure * solid waste collection and disposal, and * water quality and sanitation.

To address these problems, the BUIP put forward recommnendationsfor:

improvements to the drainage systems

Oo N O wR-O D,} Moy 199 1 F \V\E -t T * upgrading roads, including road drainage, pedestrian/cycling facilities,and junction improvements • coastal sea defences • river bank protection works * new airstrip and associated infrastructure (Punta Gorda only) • landscaping proposals in open spaces * pavements for schools • refuse collection • traffic management, including parking.

The proposed schemes were designed and presented as an integrated programme of infrastructure projects.

In August 1999, the Ministry of Works (MoW) instructed Halcrow to revise and develop the proposed drainage works identified under the BUIP, including detailed design, preparation of contract drawings and documents, an environmental impact assessment and economic appraisal study.

1.2 Outline of the Proposed Scheme The current BUIP study has identified a series of drainage sub-projects to be undertaken in each of the six studv towns. Each project is concemed with improving main drainage systems within the administrative boundary of each town. The main types of projects are:

renovation of existing main drains - including enlargement, straightening the channel, and replacement of culverts * installation of new, unlined drains, in areas of low density housing * installation of lined drains in urban areas, covered where land-take is problematic * construction of gated structures for canals draining to Stann Creek in Dangriga to prevent backwater effects when the river is in flood * outfall structures to the receiving waters - either rivers or the sea * outfall protection works for coastal outfalls.

A schedule of proposed drainage works is presented for each town in the relevant sections of this report. The largest number of sub-projects has been identified for Dangriga, where drainage is particularly problematic. A number of projects have also

DocNoN . : O D 1995 2 been identified for Corozal. By comparison, the works proposed for Orange WValk,San Ignacio/Santa Elena, Benque and Punta Gorda are smaller scale.

1.3 The Environmental Impact Assessment Study 1.3.1 Scopeof theELA This document is the final EnVironmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report. It sets out the results of the study on the potential impacts of the proposed scheme on the environment. The scope and contents of the EIA are based on the requirements of the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 1995 of Belize and guidelines presented by the World Bank (1991).

1.3.2 Constrints to theELA This draft final EIA is based on availabledata describing the existing conditions in Belize. Environmental data have been sought from government and non-govemment organisations and published sources. However, there are difficulties in obtaining data, its coverage and the length of record. Where appropriate weaknesses in the data have been addressed bv using conservative estimates or the consultants' experience. Ecological and archaeology surveys were commissioned to provide additional data on the studv areas.

1.3.3 Struczurtof theElA Reporn Following this Introduction, the EIA report has been structured into a further 15 Sections which are outlined below

* Section 2 - outlines an appreciation of the study area * Section 3 - describes the administrative and legal framework in Belize with particular reference to the environment * Section 4 - explains the development of the proposed schemes in each town, and the generic schemes * Section 5 - summarises the EIA methodology adopted and the potential impacts based on generic descnrptions of construction and maintenance activities * Sections 6 - 11 - take each town in tum and describe the existing environmental conditions, the proposed schemes and potential impacts * Section 12 - outlitnesthe mitigation plan * Section 13 - describes institution issues which may affect project implementation

Do N.O Rcr 0 Dat Ma.y1959 3 F \We\F-W A * Section 14 - outlines the proposals for an environmental management plan to ensure that the rmitigationproposals are undertaken adequately * Section 15 - describes the consultation that has taken place with inter-government agencies, the public and NGOs * Section 16 - presents the conclusions and recommnendationsto the studv.

A copy of the terms of reference is attached as Appendix A. Supplementarv reports on ecolog, archaeology, institutional issues, construction, and contract documents are presented in Appendices B to F.

Further details on the engineering design and economic assessment of the schemes are presented in separate reports.

DocN.O R' OD.. M.y 1999 4 F \W,e\Enurnel .se0m\ siw\eo\ir_c.o 2 Appreciationof the StudyArea

2.1 Location Belize is located in Central America along the westem shore of the Caribbean Sea, bordered bv Mexico to the north and Guatemala to the west and south (Figure 1.1). The topography of the south half of the country is dominated bv the MiavaMountains which rise to over 800m. The remainder of the country consists of low lving plains, generallv below 200m and characterised bv a subdued relief. In many coastal areas, the plains lie barely above sea level, with numerous lagoons and creeks.

2.2 Climate The climate of Belize is subtropical, with high annual rainfall, pronounced wet and drv seasons, high average daily temperatures, and high relative humidity. The mean annual rainfaL increases across the countrv from some 150 cms in Corozal to 450 cms to the south in Punta Gorda. The mean annual rainfall is seasonally distributed, with a pronounced wet season between July and November, followed by the dry season

The prevailing winds are form the north east and east, rarelv exceeding speeds of 10-15 knots. The strongest winds tend to occur from April through to August, and the weakest winds occur between September and December. There are significantdiumal differences, with stronger winds occurring during daylight hours due to thermal effects.

Belize is affected by extreme events associated with tropical stomis and hurricanes originating in the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. The main season for hurricanes is August to October with a peak in September (about 5 0% of occurrences in the period 1871-1991). Data on hurricanes suggest they have an average return period of about 7.5 years, however in reality there is much variability with two hurricanes occurring in the same year and then not for 15 years. Hurricanes affect a relativelv narrowxwidth of storm track of about 100 km or less. Preliminary estimates of return periods for hurricane intensity at Belize City indicate a wind speeds of 110 mph for a 30 year recurrence interval and 150 mph for a 100 year recurrence interval.

Tropical storms and hurricanes bring high intensity rainfall and strong winds which can cause severe flooding and damage to property, infrastructure, trees and crops.

DocNoO ,V C D-., My 1999 5 F VV\E---L;ommi \oeChwE>otF_o.o Hurricane Janet (1955) destroved much of Corozal. Hurricane Hattie (1961) caused extensive flooding and damage in Belize City, as a consequence of which the national political and administrative seat for Belize was moved inland to a nev- town Belmopan, constructed for that purpose. The country largely escaped the worst effects of Hurricane Mitch (1998),which caused a 24 hour rainfall maximum with an estimated returm period of about 1:7 years. However there was extensive flooding across the country, and for several davs, Belize City was flooded twice daily during high tide.

2.3 Hydrology Numerous rivers nise in the Maya Mountains and drain to the coast. The largest of these is the Macal niver (also known as the Eastem Branch of the Belize River) which rises in the Mava Mountains and flows north and northeastwards before meeting the Mopin River (Western Branch of the Belize River) which rises Ln Guatemala. The Belize River then flows northeastwards to the sea discharging at Belize City. The Mopan River is notably slower to rise following storm events than the Macal River, and is characterised by lower hydrograph peaks. The maximum flow recorded in the 20 year record on the Mopan River at Benque is about 450 cumecs, compared with a maximnumflow of the Macal River at Cristo Rev near San Ignacio of almost 4500 cumecs.

By contrast, northern Belize is drained bv the NeewRiver and Rio Hondo whose drainage basins are characterised by wide shallow depressions in the west and centre of the country. The New River flows northwards past Orange W;alkto discharge into Chetumal Bay near Corozal. The hydrograph of the New River at Orange Walk is characterised by low flows in the order of 20 cumecs during the dry season, rising gradually through the wet season to about 150 cumecs.

On the coastal plains, the low slopes, subdued terrain and high rainfall result in large areas of poorly drained terrain with swamps, lakes and lagoons.

2.4 Land Use The northern half of Belize is characterised by flat plains and palm savannahs, lagoons, coastal swamps and some inland flat areas and hills supporting semi-deciduous, broadleaf rainforest. The southern half of the country includes a narrow (about 15 krn wide), low elevation coastal strip vegetated by marshes, savannahs, and some rainforest, with evergreen forest and pine savannah associated with the Maya

0 R I,: F 1.o 1 \9' * 6 Mountains. Large areas of forests have been designated as Nanonal Parks and protected areas.

Much of the natural vegetation in lowland Belize has been altered by human activities, in particular through agricultre, including widespread slash and bur under tne traditional 'milpa' form of agriculture, and land clearance for urban development.

2.5 The Coastline and Marine Processes The configuration of the Belize coastline varies from the semi-enclosed Chetumal Bay to the north to relatively open coastline to the south. Offshore there are over 1060 islands or caves of varving sizes, mostly consisting of coral reefs or flats of sand or mud, lying within a barrier reef which extends the length of the country. This is the world's second largest barrier reef, and the largest in the Westem Hemisphere. Inshore of the barrier reef, the sea is generally shallow, particularly in Chetunal Bay and other sheltered areas. The barrier reef and shallow waters help to protect the coast from the force of storm waves.

The tides are semi-diumal with different amplitudes between the two mean high tides and two mean low tides. The tidal range is low, with water levels normally varying by less than 40 cms between the mean upper high tide and mean lower low tide. Water levels changes are also generated bv winds, which can be ven, significant in the case of hurricanes, creating a storm surge. Under normal conditions, wave heights are very mild, usually under 0.5 m at Belize Citv. During hurricanes, wave heights may reach 5- 10 m in the open sea, but within the barrier reef are reduced to 4-6 m before breaking.

Sediment transport at the coastline tends to be dominated bv wave action which, in Belize, is normally mild but persistent. Tidal currents near the shore are insignificant except near river mouths. However, a persistent southerly current exists inside the barrier reef with a velocity of about 0.5 m/s. This current, combined with dominant winds from the north east and east, results in a general net trend for sediment transport from north to south. Although under certain conditions sediment transport can occur northwards, which is important at Dangriga.

The main sediment source is the rivers, particularly when they are in flood. Longshore drift carries muds and silts discharged from rivers along the coast, in some areas forming deposition features such as spits and bars across smaller rivers and canals.

D- No OF.R C r.- My 1999 7 F \ Am,. \ doc 2.6 Marine Ecology The coastal waters of Belize support diverse ecosvstems and species manv of which are economicallv and ecologicallyimportant, but suffer from degradation, pollution and over-exploitation. There are five main habitats in the coastal zone, coral reefs, seagrass, estuaries and wedands, mangroves, and littoral forest (Coastal Zone Management Programme, 1995).

The barrier reef lies some 25-35 km offshore, extending some 220 km along the coastline. Other coral reefs lie closer inshore, notably between Dangriga and Placencia, where they are 6-12 km off the coast, and there are three atolls seaward of the barrier reef The coral reefs are in a relatively good condition, but some adverse impacts have been identified. The Coastal Zone Management Programme has identified several major threats including nutrient enrichment from agriculture, industry and wastewater effluents.

Seagrass areas lie inshore, and in the shallower waters among the coral reefs. Seagrass habitats are important feeding areas for commercial species as well as threatened species such as the West Indian Manatee (Tnchechusmanatui). This habitat is generally in good condition, but suffers locally from activities such as dredging, siltation, and nutrient enrichment.

Estuaries and wetlands support diverse species, including manatees. These habitats are primarily urider threat from development pressure. Mangrove habitats are found along the coast, inland along rivers and lagoons, and to a lesser extent on the caves. This habitat also supports diverse species, and provides protection from coastal erosion. There are an estimated 296 square miles of mangrove in Belize, with 20% of mainland mangrove lying in protected areas. Nonetheless mangroves are under threat, particularly from land development. Finally the littoral forest is found on higher land along the coast. This is probably the most threatened habitat in Belize, with less than 2000 ha remaining, due to land development pressures.

Coastal environments are also important for tourism, which, together with fisheries, provide the main foreign exchange income for Belize. There is an extensive existing and proposed management svstem for the coastal and marine environments of Belize. Included in these is a system of marine and coastal protected areas (Figure 2.1).

D- So C R-: C D-, M. 19 8 F \eEtcsxu ssml \r*l bF\o r u_o.o Additional details of the broader coastal and marine management framework are described in the state of the coastal zone report (CZMP, 1995).

2.7 Human Settlement Much of Belize has been under more or less continuous setdement for at least 2000 vears. Mava populations were established from 1000 BC, and even after the so-called Maya Collapse (800/900 AD), populations can be detected weL into the histoncal, colonial period (post 1550).

Many of today's towns and villagesmav have developed from Maya and Colonial settlements. One of the earliest known Mava sites is found at Cuello, some 3 km west of Orange Walk, which was occupied in the Formative Period (1000 BC to 250 AD). By contrast, Corozal has been built largely over the Santa Rita archaeological site which was occupied from the Formative Period and into the early Colonial period (16th century). The study towns San Ignacio and Benque are also built close to known Maya sites.

The present day population of Belize is about 230,000 (1997 estimate), of which a slightlyhigher proportion (115,975)live in urban areas. The six towns in the studv are relatively small, ranging from Punta Gorda with an estimated number of inhabitants of 3,680 in 1998 to Orange Walk with an estimated population of 15,055 in 1998. Population growth in Belize has been relatively steady over the last twenty years, and is expected to continue to increase at a similar rate of about 2 .7 5 % pa in the near future.

All the towns in the study are expenencing urban expansion for various reasons, including natural increase, migration from rural to urban areas, and immigration from Guatemala and Mexico.

2.8 Urban Drainage The study towns are characterised by a lack of a coherent drainage system. This is in large part due to the weaknesses in urban planning (see Section 3). The lack of land zonation and building control results in construction in unsuitable locations such as natural depressions, swamps and floodplains. Furthermore, land subdivision and housing construction takes place without adequate provision for services and facilities. For example, land is often subdivided on a grid system without regard to local topographv and drainage, developers do not always provide road drainage, and roads

D.,N.O F- O D0e U 199S 9 F: I¢\: neasAssmnt\loez\Ew Rpr i_o.o and local service roads are often raised to protect them from flooding, leaving housing plots in shallow depressions where water accumulates.

Where drainage is provided, flooding may still occur due to the undersizing of drains and culverts. Furthermore, self-help arrangements undertaken by plot holders to reduce flooding on their land exacerbate local flooding problems. It is common practice for landowners to raise their land before development by adding sediment, which is relatively expensive, and even domestic waste. This practice may aggravate flooding and drainage on adjacent plots. Householders take other forrns of action to relieve local floodingz,often creating problerns for neighbours. For example, blocking or infilling existing drains on their propertv, building their houses over drains with or without adequately sized culverts, and building walls around their property to keep floodwaters out.

The most comprehensive provision for main urban drainage is to be found in Dangriga where stormwater drainage is facilitated by a number of canals. Several of the towns possess one or two urban drains, often called magoons, which flow through them. Some of the magoons may once have been excavated along natural drainage lines, for example in Corozal, Benque, and Punta Gorda. Neither Orange Walk nor San Ignacio and Santa Elena have what could be called a strategic urban drainage svstem. Some of the main roads in the study towns have street drains, but many do not, causing local flooding during wet weather.

2.9 Water Supply In each of the six towns, drinking water is supplied, treated and distributed by the Water and Sewerage Authority (WASA).The source of drinking water varies between towns, coming from springs and rivers in Benque and Dangriga, and groundwater wells in Corozal, Orange Walk, San Ignacio-Santa Elena and Punta Gorda. It is also common practice for householders to collect and drink rainwater. The WASA office in Corozal commented that usage of piped drinking water increases significantl during the dry season when there is less reliance on rainwater. In Dangriga, reports were also received of people taking water from Stann Creek, although there were conflicting comments on whether this water was used for drinking and cooking or other purposes

The water supplv for Dangriga is abstracted from Stann Creek some 3 km upstrearn of the town and undergoes fill chernical treatment comprising flocculation with alum,

Do N.O R- C D,: Me19 109 sedimnentationand disinfection with chlorine. In the other towns, the crude water is chlorinated prior to distribution. Chlorine dosing at the plants are relatively high, often at 1.5 mg/I, in order to achieve residual chlorine levels of at least 0.5 mg/l at the furthest point in the distribution system.

All the study towns enjoy a piped water supply system. Little concrete information was obtained from the WASA offices in each town on the household connection rate for householders. Estimates provided from the local WASA offices varied from only 250/0 in Corozal to 90% in Orange Walk and Punta Gorda.

WASA collect and analyse water samples taken from the crude water, treated water, and water in the distribution system for each town on a monthly basis. The samples are taken to the central WASA laboratory near Ladyville,Belize City, and are tested for a suite of parameters including chlorides, salinity, conductivity, nitrates and total dissolved solids as weL as bacteriological indicators. The Public Health Bureau (PHB) also carries out water sampling and bacteriological analysisof drinking water sources m rural areas.

The WASA 1998 Annual Water Quality Report summaries the water quality analyses for the crude and treated water undertaken in the year. The physical and chemical quality of the raw and treated water is considered to be good and within WHO guidelines. However the bacteriological quality is less satisfactory, with samples of treated water taken from the distribution system containing faecal coliforms. The presence of faecal coliforrns in the drinking water was frequently attributed to poor chlorination rather than cross contamination of the distribution system where pipes cross drains.

2.10 Sanitatdon and WastewaterDisposal Pipe wastewater collection systems and wastewater treatment plants have only been built in Belize City and Belmopan.

In the study towns, most premises are served by septic tanks with a soakaway or pit latrines. In Corozal, which lies in a limestone area, many of the septic tanks are not constructed with bottoms and act as soakaways. Pit latrines discharge sewage directly to the ground. The PHB commented that, given the environmental conditions, the use of pit latrines causes environmental health problems in Punta Gorda. Here the shallow,

Do: N. C F- O Da. My 1999 199 F \i\ltLrSl ^ltP0%\h W\ otFL_o.o low permeability soils and high ground make it is difficult to dig a deep pit, the side walls cave in, the pit fills quickly, and overflows during heavy rain. Maya indians customarily defecate on the land rather than in latrines, which can cause problems where Maya move into the outskirts of towns.

It is common practice throughout Belize to discharge grey water (rainwater and sullage from households) into the urban drains. Commercial and industrial prerises also routinely discharge wastewater to the drains. This situation is partly due to the lack of enforcement of the legislation prohibiting such discharge (Chapter 31 of the Laws of Belize) by the PHB. The location of soakawa,vsfor septic tanks and pit latrines within the household plot are supposed to be govemed through Chapter 31. However, soakaways and pit latrines are often located too close to drains, making contamination through infiltration possible.

No data have been found on groundwater quality, but it is widely assumed that groundwater in urban areas is contaminated by discharges from soakaways and pit latrines. The PHB particularly considered this to be the case in Punta Gorda, and also in Corozal, where there are concems over contamination of nearshore waters from seepage from polluted groundwaters. The contamination of groundwaters can also lead to reduced water quality in the urban drains due to infiltration.

No data were found on the water quality of the urban drains. Again it is widely believed that these are contaminated by direct discharges or indirecdy through groundwater infiltration. The concentration of pollutants in the drains may be diluted during the rainy season due to rainfall and natural springs. Where the drains are free- flowing, flushing action will serve to evacuate contaminated drainage water quickly.

The servicing of septic tanks through the study towns is haphazard and uncontrolled. The PHB in Belize CiGthas a single vehicle to service the whole country. They tend to service the City itself, and key installations such as hospitals in other towns. A pnrvate individual in San Ignacio also has a single vehicle, and is known to collect septage as far as Punta Gorda, and others have made applications to the Health Ministry to enter the business. The septage is normally disposed of at a dedicated site at or close to the municipal solid waste disposal site. The waste infiltrates into the ground and dries out in the sun. However, septage is also known to be disposed of at non-designated sites.

Do- No - O D, Me 1995 12 2.11 Solid Waste Disposal Solid waste disposal services are in the process of being privatised, with the collecuon of domestic waste being undertaken by contractors, and the collection of other wastes remaining with the Town Boards (see Appendix D).

Each town has a designated site for the disposal of solid waste. However these sites are not designed as sanitarv landfills and disposal operations at the dumps are uncontrolled. Fly tipping is illegal,but frequendvlpractised. This is a particulariy acute problem in Dangriga, where solid waste (cars and parts thereof, cookers, tins, plastics, etc) is dumped on houseplots, in drains and along roads. The municipal dump for Dangriga lies approximatelv 10 km out of the town, on the road to Punta Gorda, which is probably too far. Fly-tippingwithin urban areas is less evident in the other towns, but still occurs, especiallvin more rural areas and on the approaches to the town dumps for example in Orange Walk.

2.12 Water-Related Diseases The presence of large areas of swamps dose to towns and standing water around household plots provides suitable habitats for disease vectors, particularlyvarious species of mosquito which carry malaria such as Anropheks.r, and Aedes egypt/ which transmits dengue. Furthermore the poor sanitation conditions and pollution of ground and surface waters also potentially contribute to other types of water-bome diseases.

Table 2.1 summarises cases of some comrmunicableand notifiable diseases in Belize. The number of cases of malaria was relatively stable in the 1980s, but increased three- fold peaking in 1994 and then falling from the mid 1990s. In recent years, the large majority of cases of malaria are Plarsmodiumzivax, with 3 -5 % of the total number of cases being Plasmo&mfaciarmm. Insufficient data are available to examine trends in dengue fever, although the number of cases is low. Manv of the reported cases of malaria and dengue are found in rural areas rather than in towns, where the number of cases are low as a result of preventative measures such as vector control.

The number of cases of diseases associated with poor sanitation and deficiencies in drinking water (such as dysentery, hepatitis and cholera) are relatively low, although the number of cholera cases did rise in 1992 and 1993.

D., N. DR-o El- Ma 1999 13 F \ \ Table 2.1 Reported Cases of Communicable and Notifiable Diseases in Belize

Disease 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Gstroenterisn 3103 1899 1299 1329 1110 963 N,'A 456 795 1?39 1092 Maani; 3353 2725 3209 3052 3036 5175 8671 10411 9413 6605 4014 Dvsenterv 37 26 6 5 0 0 0 O 0 32 54 Hepatitis 94 175 0 77 36 0 25 64 Z2 13 29

Cholera( 0 Q 0 0 0 159 135 6 18 26 2 Dengue N/A N/A N/A N/A N,/A N/A N/A N/A 107 0 30 Sourcc: Centrl Stausticad Office 1998

Doc N O Rv: C Date , 29 2414 F: ae\nr nnn #e \rlc Ew Fro fn:Nsd 3 EnvironmentalLegislation Framework

3.1 Poitical and Admi&istrative Framework 3.. The PoIiLcalSystem The Government of Belize is based on a bicameral svstem with a Govemor-General representing the Queen as Head of State. There are two Houses, the House of Representatives with 28 seats and the House of Senate with eight seats. Members of the House of Representatives (also known as Area Representatives) are elected by the populace for a five vear term while the members of the House of Senate are apponted by the Governor-General, five on the advice of the Prime Minister, two on the advice of the leader of the opposition, and one on the advice of the Belizean Advisory Council. The leader of the majority party is appointed as Prime Minister by the Govemor-General. The Prime Minister advises the Govemor-General on the appointnent of Ministers who may be drawn from either House.

Following the latest Ministry reshuffle, announced in the Belize Gazette Extraordinary No. 45 of 7th October 1999, there are presently 17 Ministries, including the Ministry of Works, Transport, Citrus and Banana Industries, the Ministry of Natural Resources, the Environment and Industry, and the Ministry of Tourism and Youth.

The Ministry of Works (MoW) is responsible for the construction and maintenance of bridges and roads, and land reclamation. It also has budget for drainage-related works in Belize Cityand other rnain towns, and bridges. In the latest government reshuffle, it has also taken on responsibilities for the Citrus and Banana Industries.

The Department of the Environment (DoE) is a relatively new government departnent, created under the 1992 Environmental Protection Act. It currently forms part of the Ministry of Natural Resources, the Environment and Industry. Under the EPA, the DoE has a wide range of functions, covering the prevention and control of environmental pollution, conservation and management of natural resources, and environmental impact assessment.

DocNo.O F 0 D., MNy 1999 15 The Department of Archaeology has responsibilities regarding the conservation and protection of archaeological sites and artefacts in Belize. It forms part of the Ministry of Tourism and Youth.

3.12 The Administra4eve5ysjm The administrative centre and capital of Belize is located at Belmopan, 83 km west of Belize City, although a small number of ministry offices remain in Belize Citv.

Belize is divided into six districts, from north to south, Corozal, Orange Walk, Belize, Cayo, Stann Creek and Toledo. The districts are used as a demarcation for most of the government's activities. However, the districts are not autonomous and cannot dictate policy, laws and other items that may affect the entire country.

Local government is based on Town Boards consisting of seven elected counciliors and a mavor elected by them. This system is likely to change in the near future so that the mavor is also elected by the community. The Town Boards employ non-elected staff such as the Town Cerk, Foreman and labourers.

The Town Boards receive funds from central government and have powers to raise funds locallv through a land tax. They are responsible for administering their own budgets and undertake activities such as the repair of roads and drains within the town boundary. Waste disposal activities are in the process of being privatised. Given the reliance on central government funds, the Town Boards are not autonomous and are affected by political interference. A review of the institutional capability of the Town Boards in the six study towns for the BUIP is presented in Appendix D.

3.2 The Planring System and Related Legislation There is a lack of national strategic planning in Belize, and only patchy control of land development within the country.

To date no national plan for physical development in Belize has been prepared. At present, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) is funding a regional planning study for southem Belize - the Environmental Social Technical Assistance Project (ESTAP) - which is linked to the Govemrnment'splans for opening up southem Belize by improving the Southem Highway. ESTAP is expected to report its findings this

Do-N.O R- O D.. Me 199V 16 autumn (1999).It is understood from meetings with the Ministry of Economic Affairs in April 1999, that the GoB would like to undertake a similar studv for northem Belize.

The subdivision of land, both urban and rural, is govemed by the Land ULtilisationAct 1981, as amended in 1990. Under this legislation,the applicant has to make two separate applications to the Land Subdivision and Utilisation Authority (LUA) firsdtl for provisional approval and then for final approval. The submission for provisional approval must provide information about the applicant, the development and the site, (includinginformation pertaining to drainage) and be accompanied by a map. To obtain the final approval the applicant must submit more detailed information including a survey of the plot and information on infrastructure provision. The LUA usually circulates the application to the DoE, WASA, and Land and Surveys for comment prior to approval. For larger projects, the DoE may require a Compliance Plan or an EIA study. The land subdivision can not be registered, and the tdes to the lots awarded, until the LUA has approved the subdivision.

Under Part II of the Land Utilisation Act, the Minister has powers inter afia to demarcate Special Development Areas (SDA) which are aimed at directing development in rural areas. A Development Plan is prepared for each SDA which sets out recommended zones and densities of permitted development. Anyone wishing to develop land within an SDA should obtain permission from the LUA.

The Department of Physical Planning does not have sufficient powers under the present Land Utilisation Act to enforce the recommended development densities and the penalties for infringements of the Act are too small to act as a deterrent. Consequently the Development Plans can only act as a guide to preferred development rather than a control on development. There are also overlaps between the Land Utilisation Act and the Housing and Town Pianning Act 1957 (see below). The Land Utilisation Act is current1yunder revision to address these issues.

Corozal District North, Corozal District East, Cayo District West, Orange Walk District East have been declared as SDAs. The two SDAs in Corozal do not include Corozal Town whereas the Cayo District West does include the twin towns of San Ignacio and Santa Elena. The Orange Walk District East Development Plan is in preparation.

D-cNoC FR C D- MA 1999 17 F \5/Xn::rms Ansmn\Yyo\bpRpr\m_o.O Planning schemes, including regional schemes, town planning schemes, re- development schemes and housing schemes, can be prepared under Part 2 of the Housing and Town Planning Act 1957. While no specific areas were declared for planning schemes within the Act, several Orders have since been promulgated under the Act to prepare town planning schemes for Belize City, Corozal, Dangriga and San Pedro.

Corozal was destroyed during Hurricane Janet in 1955 and Dangriga suffered under Hurricane Hattie 1961. Both towns had to be substantially redeveloped. The Corozal and Dangriga Town Planning Scheme Notices were approved and published under Chapter 148 of Housing and Town Planning of the Laws of Belize in 1964. The Notices set out permnittedland uses within the area of jurisdiction of the Plan. The type and extent of these land uses are described in the Notice and illustrated on plans. Within the plan area, developers have to obtain building permission from the Town Boards prior to constructing a new building or extension to an existing one. The application has to comply with the building regulations set out in the Fifth Schedule of the Notice which describes the information to be submitted to the Town Board and building requirements such as the lavout, boundaries, sanitation, and the provision for drainage on the plot. The Sixth Schedule contains the application form.

It is not known to what extent urban development in Corozal and Dangriga comply with the zoning and procedures prescribed in the Planning Scheme Notices. The Notices themselves have not been updated, and, given the growth of these towns over the last 30 years, the zoning plans are very likelv to be out of date. It is understood that, outside of those towns for which a town planning scheme has been approved, there is no requirement for landowners to obtain building permission for new properties or extensions, other than the requirements goveming land subdivision described above.

Where projects involve the compulsory purchase of private land, there are prescribed requirements for evaluating property and calculating financial compensation to land owners. The concept of reasonable compensation for compulsory purchase is incorporated into the Constitution.

In addition to the planning regulations described above, certain projects may need to obtain licences or permits to comply with environmental legislation as outlined below.

DNoC R,v C D", Me. 1999 18 F \W,\Er,o,,ma A 3.3 Environmental Legislation 3.3j.1 EnzironmentalProteczionAc 1992 The Environmental Protection Act (No. 22 of 1992) as amended (1998) is the main legal instrulmentto protect the environment and control pollution. The Act establishes a Departmnentof the Environment and grants it broad regulatory and enforcement authoritv for the prevention and control of environmental pollution, conservation and management of natural resources, and control of environmental impact assessment procedures. The Act also covers other issues principally the prevention and control of environmental pollution, dumping at sea, and environmental impact assessment.

3.3.2 ;EnzironmentalI,pactAssessment The Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations were brought into effect in 1995 under Statutorv Instrument (SI) No. 107 of 1995. The main elements of the Regulations are sunmmarisedbelow.

The EIA Regulations identifv those projects for which an EIA is obligatory (Schedule I projects) and those for which an EIA is discretionary (Schedule II projects). Schedule I projects include major waterworks such as dams, impoundments, alteration of river banks and shoreline, alteration of groundwater, diversion of water courses, and modification of stream flows. Schedule II projects include large scale housing developments, urban development, and canalisation or flood relief works. Guidelines for evaluating whether projects fall into Schedule II include

* all applications for building in coastal areas * all applications for building near or in ecologicallysensitive areas (swamps, marshes, mangrove area etc) * applications with proposed sites located in the primarv flood plain of a major river or stream.

Anyone wishing to develop a project, including private individuals, and private and public agencies and institutions (except those which are exempted under these Regulations), has to obtain a ruling from the DoE as to whether an EIA is required. The developer can obtain an environmental checklist from the DoE to assist them in preparing their application. The DoE will make a decision based on the information presented as to whether an ELA is required and is to notify the developer of their decision within 30 davs of receipt of the information.

DOCNOO .,V C ,, ,y 1995 19 F W\VtO t SSmPSI\5=FJOSFmNO O Where the DoE decides that a project specified under Schedule II does not require an EIA, the developer can proceed with the undertaking, subject to any other Act or Regulation or guidelines or conditions laid down bv the DoE.

If the DoE determninesthat an EIA is required .under the Regulations, it will order one to be carried out. The Developer is responsible for drafting the Terms of Reference (ToR) for the EIA, which have to be approved by the DoE, undertaking the EIA study, and submitting a report on the results to the DoE.

The Regulations require public consultation during the EIA process, particularlv with those within or immediatelv adjacent to the geographical area of the development. The aims of the consultation process are to provide information to those who will be affected and to record the concems of the local community regarding the environmental impact of the proposed undertaking. The DoE may invite written comments from interested persons concerning the EIA and may forward wntten comments to the developer who must respond to any pertinent questions. The procedure for public consultation is determined by the DoE.

There are requirements for notifying the public about the ETA through publishing a notice in the newspaper. This notice has to state the name of the applicant, the project, the existence of the EIA report, opportunities for viewing the report and procedures for filing comments or objections. A copy of the newspaper containing the notice has to be submitted together with the EIA report to the DoE.

The contents of the EIA report is prescribed in the Regulations. The EIA report has to be sent to the DoE for approval. The DoE has to determrinewhether the report complies with the ToR, determine whether any further work is required, and whether any significant harmful effects are indicated by the studies. The EIA report is then reviewed by the National Environmental Appraisal Comrmrittee(NEAC) which advises the DoE of the adequacy or otherwise of the EIA and the need for a public hearing.

NEAC is made up of nominees from all the main government mninistries (Environment, Commissioner of Lands, Housing and Planning, Forestry, Fisheries, Hydrology, Archaeology, Geology and Petroleum, and Agriculture) and two non- govemment representatives appointed by the Minister on the recomrmendation of the DoE.

D., No C R-v Date Me 1999 20 F 1ae\Wu oenimntPoecIF,-IRpot\FWiNw d The DoE has to advise the developer of its decision on the development within 60 days after receipt of the completed EIA. If the EIA is found to be deficient, the developer mav be required to supply further information and cannot proceed with the development during this period. Where the DoE decides that a proposal shall not proceed, the developer mav appeal within 30 davs to the M4inisteragainst the decision of the Departrnent.

Anyone who supplies false data or contravenes the provisions of the Regulations commits an offence and is liable to a penalty consisting of a fine or imprisonment.

3.3.3 WiiJIife ProtectionAct 1981 The Wildlife Protection Act controls hunting (meaning killing, taking or molesting of wildlife, or attempting to do so, by any method), research and trade in wildlife. It specificallvprotects the hunting of species listed in the Schedule, including the West Indian Manatee (Trihechus manatus), Salt-water crocodile (CrocodyLusamtus) and Morelet's crocodile (Crocody1usnorvletz), all species of sea turtles, Black Howler Monkey (Alouattazillosa) and all birds with six exceptions. The Act also controls the hunting of other species of wildlife. Dealer's in wildlife have to be in possession of a valid dealer's licence issued under Section 13 of the Act.

3.3.4 Forests (Protectionof Mangroves) Regulations The Forests (Protection of Mangroves) Regulations, 1989, Chapter 179 of the Laws of Belize, and its amendment (1992),controls the clearance mangroves through the issuance of a permit. The permitting system applies to both privatelv owned and public lands. Applicants have to complete a form and submit it to the Forestry Department. The Department has to inform the applicant of the need for additional information, omission or errors in the application, and whether the application requires a permit or is exempt. Where the applicant wishes to alter an area of mangroves in excess of one acre, the Forestrv Department has to place a notice in the local newspaper to that effect.

In deciding whether to grant a permit, the Department has to take account of:

* the effects of alteration of the mangrove on water quality

Doc No 0 C Dv,e Mos 1,95? 21 F \5;lrumt t\Re5rbl\0t1_D o * whether the alteration of the mangrove is contrary to the public interest, or, where the application would significantly degrade or change the environment, whether the action would be beneficial in the larger and long term interest of the people of Belize-

* the economic and environmental impacts of the project

* where the application will have significant environrmentaleffects, any mnitigation measures proposed by, or accepted by, the applicant

* the impact of projects which already exist or are under construction for which permits are already being sought

e existing or proposed national, regional and local land-use plans.

The Department may grant permits with specific conditions or variances from the provisions of the Regulation. Permits will not be granted under certain circumstances such as alteration of mangroves by chemnicals,mangroves which are designated by the Departnent as nesting sites for a colony or conspicuous concentration of birds, and mangroves in protected areas.

Permits are not required for the alteration of mangroves for communications or other utility companies, by a licensed land surveyor in the performance of his duties, or for selective trimming of mangroves by the landowner for a property lot. There are specific requirements for the removal of plant mnaterialcut from selective trimmings and a prohibition on the use of pruning paint.

The fine for not complying wviththe legislation is BzI000 (USS500).

3.3.5 OtherForcsty RelatedLcgislation There are a number of legal instruments related to forestry. Of particular importance, with regards this project, is the requirement to obtain a licence where trees are cut and sold cornmercially and to pay royalties to the Govemrnent on timber. Royalties may be waived where the timber is reused by Govemment.

DocNo 0 R: 0 Dtb: NF 1999 22 ) F\eEtosam\r1tbpRpnF o.o The main legal act is the Forestry Act (Chapter 176) which, amongst other things, provides for the setting and payment of royalties on commercial timber. The Forest Rules cover the provisions for forest licenses. These set out five types of forest licence including:

* aforest Lcencefor commercial scale exploitation of forests except chicle or crown gum

* aforestpermitfor working forest products in a timber salvage area where the rovalty value does not exceed 100OBz.

* ape.ypermit for working forest products where the royalty value does not exceed 5OBz- this is intended for small scale, plot clearance

The Forests (Protection of Trees) Regulations (SI 49 of 1992) prohibits the fellingof certain species for lumber without a licence.

3.32.6 4AncientMonuments and AntiqAues Ordinance The Ancient Monuments and Antiquities Ordinance (Ch 259) govems the protection of structures more than 100 years old and artefacts over 150 years old. Under this Ordinance, ancient monuments and artefacts are vested in the Crown, with possession of sites and artefacts held under licence granted by the Minister. Anyone finding an ancient monument or artefact has to report the find to the Minister within 14 days. The Minister can decide to acquire possession of the ancient monument or antiquity in the national interest and compensate the finder. Under certain circumstances the Minister can declare land containing or adjacent to ancient monuments as an Archaeological Reserve and specify the rules goveming their management.

The Minister may grant permits

* to suitable persons or groups of persons wishing to search for, explore or excavate ancient monuments or antiquities, subject to any conditions specified in the permit (Article 16a), and * to any occupier to demolish an ancient monument situated on the occupier's land for agricultural or industrial reasons, subject to any conditions in the permit (Article 16b).

DDcNo C F O D- c M.y 199C 23 F \W,\B-.--; n \ Anvone acting under license granted in accordance with Art. 16a who discovers an ancient monument or antiquity, has to report the find to the Minister. Similarly,anyone exercising their rights under Art. 16a who removes any ancient monument or antiquity has to report the details to the Minister within 15 days. Subject to the provisions in the Ordinance, it is illegal for anvone to damage, destroy, or disturb ancient monuments; remove any antiquitY from the site, or destroy the antiquity.

The Archaeological Commissioner may direct the landowner, contractor or other person about to engage in activity which may destroy, damage, interfere with or otherwise be detrimental to an ancient monument or antiquity

- not to proceed with any operation until the Archaeological Commissioner has had an archaeological exploration carried out, and * to take, or refrain from taking action to protect the ancient monument or antiquity.

3.3.7 PollationRegula6ions 1996 The Pollution Regulations (SI No 56 of 1996) are concemed with the control of pollutants to the air, land and water. Of particular interest to this project, are the provisions conceming airbome dust and noise abatement.

Under Part IV Section 11 no person shall cause or permit the extracting, crushing, screening, handling or conveyance of materials or other operations likely to give rise to airbome dust without taking reasonable precautions, by means of spray bars or wetting agents, to prevent particulate matter from becomningairbome. Article 12 prohibits in urban areas the buming of rubbish and other material in such a way as to cause a nuisance, or burning refuse in a commercial area instead of making provision for adequate cleaning.

Part XI of the Regulations covers noise abatement.. Under the Regulations it is an offence to emit 'unreasonable noise'. The Second Schedule to the Act sets limit noise levels for given durations during the day and at night in different types of buildings.

3.3.8 MAineand Minerals(Genera9 Regulations 1994 The Mines and Minerals (General) Regulations (SI No 24 of 1994) enacts the general provisions of the Mines and Minerals Act (Cap. 183). Standard mining licences contain

Dc No C R C D.: May1999 24 3 provisions for the preservation and protection of the natural environment in the area of the licence, and to take corrective actions to ensure that the mining activities do not adversely affect the environment. Licence conditions may include provisions to control soil erosion, avoid air and water pollution, disposal of wastes and replanting. Quarry permits contain provisions for the rehabilitation, restoration, or reforestation of anv part of the quarrv that may have been damaged by prospecting or mining operations.

3.3.9 Pubk: Health Chapter 31 of the Laws of Belize govems public health. Areas of interest covered under this Chapter are buildings and privvies, drains and water supply (including rainwater), infectious diseases, mosquito destruction, sanitation and prevention of nuisances. Articies relevant to this study are

* Article 52 - permits Town Boards to construct and maintain drains to remove surface and floodwater within their jurisdiction * Article 53 - permits the medical health office to require householders to make drains for floodwater under certain circumstances * Article 133 - prohibits persons from causing a nuisance on their property * Article 135 - defines 'nuisance'. This includes runoff of foul or noxious water from premises, rubbish and wastewaters which facilitate the breeding of a variety of organisms which can cause harm to people or domestic animals, and waterbodies which contain mosquito larvae. * Article 137 - permnitsa local authority to serve notice on the author of a nuisance, including discharges of wastewater to urban drains * Article 148 - permits the medical office of health to give notice to a owner or occupier to remove and dispose of elsewhere, any unsuitable material being used for land raising.

3.4 International Treaties and Conventions Belize is a signatory to a number of intemational treaties and conventions, including the following which might have a bearing on this project

* Convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage (World Heritage Convention) 1975 - Under this treatv countries can nominate sites within their territon, for designation as natural and cultural sites of 'outstanding universal value'.

D" No OR-v ,aMy 1995 25 * Convention on the Intemational Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), September 1981 - This Convention involves prohibiting trade in species threatened with extinction and controlling trade in endangered species and their products. * International Plant Protection Convention, Mav 1987 - The objectives of this Convention are to control plant pests and diseases, and their spread across national boundaries. This is achieved through regulations on the import and export of plants and plant matter. * Convention on Biological Diversity, June 1992 - This Convention promotes a range of actions to conserve biological diversitv through the protection of areas, the protection of species, the control of processes which may harm biological diversity, and the need for enVironmental impact assessments.

DDCN. Oo- O D.A.7 I9 26 4 Programmeof Projects

4.1 Development of the Programme of Schemes The progranmmeof drainage works was developed during the BUIP study in 1996 which presented a series of unique engineering solutions for each drainage contract. The design of the drainage works was determined by the following criteria.

* The topographv and natural drainage pattems which control the pattern of runoff in the catchment and low lying areas susceptible to flooding-

e Project requirement to irnprove main drainage. The project is concemed with improving main drainage within the town boundaries, and not secondarv drainage or local problems, other major flooding problems outside the administrative boundaries of the six towns, or flooding due to rivers.

* Design criteria. The main drains were designed to evacuate runoff for 30 mninute rainfaDwith a 1:10 year return period. This excludes extreme events, such as flooding during hurricanes.

* Practicality.The engineering designs needed to provide a practical solution in temas of efficiency, ease of construction and maintenance.

* Cost. The cost of construction and maintenance needed to be appropriate for the scale of the problem and the resources of govemrnment.

* Land use. Schemes were designed to minimise land-take from private property. In built up areas, where land is constrained by housing or roads, preference was given to the use of lined drains which are more expensive to construct, but require less land. In some circumstances where access or land use is highly constrained, for example along roads, covered drains are preferred, although in general covered drains were not selected due to cost and maintenance difficulties. In rural areas, and areas with low density housing, unlined drains are preferred.

Doc No 0 R, 0 Dat My 1999 27 F \We \E- -=!rrt T s Ptla \hup\RprtFa_o.o 4.2 Development ofAltematives There are two basic scenarios for drainage works, namelyv

* do nothing - ie undertake no works additional to the existing level of capital works and routine maintenance, or * do something - ie undertake the proposed drainage works.

The 'Do Nothing' scenario would mean that the current flooding problem would continue as at present.

There is lirnited scope for developing altemative solutions for the 'Do Something' scenario.

The location of works is determined by the topography, existing drainage system and location of flood prone areas and to a considerable extent is fixed. Localised flooding problems were considered to be outside the scope of the project.

The main design option was for lined or unlined drains. The larger lined drains would have to be braced with struts, and in congested areas would be covered.

There is potentially some flexibilityin the phasing of works both between and within towns. It is currently proposed to construct the proposed sub-projects in three phases. The selection of subprojects for each phase has been made on the basis of the urgency of the scheme, the number of properties benefiting and costs. The phasing of works has implications for:

* the specific impacts to be expected within each construction phase, * the cumulative impacts on residents and road users due to construction nuisances, temporarv road closures etc within any one construction phase, and * the ability of the relevant authorities to supervise the works and ensure implementation of any proposed environmental mitigation works.

4.3 Design Cziteria 4.3.1 Stormwater Runoff The aim of provision of stormwater drainage in each of the towns is to create suitable conditions for stormwater to be drained away as quickly as possible from areas where

DocP: C D: w No199 28 it might cause damage or inconvenience. Stormwater drainage systems should perform reliably within the limitations of their design and given a reasonable amount of routine maintenance. It is not proposed to design against extreme events, such as hurricanes as the costs involved would be prohibitively expensive.

4.3.2 DeszgnRPanf1a& Intenszy An assessment of the design rainfall intensity for each of the project towns was undertaken as part of the BUIP studies carried out in 1996. The methodology and determination of the various design storm intensities for each of the towns is described in detail in Halcrow, 1996, Appendix I of Annex B. The assessment was based on a probability analysisof storms depths and the development of depth-duration- frequency quantities for each town.

The drainage improvement works have been designed to evacuate effectivelythe peak stormnrunoff from a ten year return period storm event of 30 minute duration. The ten year event has been chosen to provide a reasonable level of protection for the town. The same event was adopted for the design of the recently constructed drainage works for Belize City.

Table 4.1 shows the 30 minute storm risk for different return periods for the six towns TIalcrow,1996).

Table 4.1 30 minute storm risk for the six towns

Duration Storm Risk (mm) for Return Period (yrs) 30 mins .2 5 10 .20 5O 100 200 Corozal 22 31 37 44 53 61 70 Orange Walk 22 31 37 44 53 61 70 San Ignacio/Santa Elena 19 27 34 42 55 68 83 Benque 19 27 34 42 55 68 83 Dangriga 30 39 46 51 59 65 70 Punta Gorda 36 44 49 54 60 65 70

Doc NoO R tCDa. M2 1999 29 F \ WUn=orm 8GLP lc iw Rpr klNo.o For the project towns, the peak rainfall intensity for a 10 year, 30 minute event are estimated to be:

* Corozal and Orange Walk 75mm/hr * San Ignacio, Santa Elena and Benque 70mm/hr * Dangriga 90mnn/hr * Punta Gorda 100nmn/hr

4.3.3 DesignRunoff lntensities Runoff coefficients adopted to estimate peal flows in the drainage systems have been based on earlier studies carried out for the Belize Citv project. Coefficients adopted for the various surface types of land use covered in the towns are:

- Intensively developed commercial areas 0.5 * Residential areas with gardens 0.3 * Sparsely/undeveloped areas within the town 0.2 * Undeveloped rural areas 0.05 to 0.1

4.3.4 DesignMethod The drainage improvement works were sized to evacuate the peak design discharge through the towns. Hvdraulic calculations to estimate flows were based on Manning's formula. A freeboard allowance of a minirnum of 150 mm has been allowed above the calculated hvdraulic profile to determine the final design cross section required. Values of Manning's 'n' adopted for the design are:

* Earth channels 0.045 * Concrete lined channels 0.025

For drains that are unaffected by backwater effects, normal depth design criteria were adopted. For those drains that are effected by downstream controls, such as tidal variations, backwater analysiswas undertaken to determine the design hydraulic profile.

4.4 Generic Outline of the Proposed Schemes 4.4.1 Drcansand Canals Typical cross sections for lined drains are shown in Figures 4.1 and 4.2 and unlined drains are shown in Figure 4.3.

Doc-oC Fr O Don Mr 1999 30 The lined drains will, for the most part, consist of a reinforced concrete floor with block cemented wals. Weep holes, backfilled with coarse material, will be located at intervals along the drain to allow groundwater to seep into the drain. 'herever possible the dramngradient will be sufficient to permit flow and minimise sedimentation. The larger, open lIned drains, will be braced with reinforced concrete struts at intervals. One dramn,Havana Creek in Dangriga, wil be cast in reinforced concrete, as it is too large to build using blockwork. Where drains are to be covered, the cover wil be made of a series of reinforced concrete slabs to permit ready access for cleaning.

The unlined drains will be excavated to form a trapezoidal cross section with 1:2 side slopes.

4.4.2 ControlStructlrrs In Dangriga, several of the existing canals will be linked to Stann Creek to facilitate tidal flushing (see Section 10). To protect the area drained by the canals from flooding during high water in Stann Creek, the canal mouths will be fitted with a manual penstock which can be closed in the event of a flood in Stann Creek, to prevent flooding along the canals.

4.4.3 Ouf'als Several new outfalls will be constructed under this project, the design of which is specific to position. Figure 4.4 shows examples of an outfal design in San Ignacio. The outfalls are generally constructed from blockwork and gabions. A number of outfall locations will also be improved through local dredging.

4.4.4 CompIemenzay Works A number of activities will be undertaken in order to assist the authorities in the further development and local development of the drainage networks in the town. It is proposed that a sum of money be allocated during the construction phase for undertaking local improvements/replacement works to the drainage systems such as culvert renewals or local system development.

D-N.oC RrT O D,t M.7i995 31 4.5 Construction 4.5.1 ProjectPhasing and ConstnrcaonProgramme The drainage subprolects identified under this studv have been prioritised and grouped into three construction phases. The phasing of individual sub-projects are identified and illustrated ir. Sections 6 - il on a town bv town basis.

A preliminary construction programme is presented in Figure 4.5. At present, it is expected that invitations to tender for the contracts will be issued in early March, with a view to comrnence construction of Phase I at the beginning ofJune.

The programme also illustrates a first approximation of the phasing of works within each town. The actual phasing will depend on how the contracts are awarded, and on the preferred operating programmneof the contractor(s).

Certain works need to be limnitedto the dry season, due to the difficulties of working on soil when it is very wet or waterlogged. This particularly applies to land clearance and canal excavations. Other works could be constructed or finished off during the wet season.

4.5.2 Przn1czpkConstruc.tton Actuitzes (a) Drains and Canals

The principal activities associated with the construction of drains and canals comprise the following

* vegetation removal and land clearance * excavation of new and existing drains * temporary diversion of water in drains * construction of base, sides and top of drain as appropriate (depends on whether drain is unlined, lined, covered etc) * backfilling behind the drain walls * completion works.

Channel excavation will be carried out using plant such as backactors. Approximately 30 to 50 m length of channel will be dug at any one time and so it is estimated that

D. N. Q R- G Da..: My 1999 32 local disturbance should be lumItedto 2-3 weeks at anv one location. Concrete is likely to be brought onto site in concrete rnixers.

Any water in existing channels will have to be diverted. This could be done by sectioning off half the channel once it have been excavated, and working in the dry section. Alternatively the flow could be pumped through tubes around the section under construction. In either way, the drainage water would be confined, and would not be al]owed to drain onto surrounding land.

For the blockwork drains, it is likelv that the concrete base will be laid first, followed by the construction of the blockwork walls. Each iength would be constructed in two halves, to allow diversion of flow as described above. One of the drains proposed in Dangriga will have to be cast in concrete, as it is too large to be constructed using blockwork. In this case, the base and walls could be cast in situ, or be precast and lifted into position.

The lower section of Lakeland Canal in Dangriga will incorporate embankrnents on either side to prevent flooding. Here a large working;width, up to 30 m, will have to be cleared through mangroves. Sediment excavated from the channel would probably be too wet to reuse inmnediatelyin the formation of the embankments. However, within the project area, there is potential for reusing material excavated elsewhere in the project for the construction of the embankments.

The construction materials required will include excavated material, concrete, blockwork and reinforcement material. Estimates of quantities required are provided in Appendix E.

(b) Control Structures

The penstocks will be bolted or fixed onto the mouths of the drains discharging into Stann Creek in Dangriga. These 'gates' will be lifted into place using heavy lifting equipment such as a crane. There is unlikely to be any waste material produced as a result of this activitv.

Doc N.CR,, O D.r Me 1999 33 F \We\B:n-r=rs- mer\poer rbp\Rpr\Fr,No.o (c) Outfalls

The outfalls works will involve similar construction activities and materials as the drain and channel works described above. In addition, gabions will be used to create the outfall structures. It is likely that empty wire baskets and crushed stone will be transported to site on lorries and the gabions will then be filed on site.

(d) Complementarv Works

Anv complimentary works are likely to comprise of a combination of the activities and materials described in section (a) to (c) above.

4.;.3 Matenals,Reuse and Wastes It will be necessary to bring construction materials to the site. The quantitv of materials required has been estimated and is presented in Appendix E.

The contractor will have discretion in sourcing materials. Sand and aggregate for mixing concrete, fill, and crushed rock for filling the gabions will be sourced within Belize. Crushed rock and aggregate may be obtained from a number of quarries, for example, the San Antonio quarry (Corozal and Orange Walk) or Rockvialequarry (San Ignacio, Santa Elena, and Benque). Screened, graded river gravels can also be used and sourced from several licensed quarries for example Mile 38 on the Westem Highway. The contractor could decide to open a borrow pit to win material, but they would have to obtain a licence from the Minerals Department (Ministry of Environment).

Other materials will have to be imported. For example, cement is imported from Mexico and Honduras. Reinforcement may be sourced from Mexico while gabion baskets may be imported from the United Stares or Guatemala. Precast concrete elements may need to be imported from elsewhere in Central America (there are no known precasting yards producing such elements in Belize). Altematively the contractor may elect to set up precasting facilities, as well as a concrete batching plant, on site.

In some locations, particularly in Dangriga and Punta Gorda, it will be necessary to clear woodland, including mangroves. The contractor will have to obtain a licence to clear mangroves, as well as a permit if it is intended to use the timber commercially

D., No C F-t C D.X: Mey 19919 34 ; (see Section 3). The Department of Forestry may stipulate conditions about the clearance of forested areas on the licences and permits. Anv unused timber, or brush, should be disposed of to the Municipal Waste disposal site, and not be bumt on, or near to the construction sites.

During excavation of the drains, both uncontaminated and contaminated spoil will become available.The uncontaminated spoil is likely to warrant some local demand for plot raising and local landfilling.W'herever possible, this material should be reused in a controlled manner, so that it does not affect the drainage or environrmentalquality of the receiving site. It should be possible to stipulate, for example, that the spoil can onl be disposed of on school grounds, plaving fields, and existing recreational amenity space.

It is likely that spoil removed from drains in areas where sanitarv arrangements are dubious is contarinated by wastewater and contamnsbacteria and other pathogens which are hazardous to health. It is highly recomnmendedthat this contaminated material be disposed of in a controlled manner at the local waste disposal sites. This procedure may require some special arrangements to ensure that any special disposal requirements are implemented. In Dangriga, in particular, many of the drains contain solid waste. It would not be practicable to separate the solid waste and spoil, so all the material should be disposed of to the Municipalwaste disposal site.

v.5.4 Con.rtnictionTraffic Construction traffic will consist of:

* plant used and parked on site during construction eg excavators, rollers, scrapers, a small crane for lifting, and dump trucks * heavy goods vehicles (IGVs) delivering and removing materials eg blocks, cement, and spoil * low loaders bringing plant on and off site * light vehicles for transporting the workforce on and off site.

Most vehicles movements on public roads will be associated with the delivery of materials and removal of excess spoil from the new drains and canals. Estimates of vehicle movements are provided in Appendix E, and the impact of construction traffic on other road traffic and residents is discussed in Sections 6 - 11.

Do No C RO D- M-F1999 35 F \EV XEomltt #se.! ls dbw lpt\F;Nv.o The delivery and removal of construction plant would probably occur within a short period, sav two to three weeks, at the beginning and end of the construction period.

Transport for personnel may consist of a relatively small number of movements of light vehicles and buses at the beginning and end of the dav.

ConstructionWorkforce The type of construction works proposed are considered to be within the capabilites of Belize contracting firms.

Issues conceming the employment and accommodation of the workforce are at the discretion of the contractor. The workforce will consist of skilled and unskilled labourers. The average split in Belizean construction companies is 20:80 skilled versus unskilled. While the skilled labour may be drawn from other towns, notably Belize City, some of the unskilled labourers may be employed within each of the studv towns. The size of the workforce will vary during the construction programme, depending on the amount of on-going activity.

There may be a need to provide one or more site compounds in each town during the period of construction, especiallv where more than one contractor has won contracts, or where there are a large number of contracts being undertaken simultaneously. The site would have to be supplied with offices, services (power, water, sanitation), restaurant, and storage for plant and materials. It may be necessary to provide some overnight accommodation for workers on some of the larger projects. However, it is not uncommon for construction workers to live at some distance from the site and use either public transport or transportation provided by the construction company.

$.j.6 Superzisionof Constructzon It is understood that the MoW wishes to award the contracts to Belizean construction companies. In order to do this successfully, individual contracts will have to be linmited in size, sav between 0.8-1.2MBz4. At present it is not known how the contracts will be packaged. However it is possible that two or more contractors will be working in Corozal or Dangriga, where there are the largest number of schemes, vwithperhaps only one contractor working in one of the smaller towns.

DocNo. R O D.. Ma 1995 36 F W\ :totr.AmXlee\hu\D:tFz^Nr o The MoW intends to appoint a Supervising Engineer, to be responsible for ensuring that the contractors build the schemes to the design specifications and in accordance with the terms of the contract agreements. Again at this stage it is not possible to comnmentin detail on the staffing arrangements of the Supervising Engineer, but it is likely that the team will consist of a Project Manager, and several full time staff responsible for overseeing the works in one or more towns.

4.6 Operation and Maintenance The main post-construction activities should consist of:

* checking the newly formed lined drains for subsidence and structural weaknesses during and immediately following construction * cutting vegetation along the unlined canals at least twice a year (once before the rainv season) * inspection and clearance of drains and culverts at least twice a vear (once before the rainy season) * dredging of outfalls to keep channels clear to be undertaken approximately once every five years or as necessaryv * inspection of gated structures on a monthly basis

The Supervising Engineer will be responsible for checking drains as they are built. Once constructed, the Town Boards will be responsible for maintaining the drains.

Do-N.oO R, C D.. Mayi7 37 '*1 II 5 Approach to the EIA

5.1 Overview The approach taken to evaluate the environmental impacts of the proposed drainage sub-projects in each of the study towns has been based on the following steps:

* assessment of the existing environmental conditions in the towns, with particular references to 'sensitive' sites within the catchments of the drainage proposals * review of the drainage proposals for each town - identification and evaluation of the potential impacts of the drainage proposals * elaboration of a mitigation plan to address the adverse impacts - identification of institutional weaknesses affecting implementation of the mitigation plan, and * preparation of an environmental management plan to ensure that the proposals are implemented adequately.

The following sections (6-11) present the results of the EIA for each town. The sections are subdivided to provide a description of the existing conditions, a summary of the engineering proposals, and an evaluation of the impacts. Section 12 describes the proposed rnitigation plan which considers generic measures to be adopted as well as specific issues to be developed for each town. Section 13 discusses the institutional issues which may affect the success of the scheme and Section 14 presen'ts the environmental management plan.

5.2 Potential Environmental Impacts due to Drainage Works Construction and maintenance activities can impact upon the physical, biological and human environmental in a variety of ways. These are summarised in Tables 5.1 and 5.2.

It is evident that given natural factors such as the clirnate and terrain, together with anthropogenic factors, such as population settlement in low-lying areas and inadequate orovision for urban expansion, flooding is a common problem for people in the study towns. Given the nature of the environmental conditions in Belize and the proposals for drainage improvements, a number of key issues need to be addressed in the EIA, in particular:

DocNo O R- Date My 1999 38 F \W, \Eneo,,,,,ci "Se:thlXh J eoc -s_o.o * Disturbance to residents due to land-take, restricted access, dust, noise etc * Disturbance to existing road traffic due to temporary or partial road closures, and haulage traffic * The cumulative impacts on people and traffic resulting from prograrnrming several works contemporaneously * Health and safety issues for the workforce associated with contact with polluted drainage waters and disposal of contarminatedsediments * Reuse of uncontaminated sediments, for example for land raising * Discovery of, and damage to, archaeological artefacts or structures during excavation works * Loss of, or damage to, instrearn and surrounding flora and fauna and stream morphology due to channel enlargement and straightening * Changes in water quality around outfalls due to increased conveyance of urban drains and indirect impacts on aquatic habitats and species.

5.3 Evaluaton of the Environmental Impacts The potential environmental impacts which may occur dunng and following construction of the drainage proposals have been identified and evaluated using the following qualitative attributes:

* type: beneficial or adverse (+ or -) * magnitude: not applicable (NA), not significant (NS), low (L), moderate (M) or highb * direct or indirect * duration: temporary (I) or permanent (P) * avoidable or unavoidable * reversible or irreversible.

The results are summarised in Environmental Impact Matrices and are described in the accompanying text.

Doc. No 0 RF O 1-: M y 1999 39 F \W,\B,E,,,on,,,.,, A n,,,\P ,lec\i~b,.\R*po,i\Fj,,al_N,v doe Table 5.1 Potential impacts of construction activities on the environment

~~~~~~~~~I_ E~~~~~~~ I ~~~~~~~~ZI z > >.

E J ce 'ei Wv, O;i;C

[ 0 Clance|o-Cy |- ~ = C -

0 C C,C

Land Clearance -~ ~ ~ ~~~~U ______

Excavation of drains/canals - - -- -+ -_ _ _

Cementing activitv - - _- - Preparation of Gabions + .

Installation of gated structures _ - + _ Storage of material Machiner; activitv + _

Construction traffic | - - - Site compounds _ _ Workforce presence Dredgingat outfalls _ _ _ + _ _ _ _

D- oN FR- O D-t MA 1999 40 F \WSt\ En-.--wcAusse:P *bp\tot\Fn_ t.o On0

g _ _ _ _ _ ~~~~~~~~~Air Quality0 n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Air Quality t

T _ I.~~~~~~~~~~~and 'I ake Landl ty y 0 D + _ _ _~~~~~+Land _ Decvlopmciit lPotential ______Zl__ Soil Lrosionl Soils and Geolog

+a _ _ _ _ WaterQuality Drainagel

+ _H _[ood Risk t ± Dis~~~WteQuralcetoReDens1rainag Enirnmn _ __ _ 'Terrestrial Ecology Ecology3 LMarineand Coastal Environfneto + _ ,,,0

0 + VisualImpact

_+ + + + Employment and Local Economy _ , ,_ , Noise + _ __Urban Floodinig Flooding

+ _H ;ood Damage______HDealtur & SafetyReConstruction Environmental _ __ _ _Workforce Health EmmIetealthand Saetd -Resinenyts + ____Disease VectorI labitats

WArchaology Archaeology 6 Corozal

6.1 Existng Conditons 6.1.7 Locationand Seinzg Corozal is the most northerly of the six towns, located in the district with the same name, on the western shores of Chetumal Bay (Figure 5.1). It is situated off the Northern HIghway, close to the border with Mexico. The town is surrounded by agricultural fields, mostly of sugar cane, although some fragments of natural vegetation remain. The population of Corozal is about 8,085 (1998).

6.7.2 Coa-taland Manne Endrnnmen Chetumal Bay, is a semi-enclosedbay partiallv separated from the Caribbean Sea by the southward extension of the Yucatan peninsula and Ambergris Cav (Figure 1.1).The Bar is relativelyshallow and there is likelv to be lim*itedflushing of waters with the Caribbean Sea. While tidal variations in the bay are small, water levels are sensitive to waves induced by north easterlv and easterly winds. The wind induced waves also reduce the amenity value of anchorage and sailing off Corozal.

The bar is thought to be contaminated with pollutants from settlements in Mexico, and to a lesser extent from wastewater seepage from Corozal itself, although there are no water quality data to verify this situation (pers. comm. Coastal Zone Management Authority). Algal growth occurs along some sections of the shoreline which may be linked to nutrient enrichment from wastewater seepage.

The sea front along Corozal is characterised by a series of headlands and bays eroded from the limestone cap rock layer. Coastal protection works have been built along several sections of the sea front to reduce erosion and flooding. These features present a hard edge to the seafront, with little in the way of beaches.

Coastal erosion processes appear to be relatively slow, given the hard substrate at the water's edge and low energy environment. Historical photographs suggest that coastal erosion tends to occur episodicallyin response to large magnitude events such as Hurricane Janet.

DocNo C Rev 0 D,. Mo 1995 42 F VW.\:r o,o,,e v ,\ po,,\F_No. doe It is understood that there are no areas of coral or seagrass beds in Chetumal Bay where the water is relatively turbid. The fisheries are also thought to be poor, and local fisherman are believed to fish further south off the Belizean coast (pers. comm. CZmA).

6.1.3 Topographyand Geology The old part of Corozal between the sea front and 7th Avenue is flat and low Iying (Figure 7.2). The town has extended along Santa Rita Road to the north west nrsing to higher ground at Santa Rita. A shallow, west-east trending ridge is also located between College Road and San Andres Road on the west side of town in the William Hall area. To the north of the town a low lying depression lies between Skeleton Town, the White Cocal residential area and the Recalde Stadium.

The towr, is located in an area of karst limestone which controls surface and subsurface drainage.

6.1.4 Drainage T'he town is drained by two magoon drains which originate in the low lying depression in the Skeleton Town-White Cocal area. The depression receives runoff from the surrounding land and is naturally swampy.

T-he South West Magoon Drain flows from Skeleton Town in a southerly direction to a sea outfall located at the south westem end of the town near the abattoir. The final 750 to 800 m length of this drain is spring fed and has a good flow of clean water even during the drier months of the year. A tributary drain flows south west along the north westem edge of the town, joining the main drain near 8th Avenue.

The North East Magoon Drain flows in an easterly direction to a sea outfall at the north-eastern end of the town some 150 m to the north of the govemment Rest House. This drain crosses the karstic limestone which outcrops in the area, and is unusual in having near vertical eroded banks with the flow disappearing into sink holes along the stream bed.

The central and older parts of the town are drained by several small drains that flow in a south easterly direction to individual sea outfalls.

Doc-NoO R.- D-, May 1999 43 FA\W.\E-.-WnlAnn\Y!tbupRpr\Fn_c.D During September 1999, a limited number of water samples were taken from strategic points in the drainage channels in order to make preliminary assessments of the water quality in the drains. The results are given in Table 6.1 below.

Table 6.1 Physico-chemical water quality results - Corozal

Parameter } SamplingLocations

pI 7.0 | 7.2) 70 7. Temperature(oC) 29.5 30.3 28.7 29.1 Conducti'irv (m) | - 0 -6 Conductvitv (mS/ccm) 2.65 2.71 2.65 2.22 |Amnmonia (mg/l) 1 X - . 1. North East Magoon Drain - taken from 4th Avenue culvert 2. North East Magoon Drain - adjacent to 1st Avenue by sea outfall 3. South West Magoon Drain - adjacent to San Andres Road 4. South West Magoon Drain - adjacent to sea outfall - Unable to measure due to precipitation of salts due to salinity

The PHB also collected water samples from four locations on the magoon drains and analysed them for faecal coliforms. The results are given in Table 6.2 below.

Table 6.2 Bacteriological quality of drainage water - Corozal

Location Description of Site Faecal No. coliforms/lOOml 1 North East MlagoonDrain. 3rd Street 800 North. Bv Crisis restaurant near outfall. 2 North East Magoon Dram. 8th Street 400 North. By Eulogio Pott 3 South West Magoon Drain. Santa Rita Road. 100 By Chacon restaurant 4 South West Magoon Drain. 7th Avenue. 600 South end near outfall.

Doc N.O RF: C D.. M.y 1999 44 F \A t \N-- - h\,N tF The water in the drains was found to be saline and contain appreciable concentrations of faecal coliforms suggesting contamination by wastewater. As a guide to bacteriological standards to protect human health, the European Commission Bathing Water Directve (76/160/EEC) sets a mandatory standard of 2000 faecal coiforms/100 rml,and a guide value of 100 faecal coliforms/ 100 ml.

6.1.5 Temstnal Evology Within Corozal itself there is little natural ecology due to the built up nature of the town. Much of the surrounding area has been cleared for agricultural production, notably for sugar cane, and closer to town for urban development.

Where areas of natural vegetation exist, for example in Skeleton Town, the habitat is seasonal swamp forest of the Northem Belize: Bullet Tree-logwood variant. This habitat is described further in Appendix B. The ecological survey did not identify any rare habitats or species.

6.1.6 CulturalHentaqge The archaeological site at Santa Rita dates back to 2000 BC, making it one of the earliest settlements in the Maya area. The settlement flourished during the Classic Period between 300 BC and 300 AD when a large number of stone structures were built. Occupation of the site continued into the Post-classic and Colonial Period. A description of the site is given in Appendix C.

The modem town of Corozal was founded upon the archaeological site of Santa Rita towards the rniddle of the last century. With the founding and subsequent growth of Corozal, a large part of the archaeological site was destroyed. Stones from the archaeological sites were reused in new buildings and Corozal gradually spread over the site of the old Maya ruins.

Today, the relatively small archaeological site of Santa Rita, which is open to the public, lies to the north west of Corozal. However, it is still possible to observe Maya mounds of considerable size in various parts of the town. Archaeological excavation and construction works have also shown that the remains of archaeological structures and artefacts can be found in many parts of the town.

-- N.-C) F- 0 D..~ Mr J 1- DOcNo O R.rv,C Dat.Me 1~995 4 6. .7 Urban EnLironmenzand Expansion Corozal was hit by Hurricane Janet in 1955 and has since been almost completely rebuilt. The older parts of the town occupy a frontage of about 2 km along Corozal Bav and extend inland to 7th Avenue, which is the main road through the town. The town has expanded along the main road which continues as Santa Rita Road. New development areas are also located to the north east of the Santa Rita Road in the Skeleton Town area, despite its unsuitabilityas a swampy area prone to flooding, and to the west of the town centre in the William Hall area between College Road and San Andres Road.

6.1.8 EnzimnmentalHeakh In 1998 there were 10 reported cases of malaria in Corozal District, however, it is not known how many of these were cases within the town itself. No cases of dengue fever were reported. Vector control is undertaken by a unit stationed in Corozal Town. They undertake ULV spraying periodically using Melathion. The ULV spraying programme usually takes 2 full days to complete in Corozal, provided there is no interruption by rain. Inspectors also undertake household inspections to destroy non essential water containers and treat essential water containers with ABATE to control Aedes egVpti This prograrnme takes about three and a half months to complete each cycle of visits.

No information was availableabout the spatial pattem of malaria cases nor vector breeding sites. However, areas of town such as College Road and Skeleton Town, which are inundated more frequently than others, are considered by the local PHI to have a larger problem with mosquitoes.

62 Proposed Programme of Works The schedule of works proposed for Corozal are summartisedin Table 6.3 and located on Figure 6.2. Further details of the engineering design are provided in the Engineering Report.

D-r N. C Rs- O D-t Me 19 46 Table 6.3 Scbedule of Works for Corozal

Description of Work Culvert Requirements

Phase I North East Magoon Drain - Renovate existing drain. 8 No. road crossings Ch 0-187 - Clean out existing unlined trapezoidal open drain Ch 187-474 - Bed width 2 m Ch 474-600 - Bed width3 m Ch 600-1048- Bed width 4 m North East Magoon Drain Extension - Renovate existing drain 1 No. road crossings Unlined trapezoidal open drain 170 in long Bed width 2 m ___ South West Magoon Drain - Renovate existing drain 7 No. culvert crossings Ch 0-988 - Unlined trapezoidal open drain with 3 m bed width Ch 988-1188 - Lined concrete open drain Ch1188-1245 - Unlined trapezoidal open drain Total drain length - 1245 m South West Magoon Drain Extension - Renovate existing drain 2 No. culvert crossings Unlined trapezoidal open drain 771m long Bed width 3 m Dredge the outfalls Phase II College Road Drain - New road drains 8 No. road crossings Lined blockwork covered drain along both sides of the road 2* 1089 m long (2178 m in total) Bed width 0 8 - 1.5 m. Phase III San Andres Road Drain - New road drain No culvert crossings as Lined blockwork covered drain 846 m long covered blockwork drain. Bed width 0.8 - 1.5 m continues at road and side street drains Santa Rita Road Drain - New road dram No culvert crossings as Ch 0-1600 - Small lined blockwork covered side drain along each side covered blockwork drain of the street continues at road and side 2*1600 m long (3200 m in total) street drains 3rdStreet North Drain - Renovate existing drain No culvert crossings as Lined blockwork covered drain 341m long covered blockwork drain Width 1.0 - 1.5 m continues at road and side street drains

Do No. O R O D.a> My 1999 47 F\Wo\HEw-uonrl 6.3 Environmeptal Impacts of the Proposed Programme 6.3. 1 Otrvne; The potential environmental impacts associated with the overall programme are summarised in Table 6.4. This is followed by a discussion of specific issues for the proposed phasing of works.

The main adverse impact of the proposals in Corozal relates to the potential damage to or loss of archaeologicalremains and artefacts. While much of the original Maya settlement has been destroyed during urbanisation in modern times, excavations below 0.3 m still yield archaeologicalartefacts and evidence of structures. Consequendy the excavation of drains is likelv to cut across structural features and unearth artefacts. Loss of, or damage to, archaeologicalremains is a high, adverse, permanent and irreversible impact. The impact can be avoided to some extent through trial excavation and salvage works, and there is scope for positive benefits through increasing scientific knowledge about the archaeologicalrecord.

There are a number of adverse impacts related to construction nu:sance. Most of the proposed drainage works are located close to residential properties. The improvement works are likely to cause various nuisances to residents such as noise, dust, and restrictions on access. These impacts are temporary, localised, and generally low magnitude, although there are several locations where the works will be very close to residential properties, and nuisance impacts could be greater. Works at any one site may be limited to a few weeks, although the overall construction programme is likely to extend over 12 months.

The proposals to improve or excavate several road drains would generallyhave low and temporary impacts on existing traffic as these roads are wide enough to keep them open to traffic during construction of the drains. Access to the magoon drains is more difficult, and may require temporary accesses across private land during construction.

The main access route for delivering material and disposing of wastes will be the Northem Highway and Santa Rita Road. These roads are of a sufficient standard to carry HGVs. Residential development extends along both roads. However, the potential impacts on residents and other road users from construction traffic is expected to be low to moderate magnitude and temporary.

Doc N. c Rt- C D,-. My 199S 48 F \WV,\F- X1tIjwsrca\tlc\t>r\-- or\_o.o Overall, the project is expected to require some 4,600m3 of concrete (cement, sand and aggregate), 98,000 block-workbnrcks, and about 600t of reinforcement. There are a number of licensed quarries in Northem Belize. The largest is San Antonio quarry, which could provide aggregate. The haulage route from this quarrv to Corozal could pass through two or three villages and the northern end of Orange Walk town before accessing the Northem Highway, depending on the route selected. It is known that some of the sites currently being quarried in Northern Belize are also Maya sites. Maya often chose high outcrops for their settlements, and such sites mav also provide good quarry material. Other materials would be imported, and be transferred to Corozal via the Northern Highway.

An estimated 20,424 m3 of excavated matenral and 5000m3 of dredged material wiL need to be disposed of over the whole duration of the proposed schemes. About a quarter of this material will be excavated from new drains and is likely to be relativelv uncontaminated. The remainder may contain some solid waste and organic matter, and may be contaminated with wastewater seepage. Material from new excavations could be reused for land raising, provided that the process is controlled to ensure that it does not affect flooding and drainage in neighbouring plots. Spoil from existing drains could be disposed of to the Municipal waste disposal site, and used, for example, to spread over putrescible or septage waste.

The construction of the sub-projects will provide moderate benefits to the local economy through the appointment of Belizean construction companies, and scope for local employment and provision of services. Construction costs are estimated at 6.7Bz$M for all the sub-projects, with 1.3Bz$M in Phase I. Post-construction maintenance requirements will be of a similar magnitude to existing activities, and is unlikely to result in additional economic benefits or impacts on the environment.

The Phase I proposals will lead to a reduction of flooding along the alignment of the existing magoons which pass through relatively dense residential development The proposals for Phases II and III will provide relief from flooding along several major roads in the longer term. The reduction in flooding may have long term beneficial irnpacts on land values and reduced flooding damage.

Doc No 0 Rv: 0 D..: Mey 9 49 The proposals will not relieve flooding in the area known as Skeleton Town where residential development is encroaching into the natural swamp. This area is not suitable for housing and residential development should be discouraged.

The proposed works are unlikely to have any significant impacts on soil erosion, coastal configuration or beach stability, hvdrologv and drainage, terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna, and disease vector habitats or vector control requirements.

6.32 PhaseI WorLr Improvements to the magoon drains may have potential impacts upon the archaeological record, given the extent of the ancient Santa Rita site- Based on previous archaeological excavations, this is most likely to occur at the southern end of the SW magoon (seeAppendix C, Figure 5'.

Both magoon drains flow,through residential areas. The SW magoon generally flows across developed blocks, between houses. There is vehicle access to the magoon and its extension at several locations, but not along them. Construction materials will have to be unloaded onto smaller vehicles or carried along the banks of the drains to the construction site. This would result in some nuisance to nearby residents.

The NE Magoon, on the other hand, is more easily accessible as it flows along roads for most of its length. In the upper half of the magoon drain, these roads are narrow, often unmetalled, residential roads where the. working width for construction will be constrained. Access to the lower half, below 4th Avenue is much easier.

Dredging to the outfalls of both magoons would result in localised increased turbidity, but this is not expected to be significant, either in terms of water quality or marine ecology.

6.3.3 PhaseII Works The Phase II Works at present consist of the construction of the College Road Drain. The main adverse impact of the construction of this sub-project is the potential impact on the archaeological record. College Road crosses an area of known archaeological remains, identified by archaeologists as squares 10, 11, and 12 (See Appendix C, Figure 5).

oNo O - CODa- MM 1995 50 F \WJ\Bron x The potential nuisance impacts from constructing the College Road Drains should be low magnitude and temporary. There is good access to College Road from Santa Rita Road and the coast road for construction traffic. The number of constuction vehicies delivering materials and carrving away wastes is estimated to be small, about 7 per day or one an hour. This increase in the volume of road traffic is unlikely to increase significantly noise or severance for residents along haulage routes. It should be possible to keep College Road open during works.

College Road runs through a residential area leading to a college at the westem end of the road. The Works site may present a potential hazard to students walking along the road and to residents accessing their property. The houses along CoLege Road tend to be set back from the road which would provide some separation between the construction site and houses.

The proposals to cover the College Road Drain will improve safety for pedestrians bv providing a walkway.

63j.4 PhaseIII Works The Phase III Works consist of three proposed schemes, each in a different part of Corozal.

The construction of Santa Rita Road Drain and San Andres Road Drain are most likely to affect archaeological remains, as both pass through known areas of settlement (See Appendix C, Figure 5). However, the risk of affecting archaeological remains near the coast, inc[onstructing the 3rd Street North Drain may be lower.

Construction nuisances are again expected to be low magnitude and temporarv. There is good access to both the Santa Rita Road and San Andres Road. Access to 3rd Street North is more comprised, as construction traffic would have to pass through the town, probablv via the coastal road. The cumulative impact on construction traffic would result in an estimated 23 HGVs per day, or about 3 vehicles per hour, assuming all three scheme were built at the same time.

Santa Rita Road is a wide dual two lane road which is sufficiendy wide to accommodate the construction works and two-way traffic. San Andres Road is a dual, single lane road. It should be possible to maintain access along the road during

3ccNoCC Date My1999Rc- 51 r construction, although there may be a need for traffic control measures 3rd Street North is located close to the town centre. Again, it should be possible to maintain access, however if there is a need to close the road, there should be little disruption to traffic as the road svstem in this part of town is built around a grid system allowing multi options for routes.

The proposals to cover the road drains will improve safetr for pedestrians by providing a walkwav.

The improvements to 3rd Street North Drain will result in a significant change in outfall conditions. At present, flow disappears underground before reaching the sea. The introduction of a covered, lined drain wilJ ensure direct marine discharge. There are no data on the presence of benthic habitats in the Corozal area, nor are there any existing or proposed marine protected areas closer than 15 kms to the town. Nonetheless the proposed works are considered not to have a significant impact on the coastal area at this location.

Table 6.4 Summary of the Evaluation of Potential Environmental Impacts

,meter Impact Evaluation of the Potential Impacts

Type i Magnitude Direct - Duration Avoidable lrreeersibie or-) Indirect

Quahltv Elevated levels of dust in the aur dunng L D T No No construction d Land-take dunng construction D p No Yes

Improve development potentiai asndland L D P NA NA values after constructson sand Quarrnes L D T No Yes

Sol! erosion dunng construction L D T No Yes inage Alter the planform of natural or scm>- NA natural streams dunng construction

Bank erosion during construction of NA usnlined channels and outfalis

Change water qualiry due to accidental NS lspillages dunng cDnstruction

DocNc C R-v O D-t Ma 199t 52 eter Impact Evaluation of the Potential Impacts

Typc Magnitude Direct - Duration Avoidable irreversible (+ or-) Indiret

Increase flood nsk in natural drainage NS

Induce channel change after NA constructior_

trial Loss of in-stream flora and fauna dunng NS construction

Loss of floodplain flora NA

Disturbance to wildlife dunng NS construction

Indirect effectsof poor water qualty NS from construction activities

indirect eftects from changes in flow NS regume, channel stability or watterquality

c and Effects on cntical habitats (reefs, NS dI seagrasses, mangroves) nnment Change in ner,shore water quality NS

Dredging impacts on beach stability NS

Impacts on fishenes NS

Disturbanceto residents dunng L-M D Partly No rnment construction

Disruption to traffic dunng construction - L-M D T Partly No

Visual Impact L D P No Yes

Employvnent and the local economy M D No Yes

Drainage Reduce urban flooding L-Ni D P

Reduceflood damage to property L-M D P Yes Yes mnmental Health and safety of constucton L D T Yes No h workforce

Health and safety of residents and L D 7 Yes No pedestriansduring constructon

Reduce disease vector habitats NS ral Loss of or danage to archaeological H D P No Yes age remains dunng excavation

Noc.ioORe, 0 D.t, SA,,1999 53 F\We\Eevuoeie.i aeser \Pia,esn\5sbsap\Repeii\Fssa_Ns doc 7 OrangeWalk

7.1 Existing Conditions 7.l .1 Locaiornand Setang Orange Walk is located in northem Belize, in the district bearing the same name. It lies some 70 km north west of Belize City, on the Northern Highwav, the principal route from Belize Citv towards Corozal and the border with Mexico. The town is situated on the westem bank of the New River (Figure 7.1). Orange Walk has a population of about 15,000 (1998 estimate).

7.1l2 Toppography The topography in and around Orange Walk is low-lying and subdued at an elevation of about 10-15 masl. The town is located on slightlyhigher land at about 15 masl, and the land falls awayeastwards, steeply in places, to the New River and its floodplain which lies at about 2.0-2.2 masl. The New River is probably located at the western edge of its floodplain in the study area, and the westem bank of the river is frequently defined bv low river cliffs.

7.7.3 Drainaqge T1heNew River flows from south to north past Orange Walk, following a single meandering course of moderate to high sinuosity. During the dry season the river is confined to its channel with a discharge of about 20 cumecs. During the wet season, the discharge rises to about 150 cumecs, and the New River overbanks onto its floodplain for several weeks during the height of the wet season.

There are two notable swamp areas on the westem side of town to the south of the San Antonio Road (Figure 7.2). The one closest to town is a small depression, with no natural outlet. The outer swamp area seems to be connected to a small stream which flows northwards on the west side of Orange Walk, discharging to the New River downstream of the town. The hvdrology of this stream is not documented, but it is believed that poor conveyance, resulting from the raising of the San Lorenzo Road which crosses its path, contributes to flooding in newly developed areas to the north west and west side of town.

Doc N. C F> C D,,, 199S 54 The older parts of Orange Walk, to the east side of the Northern Highwa , drain directly to the New River. The area on the west side of the Northern Highway and south of Cinderella Street drain into the inner swamp. The residential areas to the west of the Northern Highwat and north of San Andres Street (the Marcus Canul area) drain to low lying land to the north west of the town.

Some of the main roads in Orange Walk have side drains and the Dunn Street Drain serves the area between Cinderella Street and the San Antonio Road, discharging into the inner swamp. Otherwise there is verv little in the wan of a strategic drainage system in Orange Walk..

During September 1999, a number of water samples were taken from strategic points in the drainage channels in order to make preliminarv assessments of the water qualitv in the drains. The water quality results are given in Table 7.1.

Table 7.1 Physico-chemical water quality results - Orange Walk

Parameter Sites |

______1 ~~~~~~~~~23 Ph 77.5 7.7 7.3 Temperature (oC) 26.9 L 26.9 26.9 Conductivitv (mV) T -33 -46 -19 Conductivitv(4S/cm) | 453 33 785 Salinit. (ppt) 0 0 0.1 Ammonia (Nmg/l) 0.4 0.1 0.1 1. Dunn Street Drain - sample from drain adjacent to San Antonio Road 2. Dunn Street Drain - taken from Cinderella Street 3. San Lorenzo Road Culvert

The PHI collected water samples from six locations in Orange Walk and analysed them for faecal coliforms. The results are given in Table 7.2 below.

DocNoO,: O 1D.-My 1999 55 F liEaone AnnFYe\bw\ otF!_o.c Table 7.2 Bacteriological quality of drainage water - Orange Walk

Location Description of Site Faecal No. coliforms /lOOml 1 Culvert on Cinderela Street 460 2 Drain on San Andres Street 560 3 Pond off San Antonio Road 310 4 Culvert on Custard Apple St, Louisiana area Too numerous to count 5 Creek on Palmar Road 500 6 Creek,on San Lorenzo Road 16

T-hebacteriological data suggest that there is some contamninationof drainage waters by wastewater within the town. However, the stream on the westem side of Orange Zal;k has verv little bacteriological contamination where it crosses the San Lorenzo Road via culvert.

71..4 Temrstria/Ecolo Within Orange Walk itself there is little natural ecology due to the built up nature of the town. To the north, west and south, the land has been cleared for agricultural production, notably for sugar cane, and closer to town for urban development. The swamps located on the south west side of town support a tall-herb wetland community containing cattail Typha domingensisand ThaElagenicula. Nearby residents commented on sightings of crocodile. They also reported that the swamp dries out during the dry season and is regularly set alight to get nrdof pests.

Substantial areas of swamp forest remain both along the floodplain of the New River and to the west of the town. The wetter areas along watercourses support the Northem Belize Bullet Tree-Logwood Variant SwuampForest, while dnrerland supports the Northem Belize Riparian Seasonal Swamp Forest.

To the north west of Orange Walk, along the San Lorenzo Road, there is a large area of dead and dying trees. Recent improvements to the road resulted in restriction of the flow in the strearn on the westem side of town, due to the lack of culverts. This has led

D- N. C R- CDr , 1 56 F \ t \ po ,\ Nor do, to the inundation of quite a large area of woodland. The waterlogging of the woodland could have caused the death of the trees.

Further details of the ecology of these habitats is provided in Appendix B.

7. .5 Cultural Heritage The land around Orange Walk was densely occupied, more or less continuously, from about 1000 BC to 800/900 AD. Even after the so-called Maya Collapse, populations can be detected well into the historical, colonial period (post 1550).

There are a number of Maya sites belonging to the Formative period (1000 BC to 250 AD) in the Orange Walk area, notably Yo Tumben which is located just north of present day Orange Walk in an area known locallv as Indian Hill. Cuello, one of the earliest known villages from the Mava lowlands, is located less than 3 km west of Orange Walk. These sites enjoyed a period of expansion during the Classic period. During the same period other settlements were established such as San Luis and San Lorenzo to the west of Orange Walk. Architectural evidence of Post-classic activirv (post 800/900 AD) is lacking, but is indicated by the presence of artefacts which originated elsewhere, for example incense bumers made in the style of the northern Yucatec Postclassic capital of Mavapan.

Orange Walk is suspected to have been the location of the sizeable Colonial Maya town know as Holpatin which is mentoned bv Spanish chroniclers of the 16th centurv. Accounts from 1638 suggest it was still occupied into the 17th centurv, but it was abandoned and largely overgrown by 1641. The exact location of Holpatin is not known.

By the late 18th century, Anglo populations had staked claims to tracts of land along the New River, primarily for extracting and exporting logwood to England. Two wood-cutting claims have been located in the vicinity of Orange Walk. One lies just north of the BSI factory, while the second is located undemeath modern-dav Orange Walk. Fort Mundy was constructed in 1874 in a location close to the present day Post Office building.

DocN. 0 Rcv: Da M, 1995 57r F W Etc uc !A"mn Poc \rbp R.o Fn!N.ro 7.1.6 tUrbanEntzrVnmenl and Expansion The old part of Orange W;alkextends from the Northern Highway to the river, and includes the town square, civic buildings and shops (Figure 7.2). Queen Victoria Avenue is a notable feature in the centre of town, consisting of a short dualled section of the Northem Highway with a planted central reserve and clock tower.

The town has expanded north and south along the Northem Highway, to the south west, and to the west. Expansion to the north has incorporated Otro Benque village, and to the south the old airport (nou Liberty Street), and the Louisiana and Bums areas towards the New River. Expansion to the west has occurred within a large area between the San Lorenzo and San Antonio Roads, including the Marcus Canul and San Andres areas. Expansion to the south west is restricted by the inner swamp. However, we understand that the landowner sold off part of the swamp, and it has been developed for housing by land raising before building.

Tie New River forms a physical barrier to eastward development, although some land subdivision has occurred recently on the eastem floodplam. This land is not suitable for urban development as it is a flood risk zone.

7.1.7 EnrironmentaZHealth In 1998 there were 10 reported cases of malaria and no cases of dengue fever in Orange Walk. Vector control is undertaken by the Unit stationed in Corozal. They undertake UL`v spraying with Melathion which takes three days to complete, provided there is no interruption from rain. Inspectors also undertake household inspections to destroy non-essential water coritainers and treat essential water containers with ABATE to control Aedes egpti. This programme takes about four months to complete each cycle.

No information was availableabout the spatial pattem of malaria cases nor breeding sites. The swamp areas around the town are known to be infested with the Culexsp of mosquito, which causes a nuisance for residents, but is not believed to be a malaria vector.

7.2 Proposed Programme of Works The schedule of works proposed for Orange Walk is summarised in Table 7.3 and located on Figure 7.2. Further information is provided in the Engineering Report.

DocN R- C D.,e M 5j88999 F \e Xn-Lr a:A Table 7.3 Schedule of Works for Orange Walk

Description of Work CulvertRequirements

Phase I I Dunn Street Drain - Renovate existing drain 2 No. existing pipe culverts to be demolished and Lined blockwork drain. Covered for 339 m, replaced with covered blockwork drain at road junctions remainder open with struts. and side street drains. Total drain length 689 m. Reolace culvert crossing on San Antonio Road. San Lorenzo Road - Replace road culvert crossing. New box culvert 8m long x 5 m wide Phase II Tangerine Street / Craboo Street - New drain. 2 No. culvert crossings. Unlined trapezoidal open drains. Note: This drain may have to be changed to a lined Total drain length 250-m drain due to lack of space. Costs were provided for a trapezoidalopen drain. Phase III Zericote Street / Royal Palm Avenue Drain. 3 No. culvert crossings. New lined blockwork open drain. Total drain length 350m.. TO BE DEFERRED -MAY BE CARRIED OUTAS A LOCAL SCHEME l

7.3 Potential Environmental Impacts 7.3.1 Overuew The potential environmental inpacts associated with the overall programme are summarised in Table 7.4 and discussed below. This is followed by a discussion of specific issues associated with the proposed phasing of works.

Overall, given the small scale of the projects and nature of the environment, the construction impacts are expected to be lowvmagnitude and temporary.

The numbers of people likely to be affected by the works is relatively small. While, Dunn Street Drain passes through a densely populated urban area, the San Lorenzo culvert is located in the countryside, Tangerine Street Drain would onlv affect a small number of residents, and the Ziricote Street Drain will probably not go ahead.

A total volume of 400m3 of concrete (cement, sand and aggregate) and only 30m3 of fill are required for all the schemes (excluding and material for land raising in Ziricote

No OD, Me 1 59 ) Street). The aggregate could be obtained from several sources in Orange WXalkDistrict, the largest quarry being in San Antonio. The haulage route would probablv pass through Yo Creek, a small Indian village, and enter Orange Walk via the San Lorenzo Road. There are a number of smaller quarries in the District which are associatedwith Maya sites and should not be quarried. Other materials would probably be imported and delivered bv road via the Northern Highwav.

The total volume of excavated material has been estimated at 3,560 mi3, most of it from the excavation of Dunn Street Drain. The material is only likelv to include lmted quantities of solid waste, as the drain is relativelyclear of debris, but would include organic matter and possible contamination from wastewater disposal. The excavated should be disposed of to the Municipal waste disposal site.

There will be low to moderate benefits to the local econom-, with an estimated 1.lBz$M of works in Phase I to be built by national contractors. There will also be some scope for local employment and provision of services.

Following construction positive long term benefits may accrue from improved development potential and land values, particularly to the north west of town arising from the replacement of the San Lorenzo culvert. However, it is not clear to what extent this work wiL improve natural drainage. The other schemes are all small scale, directly benefitng small numbers of houses.

The proposals are not expected to have any stgnificant effects on soil erosion, river morphology, quality of surface waters, terrestrial or aquatic flora and fauna, visual impact, disease vectors or the activities of the vector control units.

7.3.2 PhaseI Works The improvements required to upgrade Dunn Street Drain are relatively minor, and are only likelv to cause very local, temporary nuisances to residents. The drain passes along verges adjoining property boundaries so there would be no significant impacts on the natural environment.

Construction of the drain would require the deliverv of an estimated 26,000 blockwork bricks, 350m3 of concrete (cement, sand and aggregate), and 30t of reinforcement. It is estimated this would require some 1000 HGV movements over a 12 month

D-c No 0 R- C Di,. My 1999 60 F \ V; \B,c.cccrc, Aasmn Foet nw cot _o.D construction period, which averages out at about 4 a day. This volume of traffic is relatively small, particularly when compared with the levels of HGNVstravelling on the Northem Highway. During the sugar cane season (December to June), up to 1000 lorries laden with sugar cane travel through the centre of Orange Wxalkdaily.

Dunn Street Drain discharges into the inner swamp area, which has no natural outlet. Consideration was given to excavating a drainage channel to the outer swamp area which is connected to the western stream. However, a topographic survey has shown that the inner swamp is lower than the outer one, so it is not possible to drain.

Improvements to the Dunn Street Drain would result in a more peak-edstorm hydrograph, with faster runoff to the swamp area. Interviews with householders near the swamp area showed that while their houses were not flooded, the household plots were (Section 15). This situation is likely to continue after renovation of the drain.

Discussions with residents and the Town Board indicate that there is a desire to infill the swamp, thereby releasing land for development and obliterating the mosquito nuisance close to town. If this is allowed to proceed, more people will be affected by flooding, as the area is the natural collection point for an internally draining basin and essentially acts as a balancing pond.

The proposed drainage scheme is unlikely to affect the qualitv of the drainage water, or the water quality and ecologv of the swamp. The swamp is at risk from other activities, particularly encroachment by land development.

Ceramic fragments of Maya origin were found on the higher land between the inner and outer swamp, but there were no visible indications of Maya settlement (see Appendix C). However, as it is no longer planned to connect the two swamps, the scheme will not impact upon areas of known archaeological interest. However, given the existence of known Maya sites in the general area of Orange Walk, and the potential location of the Colonial settlement of Holpatin in the town, there is still potential to unearth archaeological remains during construction.

The replacement of the culvert for the western stream under the San Lorenzo Road will not affect residents as the site is located well away from housing. There is good access to the site along San Lorenzo Road (although this road is unmetalled) from the

Zoc No C R- C Date Ma- 1999 61 \VWe\En -ro= -tcA.csmz:r!\P.=\Ethbp\R--p.,t\F-=_N-. d., Northem Highway and from the San Antonio quarry which passes through Yo Creek village.

There would be some disrupton to road traffic during the replacement of the culvert due to partial road closures which would slightly reduce journey times. A traffic survey conducted on this road in March 1999 gave a one-way Annual Average Daily Total (AADT) figure of 350 vehicles of which 7 were sugar cane trucks.

On completion, the new culvert should reduce the flooding which occurs extensively in the area after prolonged rain. However, it is very difficult to estimate this effect, given the lack of topographic and hydrological information. If the reduction in flooding is substantial, it could induce new housing in the Marcus Canul area, and improve the viability of undeveloped land for residential development. This could then impact adversely on areas of vegetation remaining to the north west of town.

7.3.3 PhasenI Works T'he Tangerine Street Drain is a minor scheme which would have very little adverse impact on local residents or the natural environment, while providing benefits to a small number of houses from the relief of flooding.

From Tangerine Street the land slopes relativelysteeply down Craboo Street and onto a lower lying plain vegetated by a tall-herb wedand community. The steep slope probably represents a river terrace edge slope, and the wetland beyond, the New River floodplain. The 1:1000 maps of the west bank of the New River showTthe swamp areas on the floodplain Iyingbelow 2 masl.

In a separate study undertaken for the Orange Walk Town Bypass, Halcrow (1999) studied the hydrology of the New River to consider the effect of constructing the bypass to the east of the town on flooding. Flow data were obtained for the six year record at Tower HiL Bridge some 6 km upstream of Orange Walk. During the 1998 wet season, river levels peaked at 3.18 masl (Hurricane Mitch) and remained above 2.5 masl throughout November and December.

Using the limited data available, Halcrow estimated that the design flood level for the 100 year flood would be about 4.0 masl in Orange W'alk (and 4.4 masl at Tower Hill

Do N.o C R,- DDiM ,. 1099 62 F \ ' \Env,,or ntenra Asseswn cnt Pro,ect \ thulp XF2port\ Fmn.!Nov.toc Bridge), and that the backwxatereffect induced bv two new bridges over the river would be in the order of 20 cms.

In general, properties bordering the western river bank tend to lie above the 4m contour, indicating a consciousness in the past of the flooding risk of encroaching onto lower Iyingland. Recent maps of the area east of Tangerine Street show a number of roads laid out in a grid pattem on the floodplain, some of which have been built. A local resident commented to us that the swamp Iving on the New River floodplain, into which the new drain from Tangerine Street will be directed, is to be cleared for development. Clearly any residential development below the 4m contour would put people and property at risk from flooding and should be prohibited.

7.3.4 PhaseIII Works At the beginning of the current study, consideration was given to relieving localised flooding in a small depression, bv excavating a short length of new drain along Ziricore Street and Royal Palm Avenue to connect with an existing drain. During the course of the study, this proposal was comprised bv the activirv of one landowner who raised the land on his plot prior to constructing a house. The land raising has now made it impracticable to excavate a new drain, and at the same time has probablv worsened the flooding on his neighbour's land by impeding the evacuation of floodwaters. A practical,alternative would be to raise the land downslope of the new plot. This could be achieved as a local scheme by the MoW. Further consideration of the environmental impacts of the proposals has not been undertaken.

D- No.C R.,- G D- M 199 63 Table 7.4 Summary of the Evaluation of Potential Environmental Impacts

meter Impact Evauastion of the Potential Impacts

Type Magnitudc Direct - Duration Avoidabic Irreversible (- or-) Indirect

, salty EievatCd levels o.fdusl in the air durmg L D T No ND constuction

Land-take during construction D P No Yes

Improve develooment potential and land I values after construon

;and Quarnes L D P No Yes logy Soil erosion dunng construction NS

nage Alter the pianform of natural or semi- NS natural streams dunng construction

Bank crsion dunng construction of NS unlined channels and outfalls

Change water quality due to accidental NS spiliages during construction

Increase flood risk in natural dranage - T

Induce channel change after NS constuction

logv Loss oftn-strearm flora arnd fauna dunng NS construction

Loss of floodpiain flora NS

Disturbsnce to wildlife dunng NS construction

Indirect effects of poor water quality L I T Yes Yes from constructon actvities

Indirect effects from changes in flow NS regurne, channel stability or water qualitv

,an Disturbance to residents during _ L T Partly No .-ironment construction

Disrupton to taffic dunng construction L D T Partly No

Visual Impact NS

DF: N. O r O DA.. M !999i 64 F vV ntomn m Poe \hp\ p r Fr_t.o zeter i lmpact Evaluation of the Potential Impacts

Type Magnitude Direct - Duration Avoidable Irreversible (- or-) Indirect

Employment and the local economy L-M D T

Drainage Reduce urban flooding + L-M D P

Reduce flood damage to property _ L-M D P Yes

onmental Health and safety of construction L D T Yes No h workforce

Health and safety of residents and L D T Yes No pedestrians dunng construction

Reduce disease vector habitats NS

ral Loss of or daimage to archaeological L D P Partly Yes age remains dunng excavaton

Do- NO Rr-O Daiu May 199 65 F \We ii A niPro,5si\luptRr,ss\Fm.>Nsadoe 8 San Ignacio/SantaElena

8.1 Existng Conditions 8.1.1 JLocation and Settzr. The twin towns of San Ignacio and Santa Elena are located on either side of the Macal River in Cavo District (Figure 8.1). The towns lie on the Westem Highway, the main route from Belize Citv to Guatemala, and are lnked by the Hawksworth Bridge over the Macal River. San Ignacio and Santa Elena have a population of about 11,570 (1998 data).

8.1.2 Topographjand Geology San Ignacio and Santa Elena are located at a strategic crossing of the Macal River where the river emerges from the hill country of the pre-Maya Mountains and flows northwards to its confluence with the Mopan River at Branch Mouth. The river upstream of Hawksworth Bridge is confined within a steeply sided valleywith no floodplain. Downstream of the bridge, the valley widens out, with near vertical cliffs on the eastem bank, and more gently sloping sides on the westem bank. In this area, the valley flood lies at about 45-46 masl The twin towns are located on gently undulating pediment surfaces on either side of the river, at some 70-80 masl. The southem suburbs of the towns extend up the footsiopes of the hill country.

8.7.3 Drainage T-heMacal River is characterised by low flows during the dry season and a series of peaks representing storm runoff during the we, season. During floods, the river level rises and falls rapidly inundating the lower valley slopes on the west side of the river valley.

The highest recorded flood mark is 59.9 masl for a flood in August 1995, which confirms witness statements that the river level rose to just below the deck of the Hawksworth Bridge (60 masl), a rise of almost 14 m above normal river stage. On this occasion the floodwaters inundated properties on the outskirts of San Ignacio around the station and along Bums Street and the cemetery.

Doc.NoC FC D-te t9 66 F \We \E,loonrcoo Asesc. Poet top\wot liNtd Elooding during heavy rainfall is reported to be a problem in isolated areas The main area affected is San Ignacio between Bullet Tree Road and MufnozStreet Here the land slopes northwards into a valley with a poorly defined drainage outlet. Flooding also occurs in the citrus plantation and cemetery along Savannah Street as a consequence of works blocking the existing cuivert under Survey Street and Savannah Street. In Santa Elena flooding was reported to occur in the vicinity of the football ground along Salazar Street.

During September 1999, portable water quality equipment was used to make a prelirminaryassessment of the water quality in the drains. At the time, there was relatively little standing water in the drains, The results are given in Table 8.1.

Table 8.1 Pbysico-chemical water quality results - San Ignacio and Santa Elena

Parameter Site Ph 1 2 3 Ph 8.0 8.5 7.7 Temperature (0C) 33.3 34.6 35.; Conductivity (mV) -59 92 46 Conductivitv(S/cm) 813 212 | 665 Salinitv (ppt) 0.2 0.0 0.0 Ammonia (Nmg/l) 0.4-0.5 0 3 1. San Ignacio - Drain at end ofJohn Martinez Drive 2. San Ignacio - Eastem branch Belize River at site of temporary bridge 3. Santa Elena - sample from drain outside football pitch (Salazar Street)

A request was made to the PHI to collect additional samples from selected drains for bacteriological sampling. Unfortunately he was not able to do so. The reading for ammonia at Site 1 indicates that there could be contamninationfrom wastewater.

8.1.4 TemrtrialEcology Little natural vegetation remains within the town boundary. Upstream of Hawksworth bridge the Macal river valley is vegetated by forest. Remnants of forest are also found along the steep eastem bank of the Macal River, and along sections of the westem bank. The remaining fragments of forest comprise the Lowland Moist Evergreen

Do: N.oC2 :s).,, 19 67 ) Seasonal Forests (Northwestern Varnant)and the Broadleaf Hill Forest Over Limestone (Iremonger & Brokaw, 1995). The ecologicalsurvey did not identifv any areas of ecological interest which would be affected by the drainage proposals (see Appendix B).

8.7.5 Cuiura/Henwage An important Maya site called Cahal Pech is closelv associated with San Ignacio. The principal Maya site is located on a hil i mmediatelvsouth of San Ignacio and west of the Macal River. However, the city is thought to have spanned both sides of the Macal River occupying a surface area of approximatelv 2 km2. The site was occupied between 900 BC and 800 AD, after which it was abandoned, probably because of pressure from other nearby sites.

8.7.6 Urban Entironmen: and Fxpansion The main land uses in San Ignacio and Santa Elena are illustrated in Figure 8.2. The old centre of San Ignacio is located just west of the Hawksworth Bridge between Bums Avenue, Survey Street and Old Benque Road where housing density is high. The town square, civic buildings, shops, market and the football stadium are located in and around Colombus Park and Bums Avenue. The cathedral and its school and hospital lie on higher land nearer Survey Street, and another large school and cemeterv are located at the northern end of town.

San ignacio expanded early on southwards, up the hiislopes towards Cahal Pech, and is still served by steep unpaved access roads. More recendy the town has expanded westwards along Bullet Tree Road. Housing densitv is relatively low, but the quality of housing is poorer and again many of the roads are unpaved.

Expansion is impeded eastwards, due to the flood risk, and northwards, due to extensive citrus plantations.

Santa Elena is a suburb of San Ignacio, in so far that it does not have its own town square, civic buildings, market etc. It is mainly residential, and has developed along the Northem Highway, and the high land overlookng the Macal River. There are two main schools, one on the left hand side of the Westem Highway at the entrance to Santa Elena, and another on George Price Avenue near the Hawksworth Bridge.

D., No C R- c i)-. spt-s 15 68 F \,XntoeosS' st '°t\tb?Sd rXF._ .rto Recreational facilitiesinclude a large sports ground off Salazar Street which is reported to be well used. Santa Elena does not suffer from river floods.

8.1.7 Enmronmenta/HeaLth In 1998 there were 753 confirmed cases of malaria and I case of dengue (actually from Benque) in Cayo District. (Disaggregateddata for the twin towns was not available.) The Vector Control Unit reported a decline in the number of reported cases in recent years.

CLV\spraying is normally carried out one day a week dunrng the wet season to control mosquitoes. The Unit concentrates efforts in the lower lying areas such as the john Martinez Road area and the cemetery. However, in August 1999, the Unit comrnmented that they had not been spraying recently as the truck had been lent to Corozal District following recent floods. The Unit has switched from DDT to Malathion in the last 1-2 years.

The Unit also undertakes house-to-house inspections to control Aedes eDptdi.This programme takes 2-3 months to complete in San Ignacio and Santa Elena. The inspectors destroy non-essential water containers and treat essential containers with ABATE.

8.2 Proposed Programme of Works The schedule of works proposed for San Ignacio and Santa Elena is summarised in Table 8.2 and the works are located on Figure 8.2. Further details are provided in the Engineering Report.

Do- F C Date Stpten: 19 69 F\ \5VXnvottrnntil AD= P 1e tb: Rpt\FiNo.o Table 8.2 Schedule of Works for San Ignacio and Santa Elena

Descriptionof Work CulvertRequirements

Phase I John Martinez Road Drain - Improvement existing 8 No. box culverts to be constructed at road drain and connect to stream crossings each about 15 m long. Unlined trapezoidal open drain runing from junction of Bullet Tree Road with John Martinez Road. The drain runs along one side of]John Martinez Road before turning north through 900at the end where it continues parallel to an orchard to reach a creek some 350m away. Totaldrain length 930 m. Phase II Salazar Street Drain - Renovate existing drain No culvert crossings required as covered Lined blockwork covered drain running adjacent to blockwork drain continues across at both road the wall of the sports field. crossings /side street drains. Total drain length 253 m IGeorge Price Avenue Drain - Renovate existing drain No culvert crossings required Ch 0-217 - Lined blockwork covered drain. Ch 217-240 - Lined blockwork covered drain with struts. Total drain length 240 m Outfall to Macal River at the end'of George Price Avenue Drain. Concrete chute and stilling basin discharging to the Macal River Phase III [Savannah Street Drain 3 long sections of box culvert required see below Box culvert from junction of Joseph Andrews Drive with Savannah Street to discharge into the Macal Ch 0-180 - single 1.Omwide * 1.Omhigh box River culvert I Ch 0-324.- Box culvert Ch 180-324 - single 1.5m wide*1.Om high box Ch324-500 - Lined blockwork open drain with struts culvert Ch500-720 - Twin box culvert Ch 500-790 - double box culvert 1 .m wide 1 .5m Ch720-970 - Lined blockwork open drain, with struts high Total drain length 970 m Outfall structure to end of Savannah Street Drain. Gabions at outfall.

Dcc No 0 s_: oDat s-t-be 1995 70 F I Et7umn Ann\rDf=Idb.p\epr\ ra_ 7.o 8.3 Potential Environmental Impacts 8.3.1 Ovemeze The potential environmental impacts associated with the overall programme are summarised in Table 8.3 and are discussed below. Specific issues related to the phasing of works are discussed in the following section.

Overall, the potential adverse impacts are small scale and related to the construction of the scheme. One of the schemes, John Martinez Road Drain, runs through a residential area. The Salazar Street Drain adjoins a football field, before runring along George Price Avenue, while the Savannah Street Drain largely runs through undeveloped areas, passing three or four houses. Consequent)y the number of properties affected by construction nuisances such as dust, noise, and disruption will be low to moderate.

The subprojects will require an estimated 30,150 blockwork bricks, 1495 m3 of concrete (cement, sand and aggregate), 245t of reinforcement, and 200 gabion baskets in total. Aggregate could be sourced from Rockville Quarry (crushed limestone) or Mile 38 (river gravels) and transported via the Westem Highway.

.n estimated 9,320 m3 of excavated material will have to be removed. Much of the fill from the John Martinez Drain and Salazar/George Price Drain may be contaminated by wastewater and should be disposed of to the Municipal waste disposal site on the Western Highwav between San Ignacio and Benque. Spoil from the construction of the Savannah Street drain would be relatively clean, and consideration should be given to rtsing this material in local land raising projects.

Preliminary estimates of construction traffic movements suggest that there may be 5-7 HGVs per day, or about 1 an hour in any one Phase. This volume of traffic would be relatively small compared to the volume currently using the Western Highway.

Most of the construction traffic is expected to approach the twin towns from the east via the Westem Highwav. There is good access to each of the three sites. Salazar Street is accessed directlv from the Westem Highway, and the Savannah Street Drain site can be approached from Santa Elena via the temporary bridge without going through the built up areas of San Ignacio. If the temporary bridge is closed, traffic would revert to using the Hawksworth Bridge in both directions, but construction traffic would still be able to avoid most of the built up area in San Ignacio by turning through the bus

DocNo. R- 0 Da.teSptb. 1999 71 station and into Savannah Street. The John Martinez Road Drai. site would be approached via Savannah Street, Survey Street and Bullet Tree Road. AUllthree roads carrv through traffic.

The irmpactof construction traffic on other road traffic is likely to be low to moderate. It may be necessary to close Savannah Street to HGVs if the option to build a box culvert along the road is adopted and HGVs would have to be rerouted through San Ignacio.

There are certain areas and occasions when there may be large numbers of pedestrians near the construction sites due to nearby land uses. For example, Salazar Street Drain runs along a football ground which is reported to be well used, and the westem end of the Savannah Street Drain adjoins a school grounds. There could be health and safety considerations for pedestrians.

The construction of two new outfalls into the Macal River would introduce new built features along the river edge, affecting landscape quality. The increased discharge of storrnwater to the Macal River is unlikely to have a significant effect on the water quality and hydrology of the Macal River given flow volume and dilution capacity of the Macal River, nor on aquatic ecology.

The archaeologicalwalkover surveys found Maya pottery sherds at several locations along Mufioz Street and Savannah Street indicating the potential for impacts on the archaeological record.

There will be some benefits to the local economv with the award of the contracts to local Belizean companies, with a potential 3.2BzSM in total, and an estimated O.3BzSM in Phase I. There wil also be limited scope for local emplovment and provision of senrices.

The improvements to John Martinez Drain should benefit a number of property in the vicinity. However, the benefits to people for the other two schemes are much reduced.

The proposed drainage subprojects are not expected to have significant impacts on soil erosion during construction, fluvialgeomorphology, flora and fauna, disease vectors or the need for vector control.

Do, No C R,- C Dro S.p-6n 1o)qi72 F \Ve\.n\ oo - A--.:\?,o ot\thbop R port\FtrJ_Nov doo 8.3.2 PhaseI Works The John Martinez Road Drain and outfall passes through a newly developing residential area. Enlargement of the road drain, and initial part of the drain along Mufioz Street would potentially cause some disruption to a number of residents. There would be lirmitedimpacts on traffic along John Martinez Road which is a residential access road carrying little traffic. It is also wide enough to accommodate a working width for construction and passing vehicles.

During the archaeological walkover survey numerous pottery sherds vwerefound Mufioz Street. Although these did not appear to be associated with a particular structure or feature, their presence indicates the potential for finding more archaeological remains and the need for mitigation measures during construction.

Once constructed, this proposal should benefit a substantial number of properties located alongjohn Martinez Road and in the low lying area along the outfall drain. Here there are vacant and abandoned house plots and the relief of flooding mav improve land values and development potential.

8.3.3 PhaseII Works The construction of the Salazar Street Drain and George Price Drain also requires the construction of a substantial outfall structure into the Macal River. The eastem bank of the river is defined by a river cliff several metres high. The outfall structure is required to avoid bank erosion, both from drainage water and high flows in the Macal River.

The outfall structure would be set back in a minor ravine in the river cliff and surrounded bv dense vegetation on both sides. The visual impact of this structure would be restricted, and mosdly observed by people canoeing or swimming in the river. The structure would not be visible from properties on the east bank and there are few locations on the west bank where people can get access to the water's edge. The impact of this structure on the landscape quality would be permanent but low to moderate.

Construction of the outfall should be undertaken during the dry season when river flows are low. As indicated above, the river can rise dramatically folowing heavy rain, and could cause significant bank erosion if the vegetation is cleared and the bank protection works are not in place. Construction of the outfall would result in some

Doc No C F- O D.,, 5 pS,b: i999 73 ? localised turbidity in the Macal River, but this would not significantly affect aquaric flora and fauna. On completion, the structure should not affect bank stability or erosion.

The construction of a covered drain around Salazar Street would provide a short length of pavement on the approach to one of the entrances to the football ground. This is a minor enhancement upon existing conditions.

8.3.4 P 'haIIJJorks At present the cemetery to the south of Savannah Street and the citrus grove to the north flood as a consequence of runoff from a drain which runs parallel to the school at the north end of SurveyStreet and the runoff from Survey Street. The construction of the Savannah Street Drain would evacuate this floodwater to the Macal River.

The proposal costed in this study involves constructing a box culvert along Savannah Street. This would avoid the need to encroach upon the cemetery or the citrus grove. However, this is a relativelv expensive scheme in comparison with the benefits. An altemative would be to relocate the drain in the citrus grove.

If the drain was constructed along Savannah Street, HGVs would probably have to be rerouted during the works as there would be insufficient working width along the road. Through traffic, particularlyHGVs, pass along Savannah Street, as the more direct approach routes to Hawksworth Bridge are too steep to accommodate HGVs.

Once constructed, the new outfall into the Macal River would introduce a hard feature into what is presently an attractive, and accessible, amenity landscape by the river's edge. There would be a permanent, low impact on landscape quality. Again there is a risk of bank erosion during construction when the bank is cleared of vegetation. Construction of the outfall would cause some localised turbidity in the Macal River, but this is not expected to have a significant effect on aquatic fauna and flora.

Construction of this sub-project would reduce flooding in the cemetenr and the citrus grove, but would not benefit any residential properties. In the last month, the local MoV1office has started to rebuild a culvert under Survey Street and Savannah Street. Under these circumstances, it would be appropriate to wait and see if this action ameliorates the flooding problem.

Zoclo 0v D.,D-,, S,pt-b,e 1990 74 F 'W\5,We':vuou Ass ,XFroi.,' \ thh=p \½Prort\F.N=_ o,.doc Table 8.3 Summary of the Evaluation of Potential Environmental Impacts

ncteT Impact Evaluation of the Potential Impacts

Type Magnitude Direct - Duration Avoidabic Irreversible or-) Indirect

uality Elevated leveis of dust in the air dunng L D T No No construction

Land-take dunng constrruction D P No Yes

Improve development potential and land + L D P values after construction

and Quarries - L D P No Yes

y Soil erosion during construction NS

sage Alter the planforrn of natural or semi- NA narural strnams dunng construction

Bank erosion dunng construction of L-M D P Yes No unlined channels and outfalls

Change water quality duc to accidental NS spillages during construction

Increase flood nsk in natural drainage NS

Induce channel change after NS construction ogv Loss of in-stream flora and fauna during NS construction

Loss of floodplain flora NS

Disrurbance to wildlife dunng NS construction

Indirect effects of poor water quality L I T Yes Yes from construction activities

lndirect effects from changes in flow NS regime, channel stability or water quality in Disturbance to residents dunng L D T Partly No ronment construction

Disruption to traffic dunng construction L D T Partiy No

Visual Impact L D P No Yes

Dec Ne O 1F- 0 D.t,: Ssstmbe 1999 75 : F\Uie\Ensronee,nril r meter Impact Evaluatiors of the Potennal Impacts

Tvpe Magnitude Direct - Duration Avoidable irreversibie or Indirect

Employment and the local economy _ L D T an Drainage Rtduce urban flooding _ M D P Yes Yes

Reducc flood diamageto property - M D P Yes Yes sronmental Health and saferyof construction L D T Yes No ith workforce |

Health and safetv of residents and L D T Yes No pedestrians during construction

Reduce disease vector habtats NS ural Potental loss of or damage to L D P Partlv Yes itage archlaeologica.remains dunngexcavation

D-s N-: C R, c D,r. pssse t9 76 C\'e\Es mss,sLJssesmen\r>es \bbu \o r\Fu e9rc ,X.- 9 BenqueViejo del Carmen

9.1 Exisig Conditions 9.1.1 Locationand setzzng Benque Viejo del Carmen (Benque) is the most westerlv of the study towns. It is located on the east bank of the Mopan River. Benque is the last town on the Westem Highway before the Guatemalan border (Figure 9.1). The population of Benque is about 6,200 (1998).

9.7.2 Topography Benque has been built mainly on the first river terrace on the eastem bank of the river. The land rises steeply up from the riverbank to the first terrace which then slopes gradually for about 0.5 km as far as the Westem Highway which bypasses the older part of town on its eastem and southem sides. Bevond the Westem Highwvay,the land rises steeply again to the east and more gradually to the south. To the north east, a steep hill separates Benque from the neighbouring villageof Succotz.

9.1.3 Draina,ge The Mopin River rises in Guatemala and flows in a north easterlv direction past Benque. The river meets the Macal River at Branch Mouth, downstrearn of San Ignacio and continues as the Belize River. In .the vicinity of Benque, the Mopin River follows a wide, relatively straight course. It is used by the townsfolk for washing clothes and swimming. The river is also an important feature in the incipienttourism industry, with numerous small scale recreational outlets in the areas for river related activities.

Concerns have been expressed in several quarters about wastewater pollution from settlements in Guatemala, but there are no water quality data for the river. Nonetheless, given the large flows, the river does provide considerable dilution capabilit;.

Two smaL streams flow through Benque to the Mopan River. The northem most stream originates from high ground to the south east, flows alongside the eastem arm of the Westem Highway bypass and enters the river at the northern end of town. This

Doc-Nr QC 0 z.O w.aciyiqqs 77 stream flows along a relativelv natural channel, which has incised into the rock forming a vallev several metres deep in places. The central stream or Central Main Drain rises to the south, passes under the southem amr.of the Western Highway bypass (George Price Boulevard), flows diagonallythrough the town centre and enters the Mopan River about 200m west of the northem stream.

The central stream has been culverted along a short length which traverses a school playground. The contractors did not backfill the drain and some storm drainage flows along the gap between the culvert and banks. This poses a health nsk to school children both from contamination and accidentally falling into the gap. A grill has been placed on the upper entrance to the culvert to catch solid waste and vegetation entrained in storm flow. However, this debris tends to block the entrance to the culvert and encourage localised flooding. Many properties along the alignment of this drain suffer from flooding due to under capacity and undersized culverts.

During September 1999, portable water quality equipment was used to make a preliminary assessment of the water quality in the drains. The results are provided in Table 9.1. The levels of ammonia indicate potential contamination from wastewater.

Table 9.1 Physico-chemical water quality results - Benque

Parameter Site

l _ _ _ _ _ l1 1 2 3 Ph No water in 8.0 | 8.0 drain l Temperature (gC) 32.7 32.9 Conductivity (mV') -60 -60 Conductivity (uS/cm) 967 505 Salinitv (ppt) 0.3 0.0 Ammonia(Nmg/l) _0.9 0.3 1. Central Main Drain - George Price Boulevard road culvert 2. Central Main Drain - Churchill Street Bridge culvert 3. Central Main Drain - George Street, near outfall

W;erequested the PHI to collect water samples from selected drains and analyse them for Faecal Coliforms. Unfortunately the local PHI has not been able to do so to date.

Doc No O Rv: O D,,- Me i°55 78 ;. FA\W,%E,,- ' 9.1.4 Termrstn'alEcolo Benque is well established, and as a result very little natural vegetation remains close to town. There are fragments of Lowland Moist Evergreen Seasonal Forests (Northwestem variant) and Broadleaf Hal Forests Over Lunestone (Iremonger & Brokaw, 1995). These habitats are described further in Appendix B. The ecological survey did not identifv any areas of ecological importance which would be affected by the drainage proposals.

9.1.5 Cultural Hentage Benque is located very close to the ancient Maya city of Xunantunich, which is situated on high land on the west bank of the Mopan River. Xunantunich was occupied during the Classic Period, from probably a little before the start of the Christian era up until the 10th centurv AD, and surviving thereafter among dilapidated structures. Other Maya sites are also found in the area, which must have been intimately related with the site at Xunanrunich.

9.1.6 Urban Enrtronment and Expansion The modern settlement of Benque dates from the 1860s when Yucatec refugees (from Mexico) cormingvia the Peten region (Guatemala) started to settle in the area. Today, population increase continues to be affected bv immigration from Guatemala.

The older parts of the tbwn occupy an area of some 60 ha and extend along the Mopan River for some 1 km length and for a distance of approximately 500 m inland to the bypass (George Price Boulevard).The streets have been laid out on a rectangular grid, taking no account of the natural terrain and drainage-paths. This has resulted in the natural drainage channels passing through residential blocks and individual properties.

New development areas are located on the steeply rising ground on the eastern and south-eastern fringes of the town. Again, mans of these areas have been developed without provision for drainage.

9.1.7 EntironmenalZHealth In 1998 there were 753 confirmed cases of malaria and 1 case of dengue in Cayo District. Disaggregated data for Benque are not available for malaria, although the one case of dengue was a resident of the town. The VCU responsible for Benque is based

DocN D R- 0 D.. MiZ1995 79 F \ t\n::=nc: Acn\Frc.t \Po rbp\Fpo \Fs_c.o in San Ignacia. They reported a decline in the number of reported cases in malaria in recent vears.

ULV spraving is normallv carried out one dav a week during the wet season to control mosquitoes. This programme takes about 3-4 hours provided that there are no interruptions from rain. In August 1999, however, the VCU commented that they had not been spraving recentlv as their truck had been lent to Corozal District following recent floods. The Unit has switched from DDT to Malathion in the last 1-2 vears.

The Unit also undertakes house-to-house inspections to control Aedes eDpj>I.The inspectors destroy non-essential water containers and treat essential containers with ABATE.

The PHB in Belize Citv visited Benque earlier in 1999, in response to an outbreak of suspected leptosporosis in some 20 school children aged 5-12 years old from the Mt Carmel Infants School (pers. comm.). (The illness was subsequendy diagnosed as Hepatitis A). This may be linked to the unsanitarv conditions of the partiallv finished culvert traversing the school grounds.

9.2 Proposed Programme of Works The schedule of works proposed for Benque is summransed in Table 9.2 and located in Figure 9.2. Further details are provided in the Engineering Report.

DOCN. O R0: O mA 1999 80 Table 9.2 Schedule of Works for Benque

Description ofWork Culvert Requirements

Phase I Central Main Drain from Mount Carmel School crossing 4 No. culvert road crossings to be George lPriceBoulevard continuing north through the town replaced discharging to the Mopan River. Renovate lined open drain. Part of structure previously constructed in culvert. Ch 0-150 - Lined blockwork open drain ChI50-400 - Box culvert constructed previously to be backfilled Ch400-765 - Lined blockwork open drain Total drain length 765 m Phase II Liberty Street 4 No. culvert road crossings to be New lined covered road drain to both sides of road. constructed Each side 30Dmlong Total drain length 60Dm George Street Drain. 3 No. culvert road crossings to be New lined covered road drains along one side of road. constructed Total drain length 45Dmincluding outfall Phase III Wvatt Street 1 Nio. culvert road crossings to be New lined covered side drain along one side of road and outfall. constructed Total drain length 100m.

9.3 Potential Environmental Impacts 9.3.7 Orrnew The potential environmental impacts associated with the programme are summarised in Table 9.3 and discussed below. Specific issues related to the phasing of the works are described in the following sections.

The scale of the proposed works in Benque is relatively small. Nonetheless all the works are located in built up areas, and are likely to affect a large number of householders and pedestrians along the alignments of the proposed works.

Construction of all the proposed schemes would require an estimated 24,000 blockwork bricks, 680 m3 of concrete (cement, sand and agregate), 49 t of

Doc NO RO C D.. 2995 81 P ve ncnul nrm\horbl\rorp-Nr.c reinforcement and about 1000m3 of fill. The amount of spoil to be disposed of is estimated at about 2700m3. Given the location of Benque close to the Guatemala border, the materials are likelv to be resourced to the east, with access along the Westem Highway via the twin towns of San Ignacio and Santa Elena. Any waste material would be disposed of to the Municipal waste disposal site between Benque and San Ignacio.

Preliminarv estimates of lorrv movements during construction suggest that between 1- 5 lorr; movements per dav will be required to deliver materials and remove spoil. The cumulative impacts of construction traffic on other traffic and circulation by constructing the projects in San Ignacio/Santa Elena and Benque simultaneously is still expected to be low given the estimated volumes of traffic involved.

Improvements to the existing outfall, and tne construction of two new ones, would lead to some short term, localised reduction in water qualitv in the river due to increased turbidity. The risk of bank erosion during construction is considered to be low. On completion, the scheme would increase the peakedness of storm water reaching the river, but would not significantly affect the water quality of the Mopan River, given the volumes of discharge involved and the dilution capacity of the Mopan River.

The new outfalls would introduce two new hard, but small features on the river bank. However, as the proposed outfalls are within the town, the structures would not be out of place within the overall context of the urban frontage to the river.

There is potential for uncovering archaeological artefacts, given the presence of ceramic fragments near the Central Main Drain and the proximity of Benque to known archaeological sites in the general area, particularly Xunantunich.

Construction would bring low to moderate benefits to the local economv through the award of construction contracts valued at about 0.75Bz5M for all the subprojects, and 0.45BzSM in Phase I.

The proposed schemes would bring relief from flooding to a large number of residential and commercial properties in the town.

DocNO Rtv: C D. Mc.y1995 82 F \W,\ En-.msnn: mAor \Floiesthb.p \Rtpon\Fu.lL_No,.50c The proposals are not expected to have significantimpacts on the hydrology and water quality of the Mopan River, flora and fauna, disease vectors and the need for vector control.

9.32 PhaseI Works The Central Main Drain crosses the town diagonallythrough private propemr The improvements to this drain would cause some temporary nuisances to the immediate residents.

Construction activities to backfill the culverted section of the Central Main Drain through the Mt Carmel school grounds could potentially pose a hazard to school children and special precautions are necessary to safeguard them, for example, the works should be undertaken outside of term time.

Improvements to the Central Main Drain are expected to provide substantial benefits to the Mt Carmel middle and junior schools. Backfillingthe culvert through the school grounds would remove an existing risk to the health and safet, of the school children, release land for improving recreational facilities, and reduce severance between the two halves of the school grounds. The works will also reduce flooding around the school, which currently presents a nuisance to the school children when they arrive at and leave school.

Numerous householders located along the alignment of the drain would also benefit from reduced flooding and the rapid evacuation of wastewater which currently stagnates in pools along the drain,

9.3.3 PhaseII Works The main adverse impacts associated with the construction of the Phase II Works concerns the difficulties in excavating drains along narrow, constricted roads in built up areas. If it proves necessary to close off the streets during construction, traffic can easily be rerouted as the town centre is built on a grid system.

Open excavations in urban areas present a safety hazard to pedestrians and need to be fenced off and clearlymarked. The proximity of houses and commercial properties on the street front will increase the nuisance from dust and noise to occupiers. It will also be necessary to maintain accesses to property as far as possible.

Zoo No ORP- c D,yMa w 83 F W\msnet A n\rtmthtl\eor\ a!No. e Construction of the scheme will provide relief from flooding along the roads in what is a densely developed part of the town centre. The provision of covered drains, which can be used as walkways,wvill also provide some enhancement for pedestrians.

9.3.4 PhaseIII Works The specific issues related to the construction of the %VyattStreet Drain are similar to those described above for Liberty Street and George Street Drains.

Table 9.3 Summary of the Evaluation of Potential Environmental Impacts

seter Impact Evaluation of tihe Potential Impacts

Type Magnitude Direct - Duration Avoidable Irreversible _-(+or-) Indirect sialiny tiev-ted levels of dust in the air dunng L D T No No constrjcton

Land-take dunng construction -Dp No Yes

Improve development potential and land + L D P values after construcuon and QurresL D P No Yes

Soil erosion during construction NS age Alter the planforrm of natural or semi- NA natural streams dunng construction

Bank erosion dunng construction of L D T Partly Yes uniined channels and outfalls

Change water quality due to accidental NS spillaigesdunng construction

Increase flood risk in natural drainage NA

Induce channel change after NA construction

'gY Loss of mn-stream flora and fauna dunng NS construcuon

Loss of floodoain flora NS

Disturbanct to wildlife dunng NS construction

Doc N. O RF-O , e M.7 :19 84 F VW\B;En ieri;=e A.ssc=n: \?:ieus b ibp \Rnpoii\Faui_N oedss neter Impact Evaluation of the Potental impacts

Type Magnitude Direct - Duration Avoidabie lrreversible _(or-) Indcrect

Indircct effects of poor water quality NS from constuction activitiecs

Indirect effects from changes in flow NS regime, channel stablity or witer quality

n Disturbrince to residents during L D T Partly No -onment construction

Disruption to traffic dunng construction L D Partly No

Visual Impact L D P No Yes

Emplovynent and the local economy + L-M D T

n Dra'-agc Reduce urban fiooding M D P Yes 'Yes

Reduce flood damage to properry M D P Yes Yes ronmental Health and safety of construrton L D 7 Yes No th workforce

Health and safety of residents and D _LT Yes No pedestnans dunng construction

Reduce disease vector habitats NS iral Potenial loss of or damage to L D P Partly Yes rage archaeological remauns during excavation

Do.N. c r- O Da- m.y7iq 85 F \w,rcrorsoer r. Asersntsoeeccb \R,sos5\Finr.Noe*coc I I I I

or- 3k 10 Dangriga

10.1 Existing Conditions 10.1.7 Lncationand settzin Dangriga is situated at the mouth of North Stann Creek some 60 km south of Belize City (Figure 10.1).Dangriga is accessed bv the Stann Creek Valley Road which leads to the Hummingbird Highwav and Belmopan, or via the coast road to Belize Cit;. The population is approximately 7,390 (1998).

10.72 Coastaland MarineEnvzrmnment The configuration of the coastline in Dangriga is gendy convex suggesting a deltaic formation centred on Stann Creek. This creek is an important source of coarse sand which is transported along the coast forming sandy beaches and bars across other creeks and canals. There is anecdotal evidence of rapid accretion of sand along the foreshore, with the shoreline reputed to have been located along what is now Front Street within living memorv.

In more recent decades, erosion and sediment depletion has occurred at various locations along the coast resulting in reduced width of beaches. There are several possible reasons for this erosion - the effect of extreme storm events, uncontrolled sand mining on the beach, nearshore dredging for material for land raising and the construction of a large pier interrupting longshore drift. Various attempts have been made to construct beach protection works.

Dense seagrass beds are known to exist offshore. Coastal patch reefs are recorded in the area, and there are reef systems within the Man-of War Caye protected area, 10-15 kms from the shoreline. The CZMA consider that there are potential environmental problems affecting the coastal and marine environment in the Dangriga area from several sources. These include domestic sewage pollution, soil erosion due to agricultural practices and also leachate from a solid waste dumpsite draining to Stann Creek. It is suspected that pollution inputs could have caused eutrophicaton of seagrass and patch reefs off the Stann Creek District coastline.

DocNoC D..19. 99 86 17.1.3 Tqpogaphj The whole town is situated on flat, low Iyingland a little above sea level. The old part of the town is built on a natural sand ridge where ground levels are typically 0.9 masl to 1.5 masl. More recent exoansion of the town to the south and west has involved reclamation of swamp by land raising.

The whole length of the sea front is a sandy area which is continuallv fed with sediment from North Stann Creek. This sediment is very high quality and relatively coarse sand, compared with other Belize sources, and has been mined in the past.

170.1.4 Dra~nge Three creeks flow to the sea at Dangriga, North Stann Creek (or Stann Creek) which flows through the centre of town, followed by Havanna Creek to the south, and John Creek to the north.

North Stann Creek rises in the Maya Mountains and flows eastwards to the sea. It is the largest creek in Dangriga, and is the main source of drinking water for the town. During low flows, the mouth of Stann Creek can be partially obstructed by sand bars created bv longshore drift which impede navigation in the channel. These bars are usually breached during high flows. Stann Creek drains a large area of Dangriga itself.

John Creek drains a much smaller catchment, rising in the low Iying swamps to the west of Dangriga. Much of the channel is vegetated which reduces flows in the river. A lot of solid waste has been tipped or washed into the creek and collects around bottlenecks such as culverts where flow is further restricted. John Creek has a reasonably clear outfall which is kept clear by tidal action. The mouth faces northeast, into the prevailing wind, and may not suffer the same degree of deposition as other creeks in the vicinity.

Havanna Creek serves a large part of central Dangriga. The mouth of the creek is regularly obstructed by the build up of sand, particularly during the dry season when the water can become stagnant and foul smelling.

Do- No o P-,C D., -: lq9 87 F \ /\E,,ooo,,nme.. u:asPotXib4pRpr\uNr.o Groundwater levels in Dangriga are high, reducing narural infitration and increasing the risk of flooding.

Within the centre of Dangriga, floodmg occurs durng hea2v rainfall, due to localised drainage problems. Existing road drains along Commerce Street and St Vincent Street are not continuous and do not have effective outfalls.

The newer development areas to the west and south of Dangriga lack fornal drainage. Some streets have drains, which are partiallyblocked and have inadequate outfalls, while others lack roadside drains. A ditch runs from the Lakeland area to Havanna Creek but it is partiallvblocked.

During September 1999, portable water quality equipment was used to make a preliminary assessment of the water qualitv in the drains. The water quality results are presented in Table 10.1

Table 10.1 Physico-chemical water quality results - Dangriga

Parameter , Sites

l__ _ 1 _ _ l_ _ 2 3 4 l 6 Ph | 7.0 | 7.7 6.6 7.2| 6.9 Temperature - 31.1 34.4 32.1 29.7 32.8

Conductivitv (mY') __-___-1 -41 -26 -17 -1 Conductiv:tv |1-_i_ 1OOiS/cm 29.5mS/cm 1O1S/cm 6.37mS/cm 3.51mS/cm

Saltnity(ppt - | 0.0 18.5 0.3 3.5 1.8 Armonia (mg/I) - 0.2 0.4 0.4

1. Stann Creek - Commerce Street Bridge 2 Stann Creek - adjacent to proposed Penn Street Canal 3. Havanna Creek Canal - St Vincent Street Bridge 4. Lakeland Canal - access via Stann Creek Road 5. Sabal Street - from Jetty Pier Road Bridge 6. John Creek Canal - Penn Road Bridge ' Precipitation due to salinity

The PHI collected water samples from six locations in Dangriga and analysed them for faecal coliforms. The results are given in Table 10.2 below.

Don Nc C ficx U a: 88 F \ r Table 10.2 Bacteriological quality of drainage water - Dangriga

Location Description of Site Faccal No. coliforms /lOOml 1 Havanna Bridge 0 2 Mouth of North Stann Creek 10 3 North Stann Creek - Ecumenical Drive 20 4 Creek - Penn Road 10 5 Lakeland anal 1 800 6 Lakeland Canal2 800

The bacteriological data suggest that the creeks have relatively little sewage contamination, although the ammonia and bacteriological data indicate some contarmination of the canals with wastewater.

Solid waste disposal seems to be a particular problem in Dangriga. Many sections of canal contain solid waste particularly at low points or upstream of structures such as culverts which impede further movement.

I1O.1.5 jTerrrstinaEcology Given the built up nature of Dangriga there is little natural habitat left in the town centre. There are various fragments of vegetation which include Lowland Broadleaf Moist Forest Over Poor Soils, Basin Mangrove Forest and Mixed Mangrove Shrubland (Iremonger & Brokaw, 1995). Further information on these habitats is provided in Appendix B.

The ecological survey has identified a number of ecological issues in Dangriga. The town is surrounded by several areas of wetland or other types of natural vegetation, which is coming under threat from urban expansion into what are effectively unsuitable areas for development.

Mangroves are intemationally threatened habitats. In Belize, 14% of land in protected areas consists of basin mangrove. Mangroves are further protected from clearance through a permitting system (see Section 3). In Dangriga, John Creek is a mangrove

Do\ o O ev:, D-t 1W 89 , creek with its associated vegetation, and Basin Mangrove Forest is found in the Melinda Road Canal area and to the south of Dangriga in the Lakeland area and the Gra Gra Lagoon.

The Gra-Gra Lagoon is a large, nearlv pristine wetland of ecological importance. It is also under threat from development. Lakeland Canal and Sabal Canal alreadv drain into the swamp margins of the lagoon, and transport dimr drainage water as well as solid waste into the mangroves. Urban expansion is encroaching into the wetlands on the margins, for example in the Rivas Estate, and a marina is being developed within the lagoon system itself Much of the land around the lagoon and along the coastal strip has been subdivided, but not developed yet.

A local NGO called the Friends of Gra-Gra has been established to promote the interests of the Gra Gra. Thev are attempting to manage the lagoon, are seeking protected status for the site, undertake litter clean up campaigns and promote environmental education m Dangnga.

Morelet's crocodiles are reported to occur in the Melinda Road Canal area and in the Gra Gra Lagoon. This species is listed as threatened in the IUCN Red Data Book The population in Belize is healthy, and as people develop into the swamp areas, they are increasingly coming into conflict with the crocodile. The animal is increasingly being seen as a pest.

10.1.6 CulturalHerztage The origin of Dangnga can be traced to the defeat and transportation of five thousand Garinagu in 1797 from the island of St. Vincent to Roatan off the coast of Honduras. Between 1802 and 1811 about 150 Garinagu settlers started to occupy the Stann Creek area of Southem Belize.They were engaged mainly in fishing and subsistence farming, visiting Belize City to sell their produce. The main wave of Garifuna immigrants came after 1832 as a result of civil war in Honduras. The population was further augmented by Creole Belizeans who started to settle in the area to take advantage of the rich fishing grounds offshore.

On Februarv 15,1895 Stann Creek was declared a Town with its own Board. From 1900 to 1918 the United Fruit Company converted the Stann Creek Valley and Town into a major agricultural and commercial centre with the construction of the valley

DocNoO Rv C D.. M.Y199 90 F \W, nv,,onas-i usesmer.:\Po,atbwp\Rno,,\FuiNc,.doc railway and Commerce Bight Pier. In 1961, Stann Creek was destroyed bv Hurricane Hattie and was subsequently rebuilt. In 1975 Stann Creek was renamed 'Dangriga' meaning 'Standing Creek'.

Given the recent history of Dangriga, cultural heritage associations are related to the colonial period.

10.17.7 UrbanEntironment and Exp-ai. ,on The older parts of the town are constructed on a natural sand nrdgeparallel to the shore. This part of the town extends over a length of some 2 km from)John Creek to Havana Creek, and extends less than 1 km irlland from the sea. The main commercial centre lies along Commerce Street, St Vincent Street, and Havanah Street. The town square, civic buildings, market and slaughterhouse are grouped together on land between Commerce Street and the sea. The sea front between the town and beach is a strip of open space and parks varying between 50 and 150 m wide.

More recent expansion of the town has occurred into the Lakeland and Rivas Estate areas, which are located on the southem and southwestem fringes of the town. This expansion has involved reclamation of mangrove swamp (known locally as the "Gra Gra'D by land filling. The most active expansion of the town at present is occurring on the westem fringes of the town, particularlv in the area between the Stann Creek Valley Road and the Stann Creek River. This development has also involved some land filling in swamp areas, particularly for the construction of access roads, although not all of the land is particularly low lying.

710.1.8 . EntirvnmentlaHealth Malaria levels are considered to be relativelylow in Dangriga amounting to about 50/0 of cases in the District. This is put down to various causes, such as the lack of migration between the population of the town and rural areas where malaria is more common. The VCU in Dangriga focuses its activities on high nsk zones which lie in the citrus plantations inland. They do not undertake any routine spraying in Dangriga due to lack of resources and low incidence of malaria. However, they would implement set procedures to control malaria should there be a significant increase in incidents (ie more than 7 cases in one month) involving testing householders in the neighbourhood and household spraying.

Doc NoO R0v C D-: Mcy 1999 91 The VCU does undertake a limited programme to control Aede; eDptzito prevent dengue in Dangriga. This programme concentrates on key areas such as the cemetery, ports of entry etc. It involves destroying non essential containers and dosing essential containers with ABATE There were three confirmed cases of dengue in 1998 in the Stann Creek District.

10.2 Proposed Prograrnme of Works The schedule of works proposed for Dangriga is sumnmarisedin Table 10.3 below and located on Figure 10.2. Further details are provided m the Engineermg Report.

In Dangriga, the topography is so flat that there is insufficient gradient to allow the construction of self-cleansingdrains. Moreover, the nature of the coastal processes means that the drainage outfalls which do not have continuous flow are liable to be blocked periodically by the deposition of sandy bars.

The overall approach to improve drainage in Dangriga is to improve the capacity of existing canals, excavate new ones, and increase the inter-connectivity of the canals and creeks. The increased capacity of the canal svstem would permit greater storage capacity for floodwaters, and the increased connectivity of the canal and creek systems would allow tidal flushing to maintain water quality. The entrance of the canals onto Stann Creek would be controlled by manual penstocks to protect the land from flooding when Stann Creek is in spate.

Consideration is still being given to the need for all the proposed canal lengths. The initial phases should focus on improving the existing creeks. Subsequently, attention should be turned to i-nproving the Sabal Canal:LakelandCanal connection, followed bv the remaining works.

::).,N. C CUvDate I 1999 92 Table 10.3 Scbedule of Works for Dangriga

iWork Oescnption of | ~~~~CulvertRequirements

John Creek Canal 3 No. culvert crossings required Unlined trapezoidal open cut canal 6-9 rn wide on bed. Total drair.length 501 m. __l I Penn Street Canal No culvert crossings Unlined trapezoidal open cut canal 3 m wide on bed. N ITotal drair length 830 m. __| Havanah Creek Canal 2 No. culvert crossings required Ch 0-700 - Lined concrete open canal Ch700-1091- Unlined trapezoidal open cut canal 8 m wide on bed. Total drain length 1091 m Dredge lohn Creek and Havanah Creek outfalls 2 No. Gated Structures onto Stann Creek Phase II Sabal Street Canal 6 No. culvert crossings required Ch 0-421- Lined concrete open canal Ch421-652 - Unlined trapezoidal open cut canal 3 m wide on bed. Ch652-750 - Unlined trapezoidal open cut canal with embankments and 3 m wide on bed. Total drain length 750 m Lakeland Canal - Realign section downstream of Sabal Street I Unlined trapezoidal open cut canal with embankmrents. Bed width 3-6.5 m. Phase III Abogaldes Street Canal 5 No. culvert crossings required I Ch 0-280 - Unlined trapezoidal open canal 4 m wide on bed. Ch280-498 - Lined concrete open canal Total drain length 498 m

DocN O B.-v.O Dat. My 1C9 ~f93 F \W'\E oncl! n Description of Work Culvert Requirements

Lakeland Canal - Stann Creek to Abogaldes Street 6 No. culvert crossings required Canal. Queryvimprovements in extension Abogaldes Street to Sabal Street ChO-1150 - Unlined trapezoidal open cut canal 3-6 m wide on bed ChllS10-2189- Unlined trapezoidal open cut canal with embankments and 3-6.5m wide on bed. Total drain length 2189 rn Melinda Road Canal 3 No. culvert crossings required. Unlined trapezoidal open cut canal 3 m wide on bed. Total drain length 903 m. St Vincent Street Drain No culvert crossings as blockwork road drain Lined blockwork covered side drain one side of road assumed to continue across at road and side street 2-1000 L]ong (2000 m total drain length) I drains Commerce Street Drain No culvert crossings as block-workroad drain Lined blockwork covered side drain each side of road assurmedto continue across at road and side street 2'640 m (1280m total drain length) drains Sluice gated structures to Stann Creek Canal. 4 No. required

10.3 Potential Environmental Impacts 10.3.1 Overtiew The potential environmental impacts associated with the prograrnrne of works in Dangriga are summnarisedin Table 10.4 below. Specific issues related to the phasing of works are discussed in the following sections.

The construction of the large number of works proposed for Dangriga, a considerable proportion of them being for unlined canals, is likelv to cause signiticant impacts on local residents and traffic due to the need for land-take, severance of access to properties, use of noisv plant to excavate larger canals, and large numbers of construction vehicles to deliver materials and remove spoil.

While some of the proposed drains run along streets (Commerce Street and St Vincent Street) there are extensive lengths of canal which cross open ground without existing vehicular access. It will be necessary to provide temporary access dunrngconstruction, for example by downloading materials from lGVs to snaller dump trucks, or using the embankments along Lakeland Canal as access roads. In some areas, for example

Do- No 0 R- C D.t, May 199C 94 F \ ' \ u nod sections of Sabal Street Canal, the drains need to be lined to reduce their width due to the proxirnity of house plots.

Construction of all the proposed subprojects would require some 22,200 blockuwork bricks, 5,300 m3 of concrete (cement, sand and aggregate), 529t of reinforcement, 10,016 m3 of fill material, and 20 t of timber (Appendix E). The sand, aggregate, and fill materials could be won locally from existing licensed quarries or river gravel sources off the Southem Highway. The blockwork may be constructed locally. Other materials would have to be imported.

Large volumes of sediment will be excavated from the existing and new drains. Some of the material from existing drains would be contaminated with solid waste and wastewater, and would be best disposed of to the Municipal waste disposal site. Material dredged from wetland areas would be too wet to reuse immediately, and may contain too much organic matter eg tree roots, to be reused for land raising. This material may also have to be sent to the Municipal waste disposal site. Uncontaminated, dry spoil could be reused in controlled land raising to avoid further environmental impacts.

The delivery of materials and disposal of wastes, will require large volumes of traffic over the construction period, estimated at some 22,350 vehicles in total. The Stann Creek ValleyRoad and u-IummingbirdHighway provide good access to Dangriga, suitable for HGVs. Within the town, the narrow busv streets, large numbers of pedestrians and built up nature of the town may result in moderate to high levels of nuisance to residents, pedestrians and other road users.

Improvements to John Creek in Phase I, Lakeland Canal in Phases II and III, and the Melinda Road Canal in Phase III will result in the loss of mangroves, a globally threatened habitat. While the area affected is small in the national context, the implications for alteration to mangroves at the local scale are significant, with potential indirect impacts on the renaining habitat through induced development.

Vegetation clearance and excavation of a large number of unlined canals would increase the risk of soil erosion. The use of heavy plant in swamps and wetlands could also compact the soils with indirect effects on runoff and vegetation. These effects could be reduced by avoiding land clearance and earthworks during the wet season.

Do N. O R-: 0 D-u: M, 1999 95 As each of the six canals is connected to Stann Creek there will be an initlal flushing of waters and sediment. As it is likely that the existing canals are contaminated with wastewater (sewageand household sullage),the minal flushing would probablv result in lower water qualitt in the creek. :-owever, as the tidal flushing process develops, the poor water quality in some of the canals should be diluted and discharged to sea, leading to a general lmprovement in water quality in the canals. During this initial flushing phase, there could be a potential environmental health risk ro people bathing in Stann Creek and along the shore.

In the longer term, the opening up of new canals, and greater inter-connection between canals should reduce the concentration of pollutants in them, but may increase the load of sewage and nutrients discharged to the coastal waters. The potential impacts on coastal waters would be relativelylocal and would not affect the sea grass beds and coral reefs which lie several kilometres offshore. The broader issues of source control in the light of suspected evidence of eutrophication of coastal svstems should be taken account of in future plannmg and environmental monitoring programmes, but the incremental effects of the proposed drainage changes are not considered to be significant to the coastal and marine ecosystem.

The main concem reg-ardingthe coastal environment is related to the maintenance of flow from outfalls. Several of these are known to block with sediment, and navigation into Stann Creek is known to be difficult at times, requiring licensed sand removal. Data on the sediment load of Stann Creek, deposition rates and actual volumes of sand dredged are not available.Dredging is proposed for the outlets as part of the works to keep them open, in preference to training structures which would interfere with longshore drift.

Another potential impact of the operation of the scheme mav be the gradual deposition of sediment in the interconnected canal systems from material transported bv Stann Creek. This potential impact is considered in more detail in the Engineering Report. No information on suspended sediment concentrations in Stann Creek or sedimentation rates in the canals were found.

Belize Citv, like Dangriga, is built on a low lying delta and is drained by a number of creeks and inter-connected canals. In Belize City sedimentation rates in the canals system have been calculated based on the comparison of surveyed cross sections in

Do- No C F- C D.t, Me :999 96 F \Ue\RAncrnrt7 AsscoD~rrc\ Pro ecM,I thupbotfpno\ do: August 1999 with the as-built drawings for the renovated canals dating from the mid 1990s. The results provide average sedirnentation rates in different canals varying from 0.02m/vr to 0.4m/vr Some of the variability is due to sedimentation hot spots within the canal system, and five of the eleven canals surve-ed have average sedimentation rates less than 0.05m/yr.

In Dangriga, the ingress of sediment into the canal system would be partiallv offset by closing the penstocks on the canals during high flows in Stann Creek, particuiarlv as higher sediment loads are associated with high discharge. This however depends on someone closing the penstocks at the appropriate time. Related to this problem, is the issue of increased flood risk for residents resulting from increased inter-connectedness of the canal and creek system. Provided that the penstocks are closed, there should be no increase in flooding risk.

Increasing the inter-connections of the canals and outfalls to the sea, will permit more solid waste, which is tipped illegallyinto the canals, to float to the amenity areas on the beaches.

Tlheproposals involve increasing the storage of stormwater within the town canal svstem. This may marginallyincrease the availability of potential habitats for mosquitoes during the wet season. However, given the already extensive areas of canals and swamps, this effect is not considered to be significant.

The construction of the proposed drainage sub-projects is not expected to impact upon the archaeological record. No archaeological sites were identified during walkover surveys.

10.3.2 PbaseI Works The Phase I works provides an initial linking up of] ohn Creek, North Stann Creek and Havanna Creek, by improving the John Creek Canal, Penn Street Canal and Havana Creek Canal, together with the construction of two new penstocks at the mouths of Penn Street Canal and Havana Creek Canal onto North Stann Creek and localised dredging of the outfalls.

Construction of these schemes, more or less simultaneously, would require an estimated 60 HGV movements per day, or about one vehicle an hour, to deliver

Doc N. 0 R C D-t, Mn 199 97 F \WVXEn%Fm-etr. A.-_,oe5thwltor\m_Fo.o material and remove wastes over a sustained period of several months. The volume of construction traffic could be reduced by phasing some of the works within the overall construction period for Phase I.

Direct access to the Penn Street and John Creek Canals can be provided via the Stann Creek Vallev Road and Ecumenical Drive. While this would keep construction traffic out of the town, it would direct traffic passed the main school in Dangriga and through outlying residential areas. Havana Creek could be accessed on the west side via the Stann Creek Valley Road, Ecumenical Drive and side roads to residential areas, or on the east side via the town centre.

The enlargement of the John Creek Canal will result in the loss of mangrove in the lower 590m of the creek.

10.3.3 Phase IS Works The Phase II Works link Havana Creek with a new outfall to the south of Dangriga by constructing the Sabal Street Canal, and lower 44Om of the Lakeland Canal. The northern half of Sabal Street Canal would be an open lined drain, in order to rminimise land-take through a built up residential area. The southem half would be an unlined drain, with flood embankments along part of that length. All of the lower Lakeland Canal will require flood embankments on either side of the canal.

Construction of the Sabal Street Canal will cause disturbance to residents given the close proximity of housing to the drain. Stann Creek Road crosses the Sabal Street Canal, and there is access to several points along the canal, via the local road system. However, access along the canal only occurs on a short section. It may be necessary to transfer materials and spoil in small dump trucks along the canal, with materials loaded off or onto larger HGVs at road access points. These activities will add to the congestion on the local residential access roads.

Excavation of the Lakeland Canal would have little effect on housing as it is located in a rural area. Access is provided via the Stann Creek Road and Jetty Pier Road. Following vegetation clearance, the contractor may build up the embankments first to provide access for plant to excavate the channel. The embankments would be 5m wide on the north side of the Canal and 3m wide on the south side. These embankments will not be available for general public use nor for traffic.

Doc N. O Rut C Date Ma-1999 98 F- We\Enro-mmt;A c. : t\.l\thbP o!c .p\ Rrvot \F.._N-.dc c Construction of the lower reach of the Lakeland Canal would require the clearance of a working width some 25m wide, resulting in the loss of about I ha of basin mangrove. WZhilethis area is not significant at the national scale, nor in the context of the extent of mangroves around the Gra Gra Lagoon, there are implications for the conservation and management of the remaining mangrove.

A lor of the land on the southern outskirts of Dangriga, and along the sea front of the Gra Gra Lagoon, appears to have been subdivided for land development (see Section 14). The clearance of mangrove on the edge of town for this scheme, may induce further clearance for private development.

The material excavated along the lower Lakeland Canal would probably be unsuitable for reuse in land raising as it would be very wet and contain large quantities of tree roots and other organic matter. Some of the timber could be salvaged and used, for exarnple as construction props. However there are requirements to obtain pernits for both clearance of mangroves and commercial use of timber.

1O.3.4 PhaseII Work, The Phase III Works involve upgrading and excavating an outer ring of canals (Melinda Road Canal, the remainder of Lakeland Canal and Abogaldes Street Canal) and providing improved street drainage in the town centre (St Vincent Street Drain and Commerce Street Drain), The improvements to the outer ring of canals will increase connections between John Creek Canal, Stann Creek Canal and Havana Canal.

CommnerceStreet and St Vincent Street are the two main-cornmercial streets in Dangriga. Construction of street drains will create a nuisance for occupiers of residential and comnmercialproperties, residents, and road users. It will be necessarv to restrict vehicular access during construction and reroute local traffic. Traffic bottenecks could occur at the two bnrdge sites due to the limited number of Creek crossings. Tne presence of open excavations during construction in a built up area will also present a security hazard for pedestrians, cvclists and other vehicle travellers. Construction traffic would add to the general traffic congestion, with a total estimated 1462 HGV movements over the construction period, estimated at about 8 per day (Appendix E).

3acN. OF@t O -C Mr 1997 99? FAW,'\E--ml nltFocsiwpPeotFua_o.o The southern end of St Vincent Street can be accessed by the Stann Creek Road and Havana Street. Altematve access could be provided along Ecumenical Road and Penn Road and then one of the main roads into the town centre, such as Melinda Road or Cemetery Road. This would add to the construction traffic using Ecumenical Road to access the Melinda Road Canal or Abogaldes Street Canal construction sites.

The Lakeland Canal and Abogaldes Street Canal are located along the boundaries of the main high school in Dangriga. Construction activities could cause disturbance during class time, and provide a hazard to schoolchildren walking to and from school. It may be necessarv to restrict construction traffic or certain activities during termn time, or at least when the school children arrive at or leave the school.

Tlhe excavation of the Melinda Road Canal would result in the clearance of about 0.9ha through swamnpand transitional mangrove habitat where Morelet's crocodile has been found. The realignment of the remainder of the Lakeland Canal will result in further loss of basin mangrove estimated at 1 ha. As for Phase II, these losses have potential impacts on induced developed into the mangrove, and the public perception of the importance of conserving the mangrove.

Table 10.4 Summary of the Evaluation of Potential Environmental Impacts

eter Impact Evaluation of dte Potential Impacts

Type Magnitude Direct . Duration Avoidable Irreversible (- or-) Indirect

-aity Elevztcd levels of dust in the air during L-M D T No No construction

L.and-take dunngconstrucuon - D P No Yes

Improve development potential and land + L D P NA NA values after constructuon nd Quames L D T No Yes

SoLlerosion dunng construction L-M D T No Yes

'ge Alter the phlnform of narural or semi- NS natural streams during construction

Bank erosion dunng construction of L-M D 7 Partly Yes unlined channels and outfalls

DO- N. O Rc C, D- M=, 1999 100 F\\'E 1 ::irrm,enta. Ass,sr :\Pro,.e \thbos,\R.rper,\IFUIissNoe.OC meter Impact Evaluation of the Potential Impacts

Type Magnitude Direct - Duration Avoidable Irreversible or -) Indirect

Change water quality due to accidental NS spilliagesdunng construction

Increase fiood nsk in natural drainage L-M D T Yes No

Induce channel change after NS construction

estnai Loss of in-stream flora and fauna dunng NS .ogy construction

Loss of fioodplain flora L D P No Y'es

Damage to, or loss or, rare or H D P No Yes endangered habitats or species

D,srurbancr to wildlife dunng L D T No No construction

Indirect effects of poor water qualsst NS from construction activities

indirect effects from changes in flow NS regime, channel stability or water qualiry

ine and Effects on cntical habitats (reefs, NS stal seagrass, mangroves) ironment Change in nearshore water quality NS

Dredgingma.ntenance impacts on L I T Yes No shoreline

Impacts on fishenes NS

an Disrurbance to residents dunng M-H D T Partiy No ironment construcuon

Disruption to traffic dunng construction M-H D T Partly No

Visual Impact L D P No Yes

Employment and the local economy M-H D T NA NA an Drainage Reduce urban flooding = M D P NA NA

Reduce flood damage to property + M D P NA Yes

ironmoensal Health and safery of constructson M D T Yes No Lith workforce

D- N.O Lt: C Du,s My 1999 10 1 F tWe aarsmeni sser \snesWiosbaip\Lpssi\Psov.der meter Impact Evaluation of the Potential Impacts

Type Magnitude Direct - Duration | Avoidabie irreversible

( '-or-) indirect

Health and safety of residents and L D T es No pedestrians during construction

Reduce disese vecto- habLtats NS ural Potental loss of or damage to NS tage archaeological remauns dunng excavaton

Do- N.c. 0 0 Date )e 1999 102 F \ a/Ee osso orrs AuuctP0e5Werlp\FpsEziNvd . t 11 Punta Gorda

11.1 Existing Conditions 77.771Location and setting Punta Gorda is the most southerlv of the six towns, located some 150km to the south of Dangriga on the Gulf of Honduras in the southem distrct of Toledo (Figure 11.1). It had a population of about 5010 in 1998.

17.1.2 Coastaland Marine Enironmeni Punta Gorda lies in a small bav fronted bv coarse gravel beaches and a flat muddy foreshore. In some locations the foreshore is suffering badly from erosion. There are several sections of coastal protection works in various states of disrepair, and the coastal road, which lies very close to the top of the foreshore in some sections, is being undemined in places by coastal erosion. The land rises to the south of the town presenting soft cliffs which are slowly eroding.

Joe Creek delivers fine sediment to the coast, but this is not considered to be sufficient to sustain the foreshore. Local people reported that the coastline has eroded some tens of metres in living memory. The erosion problems in this area are not caused by interruption of sediment supplv, as in Dangriga, and are more likely to result from changes in the frequency and severity of storms or sea level rise.

As with Dangriga, dense seagrass areas have been mapped near to shore (CZMP 1995). The town is within a few kilometres of the proposed protected areas system at Port Honduras, and further away, are located the Paynes Creek and Deep River Forest protected areas (Figure 2.1).

71.71.3 Topogra.pb Punta Gorda is situated in a rocky bay with the land rising steeply inland. The northern part of the town lies on more gently sloping land, rising to an elevation of about 10 masl near the airstrip. To the south the land rises steeply over the first 100-200 m, reaching an elevation of about 5-6 masl along Main Street and Back Street, and 10 masl near the hospital. The land then falls before rising again towards the airstrip. Isolated limestone hills lie to the west of the town.

Doc N. C RK,o. C D-t MN-199 103 F \W \Emosnlr Ascsnr\P ,cc=\rhcup \R,po,t 1FmDo.No0 d~oc 17 .1 .4 DraDnasge Joe Creek flows to the sea on the northern side of Punta Gorda and two magoon drains, which seem to have been developed from natural channels, flow through the town itself.

The North East Magoon Drain is a small canalised course which passes through relatively denselv populated residential areas. It starts near the air strip and flows in an easterly direction to an outfall on Front Street, some 50 m to the north of the intersection of North Street and Front Street. Immediately upstream of the outfall, a commercial propertmhas been extended over the drain, restricting discharge to sea during heavy rainfall.

The South West Magoon Drain, flows in a southerly directon along the westem extremity of town before tuming to the south east to discharge to sea. The upper reaches of the drain are ill defined initially, but soon followuwhat is probably a canalised course. Dow,nstream of the penultimate bridge the channel flows through swamp forest and adopts a more natural, meandering channel, with very low bed slopes. The lower part of the course lies well awa, from residential areas.

During a recent visit to Punta Gorda (August 1999), the Town Board was constructing road drains along selected sections of residential roads in the town.

The PHI collected water samples from five locations in Punta Gorda and analysed them for faecal coliforms. Tne results are given in Table 11.1 below.

Table 11.1 Bacteriological quality of drainage water - Punta Gorda

Location Description of Site Faecal No. coliforms/lOOml I North East Magoon Drain -1 0 2 North East Magoon Drain - 301 0 3 South West Magoon Drain - 302 0 4 North East Magoon Drain - 2 200 5 South West Magoon Drain - 303 300

Do- N. D Rvr C DuttM 1999 104 11.1.5 TerrestrzalEcolog Most of the narural vegetation in and around Punta Gorda has disappeared or at least been strongly impacted as a result of human activirv.The remaining fragments comprise Seasonal Swamp Forests of Southem and Central Belize (typicalvariant) and Lowland Broadleaf Wet Forests over poor or sandy soils (Iremonger & Brokaw, 1995)

The Seasonal Swamp Forest is impacted to some extent by shifting cultivation, but is more or less intact, and appears to have high biodiversity. This particular habitat is found along the magoon and is characterisuc of permanently wet and occasionally mundated ground. It is well represented in protected areas in Belize, amounting to 29% coverage. The Seasonal Swamp Forest givesway tO the poorer Lowland Broadleaf Wet Forest. Further details of these habitats are provided in Appendix B.

The ecologicalsurvey of the Seasonal Swarnp Forest around the lower course of the South West Magoon Drain identified a species of plant listed in Schedule II of CITES, namely Zamzapica. This plant is onlyknown in Belize from a few specimens, but nevertheless is known to be 'sought' illegally.

During discussions with two local NGOs, the local ESTAP office and TIDE (Toledo Institute for Development and Environment), both organisations commented on the presence of Black Howler Monkeys in the swamp forest around the South West Magoon Drain. This species of monkey is listed as vulnerable by IUCN. i1.1.6 CulturalHerzl q Punta Gorda was settled by Carib immigrants from the Spanish Honduras. In 1745 Jesuit Fathers established a mission station. A church was built and houses sprung up. In the course of time, the town was surveyed and rapidly grew, until, in 1882 it was selected as the centre for Toledo District. The unofficial Garifuna name for Punta Gorda is "Payn". Any cultural heritage value associated with Punta Gorda is expected to be related to the colonial period.

11.1.7 UrbanEnz'rrnmcnt and E.%pansion The older part of Punta Gorda is located along the seafront over a distance of about 1.5 krr, and extending some 750 m inland. Civic and commercial buildings and the main market are located around a triangle of open space and Main Middle Street and Front Street. The hospital and cemetery are situated on the south side of town.

DOCN. O R- O D.. MA 1999 105 F \W\ - - -:l Punta Gorda airstrip is situated on the northern fringes of the urban area and acts as a barrier to development in that direction. The swamp forest to the south and a Garifuna settlement reserve to the south west prohibit urban expansion in these directions. The town is at present developing to the west and north west. In particular, a number of Mava families have constructed homes in an area known an Indianville on the outskirts of Punta Gorda around the upper reaches of the South West Magoon Drain.

17.1.8 EndronmentalHealth The number of rnalaria cases in the Toledo district in 1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999 ganuarv to August only) were 203, 109, 70 and 32 respectively. In 1996, Punta Gorda town had the third highest number of cases in Toledo District. There were ten cases of dengue fever in 1998 for the whole of the District with two positive cases identified in Punta Gorda town. ULV spraving is carried out on a routine basis in Punta Gorda. Larviciding is undertaken once every 6 months.

11.2 Proposed Programrne of Works The schedule of works proposed for Punta Gorda is summarised in Table 11.2 and located on Figure 11.2. Further details are provided in the Engineering Report.

Table 11.2 Schedule of Works for Punta Gorda

Description of Work ] CulvertRequirements

Phase I North East Magoon Drain - Renovate existing drain. 6 No. box culverts. Ch 0-194 - Lined blockwork open drain with struts. Ch 208-347 - Lined blockwvorkcovered drain. Phase II South West Magoon Drain - Renovate existing drain. 7 No. box culverts. Unlined trapezoidal open drain. Total drain length 1200 m. Dredge outfall locally at the end of the South West Magoon

Do: N. C RP. CODe: May 1999 106 F UI;tW\roF 11.3 Potential Enviror.rnental Impacts OvernAeuz The potential environmental impacts associated with the programme of works are summarised in Table 1 1.3 and discussed below. Specific issues relating to the phasing of works is discussed in the following sections.

Overall, the scale of works proposed in Punta Gorda is relatively small, and the potential adverse impacts on people during construction would be low. There would also be some disturbance to traffic, and temporarv road closures during the construction of road culverts.

Construction of the proposed sub-projects would require estimated inputs of 9,140 blockwork bricks, 416m3 of concrete (cement, sand and aggregate), and 43t of reinforcement. The aggregate and blockwork would probably be sourced locally,while the cement and reinforcement would be imported. The schemes would also require the disposal of some 17,740m3 of excavated spoil and some 1,500m3 of dredged material. NIost of the waste material arises from the Phase II works.

Preliminarv estimates of the number of lorrv movements give 4 vehicle movements per day for the Phase I works and 24 vehicle movements per day for the Phase II works.

Several sections of the Southem Highway from Dangriga to Punta Gorda are currendy under renovation and have not at this stage been metalled. The road is passable to HGVs, but joumey times are slow with a top speed of about 40mph. The road also passes through a number of Maya villages.The last few kilometres of the Southem Highway, and the main access into Punta Gorda is a metalled road capable of carrying HGVs. The number of vehicles required to deliver imported materials to Punta Gorda is a fraction of those quoted above (see Appendix E), and is not expected to add significantly to the current traffic on the Southem Highway or the impact upon road safety in the settlements along the Highway.

The impact of construction traffic on the local road network within Punta Gorda during the Phase I works would be small, given the low number of vehicles and ready access to the main road out of town. The disruption from construction traffic would be greater for the Phase II works, due to the larger number of vehicles and the longer route through town to arrive at the construction site. Congestion could be eased by

DocN O RP C i)-s m i599 107 F : iE rrmE;Aesc ioleif up\Ro iFn!No.o rerouting traffic, given the grid layout of the town. Consequentlv the potential impact of construction traffic on other road users and residents are considered to be low to moderate and temporary.

Construction of the works would provide some benefits to the local economy, through the award of contract to a Belizean contractor, with a total constructon value estimated at l.5BzSM, with 0.5BzSMin Phase I. There would also be some opportunities for local employment and provision of services during construction.

The potential impacts on archaeological sites is not thought to be significant as there was no evidence of any archaeological sites or artefacts in the vicinity of the works.

Construction of the Phase II works will have a low, permanent, adverse effect on the river morphologv and a high, permanent adverse impact on the ecology of the lower reach of the SWEmagoon and on the surrounding swamp forest.

Once constructed, the proposals should provide relief from flooding through residential areas.

The proposals are not expected to have significant effects on the coastal environrment, disease vectors or the need for vector control

1.3.2 PhaseI Works Tlhe construction of the NE magoon drain will mainly impact on nearby residents and road users. The magoon crosses a number of developed residential blocks, passing in between existing properties. There is access to the magoon at several locations, but no permanent access along the drain itself. Materials delivered to various points along the magoon drain will have to be moved along the drain to the construction site possibly by hand or using small sized plant. Given the proximity of the drain to existing housing, including some properties which are located alongside, and even straddle the drain, there will inevitably be some disturbance to residents.

There is good access for construction traffic to the magoon drain, and the number of HGVs required to deliver material and dispose of waste is small. The magoon drain does cross the northem end of several important commercial streets in Punta Gorda

Doc NoO F- C D.,.: My 1999 108 F \W,\n- W \ where local traffic can be expected to be relatively higher. However the grid road svstem allows for easy rerouting of traffic.

The lower section of the drain will be rerouted along North Street to a new outfall, and the existing section will be left as it stands. It is proposed to incorporate the construction of the new outfall into a separate contract for the renovation of the sea defences which is also being managed by the MoW.

The improvement of the NE magoon will bring relief from flooding to an appreciable number of houses and several comrnmercialproperties located along the drain.

11.3.3 PhaseII Works The construction of the SW magoon drain will cause temporary nuisance to residents located along the upper part of the drain and road users. More importantly it will have permanent impacts on the geomorphology and ecology of the lower reach of the drain.

T'he upper part of the SW magoon flows through moderately dense residential areas. Again there is access to the drain at crossing points, but only limited vehicular access along the drain. Consequently, construction activities will cause some disturbance to residents.

The irnpacts of construction traffic can be expected to be higher in Phase II, given the increased number of vehicles and the need to traverse the town to reach the construction site.

The proposals to straighten the lower reach of the SW magoon drain is required to provide a steeper channel slope to improve the evacuation of floodwaters from higher up the magoon. The existing channel from the penultimate bridge to the sea is about 1.29 km long. The channel would be straightened by smoothing out some of the larger meanders, to a new length of about 1.15 km, a difference of about 10% in length. The channel would also be widened and deepened to increase capacity. The new channel in the lower reach would be between 14-16.5m wide, amounting to about 1.8 ha. This compares to the existing channel which is 5-8m wide, covering about 0.8 ha.

Straightening the lower river could initiate channel instability in the future if the flow is sufficient to erode the river banks, with the channel reverting to a more sinuous

Do, No G .',': D.,t Mo 1995 109 F \W,\0.o nsormas; so,o ns XPoet\tll\eps\:w_ to course. Improvements to the channel could also decrease the frequency of overbanking and hence the hvdrology and ecology of the surrounding floodplain.

Improvements to the lower channel would result in a net clearance of about lha of swarnp forest, or about 7% of the 14 ha of forest in the vicinity. This loss of habitat is not significant in national terms, as this habitat type is well represented in protected areas. However, the loss of a corridor of swamp forest could potentiallv result in the loss of specimens of the rare plant Za.,riapicta and impact upon the habitat of Black Howler Monkevs.

Vegetation clearance and excavation along the lower channel would increase the risk of soil erosion, while using plant in the wet botomland would compact the soil. These risks would be reduced by confining excavation of the lower channel to the drv season.

In-channel excavation and dredging the outfall would result in temporarv reductions in water quality due to turbidity. The indirect effects on marine ecology would be limited in area and short tern. Most of the aquatic flora and fauna in the existing channel would be lost, but the ecology would recuperate over several seasons.

Excavation of the magoon drain and dredging at the outlet will result in the removal of about 17,850m3 of sediment. This material may not be suitable for reuse, as it may contain large amounts of organic material such as litter and tree roots, and should be disposed of to the Municipal waste disposal site.

Table 113 Summary of the Evaluation of Potential Environmental Impacts

meter Impact Evaluation of the Potential Impacts

Type Magnitude [ Direct - Duration Avoidable Irreversible (+ or -) Indirect

,ualitv Eievated levels of dust in the air dunng L D T No No construction

ILand-take during construction L 0 P No Yes

Improve development potential and land L D _ vaLuesafter construcion

Doc No C R- 0 D MF5 1t999 110 F l nsi A mineter | Impact Evaluation of the Potenual Impacts

TypV Magnude Direct - Duration Avoidable Irreversible (- or Indirect

sand Quarries = L D T No Yes

logy - Soil erosion dunng construction L-M D No Yes

mnage Alter the planform of natural or semi- -L D p No natural strcamsdunngconstructaon

Bank erosion during construction of L D T Partly Yes unlined channels and outfalis

Change water qualiry due to accidental NS spillages duning construction

Increase fiood nsk in natural drainage NS

:nduce channel change after L I P Partly Yes consuction

restr-al Loss of n-stream flora and fauna dunng TL D T No No logy constructor

Loss of floodplain flora D P No Yes

Disturbance to wildlife dunng L D T No No cons tnctior

indirect effects of poor water quality NS from constructon activities

Indsrect effects from changes in flow NS regme, channel stabdlry or waterquahty

Loss of rsre or endangered species H D P Pastly No

stal and Direct and indirect effects of proposed MS -ine works on wster quality, critical habitats, sronment fishenes and beach stabilitv an Disrurbance to residents dunng L D T Partly No ironment construction

Disruption to traffic during construction L D T Partly No

Visual Imoarct - DP No Yes

Employmen: and the local economy L D T an Drainage Reduce urban flooding + M D P Yes Yes

Reduce flood damage to property _ M D P Yes Yes

Des N. 0 7t-v O D.ti Mey :99 111

F \We\Eneurme nei As~see\Pen \eso\rbss\Raeoo\Fusi_Nae.doc etetr Impact Evaluation of thc Potenual Impacts

Type Magnitrude Direct - Duration Avoidable IfTeversible or Indirect ronmrrntal Health and safety of constuction L D T Yes No th sworkforce

Health sand safetv of residents and L D T Yes No oedestnans dunng constructon

Reduce diseasevector habitats NS iral Potential loss of or damage to NS Lage arch2cologicalremains dunng exc2vittion

Do: N.O RP- 0 Dt,, M. 1995 112 F \We\exvrrorm sessi.e\bup\ prrX_r o 12 MitigationPlan

A general plan for mitigation measures is proposed in Table 12.1. This addresses the generic issues which are likely to arise in all the study towns. Specific measures are also presented for each of the towns in Table 12.2.

The mitigation plan identifies the adverse environmental impacts, the mitigation measures proposed to arneliorate the impacts, the residual impacts once mnitigationis in place, the cost of the mitigation measure, phasing, the bodv responsible for implementation and requirements for training or human resources,

The mitigation plan will be implemented over four phases

- detailed design - Phase I: all mitigation measures related to the modification of the proposed design pre-tendering - Phase II: inclusion of clauses to mitigate environmental impacts durmg construction which are the responsibility of the contractor cconstruction - Phase III: implementation of all mitigation measures to reduce environmental impacts due to construction activities * post Commissioning - Phase IVS:implementation of all inspection, monitoring and maintenance requirements.

Do, N. C he- O D.,, May 1999 113 F \W -E-- Table 12.1 (Generic Mitigation Plan

Parameter Impact Mitigalion Measure RcsidualImpact ImpletmentationIsslers

Stage ResrpnSlbiity 'lCaitiiig / I lurnan Re-souces

Air Quality Elevatedlevels of dust ii tile I . (arefilt excavationgrld handliig of spoil Sortneinieased duistlevels will lhe II Design ltigiicr to irnch d, qprpopri.te N/A Air irming Colistruction 2. ID)ampendirt accessroads in-evitlble clatses in) tle coitracrt loCidorleils.

Go.ortrc.-torto ilimpleniesit'good housckeepiing'ineas,, res (:Cioupli,olcctc, l.. c.i.is..r. I-y lie Smipervising lFingintc land Land takeduring constriction 1. Negotiate a right of way or ptirchise with N/A if (Gol N/A the owrnecor occiupier

Soilqand Geology Degptdotion ofqiiatry siteseg I. Srlect quarrieswhiich have beet approved Fxcavationmof qimarsysites with redtsircsl II DesigniF./giiicii to iicliidc gppurlpriaft N/A ecology,Archaeology by the MoW, and areniot known to he imlpactoil the surrounding clausesiri thmCorut t dsa-lcmtSt associatedwith Mayasites or inportant environment. ll (risitractor to coniply wit tsh 1 ecologictl hsb,itats. cosConitshiossof the coitract ails cliechkcil 2. Obtain p;ermits for new borrow sitesAnd by the SuispervisingFigimeerr restore them after tise in cotnpliance with the Ipgislatiosm Soil erosion fiorn spoil 1. Undertake weather sensitiveconistruction Souleerosion is inevitable dirinig If I)esignl l7igiseer to inshide alipropi isate N/A stockpilesand cleared latid activities in the dry season rainfall. I loweverthie works are clarisesitn thercoitract docimrients.

2 Locate stockpilesaway from step slopes grnersIly strnallscale, or in Dangriga Contra,sor tc)ile 5 1 o and water couirses locatesd on low-lyitig latud, atidi mitilikely hlousckrarpin Sc, is ipheinngo to resuilt in siginificanit itopacts. Couipliagnrc to be ensiured by the Silpervisilig Fnsguitrec

Drainage flank erosion disritig 1. Wh1erepossible undertake earthworks limeworks are stnill scaleand often II D)esign Engsiner to iniclludeapprilopriaot N/A construction of unlined and dtirirngthe slry season located itn low lying areas,atid are clauisesin tle coroitract lormil,ill s. lined chainnlcs 2. C(ompleteshort sectionsof the woik s at uinlikelyto restilt in significantharik ll Cocntractorto i-pleni sit gpodl tiltie to redticebhnk expostire erosion. liousekerpinii tmreasiirces

(Conmlplianrc to be ensulredl by SlupervisinglFriginerr

DSilosti O0 this Wtaytr9ec 114 F \W-\F-s-mo-ereal Ansrmusserssi\t'oirrui\tbop\RFr.Po,ri-nj.N

L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: Parlmeter ImPaCt MitigatiOn Measmre RjeSidr2alImpacts Implemernst2tin Iqsses

Stage | Responsibility |fAining / I | I lttoan .. . It~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~esourtces

Change water qtulity (Idc to 1. Stockp,ile agrefete, cemnent, spoil, engine G;ood housekeeping toec:sures shoild it Design Ftiginier to invlude Alpproptinte N/A accidental spillages during oilc atid any other naterals sway froiri prevent acciletal sldlages clani es in tihe co-tr-at docu -ents ronstroction, droitis areclwater cotirses witliiri a bua ded Contractor to imlplement ggood

tiotisekeepiiig' mieasuires 2. Change nTiachineantd ctlgine oil at depot or Comphatice to be eiisiired by plant mnaintenance site located away fions Sipervising Etigineer. drains or watercolirses

Increased flood risk in natural None li Orange Walk, the Dunn Street drainage system Drain will direct rnof[to thienner swamp, Iocals should he disouriged from developing thie area fiurther.

Ecology I ,nss of enrlangered habitats I. Obtain licences from Forestty 1)e,partriient 'llie proposed schemes in D)aigciga -I Design Flgnrer ti) ir-liiie tappropriate N/A and floodplaiii flora lor altcration of tolalgrovc aind reuse of and N-.ita Gorda will result iii sii-all i hlamiis ... thi- -iit dra.. .t... .ril1es timber losses of itlalgrove and swamrp forest. fi Corittartortolement clarms In the

2. Fence off the working corridor contract

3. Minimise land take hy keepiig constniction Comphlance to he elislierd Iy the sctivities within the specified worknig width S,iinrvsioiig Emigmiier

4. Where possible, mark largr tiers or stands 1 whiich should be preserver and miake mitlor adjuistments to chainel alifginment

Distiurharie to wildlife during No ttmitigation neasures proposed. [here will be temporary disttrhance to corstruction wildlife.

Damage to, or loss of I WhereV possible, identify rare plaunt It omayriot be possible to avoihd a11thie II Design FnXmg-tieerto ii ..nile, aupro.pr.ate N/A etdatgered species specimens within the working wirltli rare specitirens, and trinslocation is tiot clauises in the conltract uhiu-ililseilts

to iiilelielt i irs iii the 2. Where possible, make minor ad1uustanents to always sticeessftil. Coniseqcletutly there Contractor alugomesitof canal tilay be losses of rare plants if they are il contract. fourid within thie construction site. 3. Where specimens wolild be lost diuring land Compliance to he etisred hy tIle clearance, relocate specitilcis to a safe Suipctvissng Engineer _haven

Dor N.O R-o O D.,, tAy 1999 115 F \W,\En-r -WonenutAie..r.n.\t'.onecis\itubnip\Rpoi\F, LNrv dto lrriplemtntati.n lNsser Parameter Impact Mitigation Meamitre Hesido2nl Inpacts

Stage Respnsibility Training / I Intiatnn Rees,itret.

improvemnnets II1 Contractor to iFTnpIlenllrnt the nre2rSurcs. N/A lrban IRI.nvitonment Distil,bance to t dent t. l'rparn. a (Commtiturnicat.ins flrogralnnrn,e Most residenits Welcornte drains, and wonilni be nreprated to Surpervisinng1--nginrir t,, resm, during cornsttAction 2. InfonTl tine Iowrl Board 0 1d lo, Jalresindents to tile

of (te proposed constnictionr sclhiclilel and accept a certairl level of distnnrbrar:e comTIpliaoce. activitiens dilninlg n:nc stinctiomn

3. Set tip andnidvertise a prrocenhire tCnrecrive

and deal witth comnplanintsrtom local residents

rntc II Desigrn lrngntreer to include appnopniate N/A Disruptionni to traffic dnring I - ldttify the need for partial or corenplret Mnst residenits welcome imuprovent clanses in eh-contractl nocnrnrTentts constroction road c lorircs. to the draitis, and woutld he prepared to 2. Liaise with tine 'rown Bloard anndpolice ac-cept a certain level of ilistinhthainnrcorr,erpeun-i cie i h filnrirpgcornstnniction. As mnianyof tine IlIl ConItrct tnwrits are laid ontt in a gsid patterrn, tinI o i ly 4. Provide temporary access to properties iec shinnilul ra lIn n n Copirni innfirrding alternative rotites. SrnipervisinpIglEonnn-rrt S. Advertise road clostrres

6. Clmsti off roads and provide detour sigris

r to include appero;prinar N/A Vistial impact 1. Keep tine constrnctiortsite tidy lliC vinilnnimpact olsonine of thne cwW D)esipni Enigitee

2. Itiplerntier lindscapning gnidrei-s in stnicturres will be (lifticihlt to rilitigate, clauses ni tine Crnitract docinilerlntS contract docttnents, eg reseedirge for examriplethe two new inntflli)h inn Contractor t, inlpfrInrit clssis SanIiacie /sanit Flena I'iSewlierr, Ml otatrtnii 1 lenentclistn the works arr geertarlly of a scale to callse little in,ipact. C:omipliricre to be ensured hy tIe Supricvisinig Enfgineer

Eo- Nt O F.0 O Dt, Ma,t1999 116 F JWe\t vnnuennut Annniumen\r\oncui\rit\PtrOii\Fli-t4N Iarar. eter Impact Mitigatio,n Meacslre Residtual Inipacts Implementation Iqssues

Stage Responsibility I raing /

_lesoures,q

E.nvironmentatl I altli ontI sofety of 3. l'repare a he alis aRld safety plan to inchide Ilsere is always risk associated with If I)es,gss Eng[ineer to include appropriate N/A I lealth constniction workforce glidlelmics irt w.rkers for sra rerustnictioi constnictirsT projects. 'niese can be clauises irs the contract rldocriumsents. practices, emergency proceduires and oiriniriiised throuigh careful planning Contractor to implement clatises in the mnedicalfacilities aird adlherence to good colisistictiOni II c,onitact

4. Where possible excavate drainis siod handle prar-tices. Coiuip1,iai9Ce to be ensured by tIhe spoil by unachile. Workers in contact with Tile reuaseof spoil ui.st be dlon, in Siipetvn.. p l-.rnner drainage water arid sediiments niiist wear suclha way os to mininiise adldhiticnrial protective clothinifg. elivirouimental impacts at lie receiving

5. Dispose of1excess spoil from existing drainis site, containiisg solid waste at tile mui1cipal waste disposal site

6. Identify lan(l tises where clean spoil car be u,sed in laud raisinig eg school grouinds, playing fields, anienity opern space. l'lace the nuaterial on site atid seed with grass.

1 I lealth and safety of residents I. Provide adequate access to paveriseTits arid 'tiere is always risk aissociated with if [)esigii eIgineer to iiiclde appropriate N/A 2nd pedestrianis properties conistorci on projects '11heseran re clanises in the contract dwrie-rie ts.

2. Minimise length of excavatioii opern at any liiiriniunised throuigh carefil plairiing Contractor to imnplemnerntclaises in the one, tinie andI adherence to good ronsristoctiorn l coistract. nne tmie ~~~~~~~~~practices.crtrc 3. hIleritify open excavat,ons at night eg with Cosiplsa,rse to be erinsiceu hy the ilulminations, relIcr ve rgIits, barriers SuplvIsing Eiigioeer

4. Where works are located tiear schools, avoid works during term tirile, to Cease activities when childrcrn travel to anid froni schroot.

Cultural I l rritage nIossofor danaige to 1. lake special care when excavating an It is nesary to nndertake f.rrhier I I Nee,h to -r,iinsrissiri s-p-aralr archaeological remaainsduring known agrchae2ologIaCareas. arclerlegseal shirlies before archaeolgrcal sindirus

constrtiction 2. Report any finds to tIre Stipervisisig conistosetion atid moorit ronsr 0,iction DesignglVirirr tr, us..rhuils apfr.... ate

Engineer who will contact tIre Department '. Theres diittng csesc s In thsx'2vit'Onrr e..srisstrar t dl..r s.-.irws ofArchaeolopy arirl aiclhaerlogist teritaml to dlaisage artefacts dnripriIg conistrurction, but also potential to C;ontrartrrrr is, ssr 1 l t ariss sri the recover thierti for rcsearc h and corstrai t 1 exhibition. tcssiplhina, i,rt1ie ersunres by the

Snipesvssi-sgPsigirr

F MF. .- O A,a MrIO"')117t 11r F \v\nlomna 5reelllll\hupRpr\m-n n I ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o 13 InstitutionalIssues

13.1 Overv4ew The implementation of the proposed drainage sub-projects will involve the Ministry of Works as the executing organisation, and the Departments of Environment and Archaeology who have interests in ensuring that any environmental mitigation or management plans proposed by the developer are implemented.

Once the drainage sub-projects have been built, the Town Boards assume responsibility for maintenance and operation. On wider planning issues, mans of the drainage problems have come about through the lack of planning. A number of organisations are involved in town planning. Rural land zoning is the responsibility of the Department of Physical Planning. Land subdivision is govemed by the Land Utilisation Authority. Responsibility for land use zoning and approving buildng permissions falls to the Town Boards in those towns which have been the subject of a Town Planning Scheme Notice.

The following section outlines the responsibilities of the main institutions and identifies institutional weaknesses which may affect the successful implementation, operation and maintenance of this pro)ect.

13.2 Project Implementation 13.2.1 Ministy of Works The MoW has responsibilities for, amongst other things, the construction, extension and repair of drains in urban areas. The MoW has a central office in Belmopan and local offices in the main towns in Belize. The local offices respond to requests from the Town Board to undertake drainage works, which they do within their own budget limitations. During the visits to the study towns, the local MoW offices were frequently observed undertaking drainage improvement works.

For this project, the MoW intends to contract the construction works to Belizean contractors and appoint a Supervising Engineer to oversee the implementation of the project.

Do: N O F- . De M., 19 118 13.22 De'parlmentof Enrirvnment The DoE is responsible for implementing the EIA Regulations 1995 (see Section 3). This involves deciding on the need for an EIA for projects, approving the Terms of Reference, reviewing and approving EnvironmnentalImpact Assessment Reports, and ensuring that the mitigation measures are implemented.

The DoE would like to involve their staff in observing the implementation of the mitigation and environmental management plans, but commented that thev lack staff and other resources to do so. In a project such as this one, which affects six towns in Belize, the DoE would be prepared to see other organisations undertake this role.

132.3 Deparfmenz ofA4n-r:aeo1ogy The Department of Archaeology is concemed with the potential impacts of construction activities on archaeological sites and antiquities. nit Archaeological Commissioner has certain powers to control land operations in order to protect an ancient monument or antiquity, and can halt construction works until an archaeological survey is undertaken or require anv action to be taken which the Cornrnissioner deems to be reasonable for the protection of the ancient monument or antiquiry.

The Department of Archaeology lacks the staffing and other resources to undertake routine monitoring of construction works. This means the Depart.nent is reliant upon contractors, landowners and others, to report finds to them during construction.

13.3 Post-Implementation 13.3.1 Town Boards An evaluation of the institutional capacity of the Town Boards is provided in Appendix D. The following section outlines the kev findings of this study, and the implications for the maintenance of the drainage works once they have been built.

The Town Boards are responsible, amongst other things, for the clearance of vegetation and removal of silt and other blockages in the drains. Consequently, once the proposed drainage works have been constructed, they would be responsible for their long term operation and maintenance.

DCICND O ii.. C D^r a* 1999 119

F\NYe sEnor=o! Arerut\Prosecs\ribuxp\Fost\Frr;z_Nos soc~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I

tt Based on an estimate of the length of drains in each of the towns, the estimated labour requirements to maintain the drains, and number of labourers emploved, it would seem that all the towns have sufficient capacity to undertake basic maintenance.

Notwithstanding the above, it was evident from field visits that many of the drains were not being maintained. This is partly attributed to the rapid turnover of labourers, and the Town Boards try to 'ration' the work between a larger pool of labourers. This does mean that sometimes the Boards are emploving inexperienced labourers or labourers who are not fit enough to undertake the work. There is onlv one foreman supervisor in each works department, and thev mav lack the training to understand what is required to maintain the drains.

In the longer term, drainage maintenance may also be adverselv affected by further deterioration of the works department trucks. Nearlv all of these trucks are at the end of their economic life. However, the Town Boards lack capital to replace them and have been refused loans from central government for truck replacement.

In Dangriga, the proposed schemes will introduce a new operational requirement for the Town Boards, namely operating the penstocks manuaUydurng high flows in North Stann Creek which they need to be fully aware of.

The Town Boards used to be responsible for both street cleaning and solid waste disposal. The domestic waste collection services are in the process of being privatised but not the collection of other forms of waste, or street cleaning activities. One consequence of this is that the waste collection contractors may not clean up rubbish which has fallen in the streets and the Town Boards will no longer be able to do so. Any solid waste finding its way into the drains would probably not be removed until the annual drain cleaning operation at the end of the dry season.

All the Town Boards are facing major problems in raising revenue and accumulating capital. This could have significant impacts in the near future on the quality of services provided bv them, including the maintenance of drains.

13.3.2 Housing and Plannin,g Many of the drainage improvement works proposed in this project have become necessar,veither because of inappropriate road layouts when development first

Do, N cO o D.. M. 19S5 120 F \ Nv Eu nnet:Aasnn\rlc wo\Th p t Frn _Nc doc occurred, or because individual plot holders have subsequentlv damaged the drainage svstem. These problems could be avoided by improving land use zoning and planning in urban areas.

There is a fundamental lack of land zoning and planning control in Belize (See Section 3). Of the study towns, Corozal and Dangriga have both been subject to a Town Planning Scheme Notice under the Housing and Tow.n Planning Act in the mid 1960s (see Section 3). A zoning map was prepared for both towns showing permitted land uses. Under the Notice the Town Boards were delegated the responsibility for approving building permissions within their jurisdiction. It is not know to what extent the Town Boards follow these procedures or whether the zoning maps have been updated. However it is evident that in both towns unsuitable development is taking place, for example in Skeleton Town in Corozal, or the mangroves in the Rivas Estate, Dangriga.

In the other towns, there seems to be little control on land development and even a widespread lack of understanding of drainage hazards. This is illustrated by the desire to raise the land in the inner swamp in Orange Walk for residential development without providing for drainage and on the floodplain of the New River. The Town Boards are seemingly powerless to influence the defects of land subdivisions or of layouts for development on individual plots. Finally, much development takes place without following the existing legal procedures or complying with conditions placed on permits.

The lack of planning control means that, while this project.will seek to remedy existing flooding problems around main drains, flooding will continue to be a problem in manv towns in Belize. Furthermore, improvements proposed under the present scheme may inadvertently encourage residential development in unsuitable areas, for example around the Lakeland Canal in Dangriga which traverses mangrove swamps.

C Date l 1999 121 14 EnvironmentalManagement Plan

14.1 Overview The purpose of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to set out hovwthe project will be implermentedin such a way as to ensure that the adverse impacts are mitigated as far as possible, takig account of institutional weaknesses identified in the previous section. The following text summarises the main issues which have been identified in the study towns. This is followed by a description of the programme for the implementation of the EMP, consisting of the key components of the EMTP, institutional responsibilities,specialist work packages, costs and programrne.

14.2 Sectoral Issues 14.24 1UInsvimona! Weaknesses The implementation of the proposed drainage scheme will involve a number of government institutions, prncipallv the MoW as the executing agency, and the DoE and DoA who have interests in ensuring the EMP is implemented. Once the scheme is implemented the Town Boards take up the responsibility for operating and maintaining the drainage schemes.

A common theme in all these institutions is the shortage of staff and, sometimes equipment. The MoW7is able to contract out the construction of major works. The DoE can tum to other departments in the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources or other government agencies for assistance. It is proposed to overcome these difficulties by appointing a Supervising Engineer whose responsibilities will include the implementation of the mitigation plan and EMP.

Training and technology transfer is another area which requires strengthening. This is applicable to both the MoW, through the provision of training to the local offices in drainage design, and to the Town Boards regarding maintenance and operation of drains, as well as more general assistance in management and finance.

14.2.2 Urbanand Land UsePlanning As described in Section 13, there are significant deficiencies in urban and land use planning and control. This has given rise to numerous problems, with residential

D-:N.4C Fr-s C D- I, idiy1 122 F l A development in unsuitable areas, such as natural swamps and river floodplains, and self-help actions by individual occupiers which can affect the flooding risk to neighbouring properties (see Section 2). People end up living in unsatisfactory conditions and pressure for retrospective drainage provision mounts.

There is an argument for a major technical assistance programme for Belize to strengthen the land use and town planning systems. This could involve activities such as a review of the legislation; institutional strengthening of the central planning authorities, development of urban plans for towns, local government strengthening, environmental education to the public on land use zoning, the environrment and hazards, etc. We understand that the Central Statistical Office is preparing computensed, up-to-date street maps of urban serdements for the next Census in 2001. These maps would form an excellent base for town planning in any future projects.

In the present study there may be scope for small scale assistance, through technical advice to Town Boards or environmental education programmes.

14.2.3 ConstructionNuisance Construction of the drains and canals will give rise to nuisances for residents, pedestrians, and other road users. Construction will also impact upon the natural environment in a number of ways, such as through alteration of critical habitats, reduction of water quality, and solid waste disposal. Manv of these impacts can be reduced through 'good housekeeping' measures (see Section 12). Tnese measures can be implemented by incorporating appropriate clauses for the control of nuisances and management of construction practices into the contract documents. Contractors would need to ensure sufficient allocation in their bid to implement these mitigation measures, and would be legallyrequired to abide by these clauses. The Supervising Engineer would be responsible for ensuring that the environmental clauses in the contract documents are implemented. A draft copy of suitable clauses is provided in Appendix F.

142.4 Dredgingand Coastal.Erosionin Dangriga The proposed scheme in Dangriga includes dredging at the mouths ofJohn Creek and Havana Creek to improve the evacuation of drainage waters. Furthermore, given the dynamics of sediment transport along the coast, as well as sedimentation in the canals

Do: N. R i 0 D,t, My 19991 F \mIeEorrmnc Amo\ree\hw\ro:Fn1}0.o

V themselves, there is likely to be a need for periodic dredging as part of the maintenance programme. However, the beaches in Dangriga are suffering from coastal erosion and may be further affected by additional losses in sediment resulting from dredging.

A monitoring programme is required in Dangriga to assess the effects of dredgmg at the mouths of John Creek and Havana Creek on beach stabilitv This programme should take into account the recovers and re-fornat on period of dredged sand bars; the area in which the sediments are disposed (commercial re-use or offshore), and whether the removal of dredged material rav result in a net loss to the nearshore sediment budget. If sediment is lost from the beach system through dredging, then measures mav be required to ensure that in future, it is retained.

74.2.5 Contaminationof inshorrcoastal waters Halcrow held discussions with Ms J Gibson of the Coastal Zone Mianagement Author:ty (CZNv,L)on potential coastal and marine impacts from the drainage improvement works for the three coastal towns. The CZMA indicated that in their opinion the changes proposed were relatively small scale and not of a nature to cause concern to them in regard to impacts in the coastal and marine environment. However, thev were keen to be consulted further should any of the works include coastal defences.

In areas of existing drains and canal or river outlets, there is a long history of water and sediment exchange between the land and the sea. In addition, and since the time when wastewater was added to the drainage system through human occupation, various potential pollutants have been introduced to the marine environment. Various documents also refer to the potential for septic tank leakage to nearshore waters, and, in some cases, sediments, agricultural chemicals or industrial effluents. Further, over many years, there have been ongoing - and from an environmental mitigation perspective, uncontrolled - sediment dredging and related maintenance operations near outfalls, partly to improve navigation, and in some instances to reduce stagnancy in blocked outlets.

It is expected that with improvements in drainage channels, the peakedness of stormn hydrographs will increase. It is not clear what effect this may have on the marine environment that is different from the present. Generally, under low fiow conditions, some build up of sediment occurs at certain outfalls, along with ponding of backwater.

Do, N. O Dr- M., iS9 124 Heavy rainfall causes a flushing action, with anmtemporary outlet blockages being removed. At al] locations, there is discharge of freshwater, and with it, any accumulated debris and polluted water to nearshore areas. This 'first flushing' effect is more muted at outlets which are permanently open, but a discharge plume wuilspread from all outlets into the sea. The plume then disperses along and offshore, depending on the coastal mixing regime at the time of discharge. It is the rate of mixing and dispersion of this freshwater plume and anv contained sediment, chemical and bacterial loads in the nearshore area which might change, as a function of the rate at which floodwater is initiallyintroduced to the coastal area.

Many variables will influence (a) the rate and quantity of discharge, and (b) the nearshore mixing and dispersion. To understand them for each of the outlets would involve a study of substantial proportions. If in any instance, the likely change in volume of discharge was significant, or if a major discharge point was being newly introduced close to a critical habitat, fisheries area or bathing beach, a programmneof field measurement, allied to the construction of a dispersion model, might be justified to enable further analysis. This is not considered to be the case in this study.

Unfortunately there are no data on coastal water quality at the three coastal towns in this project, nor of the effects that dredging or the effluents introduced to coastal discharges may have had on marine systems at these locations. WXithregard to coral reefs for example, "due to the lack of baseline data, and ecological studies, no clear cause and effects relationships have been quantified" [between potential impacts and effects on reefs] (CZMP, 1995). While the case for a longer-term programme of water quality monitoring has been made for the Belize coastline (CZMP, 1995), there are at present no comparators by which any possible changes introduced by a more efficient drainage scheme at the three coastal towns can be assessed.

Consequendy, in light of (a) the history of discharge in these areas, (b) the comments from the CZMA, and (c) the overall capital cost of the proposed programmes, it is not considered a priority for such a monitoring progranmne to be introduced as a consequence of the proposed drainage works. However, the wider issue of source control of contaminant loadings is a matter of concem to environmental managers in Belize, and these issues will enter into consideration for any programme of environmental monitoring and management.

Doc N D R., C D-,v M-y199S 125 F \5XieXEnmsottmm u: Jeamcnt\Prox tcs \ ffibwp \ 3iport \ Pun _Nctv.50c Marine conservation issues, and issues related to maintenance dredging, are discussed in the separate sections for the three coastal towns. These discussions take into account the proximity of drainage oudets to critical habitats and conservation areas.

14.2.6 Eco/oqgand BiodiversiDl The ecologicalsurvevs have shown that the proposed drainage schemes will impact direcdy upon two ecologicaLysensitive areas: mangrove habitat to the south of Dangriga, and seasonal swamp forest which supports rare and endangered'species in Punta Gorda. The potential impact of reduced water quality on the ecology of coastal waters is not considered to be significantin the light of the improvements to the drainage schemes, although in a wider context, the impact of marine pollution from diffuse and point runoff from the mainland may affect the ecology of seagrass and coral reefs offshore.

Mangroves are a globallv threatened habitat. One consequence of this is that developments funded by International Funding Institutions are likely to come under close scrutiny both within the IFIs and from intemational NGOs, regardless of the area affected and the extent of the habitat within a given country.

In Belize mangroves are well represented, covering an estimated 296 square miles or 3.4% of the land area, and the ecologicalintegrity of Belize's mangroves is thought to be verv good (CZMP 1995). Basin mangrove, the type found along the Lakeland Canal in Dangriga, covers 14% of protected areas. The protection of mangroves in Belize is controlled through the system of protected areas, permitting for land clearance,and the EIA system. About 20 %/oof mangroves on the mainland lie in protected areas. Under the Forests (Protection of Mangroves) Regulation 1989 and its amendment (see Section 3), developers have to apply to the Forestry Departrnent for a permit to clear mangroves. Finally, projects which affect sensitive ecosystems including mangroves require an EIA under the EIA Regulations 1995.

Notwithstanding, the above mangroves are coming under increasing pressure particularly from land clearance for urban development. Much of this is done illegally, without obtaining permits or going through the EIA system. Furthermore, monitoring and controlling mangrove clearance is difficult given the large areas involved, the local scale of much clearance, the low penalties for mangrove clearance (US$500), the poor history of enforcement of penalties, and limited staffing at the Forestry Department.

D.NoON. 0 )ate Mey195 126 F \ We\E=L:Don nmeni Asus.nt,. t\Ptos \ N d-c The CZMP (1995) puts forward recommendations for managing mangroves covering (i) improved enforcement of existing mangrove regulations, (ii) finalising and adopting amendments to the legislation, (iil) designating proposed protected areas and assessing the feasibility of protecting other recommended sites, (iv) continue planning initiatives to zone important mangrove areas for protection, (v) carrv out survey work and research in poorly known mangrove areas, (vi) continue with public awareness campaigns, and (vi) encourage accession to the Ramsar Convention and nomination of wetland sites that are impi,rtant for mangroves, such as Tumeffe Atoll. In connection with item (v) above, the CZMP mentions mangroves in Dangriga.

Encroachment on the mangroves around Dangriga is occurring as people construct their own properties within the mangroves and even clear large areas such as has happened recentl for a marina development (see Plates d and e for Dangriga). A rapid review of the current land tenure suggests that much of the Gra Gra Lagoon to the south of Dangriga is Crown Land, except for the coastal strip, hinterland and the land along the proposed canal alignment which appear to lie in private hands (Figures 14.1 and 14.2). A title search is required to establish ownership in any detail. Given the existing subdivision, future development is likely, particularly along the coastal strip, which, being slightlyhigher and fronting the ocean, is prime real estate. The re- alignrmentof Lakeland Canal may also induce development either along the canal itself, or in the area between Dangriga and the canal.

There is a legal requirement to maintain a 66' (about 20 m) buffer of woodland along waterways. However, it is not clear whether the canal would count as a waterway, and if so, whether the buffer would be measured from the water's edge, or the edge of the embankments. If the former applied, the width of woodland in the buffer would be reduced to about 12-14m due to clearance required for the embankments. From an ecological point of view, the buffer zone should be nearer 40 m than the legal standard of 20 m.

A local NGO, Friends of the Gra Gra, is involved in trving to designate the Gra Gra as a protected area, carrying out patrols to prevent illegal activities in the area, cleaning up campaigns, and serving as an outreach centre. The lagoon ecology is being studied under ESTAP (Environmental Social Technical Assistance Project) and it is likely that this study will recommend protection of the lagoon.

Do. No C R- 5 D-t :v1.999 127

F \a/e\ErlororarrSdo nrnt\Prems\thbwpEhpon\Fm:£_No While the drainage proposals for the Lakeland Canal would result in the clearance of a relatively small area of mangrove, some type of mitigationis warranted to protect and conserve not onlv the mangrove in the area immediately around the Lakeland Canal, but also the whole lagoon svsterr.

The situation in Punta Gorda is different. Here, the South West Magoon Drain flows along a meandering course through seasonal swamp forest, a habitat which is well represented covering 29%/oof land in protected areas in Belize. However, this habitat is frequented bv Black Howler Monkeys (listed as 'vulnerable' by IUC8N),and a plant, Zamiapzaa (isted in Schedule II of CITES and as 'rare' in WCMC), has been found. The proposed works would result in a significant loss of habitat within a relatively small area, the potential severance of forest habitat from the Black Howler Monkeys and loss of specimens of Zamzapicta.

A rapid review of the land maps shows that much of the area around the proposed channel has been subdivided. This makes it harder to provide the woodland with some sort of protected status. In the longer term, the appropriate authorities could consider buying sufficient land to ensure a 'forest' corridor along the new river alignment. To be effective in ecological terms, the corridor should be considerably wider than the legal buffer of 20m, say 50m on either bank upstream of the road bridge, and 100m either side downstream of the road bridge. This would incorporate an area of about 14 ha which could be declared as a public park and be managed by a local NGO.

14.2.7 Cudtura!Heritage The archaeological study confirms that Corozal, Orange Walk, San Ignacio and Santa Elena, and Benque are all sited within or close to areas of archaeological importance (see Appendix C). Of these towns, the most sensitive site is Corozal where the modem-day town has expanded across the ruins of the Mayan and Colonial settlement. While many of the archaeological structures have been lost through reconstruction of the town, excavations below a few centimetres continue to unearth evidence of structures and archaeologicalartefacts. In Corozal the archaeologist has made recommendations for pre-construction excavation and recording, followed by monitoring during construction.

In Orange \;alk, San Ignacio and Benque, the known archaeological sites lie on the town outskirts or wider environs. However, Maya pottery fragments found at several

Do- N.O Re O Dare M,. 1999 128 F-\Z.e \F- -uo=nt.Lcst:\P le \tcw eot\F_o. locations during the archaeologicalwalkover surveys point to the potential for sites of archaeological interest within the town boundaries. In these areas the archaeologist has made recommendations for monitoring during construction.

Neither Dangriga nor Benque are closelyassociated with Maya settlements, and the archaeological survevs did not reveal any sites of potential interest. Consequently, no recommendations have been made for additional surveys in these towns. If archaeological remains or artefacts are discovered during excavation, the contractor wiL be obliged to comply with national law to report the finds to the DoA. These legal requirements wiL be referred to in the contract documents.

14.3 Environmental Management Plan i4.3:.7r Requirrmentsof theEMP The EMP consists of a series of activities to be undertaken bv the Supenrising Engineer, or their appointed experts, during the construction of the drainage subprojects. The activities consist of the day-to-day monitoring of the contractors by the Supervising Engineer, and also a number of specialist work packages to mitigate the adverse effects of the proposed schemes and address institutional weaknesses identified above.

74.32 InstitutionalResPonsibihi ~for Implementon Overall responsibilint for the implementation of the Environmental Mitigation Plar. lies with the MoW, Project Execution Unit.

It is understood that the MoW wishes to award the drainage contracts to national construction companies. Invitations to tender will include details of the drainage design as well as a model contract including all the mitigation measures required to be undertaken by the contractor. The contractor is responsible for pricing his bid to take these measures on board. Once the contract is awarded, each contractor will be responsible for constructing the works as specified in accordance with all the mitigation and good housekeeping measures listed in the bidding documents and contract.

The PEU intends to appoint a Supervising Engineer, who will be responsible for the day to day supervision of the contracts for the drainage sub-projects. It is not possible to comment in detail on the staffing of the supervising Engineer's team at present.

DOCN. O R, C Dt, MVy1995 129 F VW\F--"rSir ~SCmtC\:OEU\tb: RPOt ^_CFd However the team is likely to consist of the Project Manager and 4-6 full time members of staff, each one responsible for the contracts in one or more towns.

The Supervising Engineer will be responsible for ensuring that the works are constructed according to the detailed design specifications, and that the contractor adheres to all the requirements in the contract documents, including mitigation and good housekeeping measures. The Supervismg Engineer will also be responsible for undertaking the EMP, including:

* routine monitoring of the contractor, for example:

* inspecting the construction site and access routes before and during construction * providing the Supervising Engineer, Project Manager with progress reports on environmnentalmatters * attending progress meetings - identifving, implementing and documenting mitigation and enhancement works

* management of the specific work packages identified in the EMP, involving:

- appointment of specialist staff and subconsultants to undertake the work packages identified in the EMP * management of subconrracts * monitoring progress of the work packages * approving the deliverables produced for the work packages

I, during the course of any of the construction phases, there is a significant change to the design, layout or construction method, the Supervising Engineer will produce a report on the change, the potential environmental impacts, altemative solutions, and proposals for rnitigation. This will be submitted to, and discussed with the PEU. Any agreed changes to the proposed works will be recorded in a Variation Register illustrated below.

D~NoDO PC D. Me99 130 Table 14.1 Example of a Variation Register

Date Proposed change and reason Requested Environmental Project PEU Consultees bv Implications Manager Approval Notified ______A pproval _ _ _ _ _

Once a change has been agreed by the PEl2, the Supervising Engineer will undertake to inforrn the contractor and appropriate consultees, who may include the DoE, the DoA, the Town Board, or local residents.

14.3.3 Speaa2sl Work Package;in TheEMP (a) Phase I

Package No. 1 - TA to the Minist= of Works: Local Offices in the Study Towns

This package is concerned with providing technology transfer to staff in the local MoW offices who are responsible for constructing drainage works. The longer term aim is to improve the MoW's capability in good drainage design at the local level.

It is proposed that the Supervising Engineer will arrange for a member of staff to undertake a three week lecture tour of the six study towns in order to train staff at the local MoW offices in drainage design. The tour will involve class room discussions and visits around the town to discuss specific problems in the field. The drainage engineer will cover issues such as:

* design cnteria * estimating runoff

Da * sizing drains and culverts * outfall design rmaterials, and * maintenance.

Participants will receive handouts on the themes covered in the workshop.

Package No. 2 - TA to the Town Boards on Drainage Maintenance

The aim of this package is to train the appropriate staff at the Town Boards on good practices in drainage maintenance. It is proposed that the Supervising Engineer arranges for a member of staff to undertake a three week study tour of each of the studv towns. The drainage engineer would provide class room talks followed by field visits in each town. The workshops would cover the following issues:

* natural drainage patterns in the town e consequences of inappropriate urban development mappingn the drainage system * preparing a schedule of the drains and their characteristics * requirements for an annual maintenance programme * how to prepare a maintenance manual * manpower planning and deployment

The workshops would be open to the Mayor, Town Clerk, Foreman and key maintenance staff, one of whom should be appointed as the Drainage Supervisor. It is important to involve senior managerial and finance staff, so that the financial,human and technical resources to undertake drainage maintenance are fully understood and supported at the senior level. Specific issues will be developed in each town. For example, in Dangriga, the operation of the manual penstocks on the canals discharging to the Stanr Creek and requirements for dredging. In Orange Walk, the drainage engineer would explain the importance of the inner swamp as a natural balancing pond.

This Package could be undertaken in conjunction with Package 1, which would provide economies of scale and promDte inter-agency co-ordination between the local MoW offices and the Town Boards.

DorNC Rs O D~,,¢ 1995 132 F \' \E somu scYc. rlcY\ h p\FrC =_s r.o Package iNo3 - Archaeolomcal Excavation and Monitoring' Corozal

At Corozal it is proposed to appoint a qualified archaeologist with a valid permit to work on archaeological sites if, Belze, to undertake trial excavations prior to construction, followed by periodic monitoring of the construction site.

The pre-construction trial pit excavations will involve one archaeologist for three weeks, assisted by four fill time labourers for 60 days. The package also includes an allowance to undertake laboratorv analysis and research on anv structures or artefacts found during the trial excavations, and to report on the findings. Inputs for the laboratory analysis and reporting are 45 days for an archaeologist and 30 days for an assistant.

Once construction commences, there is lirnited budget for the archaeologist-to visit the construction site, either to monitor excavations or to answer a call-out should the contractor or Supervising Engineer discover items of interest during construction. This amounts to 8 call out days for the archaeologist and 16 call out days for labourers.

Package No. 4 - Archaeological Monitoring: Orange Walk, San Ignacio/Santa Elena. and Benque

The aim of this package is to provide expert help in the archaeological field during the construction of the drainage sub-projects in Orange W;;alk,San Ignacio and Santa Elena, and Benque. The archaeological team will work in the field, either at the beginning of the excavation of new drains, or, during the renovation of existing drains. The archaeologist will recover and record any structures or artefacts discovered during the excavations, and will report the results to the Supervising Engineer. The report will include discussion about the soil and any material found such as shells, ceramic fragments, bones and rmiscellaneousmaterial.

The total input amounts to 10 days for an archaeologist, and 20 days for labourers.

Package No. 5 - Monitoring Creeks and Beach Profiles: Dangriga

The aim of this package is to provide baseline data and an initial evaluation of the effects of dredging on channel and beach morphology.

DNoN O P: C Date, i* 199S 133 F SW \Ev:orcc m ntPort tbp\Rtot\F7_otro The consultants will design a programme for monitoring the beaches and canal conditions, and set up a sumpledatabase to record topographical data collected from repeated surveys.

An initial survev of beach profiles around John Creek and Havanna Creek will be undertaken prior to the commencement of any dredging works. The survey will be repeated towards the end of the construction of works in Dangriga The tWO surveys of the beach profiles will be compared to identify whether any significant changes in beach morphology have taken place. The survey of cross sections in the dredged canals will serve as a baseline for future studies to determine the rate of sedimentation in the canals, and consequently the need for dredging.

TLhepackage allows for two, two week visits for a sedimentation specialist to Belize and two one week surveving campaigns.

(b) Phase II

Package No. 1 - TA to the Town Boards on Finance and Management

The aim of this package is to provide training to the Town Boards in financial and management issues. Improvements in local revenue collection and management would have beneficial impacts on the running of the towns in general, as well as on the provision of services such as the maintenance of drainage.

It is proposed to appoint an expert on local government finance to review the system for property taxation, capital accumulation and management. This individual would spend three weeks visiting the towns, working with the Town Boards, and in particular with the Mayor and Town Clerk. The specialistwiL prepare a report on each town, presenting his findings and recommendations.

Package No. 2 - Urban Planning and Expansion

The aim of this package is to review urban zoning and procedures for granting building permissions in Dangriga and Corozal with a view to making recommendations on how to up-date the zonation plans, strengthen the capability of the Town Boards to

DoclNoC nv. m. i99S 134 F \W,\on,n*len AscatFowc db=pForFrl_o. improve their procedures, and environmental education programnrmesfor local residents.

The package allows for a town planner to spend a week in both towns. The town planner wiL work closelywith the Town Boards, but will also liaisewith the Mlinistryof Housing and Planning and the Land Utilisation Authority in Belmopan. Corozal and Dangriga were selected for this package as thev are the only two towns for which Town Planning Schemes have been prepared.

Package No. 3 - Archaeological Excavation and Monitoring Corozal

This package will finance pre-construction trial excavations to evaluate the archaeological record in the area affected by the Phase II works, and provide for limnitedmonitoring and response to call outs during construction. The proposed approach is similar to that described under Phase I, but is concemed with a different set of drainage sub-projects.

The package allows for a total of 24 days input for an archaeologist and 40 days input for labourers and laboratory assistants.

Package No. 4 - ArchaeologicalMonitoring: Orange Walk. San Ignacio /Santa Elena and Benque

This package is sirnilar to Package No. 5 for Phase I, except that it refers to a separate set of drainage sub-projects to be carried out under Phase I. The budget allows for a total input of 12 davs for both an archaeologist and labourers.

Packag No. 5 - Dredging and Beach Erosion: Dang[ri'

This package follows on from Package No. 3, undertaken in Phase 1. The aim is to identify whether there have been any significant changes in beach morphology around the creek outfalls as a consequence of dredging the lower reaches of the creeks, and the rate of sedimentation in the creeks themselves.

D- No.O - 0 D,tt:My 135 F\VeEno neSnn\oeXebpFpr Nvc The package involves a sing]e repeat survey of the same cross sections surveved under Phase I, and an analvsisof the changes in landform. The results will be reported to the Supervising Engineer.

If the study shows that there has been a significant, detrimental change in the beach profiles, the report will make recommendations for further survevs and remedial measures. The report will also comment on sedimentation rates in the canal outfalls and the need for dredging.

Package No. 6 - Mangrove Protection: Dangriga

It is proposed to undertake studies to forward the possibility of proclauning part or all of the Gra Gra Lagoon as a reserve. This will involve a short legal studv bv a lawyer (5 days), to outline the legal constraints, and an ecological study (15 davs) to prepare an outline management plan for the Lagoon which could be adopted by the local NGO or forwarded to the appropriate government authorities for consideraton.

This package would complement the proposed environmental education programnme recommended in Package 8 below.

Package No 7 - Habitat Protection Punta Gorda

Proposals to straighten and widen the South West Magoon are known to affect an area of seasonal swamp forest where an endangered plant, Zamiapicta, has been found. However, it is not known whether the proposals will actually affect stands of this species. The aim of this package is to determine more preciselv the potential impact of the proposed works on the habitat in general, and rare species in particular.

It is recommended that the alignment of the proposed works, and the working width required for construction is pegged out, and an intensive ecological survey is undertaken, with particular reference to identifying stands of ZamiapicLa.

The ecologist will prepare an ecological corridor design plan, to include

* the identification of stands of Zamiapicza which should be preserved as far as possible

DO, N O R-, C ID,, MA 1995 136 * individuals of Zamiapictato be relocated within the forest, or to another suitable location * the identification of large trees, which should be presenred as far as possible to provide habitat for Black Howler Monkeys * the design and location of monkey bridges

The package will also include a limited sum of monev to build monkey bridge.; and translocate a small number of specirnens of Zamiapicta.

Package No. 8 - Environmental Education: Dangriga

The aim of this package is to disseninate information to the inhabitants in Dangriga about a variety of environmental issues, particularlv:

* the airns of the drainage proposals * the ecological and econornic value of mangroves e legal procedures for obtaining building permnissions,including house permits, EIA, and perrmits for clearing mangroves * good practices for solid waste disposal - good practices for the construction of cess pits and latrines.

It is proposed to undertake the environmental training programnrmewith the assistance of a local NGO.

Package No I - Archaeological Monitoring and Excavation

This package provides archaeological assistance during the construction of the remnainingdrainage sub-projects in Corozal, Orange Walk, San Ignacio, Santa Elena and Benque. Most of the input is to undertake pre-construction trial pits in Corozal, with a small amount of input for routine monitoring during construction or to respond to call-outs from the Supervising Engineer.

DocN. 0R 0 D.m,: M,1999 137 The inputs are based on 50 days for an archaeologist for field analysis,laboratory anvlsis and 10 call out davs, and 40 days for labourers, 20 days for laboratory assistance, and 30 davs for call out assistance.

Package No. 2 - Dredgng and Coastal Erosion: Dangu

This package is sirmilarto Package No. 5 described above for Phase II, to be repeated in Phase III. It also includes for the preparation of a final report to describe changes in beach morphology and canal cross sections, and the need for dredging.

1'.3.4 CostEstimates The costs of implementing the specialistpackages idenified in the EMT)were estimated at 1999 prices. The cost of implementing the EMP for Phases II and III will need to be adjusted for inflation at the appropriate time. As a guideline for developing the EMP, an average cost lirmitof 150,000 Bz per construction phase was adopted.

Table 14.2 Costs of the work packages for the EMP (BzS, 1999)

Package Type Phase I Phase II Phase III

Training- MoV' No. 1 25,000 _ Training - Town Boards No. 2 25,000 No. 1 35,000 _No. 2 30,00 .Archaeology- Excavation and No. 3 34,000 No. 3 14,000 No. 1 27,500 Monitoring .9rchaeologv - Monitorin No. 4.. 5,500 No. 4 4,000 Monitoring canals and beach profiles No. 5 70,500 No. 5 45,000 No. 2 51,500 M%angroveprotection: Dangriga No. 6 20,000 Habitat protection: Punta Gorda No, 7 15,000 Environmental Education: Dangriga No. 8 12,000

__otals 160,000 175,000 79,000

14.3.5 Programme The EMP will be implemented in three key phases, coinciding with the breakdown of the proposed drainage schemes into three phases.

DocN.O FR- 0 Datu, M 1999 138 F \W, \E,,vao,a,,,,rt i efnnEroer\iw wor ra_Nsd PhaseI

Following appointnmentof the Supervising Engineer, it will be necessarn to appoint the staff and consultants vwhowill undertake the various specialists tasks.

Packages Nos. 1, and 2 can be undertaken at anmtime during Phase I. There would be benefits to delaying Package 2 towards the end of the construction period so that the training is provided close to the hand over of the works to the Town Board.

Package No. 3 needs to be initiated at least a month before the comnmencementof construction, say in March 2000. The monitoring programme would then take place immediatelv before or during the initial excavations, and would have to be agreed with the contractor.

Package No. 4 similarlyneeds to tie in with the initial clean up of the construction site and even initial excavations. The programming needs to be agreed between the archaeologist and the contractor.

Package No. 5 needs to be initiated before the main construction programme starts in Dangriga, so that the first surveys provide a topographical baseline against which further changes can be compared. The initial survey could be undertaken in spring of next year, say March or April 2000, followed by the second survey towards the end of the construction period later in the year 2000 or early in 2001.

PhaseIn

Packages Nos I and 2 on the provision of training to the town Boards on management and finance, and land use planning, can be implemented at any stage during Phase II. The arrangements for Packages Nos 3 and 4 on archaeological surveys and monitoring are similar to those described for Phase I Packages 4 and 5.

The timing of the next beach and canal survey under Package No. 5 would depend on the lapse between the previous undertaken in Phase I. At least one year should have elapsed between surveys.

D,, N. C Rr O D0v Ma 139 FAW.\B-\-tnwnzAsm Poc hEpXsp: \i_o. Package No. 6 on mangrove protection needs to be initiated in the first stages of Phase II, so that anmrecommendations arising from the study, particularly with regards the legal issues, could be considered during the phase of land purchase. Package No. 7 on habitat protecton in Punta Gorda needs to be undertaken prior to land clearance.

Package No. 8 on environmental education in Dangriga can be implemented at anm stage during Phase IIl.

PhaseIII

Package No. 1 on archaeologicalmonitoring and excavation needs to be implemented at least a month prior to construction, to allow sufficient rime for tnralexcavation. The package will continue during the earlv stages of land clearance and excavation.

T'he timing of Package No. 2 will depend on the elapsed time since the previous survey undertaken in Phase II.

Doc No C i- 0 D-t i19y 99 140 F \eE eoJmxAssotPoeslba\.rorFu_o o ' LOI 15 Inter-Agency and Public/NGO Consultation

15.1 Consultation vith Government and Non-Government Organisations In August 1999, the engineering and EIA studs team visited each of the six studs towns in turn to meet with local authorities and visit the areas affected by flooding The whole team met with the Town Boards (at least the Mayor, Town Clerk and Foreman), and were subsequentlv shown around the floodmighot spots in the town bv staff from the Town Boards.

Individual team members also arranged meetings with local government offices, NGOs, and other parties likely to be affected by flooding, including:

* Public Health Inspector * Vector Control Unit * AWater and Sewerage Authority * ESTAP * TIDE * Friends of the Gra Gra * Staff at schools affected by flooding

Meetings have also been held with the following national authorities:

* Ministry of Works * Department of the Environment * Department of Forestry * Department of Archaeology * Department of Physical Planning * .Ministryof Housing * Public Health Bureau * Coastal Zone Management Authority

A summary of the main issues arisingfrom these meetings is presented in Table 15.1.

Do: No .Rev C D.t- .y19 141 F \/,\E-o . A..s. P p!Rpo,\F.o. Noo do, 15.2 Social Surveys A number of social surveys were undertaken in each of the towns. The main areas surveyed were those which the Town Boards identified as being the areas most 'seriously' affected by flooding and also areas wxherenew drains are proposed as part of this drainage project.

The social surveys were undertaken to try to assess the magnitude of the flooding problem, the effect flooding has on the household, and the concerns of householders about flooding and construction issues. The results of the social surveys are shown in Tables 15.2-15.10.Tables 15.2 to 15.6 oudine the existing conditions in terms of water supply and sanitation and gives an indication of the extent of flooding and the main problems associated with flooding and of the proposed works. Tables 15.7 to 15.10 give an indication of the occurrence and severint of flooding in each of the areas of the towns surveyed.

The main points arising from the study are:

* Flooding from drains is often a localised problem, affecting a relatively small area for example a few houses around an undersized culvert. * During prolong heavy rain, for example following Hurricane Mitch, flooding continues in low-lving areas from several days to several weeks. - Flooding occurs following heavy rain, perhaps once or twice a year. Floodwaters rise rapidly, may occur at day or night, and.subside within a couple of hours. - During floods the difficulty of being able to distinguish the edge of the canal or ditch poses a serious hazard to voung children. * Flooding causes a nuisance for people entering and leaving the property. * Flooding brings solid waste dumped on household plots or in the drains (tins, cans, plastics etc), dead animals (chickens, cats), silts etc. * There were frequent complaints of having to clean yards and concem about potential health risks and odours. * Some houses are designed to avoid the ingress of water, eg through land raising, raising the ground floor of the house, raising door thresholds. * Where houses are flooded, damages relate to items on the ground floor (eg books, rugs etc) and the rotting of timbers and floorboards. * Manv people tak}eavoiding action to move goods to a second floor.

Doc N. ^ R- Q Dt,:: My 1999 142 F \W \:rneuAsa Poc l i Rpor !}o.o * Reports of effort taken to clean the house vary from a couple of hours to several days.

15.3 Future Publc Consultation The EIA will be submitted to the MoW and DoE for approval. At the same time a copy of the EIA report will be placed on deposit at the Town Hall in each of the six towns for inspection by the Town Boards and local residents. An announcement will be made in the press, in compliance with the Belizean EIA Regulations. This will invite the Town Board and residents to comment on the drainage proposals and the EIA. The EIA report will be revised if necessary in the light of comments received from NEAC, the Town Boards and the general public.

Doc No 0 R-v DDt, M 199S 143 F \VEntonnt thNtvphotA_o.o Table 15.1 Summary of Consultations with Government and Non Government Organisations

ORGANISATiION ANI) A'rwNt)AN, NsfMAIN/:t)NCl- -oMM-( N'S T,rowN AC.IONS TAKEIN CONTAC.r DEl'AIIS

of waterqialiiy niottitorinp orn _ 3f City P6ublicI leaiii Futreal Mr Anitiltory Flowers * P'113catsy okit 90% Belize 1993/94 Watr¢,ahfy&I.htaird r.,,Danri ieli7e City Old(I lospital (ChiefWater Analyst) dritlkig water water quality data exists for llelize 1el: 02- 44362 Dr Francis, Ilalcrow * 1993/1994 coastal Ms Disl2ke,I lalcrow City, SanPedrion, D)ngiga (CoastalZonie Managerient Aoithority anld1institate) * Dr Francis contactedthe C,,astalZ/one * Agreed to nitidertakrbiateriolFgtcal samplintgfor 6 Mana-ement Aitilhority anidItistitijtt townswithi assistancefrontl regional Public I ieath !! sectors Puiblic I lcaltls Bureaui Mr Albert Rocs es (Supervisor) * IIl 113si[pports dlrainageproposals 'pry' water asd Ielize City Old I lospital Ds Francis (I lalcrow) * PI 103sitspects coritasuriss tions [roses sewageit niost dtraijis Fel: 02- 44362 * P 111 st spects groitndlwater contamination frotri pit latrifnesatid absorption pits _ - sourceswe,e given * Passed irnfrnurationolt tr etilnteetitig lair Water and SewerageAtitliority Mr Reed (Foreman) * Ittlnomiatiorion dirilting water for 1998 for raw Water Treatment I'lastt D)r Francis, I lalcrow * Water qrtialityresilts are available in all towns 're] 025 -- 24757 Ms Duilale, Ilalcrow water sciirces * At constesictiosistage, the engilseesitifgteatls sli.ilel contact Mr Gecogi-Wotig. Clhief rigineer ii [eYize City for tr,eaileditufonTiation on positionseIes t_etc of Malaria Vector Control Mr FranicisWestby * l'nlerhi distrir hashighest incidenices cases National Malarial Service (Director) * Lastouitbreak of l)enguieint 1994, 36 crInfinneil Tlel:02 - 31213 Ms Chati, I lalcrow niostly in fIelize City * Siispectd thatthere is mitch inder seporting of cases * lI1 V meticrdloligy arid iarvicidalsplmaytig

thfilecal reefs Coastal Zone ManagemenitAuthority 1 Ms Gibson * llie (:ZMA is saitily coiceerriedwith statiorts trearthe 3 coastal St Mark's St Dr Francis, 1121crow * liey (lo trot have monitoritig Tel: 02 35739 towns * 11i drainagepreposals are small scaleant isuiilsely to affect coral reefs 0 'lie CZMA wouild like to be rept inforrieu if proposals include seaoutfall Protection works aboutshe proposed draingr wortks BELMOPAN Ministry of Workns Variotis * Discussions _ -Tel: 08 -- 22136 _ . Da, tN O RIt O tIta May i1999 144 F'iOIt\ttr,"".nmuiA-es-n,\taurNttNrhbsip\RTproi\F-1_N- Ioc-

i l S ORCANISATION AND A'l'INi)ANc I (CU)NC[.RNS/MAiN (X)MMEN'i'S 'rOWN ACTIONS TAKE N CONTACT I)l'I'AI IS

the 'T'ertimsof Refereiice _epart nentsof Enviroinent ffel: 08 Mr Falilo.) Dol * 'Tabledatid (ilisctissed therrqequrementsfor public consiiltaiion - 22816)aid Archaeology (Fel: ()8- Mr Mocre, l)oA * DIiscussed onithe nieedfrr draisipgrworks 22106) Mr I larding, I lalcrow * Dol corTlinented Dr airarcisI laerow follovwingthie experienre withi I Itirt,cane Mitch Mr loior, rltdeperident * PVDolresponsible for monitoring noTpJIleTneotatiCflof mitigation measiiret, bhit would consider delegating this to the '[own Boards ____ DiscUssed the status of Special D)evclopmesst Areas Departimienit of Physical Planniig Mrs Cardoria * Dr Prans _is Ms 'I'renchlSanddiford * Discussedplanining law and tIre rolc of [own lloards is Misistry of I loisinig _ Dr Franucis approvin ing lications _ conceruitngtihe aliteration of Department of Forestry Mr Saibido * D)iscussed the regulations Dr Prancis rsnuigrovesand forcst cleara-sce * Discuissednsitilationi nasteisresfor DangrigaantI Piiita Gorda * 'Ihe lowni Board infonne(l the project traisnof the llENQUE Towri Board Mayor,lowri Clerk and - loresman areaswithin the town that they consieletedhave a I lalcrow StssdyTeatn flooding problem * Othlergeneral prolerris werediscussed such as the issueof wastecollection providieda financial Staterinentfor Town Clerk *Tawn Clerk ' Tle Towti Clerk Mr Amos 1998/99 * 1Towni(lerk's manjorconcerns were low yli-l of propelty tax. * Sanitatioilhas bect privatised in 1999/2000 - too early to comnment russperfoirniasnce * 22 emriployeesin tIre Works depa2tnsrisit,R work orl 1 _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~drainageasic ssnanrtessasuce_._

toc No 0 RIv 0 D-ia. MiY to999 145 F \W,\E-run -WormulAssarrm nt\Poi,cirrhbuipors\FmrraCNrri doc TOWiN ORGANISA'Ii(N AND) AlIENDANCE CONCEIRNS/MAIN COMMENTS CONTACTI I)lIAll.S ACTIONS TAKEN

Puiblic I lelitli llireau Mr I ewis Go",die * It, Hen( nc wateris takenfronm splrig in 13ique asodnd * coisilte and landIll sit ispected San Ignacio I lospital Q'siblic I ca1tlt Inspectot) treated with (Chlorint Tcl: 09 22122 Ms DilIakIe,Ialcrow * About 50%town has piped water * 'llere haveben ouitbreaksof Cholera,probably fons Cijlatenala * ResseMorenio collects septap whicihis hlispoself at the WesterniLandfill Sitebetween San Ignacio anid Benqtue * P11 consideredthat there wasprobably a Isigli level of drain contanminsationfosmi septic waste * Dunringflooding inci(lents,there havebects cases when the water sinpplyhas tirned brown * I Icalth problesaTssuclh as parasite wormos,and diirrhoea ______generally grt worseduering the wet season Water aitd Sewerage Aitsoerity Mr ErrIieO CasCel12no * Approximately 9(P/. connected to water distrilbtion 40 StJoseph Street (Office Supervisor) system Tel: 09 32014 Dr Francis, I lakcrow * No known cortaminsationincidents Ms Duilake, I lalcrow * Mostgrej watergoes straight into the drains Vector Control IJnit Mr Roverro * IifoTnsatiosagivesn on numibersof malariaand dsigtis SaslIgniacio I lospital (Assistan Sipeivisor) incidences rel: 09 - 220966 Dr Francis - I lalcrow * D)escribed the Ul-V atid Larvicirial prognarisnes Ms Dl)lake, I lalcrow practisedin Cayo District Mopan Clinic Sister on duity * Ch:olera outbreak ill 1996/1997,mainly feossipatiensts George Strcet Dr Frasicis,I lalcrow living it Guaternala Tel: 09 - 32079 Ms Dulake, I lacrow * Principal illnessesin areaare acuite gstroenteritis, acIte diarrhoca,only 3 positive cses off 1)g ve in1999

Mouint Carmel I liiil School Mr T'oInn Rhobisso * Infomishion given concernaing level isf flooding in Mousit CGrmelRoad ( leadlTeacher) MoustsCarnicl school grousids. Dr Franicis,I lalcrow * Fhoodlingonly causesminor probleynsfor school dtic to Ms D)ulakr, I lalerow adequatedrainoage

Pritrsary Schsool D)ea kin Cal1Cathe rs * Land between the schools floocls o fsesnhut probably * asdoiifrsitm,suseqsc ssirug (1 leadhTeacher) only gets ini bulnhlingsorsce/twice a year * Issed ori iformation to rngb reis repiding D)r Fraticis,i lacrow * Problerns with spring situatedvery close to Middle problemrsswitil Milshle Scli oo Nis Dulake, Ilalerow School * Sujpportdrainage proposals aswossld be able to so land between the schoolsas playarea

Do- SN.0 R- 0 Dav, My t999 146 P \Wn\Enaalonwleuiat Assnssm,n.nut\'ou,rns\luibusp\Rnpoie\C5lNOal dion i OWN bi~dR~OGAN-IjSAi ANND ATI- -ND)ANCE (CON(CRNS/MAIIN C(MMEINTIS CON IAI DACTIONSlTAKN

(:OROZAL Tow l Board Mayor olwn ( lerk,IJ lO iaii * '11elown Board ijifoIid tile proi;ct teasn of the llalcrow Study lesa arras within the town that they conisiderel to havea flooding ptolilern * Otiler generalpiohbleiTs were discussed such as the issueof wastecollection [Iown Clerk * town Clerk pioviled a FinancialStatement (or Mr Amilos,Independent 1998/99 * Property taxcollection hasheen privstised * Sanitationwas ptivatised in 1992 aticdperformance is generallypoor. tils hIasalso caused a cash flow prohlem * TlheWorks rdepartmssenthas 10l en who rarry ollt drain maintenance Public I Iealth Buireaus Mr Xavier Alpuiche * Receit expansionhas claused considerable drailiagr Cnro7alI leaith Ceitre, Saita Rita (lubhlc I lealtlh Inspector) problcms Road,Tel: 04 - 22076 Dr Francis, Hlalcrow * Likely to be primitive 'bottomless' septic tauks rinold Ms Dialake,lialcrow part of town * PI IB givesadvice on new septic tank desigus

* Septagecollected hy corutiactorfronm 11 r7h City aind depositedat waste disposal site 3 miles out of towri Woter and SewerageAtitority Martha Annilia * Approximately 25/ people havepiped water supply in 66 4-hAvenuie, Tel: 04 - 22101 (Offire Suipervisor) Corozaral,most drilrk rain water Dr Franicis,llalcrow * Do not appearto be mrny iristancesof conatamination of drinking waterdue to flooding ___ _ Vector Control Unit Mr Dilhaaney * Iriforruntion fgven on numbersof malariaand dlengue (Suipervisor) incidences Dr FraIcis, I Jalcrow * Described lJLV and Larvicidal programmes practised in Corozaland Orarge Walk DAN(GRIGA town osoard Mayor TownsClerk, Foreman * the lowrn Board ttiformed the prolect teatti of the 1Ialerow StuidyIeamn areaswithini tie town that they consideredlhave a flooding problern * Other generalproblems were discussedsuich as tila isste of wastecollection

Ow N.O Pe, o D.tl Mayt999 147 F \W.\E--n .- tu,nAsasr,un'\P'iiern\ihb,,p\RtOr5\FlnJbOv dO. 'I'OWN ORGANISA'ltION WND) AVIFNDANC E CONCE RiNS/MAIN G()MMI' _EN _ CONrAC'I )F'lAIlS AGIIONS TAKEN

I owis Clerkr * 'l3e rown .Clerklprovided - States.sentof Accouitits for Mr /mos, bIdA,e, rnss 1998/99 Ms Chall, I lIlcrotw * 11selloard emiploys2 property tAx collectors * Sanlitationlias recentlybeen privaeised * Works departmert has 10 employeeswho ilarintain .______draitssarid roads Iublis I IcaithiIureaiu Mr RaphAelNovello (Public * Mr Novello wascovering for a collea2gueon holiday and Danigriga I lospital I lealtshInspector) was new to Daslgriga 'Iel: 05 - 22184 Dr Franicis,I lalcrow Water anidSewerage Authiority Mr Castillo * Water suipplyis from St:mnCreek. 'Ilse water treatirerit Market S7iiare (Slipervisor) plant is situated 3 mTiiesripstretiss frosii Dasgriga 05 22068 Dr Franicis,lIalcrow * Rent Moreno collects septage * I lighly likely drains rtecontaminated with sepsage * Concernedover retse of spoil * Regular iriorsitoringprogtamme for treated water in the distributioni systerrn ______Vector Control Jisiit MrI Westlsy on;onincidence of Malaria and D_nvu. in Dr Francis, I lalcrow l)anrgriga * D)escribedVCUs approachto preveriitng Malaria asid infornations about programmes Danigrifa I lospital Peter Reyes i lorrse,lmlerscall Peter Reyeswhen their septic tatnks 'lel: 05 - 22078 I lospilal Jalitor are fill, lie then contactsRene Morerio Dr Fatncis,I lalcrow Ftiends of Grs G(ra Mr Juslianlewis * Fsieuldsof Gra Gra is a local NG() sOpportedby funds Mr Meermiai, Isidependent from ttireGlobal Enviroimnent Facility (GFF) * lIrIe spokesman expressed concerris about the 'T'ows Board proposasI to lead soine of the rIrainagecanals into thieGra Grg lagoon dire to ferr tlat thr I.agoon ,rnay becorni conltainated with water from tIre town. ORANGE Town Board Mayor '[ own Clerk, Foreman * 'lhe l'own Board iifFomierl tile project teran of tire WALK I lalcrow Study Teani arras within tIre town that they cotisideted havea Iloorlirig pluilenI * Oilier general problems were discrissedsIuch asstile issueof wastecollection

Dot N O R-o 0 D.,, May1999 148

P \Ws\tn9e,,oneue,osAsnsssw.uel\oicri\rthbel\R.epo,\FezlNeo dor 'I(OWN ORGANISAIION ATIENDANCE (C()NCEiRNS/MAIN C(OMMENIS CONTACIIDEFAIIlS ACTIONS TAKEIN

Town Clerk * 11,etown Clerk providledthe Fi nanci 1Staternent for Mr Amos, lridependent 1998/99 * Propertytax collection has been privatised siice June 1999,perfrmnrance has triot been good * Sanitaton Iar,also beenprivatsied * Trown Works departmenit has 15 employeesand 2 tnicks * A mastersstrident fhom Qurint2rnoRao UIniversityhas prepareda rlevelopihment strategy for OrangeWalk whichis uinler review by the Town Boartl Public I eltlrthBureall Mr Wiiarrmls * 'irle Pfl1 thouighthere is a rlsrectcorrelation betwcele 1 OranigeWalk I lospitsl (01iblic I leIlth Inspector) areasof flooding anidincidlenie of malariabl,t hasrno I -l- disposrals,te -it,dr, rlesrioustr asciI 6kl of Tel: 03 - 22072 Dr Francis, I llcerow data for Orasigr Walk crntrols * Septag collectedby Pl Il3 tnick from B13i,eCity or private Finn arid is takento local wastedisposal sit, cff northern I fighlrwy towards BelizeCity 1 * Demand for soil ruaterial in Orange Walk for fisd raisingp. Water rtFdSewerage Authority Mr Innes lino * Approximately90% of peopleconnected to 198 CinderellaStreet (SystemSiipervisor) distribirtion systemhilt most peopledrinik rtairwater Tel: 03 -22382 Ms Dulake, IlIalrow during the rainy season * No evidenceorf drinking water conltnminiitioisdisc to

Vector Control Urnit Mr Duahe2any * Infomiatior givetr on nisiribers of maariIsr rciileies (Supervisor) etc Dr Francis, lalcrkow * Described tllV and larvicidal progrummespractised in Ms D)uilake,11 arrow OrasngrWalk PUN-I-A Town Board Mayor * lilIown Bolarilinfonned the pnorectteam of thc GORDA I lalcrow StuidyTeam areaswithin the towis that they consilderedhave a flooding problem * Other generalproblems wered.isiussCrl such as the issueof wastecollection Mayor * A Financi;l StaterrMcrtwas presenrtedfor tde ye-r - Mr Amos, irndependent 1998/99 * ilie localeconoTrly is basedon Fnslisiigwhicis in decline * Sanitationhas bcen privatised * Vluoationof property is heing undertakenby the lown Clerk DeeSlot tir , Dal. Ma t999 149 P \We\tEnvaoewenia Aiicnaioei\Pioerni-i\r55Uti\civo\Rpte\snl-NOo doe TOWN ORGANISATION ANI) A'I'lNI)ANCE CONCERNS/MAIN COMMEN'S CONTACTr DETAIS ACFIONS TAKEN

Public I h-alth Blureau Valerie Ariola * Few coniplaits aboupt loodig,pepcl have learnit to 1'el 07 - 22142 (Public IHealthInsprctor) live with it Dr Fratcis, I laicrow * In most instances'prey' wnter is dischargeddirectly inito Ms Dulalke,I lalcrow drains Malaria Department Yvonne Rio * Mgin probleis iraToledo I lope area/Indiar,ville PG I ospit91 (Microscopic Officer) 'ITel:07 - 22026 Dr Francis, I laicrow Water and SewerageAuithority SimoniI'aulino * Approximately90% houiselholdsconnected to water New Compound Area (SysterulSupervisor) diribuition systern I'el: 07 - 22176 Dr Francis,I lalcrow * Water astrtcted from a well ahouitone arid a half niles Ms lDulake otit of town * Watersaniples takeni daily fmorrtpoints in tIle water distrihbutiofn sys5ram

* Well in town contaminatedchle to careless_planirijg - ______Vector Control Unit OrlatndoClian2 (Suipervisor) * lInfotiratiori giveri aboautinicidence of Malaria aridi PG I lospital I)r Francis, 1llcrow sprayingregime etc 'Iel: 07 - 22026 * Toledo District hasthe highest munrlberr,f casesof "sl nriaand the VCU considcers tbis is itl p2rt uIlie to under reporting in other Districts followirig reduiced government speriding * Comcernedthat drainageproposils will not be aderquate dtie to the low lying positiotnof the land aro.,n,dthe Sotith West Magoon Drain Toledo Institute for D)evelopment arid Will Mehia * Mr Melaiasrw no environraerutalaind/or ecological the Environment (ir)EF) Mr Meemian, Independenit oncerns. Maifs Middle Street * It was pointerS oit, howevcr that threre Were BlacIk T'el:07- 22274 1lowler Monkeysprestert st thc soutrherredgc of town) and that care should be taken not to destroy trecs unnecesstrily when upeadiraetIne drain ESTAI'P John Mcgill * It was not thought that there would be any Main Middle Street ILucillaEllis environmental problertn associatedwith the new Tel: 07 - 22007 I)arlene Middleton drainageworks, however, the presenceof the lBlack Mr Mcertuan,Independent I lowler Monkeyswas reiterated. SAN Town Bot-ard _ Mayor,'I'own Clerk, ForeuTran * lle 1owri 1oard infor-ned the project team of the IGNACIO I 61acrowStudy-Tacm areaswithin the towrn that they corisidered have a SAN'I'A flooding probehnm FE-LE"'NA * Other generalproblems were discussedisiuch as the issueof wastecollection

Doc No 0 v O Di. tty t999 150 F \iV\tnvrert A doc 'tOWN ORGANISATiON AND A'lNi)ANCE CONCERNS/MAIN COMMENTS CONTACr l)DTAIIS A(CT'IONS ''AKI N

'I'own Clerk * 'll 'lrown Clerk providrda Statenientof AccoLuritsfor Mr Amlos,Independkrit 1998/99 * Property tax collection lia not yet heen privatised * It is plan-ed to put sanitation work out to coltract Piflihi I leFlti fiurearu Mr I wis Goodae * SainIgriaclo drinking waterextracted fromrIMacal River, San IgriacioI lospital Puirbl I lealtlr Inspector sandfilterecd and treatedwith Chlorine Tel: 09 -- 22122 Ms Drilake, Ilalctow * 75% hooiselAoldsdrink piurified water airyway * Rele Morenrorollects septageand dilsposesofit at westernlarrlidll site (Se notes for_n Water arndSewerage Aritliotity Denirs MAIdleton * 'lire Clief ilgileer wastrot avalahliebut we er_e Liberty Street Office Supervisor takento seetre dItriking watersouirce arid chlorinatior Tel: 092 2154 D)r Francis I lalerow unit. Vector ConatrolIJiuit Mr Roverro (Assistarit * Infurtnratir..igiven ort nuirrrhersof raralariaitir-irl-ces San IgnacioF lospital Stipervisor) etc 'eT 09 - 220966 Dr Franicis, lalcrow * Descrihed iJ V gaiI larvicidal progairrrec practised ir Ms Dulatre,I lalcrow lleaire SeptageDisposal Company Rene Moreno * Septagr fromirSari Igrnacioarid ilenqire aredslp-osed of Tel 09 24262 Ms Drlhake,I lalerow in 2 specialpond at the westernilandfill sut Ietweer 9 Cell: 014 - 8241 1enq.re a.... SaraIgrnacin * PG septageis drsporsedof at 2 specialagricrl tir-al slation 6 rTarlesotrt of town on tfie Daigrrga Road * Dli,paggaseptage is disposed of alorit 2 inelesbelhind airstrip (Melfida areal SacredI leart College,S urvey Street SchocI tearher * 3 4 yearsago the schoolfruIt Somiedrains to reheve Dt Francis,I lalcrnw flooidrrig Ms Dlilake I lalIrow * O(re of tire drains stops at the roadiatid has tn outlet strainto flew drarris * Water hacks rp from dririri, birt It IS riot a Mrrajor problem, ever,during I InnricanreMitch * lire schloolsfoes not presently stiffer firoia floorlifig * Watcr does not stand lorg errn-rghto re a he,all htb7ard * Not tioticed decreasein attendanaceof schirol children

Doc Not tin O Dare m, itgOt 151 F \Wr/\Prrv,rcinrrrrnio ~Arrrnn,cia\trin,ari:\rtrbrp\tieporr\F,irniYndoc Table 15.2 Social Survey results for Corozal

1 2 3 4 I 5 |Area Surveyed North East Santa Rita 3rd Street College Road ISan Total Magoon Drain Road Area North Area and G Street Andreas Area South Area Road Area |NOHouses Surveved ! 6 10 21 8 Cess pit 1 0 7 6 18 : ~~~ . ~ ~~~II8 ISeptictank 1 7 9 1 19 4 39 IPiped water suppl | 7 16 10 19 8 60 Flooding type IHouse Flooding O 1 2 2 3 0 7 lPiot Floods 3 1 11 8 17 7 46 IRoad Floods 3 3 1 | 1 2 10 IMain PToblems fromnFlooding Damage tohome 6 1 1 1 | 1 iDamageto land/crops 3 | 9 7 10 4 33 iDamage to car 1 1 2 4 |Causeshealth problems 3 3 6 2 22 i I Accessproblems 2 2 i 1 5 Spoilswater supply . J_ 0 ICausesquarrels 1 1 2 Children cannot go to 1 1 Ischool IRoadsare damaged 3 4 2 | 4 13 Unpleasant Smells 2 4 5 7 2 20 IOther 1 1 |Construction Concerns |Access 4 | 5 1 | | 10 Noise 3 7 2 12 IDust 6 10 6 10 2 34 Disruption 1 1 7Cost 2 - 2 Other

Do No.Q R:O D- MOP1999 153

*) Table 1;.3 Social Survey Results for Orange Walk

1 2 3 4 |Total Area Surveyed Tangerine Cinderella Street Ziricote Street Area to South Street Area /Dunn Street Area Area of Pond No Houses Sur-veved 12 5 8 32 Cess pit 3 5 2 7 171 Septic tank 4 7 3 1 151 Piped watersuppl[ 5 12 5 8 30 Flooding type House Flooding 1 1 3 2 7 [Plot Eloojs 7 7 5 8 27 Road Floods 3 3 1 1 8 Main Problems from Flooding Damage to home 1 2 3 10 Damageto land/crops 5 4 4 4 17 IDamage to car 2 331 |Causeshealth problems 3 5 3 4 15 Access problems 2 1 2 3 8 Spoilswater supply T 1 1 Causes qu,arrels I Children cannot go to school 1 01 Roadsare damaged 3 1 2 1 7 UnpleasantSmells 3 1 2 1 1 Other 0 lConstruction Concerns lAccess 1 1 1 1 4 INoise _ _ i _ 1_ 1 1 *Dust 7 3 T 2 4 16 Disruption 1 1 2 Cost 1 1 1 1 3 Other 0

D- S. 0 RF- , .t 19o 154 F Table 15.4 Social Survey Results for San Ignacio/Santa Elena

1 i 3 Total Area Surveyed John Martinez Road Salazar Street Area - Area - San Ignacio Santa Elena

INo Houses Surveved 15 7 22 Cess pit 5 5 10 ISeptictank 10 2 12 1Pipedwater supply 14 [ 6 { 20 iFlooding type iHouseFlooding 4 2 6 IPlo- Floods 10 4 14 tRoad Floods 12 5 17 Main Problems from Flooding Damage to home 5 2 7 Damage to land/crops 8 8 Damage to car 2 2 Causes health problems 8 1 9 Access problems 7 7 Spoils water supply 0 Causes quarrels 11 Children cannot go to school 4 1 5 Roads are damaged 8 1 9 Unpleasant Smells 5 5 Other [ 0 Construction Concerns Access 4 2 6 Noise 1 1 Dust 5 49 Disruption 0 XCost 3 Other 0

Doc NoO Rc O D..: M. 1999 lii F \W/e\Erzao,mcA DOt\so c vbp\ pr\=_o.o Table 15.5 Social Survey Results for Benque

1 2 3 ITotal Area Surveyed George Street Liberty Street Area adjacent to Central Main Drain No Houses Surveyed 10 4 13 27 Cess pit 0 1 13 Septic tank 8 4 142 Piped water supply 10 4 13 27 Flooding type House Flooding 0 0 7 7 Plot floois 3 2 9 14 Road Floods 2 4 10 16 Main Problems from Flooding Damage to home . 2 Damage to land/crops 2 4 6 Damage to car 2 Causes health problems 2 4 6 Accessproblems 2 2 Spoils water supply 0 Causes quarrels 0 Children cannot go to school 3 3 Roads are damaged 3 3 Unpleasant Smells 4 6 Other 0 Construction Concerns Access 12 1 4 Noise 1 1 2 4 Dust 2 2 Disruption 0 Cost 1 2 3 Other 0

Do-N.i F- O Dae My ID99 156 F n N-eXEnoamuntadoc Table 15.6 Social Survev Results for Dangriga

1 2 3 ITotal Area Surveyed Sabal Street ArealSt Vincent Street Penn Road Area lArea l No Houses Surveved 6 17 4 27 Cess pit 3 10 2 15D Septic tank | 32 1 101 Piped water supplv j 6 =174 Flooding type House Flooding ! 2 | 9 2 13 iPlot Floods 1 4 11 3 18 [Road Floods 4 j 15 0 19

Main Problems from Flooding _7 |Damageto home 3 5 1 9 Damage to land/crops 3 7 1 11

|Damage to car _ 0 ICauses health problems 5 12 2 19 Access problems 1 7 1 9 Spoils water supply 4 4 Causes quarrels T0 - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I. Children cannot go to school 2 6 1 9 |Roads are damaged I 3 10 13 Unpleasant Smells 2 8 | 1 11 Other l 1 1 Construction Concerns Access 2 5 1 8 Noise 1 2 5 1 8 Dust 1 13 16 Disruption 1 1 2 Cost 0 Other 1

Doc N.O F V.O Dtu M- :995 157 F \VW\Etor=nrs mtPoecXlup\72\=_o.

I Table 15.7 Social Survey Results for Punta Gorda

I 3 Total Area Surveyed Adjacent to SW Adjacent to NE Magoon Drain Area Magoon Drain Area

No Houses Surveved 8 8 16 Cess pit 2 7 9 Septic tank 6 1 7 Piped water supplv 8 8 16 Flooding type House Flooding 2 2 4 Plot Floods 8 7 1D lRoad Floods 7 |4 11 tMainProblems from Flooding |Darnageto home 2_ 2 4 Damage to land/crops | _ 5 4 9

Damage to car _ L _ 1 Causes health problems 4 3 7 Access problems 1 5 2 7 Spoils water supply _ 1 1 Causes cquarrels 2 2 Children cannot go to school 4 4 Roads are damaged 4 15 ,Unpleasant Smels 4 2 6 Other ce3 2 5 Costuction_Concerns

Access _ T__ 0 NNoise _ 0 Dust 1 1 Disruption O Cost I Other||

Do.NoC FR C D,- M- 995 158 F \W. \ Emti t Table 15.8 Frequency and severity of house flooding

IHOUSE FLOODING

Town Feet above No times per year main floor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 10+ No Corozal upto 20 1 . .22 2 _ _ i

Orange Walk up to 1 I 1 1 - f 8

______3+ lSan Ignacio/ up to - 2 1 1 5 !Santa Elena

____u il.t3- _ 1 .If 7 __

Dangriga up to 3 1 2 1 0

______2 1__ 1 1t 3 l3+2

PuntaGorda -up to 1 1 2 33

159I

Doc No OF. C Date 1At 1999 15;9

F:\5l;e\Envgoruxrt_ A#asmen\Pro\thDulF\Repol\Fu>!_Nov.do:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Table 15.9 Frequency and severity of plot flooding

PLOT FLOODING

Town Feet No times per year above ground level 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10| 10+No Corozal up 1 1 2 8 6 2 5 4 4 11 2 65 to 21 3+= OrangeWalk up 1 4 6 1 2 6 3 21 to 2 1 2 2 5 3 + 1 San Ignacio/ up 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 4 12 Santa Eliena to

2A X I 11 2 Benque up 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 10 to 2 ~~~~~~2 1 3

Dangriga up 1 3 1 3 4 1 12 to

2- 1 1

PuntaGorda up I _-_3 to

F.\*bulp\\UU cnnrorunenti\Rcport\finx_N Arlenov.doc~2\ Prq ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ DocNo C P OD- M 1999 160 Table 13.10 Frequency and Severity of street flooding

STREET FLOODING

Town Feet above No times per year ground level 1| 21 31 41 5 61 71 8 9 10o 10+|No Corozal up to 1 21 7

_ ~ ____ ~~___ _ _ - _ _

,S'angIgnalko up to 1 3 1 I 1 i 2 71 2 1 21

DiSantaElena FL=- 2 2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 21 3 3+ Benque up to 3 13 1 3 1 131 2 1 1 1 31

IDangriga up to I 1 | 12 2 2 14

i+ i I=t ~PuntaGorda !up to I1 2 11 |1 31 -7

; @ 1 ~~~211} 2: 2 -

D.: NoO P- C D.,e M- 1991 161 16 Conclusionsand Recommendations

16.1 Conclusions During the BUIP study, a series of drainage sub-pro'ects were identified in six towns in Belize, Corozal, Orange WIalk,San Ignacio/Santa Elena, Benque, Dangriga, and Punta Gorda The drainage sub-projects have been prioritised, and a phased programrnmeof works has been put forward.

Manv of the proposals put forward in this study are improvement schemes to increase the capacity of existing drains. The scheme does also include proposals for new schemes.

Implementation of the sub-drainage projects will provide relief from flooding to occupiers of properties, mostly residential but also some commercial properties, within the vicinity of the drains, for small to moderate sized floods. (The scheme is not aimed at relieveing storm drainage floods from high magnitude events such as hurricanes). The drainage improvements wiL bring:

- reduction in nuisances caused by flooding of streets and household plots, such as inconvenience in accessing and leaving buildings surrounded by floodwater, cleaning up after floods, loss of plants and vegetables grown in the garden, cconcerns for the security of small children while floodwater remain,

• reductions in flood-related damages, particularly to goods, fumiture and building materials on the ground floor of properties, for both residential properties and shops,

* improvements in the amenity value of residential areas, and as a consequence the potential increase in land and property values.

The proposals to open bidding to Belizean construction companies, which are competent to carry out the type of engineering work required, will bring economic benefits to the national construction industry, as well as provide some benefit to the local economy through employment and contracting local goods and services.

DocNo 0 F- D D.,. M, MS 162 F \W,-\E-no,ao,on naF The construction of the schemes will cause some adverse environmental impacts, some of which can be mitigated, while others are unavoidable. Construction activities will be a source of nuisance for nearby occupiers of residential and commercial properties, pedestrians, including school children, and other road users. The worst of these impacts can be mitigated through good housekeeping practices. Furthermore, local residents often accept a certain amount of disruption where they see the long term benefits of the project. Contractors can build upong this good will through consultation with the local community and implementation of good working practices.

The schemes will reqwuresand, aggregate and fill materials which can be won from existing licensed sources: however, being licensed does not necessarily mean that the quarry has been subject to an EIA, as many quarries predate the EIA legislation. There are known cases where existing small quarries are also associated with Maya setdements. Contractors would have discretion where they source materials,.however by adopting some simple guidelines, such as requiring a walkover survey by an archaeologist, significant environmental impacts could be avoided.

In several towns, excavation works for the drains may impinge upon the archaeological record. This problem is particularly acute in Corozal, where the modem town is largely built over the ancient Maya setdement of Santa Rita. However the archaeological walkover survey also identified Maya cerarnic fragments at some of the proposed construction sites in Ora±igeWalk, San Ignacio and Santa Elena, and Benque. In these circumstances, the approach to minimising the adverse impacts is to undertake trial excavations, record the findings, and monitor excavation. This approach will allow some salvaging of material and scientific recording of sites which cannot be salvaged. However, should excavations reveal,important archaeological finds, it will be necessary to consult the DoA and consider additional actions.

Improvements to the drainage schemes in Dangriga and Punta Gorda in Phases II and III of construction will impact upon critical habitats, namely mangrove in Dangriga, and swamp forest habitat in Punta Gorda which supports rare species. Here, zero impact can only be achieved by adopting a 'Do Nothing' scenario. In order to improve drainage, it is necessary to enlarge the existing drains, which inevitably means land clearance. The extent of land clearance can be reduced as far as possible. Conservation of the remaining habitats can be advanced by undertaking more detailed habitat surveys, translocating species, and preparing conservation plans for the areas affected.

Doc N. C R,v O DatmMa i999 163

F \ e \ Er.rStottMrrLtN Acstttettt\Ftoleces \thbsp \Report\Funl_Nov.doc~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9 The improvement to the drainage system will lead to increased volumes of storm runoff, possibly contaminated bv sullage and wastewater, discharging to rivers and the sea. While the increased volumes and pollution load is unlikelh to have anv significant effects on the qualitn and ecologicalvalue of the receiving waters within the context of this project, this problem should be seen in a wider context of surface water pollution and the need for greater pollution control. The cumulative effect of all point and non- point discharges to receiving waters is leading to the deterioration of receiving waters which is of concem to organisations such as the PHB and CZMLA,as well as NG'Os and the public. In the longer term, more attention needs to be paid to implementing the legislation on pollution control, including the discharge of wastes to the town drains.

While maintenance problems have been considered in the design for improvements to the drainage system, the performance of the drains will increaingly rely on the level of maintenance undertaken bv the Town Boards. It is evident that, for various reasons, maintenance is not undertaken as frequently as is required, and that this mav become an increasing problem as the Town Boards have problems in raising finance.

16.2 Recornmendanons This E.A report has put forward recommendations for a mitigation and environmental management plan, which should be implemented in order to reduce the adverse effect of the construction and operations of the scheme. The mitigation measures address ways to reduce the specific environmental impacts caused by the implementation of the scheme, while the EMP takes a wider view, proposing a series of packages to support the implementation of the drainage proposals.

In preparing the EIA for this project, it has become clear that there are a number of issues which should be addressed to improve environmental management in Belize, but which are beyond the scope of this project. Particular areas of concern are:

* land use zoning and planning control

* institutional strengthening of local government, ie the Town Boards

a sanitation and solid waste disposal practices

Dcc NoO RF-C D.te M. 1995 164 F \ We\E-b: ol wev ism P !CSNebw eot\F No.o * public education on the need for development control, environmental protection, and safe solid waste disposal

It is recomnmendedthat these issues are given further consideration by government.

Doc No O R.v O Dac- .M. 1990 165 F \ a/ \E oosonsank Awnen r \Fsqocs\ ob=ap \Rrporv\ Fana!_Nov.dok List of References

Coastal Zone Management Programme, 1995. Stateof the CoastalZone Reporf. Prepared bv the Coastal Zone Management Program, Government of Belize, with assistance of United Nations Development Program and Global Environment Facilltv.

Central Statistical Office, 1998. Abstractof Statistics. Bebr-e.

Halcrow, 1996. Belke UrbanInfrastruuture Prvject Repof.

Halcrow, 199)7.Urban Infrastruaur Projec. Orange Wak: TownB)pass Stuydj

Halcrow, 1999a. OrangeWalk TownBpass. EngineenngFeasibihy RKPorr.

Halcrow, 1 999b. OrangeWalk TownBjpass. Ennronmental 1Im.pact Assessment

Halcrow 1 9919c.Beike Gy InfrastrucureRe ort

Halcrow, 1999d. B UIP.Engzneering Report

Halcrow, 1999e. BUIP. EconomicsReporn

IUCN, 1996. Red kst ofThreatenedAnimals. IUCN, Gland, 368 pp + annex

Mimstry of Vorks, Westem Highway Resealing Project, Draft Interim Report, November 1997, Roughen Intemational.

World Bank, 1991. EnvironmentalAssessmentn Sourcebook. World Bank Technical Paper No. 139.

Do, No R O Do M 199S 166 F \W,\E,,rom,s e " -s Figures i

I I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Figure1.1 _

..N..rUo.s L A.

_ ~ '' '."" ! - .. --Z ...... - >- A %t [ _ >~~~^h._> r,r RG__

4 -E ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ii o ' > - t g =a-cL. .; = .~~~~aIgenaceV ieo/~~.~

~~ ~~~~~~~~~~------_-----.----j------~ ~ ~~~~ - o ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~

-- '------.<=; . W=*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-- ,.:------_.:..._...... 52I :~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ PnaGra|t'.>'~...... --- 0_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... , , , *_n...... a ,rov * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.-..... ,,,-- s wI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-r

GRAPHIC'i UNITrrHlTHBU1P01_81CD123.09.99 LOCATION MAP I I I Figure2.1

Corozal

gr ", G-,

Orange Walk f Wa1 WtE Jown f iy

su_~ cj^ ~ ~ ji 9 LCO

AIy

Leg7end 1 <, p g Hu>UY

1 3DcsignatedproteccLed areas jI,9, -!. j D Pror,osed Drot=,ted areas ;j

/ ,s ''-'.t ;

Santa Elena Dangr-iga. .. J-< Benque Viejo DelTon,'e-^w. ,5;- Carmen Town.-b .. r,

C .~~~~~~~~~~~ -, CAYE7

Punta Gordaz_ tg CTown oei,e 16 16 >/0 10 20 30 40kaT

COASTAL GRAPHICS UNIT7T/TH1'HU1P20_B/CD/27.0999 MARINEAND PROTECTED AREAS I I I I I I z I Figure4.1

L i:mr ste ciearance

_5SCC Bed widtI (w) 500

Grc.rnaeve! .> | |cSee trDle A N I- v~~~~~~ - S_ A rs } _ W~~~~~~~~~~~~~nerethe eitn ~~20..WQI,5 j ~~~~~chcnnelis greater than the requiredwidth of the cancl the void is tc be filied wij: opprove: 15C X 150 Chcrnfer compactedtri. Invert Level Vvee~role (Filter not shown)

C3CS Base S1,2 / 75 Blirding concrete As aire-ted Dy tne Encfneer As directedby the Engineer opprovedfill to be placet ol unsuitablemateria in the foundoation in tne foundationto oring to be removecand replaced witr the foundationUD to opporovedfi'l. to the requiredlevel.

a. EXAMPLEOF A LINED UNCOVEREDDRAIN

|150 (4W+100) 1S5

700 x 700 x 75 Procerty Line - ProoyLine_I: RC Slpaccess covert00I

$ } | ~~~~Slope1:100 I! . towordsrooC I 4f i ' E !cxisting Roac Level

DroinlcoeOrino .iCDI'e _ -,j c'1. 35ccess recastunits/ R |- 030SInsiu RrC

030SInsitu :S .. g- -1 RC base slab

Blinaingloyer Bed Width (W_ (See TableA) (W + 500)

b. EXAMPLEOF A LINED, COVEREDDRAIN

GRAPHIC'SUNTlTrrH/HBUl`2'_8C0127 09 99 EXAMPLESOF CROSS-SECTIONS THROUGH LINED DRAINS (a) I Figure4.2

,200 Voriezes 200 RoodLevel See ae-ols cr tne Scheciue ac' St,uczjres

s II, I

r5C >~030S ins'tu gChormfer RC culver,

Weepnoie@ 2m c/c

l I < ~~InvertLevel , -

(For furthe,details of Blindinglover L culvertarroncemrens see Dwg.No WH/UIP/GEN/710)

a. EXAMPLEOF A BOX CULVERT

C35Precast R. RoadLevel struts@ 2000c/c - OraurdLeve

C30S nsiltu RC capping beam

.CNo / < (//200 Thick reinforced D.ocKworkwaiis

Weephole Invertievel (filter not snown)

R" baseslab

| 1 ~~~2000 | Blinding layer

_ ~~~~2500-

b. EXAMPLEOF A LINED DRAINWITH STRUTS

GRAPHICSUNITTrHlTHBUIP22_8CD1270999 EXAMPLESOF CROSS-SECTIONS THROUGH LINED DRAINS (b) I I I I I Er

______Limitof site clearance _

,& ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~Varies1000 of dr- inEin n 5CtO,e Of orotl -urfce Level o to be grossed 4 | f trossedo ssed Ground

I InvertLevel

800

a. EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE UNLINED DRAIN m

0 3: Surfaceof connl be grossed C: -u to I) r-_ Limitof site clearnce cnr EmbankmentLevel _es I00 1000yar__e______Varies00______Existing 2 Surfocebnkment 2% mC) ;Ground Level . V be grossed -_ : - - z ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~* +0.10 compacted~~copaced M X compctedJt 1 InvertLevel corfpicted ZC) fill cn ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~22

DRAIN WITH EMBANKMENTS C) q b. EXAMPLE OF AN UNLINED CD zO Z/ I I,mx nix2n Gohionbiskets, 40 No. on the lowerlevel, 14 No. on the uppor level 4aembrone zN Limnito laid on a geotextile -i Lined Drain 4000 dept tipe rok I (Ch0 -903) t - _, _

aINo 1lnxoimx almrnGobion l ebrn bus onbsket I thcI.. towerI loid on eqeotextile o(e,li/ me m embrane ; o basket

Incoming .__,)\i( S/) tD/ \..

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- 0 de th ip ed roc k 0 2

;!1i \ : 150 X '>i 1 -1'°~~~~~~~~~~lad°Oil a gleoleexdlilfe° basketon the lower 2000 10iO|OC0mmrn level(aid on a geolex(ife|_ _ __ Z membrane --- ]rTlXllx2m C4bion boskels, 40 No. on the uowerlevel, 14 No. on the upper level loid on a Veolextilemembrane Limit ot O lined Droin C 9 (Ch 0+903) n1Z 11IL=+50.701 Level > > 50169 Ground r z IL +51.0 >t-R- + >+49.10jll7 r) v=5 V 4 0 O +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~j4 .76 lmxlmx2m 2: CI) x ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Gabionboskets > M IY L- 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-48.310 -500 depth tipped rack z 0

It-l+46.750 m 0 Memb(ane-

-n_ I I I I I hub',nj'ctl do/rnito,mto/n/n Prn owDmmi, tiy o, IIy

lie..Moridni, 1000400) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Dmro riis - 1._rjL~ i 1 - 1 ------.. _- - - . - - . . ------I PRASEI ~~~~~~~~~~317di/ Mur, 13/03/00 thu 01/6/M 21Pre ConsttrootionA//ivities 30,doyi Mo?)13/03/00 TuOD2/05/00 3 boron~~~IluConl/mob DonUrneoto 0 dun~ Han 3(01n10QMQ,, 13/0300 + lN3u 4 ~~~~~~TenderPeoriod 4 vino tien14/0/00 Mon10,04/00 0 ~~~~~~TenderADrulrnu2t wk, TionoNI I T40 Mon0I1/05100 6 ~~~~~~Aw;irdconurriruo I div tic 1J?JU1,S/0Too, D2'0501i) 7Constbruction Perlod 260days Tin, O061000 Tho 07/00(191 a Co1`07alT,,wn 00 drtys ThuO01/060/0 Vied 04/10/itQ 0 ScuthPoot Magoon iOrIn 10 who Tho0l,UCIOO Wed [1410/W0 10 ~~~~~~~~SoufthPustMagoon Extens on I10w$rr Thu01/00/100 Vied 00/06/00 lb ~~~~~~~~NnrbhEurt Mgooto,Dhmi 10whor Thu011010/0 Wend 04/10/Oh 12 ~~~~~~~~NorthEnstMegonn Urens/or, 10whos ThnW01/00/00 uVed 09/00100 i13 O/rungenWalk Town 260days Tluu01/06/00 Ttiuu07/06101 id D/unnStreet D/rain 02 hOs Thui0i/00/00 Thu0/1060/0 13 ~~~~~~~~San[orenzo, /ruin 20 who Thu)01/0/1(r) V/o,b18/10/00 10 ~~~~~~SanIgnacio Town 100days Thtu01/00/00 Thui04/01101 , I? JohnMartinez Rd DiAmn 30)m,,kr Thu01/00/00 Thou04/01/0/ 10 B~~~~~Strqonlun Vi l r31armenTown 160days Thu 01/00I00 Thtu10/101/01 10 G~~~~~~~~emn1-IMu/nD/rain 32 who Thu0t/00/00 iht 10/0,1/0i 30 ~~~~~~DarngrlqaTown 240dO/un Thu O061//00 Tlhu1O0510/1' 2? ~~~~~~~JothnCreehC/oitl 20 who Thu01/00/00 Wed 10/10/00 22 ~~~~~~Pe"nStreetCanal 110vAn Thu10/10/00 Thu30/04/01 33 idonuonulhCteeh ((tnoe 40 who Thu01/00/0 Thu10/05,11/ 4 O~~~Cutflnbimprovenent,,d 4 whko Tti/n02/O01/1 Mon 29101/01 3 ~~~~~~~~GitnbdMocluoures 4 who Mon0/04/0i rr4 2T004/01 :~~~j ~~~ PuntIa Gorda Town 100da,ys Thu01/00/00 Tlou 04/01/01 27 ~~- -- l4~~ornlEnnI Magoon D/ra/n 30 who lb,1 O0100000 liii, 04/01(00

1 1r~~j'inb/ Tot'. t'~117.uj~I~(¶~> (r.u3/u.o en.,-n.nremu.r-n,-,o ,ommnn.v ,r~~cn~-n.~n~'v [oil'. i/o '/1/i.1,1/nd /1/ /'wn/'-,o ~ ~ ruejool Too,r.un/y Ir-(1 I3 nh. Ot./ Ii-I " ',O010- Iri.rI lloo"'-/n,, I I I I V PHASE I 403 3 I

IPie S.,, td,A,,,.*.-

1 fueler PPtAodt ays

5 ~,t, TuiesTdrAppratl,l 4 ilz e3 A-urd co-ttasi I, dj

7 Constirctiop, Peilo-l 7d5rliyi - -_

e CorozafTown 100d.ays

S 3 Cutuip 0Rd 20 v.'A i

30t Orarige W,al Towrn 130 days _ ----- I1 . TanugritoSlreot Drain 28 wi(s qTVIF TUM M". l 12 San glgico Town o0 daIys 13 ,,wt, GoorgePuce Avenue 12 k,kv

14 Outfallto rSteerGeorge St 0 wkq I 15 Salulur Street 32vksw to3 .eniqueVtela Del CammenTown tiO doys __I t, GeorgeSt 18 wks 18 LibertyStreet Dtvin 20 wkin ____ DangtigaTowwn 245 lays 20 Lakeland Canalfrom Subal St to C 24 wk:s | !Pyi qXt7 2i SabalSt Caonal 36 wks F ;I 11"'Irnr, .4 ,ww 22 Punta GordtaTown 210daysi 23 SouthSad, Mognuon Minle 32whoj I'f

Oita: W oed0311i _ S,,P Mile'ton! Roied DUTiok | P I l L;)U toil ur C, Ertiewl ratok _ _ . _ _ .-_ _ . . . - _ . _ __ ..-- .. _------*--.-- .. .- .-- . _ . ._ _ ... _-_ w l t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (le. Mondayto Ftid,Jy)

_____ lb~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ndat~ronppcificd lor stait of phaoe III

PHASEIII G5dyv I--- Pr!~eCorr;lmclioo Activlflrs 4r%arYr

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LAND SUBDIVISIONALONG THE SOUTHWEST MAGOON DRAIN,PUNTA GORDA I I I Plates I I a. View of North East Magoon Drain looking upstreamfrom b. View of drain adjacentto 6thiStreet North facingupstream c. View of 3rd Street North Drain looking towardsNorth East 4th Avenue Magoon Drain

d. View of 3rd Street North Drain facing sea outfall e. South West MagoonDrain- CollegeRoad Area f. View of College Road facing west

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e* View of Riverside Road(Santa Eiena)looking towards SalazarStreet

d. View of Salazar Street Drainfrom entrance f. View of position of proposed outfall to football pitch (Santa Elena) t hP _ _ (Santa Eiena) I I I of culvertadjacent to George a. Viewof church on GeorgePrice Boulevard showing c. Viewof meshat end watermarks

b. Viewof lineddrain adjacent to GeorgePrice Boulevard

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d. View of North East Magoon Drain facing upstream P. View of North East MagoonDrain from Main Middle Street facing upstream

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f. View of Main Middle Street Cuivert facing upstream g. View of North East Magoon Drain facing upstream h. View of Culvert under restaurant I I A Terms of Reference I I I I BELIZEURBAN INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT

ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT ASSESSMENT

TERMS OF REFERENCE

I INTRODUCTION

These Terms of Reference have been prepared by the Governmentof Belize to identifythe scope of workrequired to undertakean environmentalimpact assessment of the Belize UrbanInfrastructure Project.

The Ministryof Works (MoW),Government of Belizewishes to appointConsultants to preparean environmentalimpact assessment of the proposedscheme to meetBelize requirementsas givenin the EnvironmentImpact Assessment Regulations 1995, and the guidelinesof the World Bank as described in the World Bank Environmental AssessmentSourcebook (1991).

2 BACKGROUNDINFORMATION

2.1 Overview

In 1996 the Urban Insfrastructure Project (UIP) was undertaken to assess infrastructuralneeds (drainage, roads, coastal defence,sanitation etc) in the major towns of Belize.The BelizeInfrastructure Needs Assessmentand FeasibilityReport for an Urban InfrastructureProject highlightedthe need for drainageworks in seven towns:

* BelizeCity * Dangriga * PuntaGorda * BenqueViejo del Carmen * San Ignacio/SantaElena * OrangeWalk, and * Corozal

Drainageworks for BelizeCity have been forwardedas a separateproject calledthe BelizeCity InfrastructureProject. This projectis concernedwith the drainageneeds of the remainingsix towns.

2.2 Dangriga

Dangrigais situatedon the coast at the mouth of North StannCreek some70 km south of Belize City. There is no coast road between the two cities, and traffic reaches Dangrigavia Belmopanalong the HummingbirdHighway.

Dangrigahas a populationof about7,100 (1994).The town is locatedon flat, low lying land. The old part of the town was settled on a natural sand ridge about 0.9 to 1.5 m abovesea level, and the town has extendedinto areas of low lying reclaimedmarsh. The sea front is a sandybeach which is fed with sedimentfrom North StannCreek by longshoredrift. Surfacewater drains to John Creek at the north end of town, North StannCreek in the centre,Havana Creek towards the southernend, and the sea. North StannCreek and HavanaCreek are interconnectedby a canal which is blocked in places.

The UIP study identfied a number of problems with land drainage and flooding in Dangriga. Natural drainage is impeded by the low gradients of the subdued topography.Water flow in the creeksis not alwayssufficient to maintainself-cleansing velocites resultng in siltabon.Moreover coastal longshoredrift contributesto siltation in the mouth of the creeks.Some of the creeks are chokedwith vegetabonwhich also reduces discharge and the interconnectngcanals are also partly blocked. In some locations,road side drainsare not contnuous and have no or poor outfalls, causing localisedflooding durng rain storms. There are also concerns about the quality of water in the drainsand creeksdue to the lack of wastewatercollection and treatment from properties.

A number of drainageworks have been proposedfor Dangriga including:

* Drainage of John Creek and other drains along the northern coastline by the MunicipalPier and their possibleconnection to North Stann Creek * Drainageof Lakeland and Rias State areas * Drainageof new areasto the west of town * Dredgingof North Stann Creek and the mouth of HavanaCreek, and a possible connectionbetween them.

2.3 Punta Gorda

Punta Gorda is the most southerlyof the six towns, tying at the end of the Southern Highway.It is a coastal town, with an estimatedpopulation of 3,800in 1994.

The old part of town lies on the seafront and extendsinland to the airstrip. The land rises steeply from the sea and then more graduallytowards the airstrip.The town is drainedby two Magoons,both of which appearto be developmentsof naturalstreams. One rises nearthe airstnpand flows in an easterlydirection to the sea at the northern end of town. The secondoriginates to the west of the airstripand flows in a southerly directionalong the westernedge of town. Surfacewater arisingin town drainsto these two Magoonsand to the sea.

The seafront is partlynatural, and partiallyreinforced with concretewalls and gabions.

The UIP study identified drainage problems with the two Magoons. The northern Magoon drain has insufficientcapacity and causes flooding in adjacent properties. Floodingalso occurs in the westernpart of town which is flat and low-lying.

Proposed drainageworks in Punta Gorda consistof:

* Drainage of the main Magoondrain * Drainage of some E-W streets in town * Drainage of new areas west of town. 2.4 BenqueViejo del Carmen

BenqueViejo del Carmenis situatedon the WesternHighway close to the borderwith Guatemala and along the southern bank of the Mopan River. The town has a populationof about4,000 (1994).

The town is located in an area where the river has incised into the surrounding undulatingtopography. Two natural streams drain the study area. The 'northern' stream risesin high groundto the south east, flows alongsidethe easternarm of the WesternHighway bypass and entersthe Mopan rver at the northemend of town. The 'central'stream flows from the south,passes under the southernarm of the Western Highwaybypass, and flows throughthe town centre,entering the Mopanabout 200 m west of the northernstream.

The central stream is pollutedfrom wastewaterand is a potential health hazard, especiallyas it flows throughthe groundsof a school.Localised flooding occurs where the stream is constrictedby an inadequatelysized culvert. There is also a drainage problem relatedto an unpavedstreet in the newdevelopment area.

Proposedworks for BenqueViejo include:

* Drainageof opendrain from the school groundsto the river,including a newoutlet culvert * Drainageof the open drain alongsidethe boulevardand connectng streetsand drainageof new areas.

2.5 San Ignacio/SantaElena

San Ignacioand Santa Elena are located on either side of the Macal River on the WesternHighway. They havea combinedpopulation of about9,990 (1994).

The Macal Riverflows througha steeplyincised valley which opensout into a broader wide valley. HawkesworthBridge, located at the neck of the gorge, is the only road crossingof the river.San Ignacioand Santa Elena are located on the westernand easternsides of the river valley respectively.Cahal Pech, to the south of San Ignacio, is a well known Maya site. The western banks, and lower parts of San Ignacio,are prone to flooding. Drainagechannels discharge from both sides to the river.

There are drainageproblems in the lower lyingparts of San Ignaciowhen the Macal river rises, in older parts of town with insufficient road drainage, and where new developmenton steeperland has not been accompaniedby road pavingand street drainage.During the wet season,ponding occurs in low lyingareas without adequate drainage.

Proposalsfor drainageworks includethe following:

* Drainageworks in the old part of San Ignacio * Drainageworks in newer areas of San Ignacio along Bullet Tree Road, Cahal Pech and Victor GalvezStadium * Drainageworks in SantaElena by the football field and in the Aguada area. 2.6 OrangeWalk Town

OrangeWalk Town is locatedalong the Northern Highway,about 70 kms north west of BelizeCity. It has a populationof about 12,200 (1994).

Orange Walk is situatedon the western bank of the New River on a low lying ridge runningfrom northto south. Landon the east side drainsinto the New River,while land to the west is swampyin low lying depressions.The town is expanding,predominantly to the west. The study area has been inhabitedmore or less contnuouslyfor the last 2000 years, and there are known Maya sites close to present day Orange Walk.

Drainageprobiems occur in the newerdevelopments to the west due to local ponding in low lying areas, particularlywhere natural drainage has been impeded by building roads raisedabove ground level. Floodingalso occurs in the older parts of town due to raisedsidewalks without adequatedrainage.

Proposalsfor drainageworks consistof:

* Improvementsto existingdrains in the CinderellaStreet area • Constructon of new drainage for new areason the westernside of town

2.7 Corozal

Corozalis the most northerlyof the sixtowns under consideration.It is Iocatedon the coast at the mouth of the New River close to the Mexican border. Corozal has a populationof about 7,800 (1994).

The old part of town is located on flat, low-lying land by the sea front and has expandedinland onto rising land to the north west wherethe Maya ruin of Santa Rita lies. The townwas almost entrely wipedout by HurricaneJanet in 1955 and was later rebuilt.

The town is drainedby two Magoonswhich originatein the Skeleton Town area near SantaRita. One passesunder the SantaRita road, flows southwest through the backs of properties and dischargesinto the sea at the southern end of town. The other Magoonflows through the north east of town and along 8th Street North into the sea. Other drains in town dischargedirectly into the sea.

During the dry season, the Magoons carry little water and become overgrown. Stagnantwater collectsin low spots. The ouffall of the north easterndrain is partially blocked, and localised flooding has been reported around a roadside drain in 3rd Street North.The Skeleton Town and William Hall areas are flat and difficultto drain, and suffer from localised floodingafter heavy rain.

Proposeddrainage works consistof:

* Improvingthe vertical alignmentof the south westernMagoon drain • Drainage of the SkeletonTown area * Drainage of the William Hall area.

3 3 OBJECTIVES

The mainobjectve of the EIAstudy is to evaluatethe potental impactsof the proposed drainageschemes on the peopleand the physicaland natural environmentin the six town in order to assistthe Belize Governmentin determiningwhether the schemes shouldgo ahead,and if so whetherthe authorisationshould be condibonalupon any environmentalmitigaton measures.

To meetthis objectiveit is necessaryto evaluatethe potentialimpacts of the drainage schemes,determine to what extentthe adverseimpacts can be mitigatedand identfy how mitigationmeasures need to be implementedto be successful.

4 ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT REQUIREMENTS

The environmentalassessment will followthe Belizerequirements for suchstudies as set out in the EIARegulations 1995, and World Bank's requirementsas describedin the World Bank EnvironmentalAssessment Sourcebook (1991).

5 STUDYAREA

The six townsin the projectare Dangriga,Punta Gorda, BenqueViejo del Carmen, San Ignacio/SantaElena, OrangeWalk Town, and Corozal. In each town the study areawill include:

the proposedsites for the drainageworks and their immediatesurrounds

* the wider settingof the townsthemselves, taking accountof * on-going natural processes which may potentially affect the schemes,such as longshoredrift, and * other areas affectedby on- and off-siteconstruction activibes such as earthworks,construction traffic and wastedisposal.

6 SCOPEOF WORK

6.1 Task 1 - Descriptionof the ProposedProject

The Consultantswill preparea briefdescription of the preferredschemes in eachtown illustrated by maps, drawingsor photographsas appropriate.The descriptionwill include the followinginformation:

* the locationand general layoutof the drainage proposals

* design guidelines (eg hydraulic criteria and flooding, geotechnical consideratons,design life)

* the dimensions (width, height, volumes) of the components of the scheme

* activitiesrelated to the schemesbefore, during and followingconstruction

* constructionprogramme

informationon the preferred drainageschemes will be provided by the engineering designconsultants. 6.2 Task 2 - Descriptionof the Environment

Assemble, evaluate and present baseline data on the relevant environmental characteristcs of the study area. Include infDrmationon any changes antcipated before the projectcommences. The topicsto be addressedinclude as a minimum:

(a) PhysicalEnvironment: topography; climate; drainage;and water quality;

(b) BiologicalEnvironment: nature and value of habitatsin the study areas, and the types of flora and fauna found in the creeks and drainage channels;and

(c) Socio-culturalEnvironment: land use; population and settlement; cultural properties;planned development activities; traffic; and recreaton.

The descriptionof the existingenvironment is to be based on existingdata collected from published sources (government offices, literature); discussions with the engineering consultants working on the project, government offices and non- governmentorganisabons; and field visits.

6.3 Task 3 - Legislativeand RegulatoryConsiderations

Identfyand describebriefly the regulatoryframework in Belizefor the protectionof the environmentand the requirementsfor environmentalimpact assessments.

6.4 Task 4 - Determinationof the PotentialImpacts of the ProposedProject

Identify the significant potential impacts of the proposed drainage schemes, distnguishingbetween significantpositive and negativeimpacts, direct and indirect impacts, and immediateand long-term impacts. Identify those impacts which are unavoidableor irreversible.Where possible,describe the impacts quantitatively.

Commenton the extentand quality of availabledata, explaining significant information deficienciesand any uncertaintiesassociated with the evaluationof the impacts.

In this study particularemphasis will be given to:

* Constructionrelated activities or nuisancesaffecting nearby residents and existingroad users

The effects of land-takeon land use

* The effects on constructionon cultural heritagesites

* The effects of drainage works on in-stream vegetationand the indirect impacts on coastal habitats.

6.5 Task 5 - Analysisof Alternativesto the ProposedProject

Describethe altemativesthat were examinedin the courseof developingthe preferred drainage schemes covering the siting; design; constt. ction, operation and maintenance procedures; and programme. Compare the potential environmental impacts of the alternativesand the 'do nothing' option,identifying those impactswhich are irreversibleor unavoidableand which can be mitigated. Identifythe reasons for rejectng the alternativesand arrivingat the preferredscheme.

6.6 Task 6 - Developmentof ManagementPlan to Mitigate NegativeImpacts

Recommendfeasible and cost-effecbvemeasures to preventor reduce significant negative impacts to acceptable levels. Estmate the impacts and costs of those measures.Consider compensation to affected partiesfor impacts which cannot be mitigated.Prepare a managementplan includingproposed work programmes,budget estmates,schedules. staffing and trainingrequirements, and other necessarysupport servicesto implementthe mitigatng measures.

6.7 Task 7 - Identificationof Institutional Needs to Implement Environmental AssessmentRecommendations

Reviewthe authorityand capabilityof institutionswith responsibilityfor implementing the mitigationand monitoring plans. Make recommendationsfor strengtheningor expandingthem to ensureadequate implementation of the mitigationand monitoring plans.

6.8 Task 8 - Developmentof a MonitoringPlan

If appropriate,prepare a plan to monitorthe implementationof the mitigationmeasures and the impactsof the projectduring constructionand operation.Include in the plan an estimateof capital and operatingcosts and a descriptionof other inputs neededto carryit out.

6.9 Task 9 - Assistin Inter-AgencyCo-ordination and Public/NGOParticipation

Liaisewith the appropriategovernment agencies to obtaintheir views on the scope of the environmental assessment,the potential key impacts to be assessed,the availabilityof baselinedata, and the identificationof NGOsand affectedgroups to be consulted. Keep records of meetings and other activities, communications,and commentsand their disposition.Undertake a public consultationexercise in order to inform the public of the proposeddrainage schemes and provide the public with an opportunityto voice their concernson the proposedschemes.

6.10 Task 10 - Reporting

Prepare an environmentalassessment report to include the results of the study, supported where necessary by illustrations and technical appendixes. The environmentalassessment report will need to include the following:

* ExecutiveSummary * Policy,Legal and AdministrativeFramework * Descriptionof the ProposedProject * Descripton of the Environment * SignificantEnvironmental Impacts * Analysisof Alternatives * MitigationManagement Plan * EnvironmentalManagement and Training * MonitoringPlan * Inter-Agencyand Public/NGOInvolvement List of References Appendices: List of EnvironmentalAssessment Preparers Recordsof Inter-Agencyand Public/NGOCommunications Data and UnpublishedReference Documents

Submitthree copies each of the draft Final and Final Reportsto the Governmentof Belize.The Governmentof Belze will co-ordinatethe circulationof the reportswithin its own departmentsand to any other parties.

The draft final report will be submitted by 1 October 1999. The final report will be submittedwithin four weeks of receivingfinal commentsfrom the MoW.

7 CONSULTINGTEAM

The Consultingteam will consistof a Team Leader supported by technical staff to coverthe disciplineslikelyto be neededfor such a study.The EA team shouldconsist of at least:

* A Team Leader with experiencein the environmentalassessment of drainageworks

- A drainage engineer

* A specialistin social impactsand institutionalstrengthening issues

* An ecologistwith knowledgeof Belizeanflora and fauna

* An archaeologistwith particularknowledge of Maya sites.

8 PROGRAMME

The EIA exercisewill be-completedwithin three months of appointment. B Ecology I I Ecological Study Urban Infrastructure Project Drainage Component

Report to Halcrow Group Ltd.

September 20, 1999

Prepared by:

J. C. Meerman Belize Environmental Consultancies Ltd. P.O. Box 208, Belmopan, Belize Tel/fax 501-91-2017, I Table of Contents

Summary 2 Introduction 2 Scope of work 3 Brief ecological description of the six towns 4

Wildlife 7 Description of the ecology and the impacts expected to be caused by the drainage works under consideration 8 Conservation aspects 18 Potential impacts 19

Oplinionsof Conservation NGOs 21

Mitigation 22 Monitoring 24 Literature consulted 25

Appendix: Species lists flora and fauna 9 sheets

Picture on title page: SE Magoon Drain in Corozal Town. I I Scope of work The ecologicalstudv is to provide a brief overview on the terrestrial and aquatic ecology in and aroundthe six studytowns, and provide a summaryof the ecologzical value of the habitats and conservationstatus of anv known species present. And describingany features of ecologicalinterest identified duringthe field visit(s). The ecologicalstudy is also to identifythe key ecologicalimpacts associatedwith the proposed works, make recommendationsfor mitigationmeasures to be taken and recommendfurther studiesto be undertaken. The ecological study is also meantto describe the potentialimpacts of constructing and maintainingthe drainageworks in the six towns on the terrestrial and aquatic ecology. Characterizethe impacts in terms of tvpe (beneficialor adverse), magnitude (high. medium or low), direct/indirect,duration (short. mediumand long term, sporadic),avoidability, and reversibility. Summary This report examinesthe ecologicalimpact of the proposed improvementsin six towns of Belize. The overall conclusionof this report is that since in most cases the works will be undertakenin a strictlyurban environment,there are few ecological concerns. Most notable exemptionsare to be found in Orange Walk Town. Dangriga and Punta Gorda. In Orange Walk Tow>n,the Town Board wished to connect two natural wetlands in an attemptto improve drainageof a small area of the town. Studies have proved that this linkage would be counterproductiveand no engeneeringworks shouldbe carried out here. In Dangriga the main concern is the Gra Gra Lagoonjust south of the towln.The Town Board proposes.as an alternativeoption. to lead some of the town drains into the lagoon. The preferred option is to bypass the lagoon and drain directly into the sea. This report provides reasoningagainst this alternativeoption. In Punta Gorda the the main drainagework would involve straighteningof a natural creek and some concem was raised in conjunctionwith a populationof Black Howler Monkevs inhabitingthe area. In all towns urban pressure is leading developmentinto wetland areas not suitable for housing development.This trend will lead only to future drainage, environmental, health and social problems. The lack of proper planning and zoning is responsible for this. Although this is a very serious issue, the current project can do little to prevent this. A problem of similar magnitude is the solid waste problem. In all towns, residents use the drains as solid waste disposal. This leads to drainage,environmental, health and social problems. In many cases the solid waste ends up in the marine environment. The lack of proper solid waste managementand control is responsiblefor this. Again, this is a very serious issue, but the current project can do little to prevent this.

Introduction Several years ago, Halcrow undertookan engineeringstudy to improve drainage in six towns in Belize. namely San Ignacio/SantaElena, Benque Viejo del Carmen, Corozal, Orange Walk Town, Dangriga and Punta Gorda. Halcrowhas now been commissionedto review and update the proposed designs, with a view to constructing the drainage proposals in the coming year. As part of the current study, Halcrow is submitting an EnvironmentalImpact Assessmentof the proposals. This ecology study forms part of the EIA for the drainage section of the Urban InfrastructureProject (UIP) and the results of the study will be summarizedin the main report, and be presented in full in a technical annex to the EIA. Brief ecological description of the six towns

Corozal Corozalis a coastaltown, located on the westernshores of Corozal Bav. The topographyis flat andjust above sea level in the southeastand gently sloping over limestone to the north and west. Agriculturalfields (mostly sugar cane) surround the town, although some fragmentsof natural vegetationremain. These natural vegetation fragments includethe followingvegetation type: Seasonalswamp forests of NorthernBelize: Bullet Tree-logwoodvariant: This vegetationtype is characterizedas follows (iremongerand Brokaw, 1995):Freshwater swamp forests in which the high soil water tables vary with season;the soil may be fairly dry during January- June. Seasonallywaterlogged forests that have stagnant soil water in the wet season and may develop a hog-wallowtopography. The canopy is generallyno higher than 20 m. Characteristictrees includeBactris spp., Bucida buceras, Calophyllumbrasiliense, Haematoxylon campechianum, Metopium brownei, Coccolobaspp., Manilkarazapota, Gliricidia sepium, Sabal morrisiana. The field layer is often dominatedby graTninoids.Thick woodyvines are sometimespresent. Includes some areas, which may locally be called "bajos". This vegetationtype was most noticeablypresent north of the area known as "skeleton town".

Orange Walk Orange Walk is located along the New River. The topographyis gentlv sloping over limestone immediatelywest of the New River. Furtherto the west the land is flat and barely accentuated.Agricultural fields (mostly sugar cane) surroundthe town. although some fragmentsof natural vegetationremain. These natural vegetation fragments include the followingvegetation types (Meerman, 1999): Seasonal swamp forest of Northern Belize (Bullettree-- lozwoodvariant). This is the most extensivenatural vegetationtype left in the project area. This vegetationtvpe is locally characterizedby deep swampy soils with a distinctive"hog-wallow relief' which makes walking difficult.The area can be consideredvery wet to partly inundated during the rainy season to dry and rock-hardduring the dry season. The canopy is broken and the vegetationis stunted. Diversity is low and very few large trees occur. The BullettreeBucida buceras is usually the largest tree species around. The density of epiphytes was high in this vegetation type. Patches with higher ground have a somewhat differentspecies compositionand a higher canopy. Such patches are too small to be recognized as a differentvegetation type. Seasonal swamp forests of NorthernBelize (Riparianseasonal swamp forest). This vegetation type was found mostly directly borderingthe New River. An isolated patch was found along a small creek west of Orange Walk Town. Alt]houghthere is usually a belt of transitionalspecies, the actual transition from the bullet tree- logwood variant to the riparian seasonal swamp forest is usually quite sudden. Here the canopy is higher and more closed. Withinthe project area, the dominant species is the Provisiontree Pachira aquatica. In some places Red mangrove Rhizophora mangle has a good presence (probably indicative of ill-aerated soils). Tall-herb wetland communihy. Small patches with low, mostly herbaceous, vegetation are common around Orange Walk. Usually the main species is the cattail Typha domingensis. Thallia geniculata is common in the swamp directly west of town.

San Ignacio/Santa Elena The twin towns of San Ignacio and Santa Elena are located on the banks of the Macal River in the Cayo district. The topography is strongly accentuated over limestone. but flat, low lying areas exist in the west of San Ignacio and in the north of Santa Elena. Hardly any natural vegetation remains close to town. The remaining fragments comprise of the following vegetation types (Iremonger & Brokaw, 1995): Lowland moist evergreen seasonal forests (Northwestern Variant): This variant is characterized by taller forests than the eastern variants, it attains 20-30 m. Common trees are Alseis yucatanensis, Ampelocera hottlei, Aspidosperma cruenta, Brosimum alicastrum, Bursera simaruba, Drypetes brownei, D. laterifolia, Hirtella americana, Manilkara zapota, Metopium brownei, Orbignya cohune, Pouteria reticulata, Pouteria amygdalina, Pouteria sp., Pseudolmedia sp., Protium copal, Pseudobombax ellipticum, Sabal morrisiana, Schoepfia schreberi, Spondias mombin, Stemmadenia donnell-smithii, and Trichilia minutiflora. Cryosophila argentea is common in the understorv and midstory. Soils are well-drained gray or brown clays, variably stony. Broadleaf Hill forests over limestone. Canopy trees 15-40 m tall, understorv present at about 10-15 m, shrub layers between 1-4 m, herb layer usually scant, at about 30 cm. Common trees are Calophyllum brasiliense, Manilkara sp. Peteniodendron belizense, Sabal morrisiana, Trichilia minutiflora, and Myrtaceae. Palms, Rubiaceae, and Melastomataceae are abundant in the shrub layers, and lianas are frequent Soils are variable. In steep terrain where there is more non-vegetated ground surface, particularly bare rock, the canopy tends to reach 25-30 m. Epilithic herbs are locally abundant, e.g. Pilea spp., Spathiphyllum blandum, Bromelia sp. and Begonia sericoneura. Soils may be extremely organic due to the leaching of the mineral soil and the build-up of organic matter in the limestone cracks and fissures. The forest along the Macal River has a very small floodplain and shows little resemblance to the banks of the New River in Orange Walk. Technically the riverine forest in San Ignacio!Santa Elena is more related to the broadleaf hill forests over limestone than to the Riparian Seasonal Swamp forest that would be expected along a river. At one stage this vegetation type may have existed in what is now the northem section of Santa Elena.

Benque Viejo del Carmen This town is located on the banks of the Mopan River near the border with Guatemala. The topography is strongly accentuated over limestone. The settlement is rather old and as a result, very little natural vegetation is remaining close to town. . The remaining fragments comprise of the following vegetation types (Iremonger & Brokaw, 1995): Lowland moist evergreen seasonal forests: Northwestern Variant: This variant is characterized by taller forests than the eastern variants, it attains 20-30 m. Common trees are Alseis yucatanensis. Ampelocera hottlei. Aspidosperma cruenta, Brosimum alicastrum, Bursera simaruba, Drvpetes brownei. D. laterifolia. Hirtella americana, Manilkara zapota. Metopium brownei, Orbignya cohune. Pouteria reticulata. Pouteria amygdalina, Pouteria sp., Pseudolmedia sp.. Protium copal. Pseudobombax ellipticum, Sabal morrisiana. Schoepfia schreberi, Spondias mombin. Stemmadenia donnell-smithii. and Trichilia minutiflora. Crvosophila argentea is common in the understory and midstory. Soils are well-drained gray or brown clays, variably stony. Broadleaf Hill forests over limestone: Canopy trees 15-40 m tall, understory present at about 10-15 m, shrub layers between 1-4 m, herb layer usually scant, at about 30 cm. Common trees are Calophyllum brasiliense, Manilkara sp. Pereniodendron belizense, Sabal morrisiana, Trichilia minutiflora, and Myrtaceae. Palms, Rubiaceae. and Melastomataceae are abundant in the shrub layers. and lianas are frequent Soils are variable. In steep terrain where there is more non-vegetated ground surface, particularlv bare rock, the canopy tends to reach 25-30 m. Epilithic herbs are locally abundant, e.g. Pilea spp., Spathiphyllum blandum. Bromelia sp. and Begonia sericoneura. Soils may be extremely organic due to the leaching of the mineral soil and the build-up of organic matter in the limestone cracks and fissures. The forest along the Mopan River has a very small floodplain and shows little resemblance to the shores of the New River in Orange Walk. Technically the riverine forest in San Ignacio/Santa Elena is more related to the broadleaf hill forests over limestone than to the Riparian Seasonal Swamp forest that would be expected along a river.

Dangriga Darngriga is a coastal town on the mouth of the North Stann Creek River. All of town is very flat on alluvial soils and bare]y above sea level. Most important fragments of natural vegetation are found to the south of town. These remaining fragments corLprise of the following vegetation types (Iremonger & Brokaw, 1995): Lowland broadleaf moist forest over poor soils: These forests are characterized by Calophyllum brasiliense, low Orbignya cohune, Terminalia amazonia, Virola brachycarpa, V koschnyi, Xylopiafrutescens, and Miconia spp. Basin mangrove forest: Species composition and structure in these communities are highly variable depending on frequency and depth of inundation, nutrient exchange and water salinity levels. Rhizophora mangle dominates in areas which receive frequent tidal flooding or where flood waters are predominantly deeper than 15 cm. Where water depth is less and tidal flushing, amplitude and kinetic energy of floodwaters decrease, other mangrove species invade. Where salinity reaches levels above 50 % Avicennia germinans dominates. In addition to being highly saline the soils may be very reduced (anaerobic), giving the Avicennia an ecological advantage through its pneumatophores. Where salinity is about 30-40 %, dominant species include Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa, and Rhizophora mangle. Mixed mangrove shrubland: Mixed mangrove communities, not permanently inundated, with all four mangrove species: Avicennia germinans, Conocarpus erectus Laguncularia racemosa, and Rhizophora mangle. Punta Gorda Punta Gorda is a coastal town in the southerndistrict of Toledo. The topography of this town shows low Iying areas to the north-east of town and slightly elevated areas to the south and inland. Isolated limestonehills characterizethe hinterland.As expected,most of the natural vegetation near town has disappearedor at least been strongly impacted as a result of human activity. The remaining fragments comprise of the following vegetationtypes (Iremonger& Brokaw, 1995): Seasonal swamp forests of Southernand Central Belize: Typical variant: These are generally lower and over poorer soils than those of Northern Belize. There are two distinguishablevariants. Characteristictrees in these forests are Aspidoserma cruenta, Dalbergia stevensonii, Terminalia amazonia, Vismiaferruginea, I'ochysia hondurensis, and Xylopiafrutescens. On richer soils Pterocarpus officinalis is found; on poorer soils Melastomataceaeand Acoelorraphe wrightii. Vegetation survevs in this vegetationtype showed a clear influence of limestone in the vegetation. This influenceis probably a result of hillwash from nearby limestone hills. Lowland broadleafwet forests over poor or sandv soils: Characterizedlocally by Acosmium panamense, Aspidosperma cruenta, Calophyllum brasiliense, Dialium guianense, Guarea sp., Erblichia odorata, Ficus sp., Licania platypus, Orbignya cohune, Pouteria mammosa. Pouteria sp., Pterocarpus hayesii, Sirnarouba glauca. Spondias mombin, Swietenia macrophylla, Symphonia giobulifera, Terminalia amazonia, Vochysia hondurensis, Virola koschnyi, Vismiaferruginea, and Xylopia frutescens. Correspondingto where they occur in iowland areas, soils may be dull reddish-brown,brown or gray clays, often mottled and/or stony.

Wildlife Wildlife in these towns is mostly restricted to birdlife. Larger mammals are rare in the project area with the probable exemptionof Raccoons (Procyonlotor) and various Rats. The West Indian Manatee (Trichechusmanatus) is a componentof the offshore habitat. Especially the Bay of Corozal is consideredan important habitat for this species. Of the reptiles, the Morelets Crocodilewarrants specific mention. With several towns expanding into wetland areas, there are increasingreports of Crocodiles in the urban area. These reports have become so common that the situation is increasingly perceived as being a problem and consequentlysolutions to this problem are being sought (Meerman, 1999). Description of the ecology and the impacts expected to be caused by the drainage works under consideration The followingis a brief descriptionof the ecology in the proposeddrainage works (by town). This descriptionis based on the fieldvisitscarried out in August and September of 1999.

C'orozal Most of the drainageworks in the town itself will involverepair and upgradingof existingdrains. No discemableecological impacts are to be expected here. This situationis somewhat IrdJ#x[-"^-'t77 t'fl!![1'#rr 1different in the area known as : 1 "skeletontown" and to a lesser extend in the "William - - ~~ ' Ar ' Hall" area. In "skeleton - - ,< , _. town", urban development is _ -. _ _. =- >_i expandinginto a fragmentof , ;, "Seasonal,j.,.,D, swamp- ' ' forests of Northem Belize: Bullet Tree- _Z - logwoodvariant" (See e-~, above).Here, drainageworks _ ' will impact this forest

.=, --- remnant (for a species list, see appendix). Most notably, improveddrainage in this Floodingin Skeleton Town, Corozal area will lead to further .______developm ent into an area that is barely suitablefor housing purposes,and consequentlymore destructionof this vegetationtype. I I Orange Walk Most of the drainage works in the town itself will involve repair and upgrading of existing drains. No discernable ecological impacts are to be expected here, especiallv since little or no natural vegetation exists here. Some areas at the fringes of town with remnants of natural vecetation warrant further description and some of these areas are of concern: I) The wetland in the western part of town (Tall-herb wetland community, see above). The Town Board of Orange Walk Town sees this wetland as a problem. This wetland is the recipient

.... __= . *of - ..... drainage waters from the Dunn Street Drain. Perceived problems are mosquitoes and flooding of properties on the northern shores of this wetland. The Town Board proposed to alleviate flooding problems by linking this wetland with a similar wetland just west of it. Ultimately the Town Board is looking at filling in this wetland and 7,, Vt;f'- use it for town expansion. Filling in this wetland does not fall under the scope of this current project and research into

-^ Is> 5 this option of linking the two wetlands came up with some important (not Drain endingin swamp 1 (OrangeWalk). unexpected) results. It was shown that the water level in the second (eastward) wetland was higher than in the first wetland. Connecting the two would result in a westward flow and thus be counterproductive. Apart from the undesirability of such a linking from a strictly engineering point of view, one of the ecological consequences would be that it would completely change the hydrology of the area. A decision not to carry out any engineering works here has already been taken. I I San LorenzoRd

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2) Drainage of the Craboo Street area into a "Tall-herb wetland" along the New River. The proposed drainage area has escaped development because of its permanently wet conditions. Drainage of the Craboo Street area would add very little to this and no discernable ecological impacts are expected here. 3) Improvement of the culvert under the San Lorenzo Road through "Seasonal swamp forest of Northern Belize (Bullet tree - logwood variant)" (See above). This improvement appears straight forward and the construction and maintenance themselves will do little or no ecological damage. However, there is a distinct development pressure on the general area which is currently still covered by natural vegetation. Improved drainage of this area will no doubt facilitate development in this area and ultimately lead to the total destruction of this forest fragment. I I San Ignacio/Santa Elena Most of the drainage works in the town itself will involve repair and upgrading of existing drains. No discernable ecological impacts are to be expected here, especially since little or no natural vegetation exists here. This situation is different in some areas at the fringes of town: tw57 1) The Independence Street area in San Ignacio is a low lying area currently undergoing development. Drainage pattern is not entirelYclear and - -; ----;b -...... of natural flow,-.direction is Z4-is *9-. -zw<< - ;t- either east (to the Macal River) .3.<.t J...... -, " , west;or where there is supposed to be a small creek. This small

- R ,~.,^ ;>...... - ...... creek^:.: could not be located i> .~ ,~ :,~-.*d.. uring the fieldwork and the > _ *,~.. S. month of September 1999 was too dry to make any natural Drainagein the IndependenceStreet Area, San flow patternsstand out. Most of Ignacio.Citrus in the background. the area is eithernew urban development or agriculture (Citrus). Some isolated trees occur but nothing is left of the original vegetation. Construction and maintenance of the drainage works proposed is not expected to have any significant impact, 2) The Salazar Street drain in Santa Elena drains into the Macal River. The Macal River at this point has some fringes of natural vegetation (Meerman, 1998) and the bank is steep. Erosion is the main concern here. I I Benque Viejo de] Carmen Most of the drainage works in the town itself will involve repair and upgrading of existing drains. One soakawav will need to be constructed near the ^ ~~~~s;.__ . . . 19~~azareneschool which - . _ _ is located in an area of : - -- _ town expansion in the east side of town. Since - - .-.- _.>.--.- .: m all the area is urbanized, no discemable

- - .- .. ecological' : . impacts are to ..- ; be. expected here. Both ______-____ -______--.-.______.____.___-- the Central Main Drain Figure 2 Central drain in Benque Viejo del Carmen and the Liberty/George Street drains will drain into the Mopan River. Except for the regular concems with dumping potentially polluted water on a main surface water body, little or no discernable ecological impact is expected here. I I I I Dangriga Dangriga being low-lying has the greatest drainage problem of all towns investigated. I; was also the town with the greatest garbage problem. Also there are considerable areas of wetland or other types of natural vegetation remaining at the edges of town. The areas of concem are the following: 1) The John Creek Canal outlet near the Pelican Beach Resort is basically the mouth of a mangrove creek with its associated vecetation. Beach erosion is the main problem here and improvement of the canal can probably not seen separate from some form of coastal protection works. 2) The mouth of the Miskin Canal just east of the John Creek Canal outlet has little or no natural vegetation remaining but shares the problem of coastal erosion. 3) Most of the major canals open up to the North Stann Creek River. Although it would appear that this would lead to pollution of the river by the water of these drains, this may only be the case immediately after the opening of the connection(s) of the canal(s) with the river when accumulated debris is flushed out into the river. After that the hydrological benefits of these connections far outstrip any environmental problems, real or perceived. The real problem here lies with the tremendous solid waste problem of Dangriga. A problem which needs to be addressed with great vigor. 4) The Melinda Road Canal lies in a swampy area along the North Stann Creek. And old oxbow lake, remnant from the days that the ._ . ;." ' .' , ,r .-;C4** ~ .:stt +' river was still free to

-- i* i * .ffi ..-choose .,, ^*; its own way, is still discemable here. The vegetation here shows a transition from "Basin mangrove forest" to "Lowland broadleaf .. - <... : ^.moist , .w;- forest over poor soils" There are still sizeable stands of mangrove (All three species) present, . ,,6,,' A-a ,; especially west of the Canal. Morelet's Housingdevelopment moving in nearthe Lakeland Canal Crocodilesare reported on the fringesof GraGra Lagoon,Dangriga to occur in this area. 5) The Gra Gra Lagoon is a large, nearly pristine, wetland immediately south of Dangriga (See map). The Lakeland Canal and the Sabal Street Canal currently drain into this wetland. Town expansion is currently creeping into this area (Rivas Estate). The area is near perrmanently inundated and unsuitable for urban development. The proposal is to link up the Lakeland Canal with the sea through a culvert under the Jetty Pier Road. Currently this area is covered in trash varying from plastic bags to old washing machines. Engineering works would involve the construction of a 6.5 meter wide canal while the whole width of the engineering I works (including embankments etc.) here would be as much as 25 to 30 meters. All this area is dense "Basin Mangrove" separated from the sea by a narrow beach bar with associated vegetation (See species list). Although this particular vegetation is not too well represented in protected areas (14% coverage. PfB 1995), The damage to this small area of Mangrove in the originally proposed route, is preferable to anv impacts on the larger and ecologically more important Gra Gra Lagoon.

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Mdapof the area of Dangriga I I I A local NGO called "Friends of Gra Gra" is currently attempting to manage the Gra Gra Lagoon and are hoping to develop it for eco-tourism (See excerpt of interview elsewhere in this document). The Friends of Gra Gra are opposed to drainage of town drains into the lagoon at the same time recognizing that the natural drainage is into the lagoon.

-- - 0 --,.½-----

Gra Gra Lagoonsouth of Dangriga

The main concern with the Gra Gra lagoon is potential pollution of the (brackish) water in the lagoon by polluted water from the town drains. On the other hand filtering of this drain water throuah an extensive wetland with mangrove has ecological benefits above direct dumping of this water on the sea and nearby barrier reef. I I Punta Gorda Punta Gorda has relatively few drainage problems. Upgrading of the NE Magoon drain and the main street drainage constitute no ecological problems. The more sensitive areas lie to the south west on the South side of the SW Magoon drain which is a more or less natural creek. There are two areas of interest:

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Map 3: The area of Punta Gorda a) The town expansion to the south-west. Here the creekldrain is narrow and often ill defined. The area is a relatively new development with very few remnants of the original vegetation. There are no ecological constraints in this area. b) The swamp forest (Seasonal swamp forests of Southern and Central Belize: Typical variant) south of town along the road leading to the Voice of America compound. This area is somewhat impacted by shifting cultivation but otherwise very much intact. The forest here is distinctly dorninated by "Kaway" Pterocarpus officinalis I I I indicating perrmanentlvwet and occasionally inundated conditions.

-,* This forest remains very low and wet until well away from the creek. Many forest pools were found containing aquatic vegetation, again indicating permanently wet conditions. The s.mW-A., sr :vegetation composition (see species list) clearlv indicates the nearby ______presence of limestone (most likely hillwash from nearby limestone hills) The biodiversitv of this forest type ,^ Mappears high. Also, Black Howler Monkeys occur right up to the edge of town in this area. A special plant 74- found here is Zamia picta. which is -fX P ? known;( from Belize only from a few

Zamia picta near Punt.aGorda specimens. Further SW this forest changes into a much poorer vegetation type: "Lowland broadleaf wet forests over poor or sandy soils". Engineering works of the SW magoon drain would involve straightening of the a creek, which in its turn would lead to substantial loss of habitat in this small _ area. Nevertheless, this particular habitat - is well represented in protected areas (29% coverage)(PfB, 1995).- ;f&x

Creek with Kawav forest near mouth of SW Magoon drain I Conservation aspects Most of the plant and animal species noted or reported from the 6 project areas are commonand not endangered.A few exemptionsneed to be made, these being: Al].Mangrove species (Red, Black and White)are subject to the "Forests (Protection of Mangroves)Regulations" of 1989.This legislationeffectively protects all mangrovesfrom alteration(on both private and National land). but in recognitionof certain developmentneeds, the regulationsestablish a permit procedure whereby people may apply for permissionto clear mangrove.Fines for not adhering to permnit conditionswere increasedunder the "Forests (Protectionof Mangroves)Amendment Regulationsof 1992". Zamia picta is a rare plant known in Belize only from a few specimens.The species is listed in appendixII of CITESand listedas Rare in WCMC(1997). Specimens of this species were found not far away from the SW Magoon Drain in Punta Gorda. It does not appear likely that upgradingand maintenanceactivities of this drain will affect actual standsof this species.However. straighteningof the creek in the lower section of the drain might lead to the destructionof an unknownnumber of plants. The West-IndianManatee (Trichechus manatus) is listed as threatened(IUCN, 1996).Belize is one of the most importantstrongholds in the Caribbeanfor this species and the Bay of Corozal is consideredan importanthabitat within Belize (Auil, I999). The Mexican Black Howler Monkey(Alouatta pigra) is listed as vulnerable (IUCN, 1996).A populationof this species occurs in the SW Magoondrain area of Punta Gorda. The Morelet's Crocodile (Crocodylusmoreletii) is listedas threatened in the IUCN Red data book (1996), but the Belizean populationappears to be healthy. The species is endemicto low elevationsites along the Gulf and Caribbeanslopes from Tamaulipas (Mexico)south to Belize and Northern Guatemala(Lee, 1996).The combinationof human encroachmentinto Crocodilehabitat and the recovery of Crocodilepopulations increasingly leads to confrontations.Drainage works in Corozal Town, Orange Walk Town and Dangrigawill influence Morelet's Crocodile habitat. In the current situation makingthe habitat (in the drains and canals) less suitable for crocodileshas to be perceivedas beneficialsince this will reduce the chance for conflicts (whichalways end negativefor the crocodiles). Potential impacts The construction, upgrading and cleaning of the drainage systems as proposed, potentially have the following ecological impacts on the ecology of the respective areas (table 1 below):

Table 1. Potential impacts < Activity Impact rCD c Discussion

Dredgingand Loss of | C n - Removal of vegetation will lead to temporary removal of biodiversity CD r disturbanceof aquatic and terrestrialfauna. vegetation in and X X o . Recovery is expected. Much of the aquatic fauna around canals < depends on free flow of water and will thus benefit from maintenanceclearing. Cleaningof canals could possibly lead to reduction of shelterfor Crocodiles. Since Crocodiles are considereda nuisancein urban l______- areas, this is to be considered a positive side effect. RemovalIof z m _1r O Removal of trees for constructionpurposes along the Howler Monkey CD SW Magoondrain and straightening of the creek habitat (Punta south of Punta Gorda may affect Howler Monkey Gorda) D presence in the area and is thus negative.

Destructionof z _ z z Straighteningof the lower section of the SW Magoon Zamia picta stands CD 3 _ 0 drain may lead to the destructionof an unknown (Punta Gorda) _ n numberof individualsof this rare and poorly known ft 3t species.

Removes cover for C Crocodiles are considered a nuisance in urban crocodiles i 0r o areas. Making the urban canals a less suitable ftD _ Sg habitatwill prevent conflict situations. ft~~~~~~?

Improving Drainage of z mIproveddrainage in and around wetlands will lead drainage wetlands and loss sD 3 9. o o to loss of general biodiversity. of biodiversity. ft I ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~CD3

Increasing z _ _ _ Improveddrainage in and around wetlands will lead development CD r , o| to increased developmentand thus loss of general pressure on areas X (D CD biodiversity. unsuitablefor < _ development.

Dredging of Pollution as a z r _ <| Dredged sludge will be transportedto the local sludge result of Dt 3 D ft sanitary landfill. Spillage of siudge will lead to dirty to ft 0 (J- transportation/dum >i a roads with assocated economic and social dangers. ping of dredged < Leaching of sludge at dumpsite may iead to pollution siudge. of surrounding areas.

Sewage dumping Pollution of canals z _ z Some residents in the three coastal towns may not by residents CD CD ° | o have sewerage connections. Raw sewage will be without access to I dumped in the canals instead. other disposal < 3 I methods CD

Flushing activity Increasednutrient _ r | In the case of Corozal, Dangriga and Punta Gorda, of canals ioad in manne CD CD 0 0 0 the sensitive barrier reef is at great distance. environment D) m Negative effects therefore limded. < f Flushingactivity I Increasednutrient - , 1 inthe case of Orange Walk, San Ignacio and of canals load in marshand toCD CD c 01 Benque,the cleaning capacityof the rivers is riverine 'r c_ probablystill enough to neutralze this effect Care environment _ may be needed in the case of the marsh near OrangeWalk

Increased z Pollutionby solid waste is a problem in al. populated depositionof solid sD r o0 o areasbut particularlysevere in the case of Dangriga. waste in marine, aW E rD marsh and riverine |3 environment

Increasednutrient z r _ z Increasedflushing action of the drainagecanals may load in the marine D 3 c o lead to increasednutrient load in the manne environment o Co environmentjust outside the towns (Corozal, affects Manatee r Q Dangriga, Punta Gorda). Organismsgrowing on population leafblades(epyphils) of seagrasswill be the first recipientsof these nutrientsand respond with increasedgrowth. Possibly resultingin smotheringof seagrasswhich in its turn will lead to food shortage i I for the Manateepopulation Lnkage of Affectinga virtualiy z _ rI z Leadingslightly pollutedand nutrient laden water Dangrigadrains pristine mangrove |c g 3 oC0 though a mangrovehabitat is actually preferable with Gra Gra haDitat t ( above direct dumping in the marine habitat.The Lagoon pristine characterand its potentialfor ecotourism i 1 3 make it undesirabieto use the Gra Gra lagoonfor Linkage this purpose

Linkage of two Changinglocal z - _ z| Becauseof the severe oamageto local drainage swampswest of hydrology cs r c pattern, linkageof the two swamps under Orange Walk a CD El considerationshould only be undertaken. < |DEngineering considerations have already ruled out 3 this option. I Opinions of conservation NGOs In order to obtain additional information on the ecology of the area and potential impacts. representatives of the friends of Gra Gra. Toledo Institute for Development and Environment (TIDE) and the Environmental. Social and Technical Assistance Prcject (ESTAP) were interviewed on 24 and 25 August 1999.

Friends of Gra Gra (Dangriga) Julian Lewis, Chairman, Timothy Flores. Vice Chairman Friends of Gra Gra is a local NGO supported by funds from the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) of the United Nations Development Project (UNDP). This NGO has pledged to protect and manage the environment of the Gra Gra Lagoon and develop it for ecotourism, Thev also claim to be active in the removal of trash along the road to the lagoon and to be responsible for the placement of signs there. The spokesmen were informed about the project in Dangriga and they expressed coricems about the plans of the Town Board to lead some of the drainage canals of Dangriga into the Gra Gra Lagoon. Initially, both spokesmen declared themselves strongly against this proposed connection. Mostly out of fear from contamination of the lagoon by polluted water from town. Later during the interview they admitted that the natural drainage of the southem part of Dangriga actuallv led the waters to the lagoon and that -with the installation of a proper filter- the effects on the lagoon would be minimal. Nevertheless they still preferred direct dumping into sea because of the (probably incorrect) assumption that the seawater would have a greater cleaning capacity than the lagoon.

TII)E (Punta Gorda) Will Mehia: Director The spokesman was informed about the project in Punta Gorda and saw no environmental and/or ecological concems. The only aspect that came forward was the presence of Black Howler Monkeys at the Southern Edge of Punta Gorda. Care should be taken not to destroy trees unnecessarily while upgrading the SW Magoon drain.

ESTAP (Punta Gorda) Darlene Middleton: Office Manager, John McGill: Physical Planner, Lucilla Ellis: Social Planner The above persons were informed about the project in Punta Gorda and saw no environmental and/or ecological concerns. The only aspect that came forward was again, the presence of Black Howler Monkeys at the Southem Edge of Punta Gorda. Care should be taken not to destroy trees unnecessarily while upgrading the SW Magoon drain. Mitigation In spite of the varied ecology of the areas under consideration,the current project will not significantlyaffect the national biodiversity,and considerationsof human wellbeingshould have preferencein this particular case. Some of the impactswould be best servedby the "0-option" (no development).This is the case in the swamp forests in SkeletonTown (Corozal), the swamp forests west of Orange Walk, the herbaceousswamps west of Orange Walk, and the Gra Gra Lagoon Wetland south of Dangriga. In many of these cases, improvement of the drainage will only increasethe developmentpressure on these areas which, strictly speaking,are not suitablefor town expansion.Expansion here will only lead to habitat destruction, high developmentcosts, high environmentalcosts and deplorable and unsanitary living conditions. In spite of the foregoing,the overall conclusion of the project should be that effect of the proposed project to the local ecology will be minimal and that the social benefits will outweigh the few negative impacts. The main mitigationmeasures to be consideredlie within the field of waste management(See table 2 below). One area is recommendedfor protection (Gra Gra Lagoon).

Table 2. Mitigationmatnx.

Activity Impact Mitigation Costs

Dredgingand removalof Lossof biodiversity None NA vegetationin andaround canals

Destructionof Zamiapicta Removalof plantsbefore Laborto iocateand dig up stands(Punta Gorda) constructionwork starts. plants+ transportationto Plants could be donated to botanical garoen. the future National Arboretumand meanwhile deposited in either the DuPlooys Botanic Garden or in the Green Hills Botanical Collection. Removal of Howler Monkey No removal of (or damage Limited.Works may require habitat (Punta Gorda) to)tall trees unless a little more time when absolutelyunavoidable. This caution needs to be taken will be impossible to achieve in the section closest to sea where straightening of the creek is required. Removes cover for None NA crocodiles

Improvingdrainage Drainage of wetlands and Nonefeasible within urban NA loss of biodiversity. environment.None practcal Creatingdevelopment either at this late stage. pressure on areas unsuitable Properzoning should have for deveiopment exciudedmany of the areas from development _~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Dredging of sludge Pollution as a result o' Monitoring of transport and Little Works may require a transportation/dumping of cleaning of spills when little more time when caution dredgec sludge. required needs to be taken

Sewage dumping by Poliution of canals Installation of proper Not under this project resicdents without access to sewerage facilities other disposal methods

Flushing activity of canals Increased nutrient load in Installation of proper Not under this project marine, marsh and riverine sewerage and waste environment disposal facilities

Increased nutrient load in Installation of proper Not under this project marsh and nvenne sewerage and waste environment disposal facilrties

Increased deposition of solid Instaliation of proper Not under this project waste in marine, marsh and sewerage and waste riverine environment disposal facilities

Increased nutrient load in the Installation of proper Not under this project marine environment affects sewerage and waste Manatee population disposal facilities

Linkage of Dangriga drains T Affecting a virtually pristine - Choose for the Not under this project with Gra Gra Lagoon mangrove habitat preferred option which is a direct link to sea. l No further urban development into the Mangrove. - Declaration of the Gra Gra Lagoon as a protected area. Linkage of two swamps west Changing local hydrology Because severe damage to N.A. of Orange Walk (as local hydrology and because suggested by Town Board) of engineering difficulties, no engineering works should be K carried out here ( 0 option"). Monitoring

Monitoringefforts should focus on three items (See also under Mitigation): 1) The proper transportationand storage of dredged sludge 2) The restricted clearing of trees along the SW Magoon Drain in Punta Gorda 3) Trafic and transportationsafety During the entire constructionphase, it will be essentialto monitorthe above aspects for environmentaldamage. Most Governmentdepartments have a monitoring capacity but in realistic terms, the physical capacity to actually do frequent monitoringis inadequate.Usually, there is a lack of personnel and a lack of transportation. Institutionalstrengthening of these departments(provision of equipment, such as laboratoryequipment, cameras,vehicles etc.) could solve part of this problem. But in most cases monitoringwould be more effective when carried out by independent consultants who will report their finding to the contractors,any managementbody as well as to the appropriategovemment departments and or municipality. Further studyis required into the exact geology and hydrologyof the swamp(s) east of Orange Walk Town. This before any decision is taken into possible linking of these two swamps in an attempt to alleviateflooding of a few properties in the area.

Table 3. Monitoring matrix Activity/impact Monitoring ProposedMonitoring Investrnent l institutionl

Dredgingand removal of i No unneeded removal of Private consultant - 1 day per weeksduring vegetation in and around trees constructionphase canals: Removal of Howler Monkeyhabitat (Punta Gorda) Drecging of sluoge: Monitoringof transport Private consultant - day per two weeks Pollution as a result of and cleaning of spills during constructionphase transportation/dumpingof when required dredgedsludge (All towns) | Traffic and equipment Implementationof disaster Private consultant 1 day per month relatedimpacts preparednessplan throughoutconstruction ____phase______Literature consulted Auil, N. 1999. Manatee aerial survey 5: March 15-19. 1999. Dry season. CZMU report. 6 pp 2 maps. Furlev, P. A. and J. A. Ratter. 1992. Mangrovedistribution, vulnerability and managementin Central America. ODA - OFI Forestr! ResearchProgramme. contract no R 4736. 84 pp. Furley. P. and D. Munro (Eds.) 1993. The wetlands of Belize: Ecology, Environment and Utilisation. Dept. of Geography of the University of Edinburgh. 149 pp. Gray. D. A., S. A. Zisman and C. Corves. 1990. Mapping the Mangroves of Belize. Dept. of Geography of the University of Edinburgh. 31 pp. 2 app. 2 Maps. Greenfield. D. W. and J. E. Thomerson. 1997. Fishes of the Continental Waters of Belize. University press of Florida, Gainesville. 311 pp.

Irernonger, S. and N.Brokaw. 1995. Vegetation Classification for Belize. In: PfB. 1995. Towards a national protected area systems plan for Belize. Synthesis report. Programmeme for Belize.

IUCN, 1996. IUCN Red list of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland. 368 pp - annex. Lee. J. C. 1996. The amphibians and reptiles of the Yucatan Peninsula. Comstock Publishing Associates. Ithaca. 499 pp. Meerman. J. C. 1998. Ecological Assessment of the second bridge crossing for the Macal River in San Ignacio, Belize. Report to Halcrow Group Ltd. Meerman, J. C. 1999. Ecological Study Orange Walk Town - Bypass Proposal. Report to Halcrow Group Ltd. 22 pp + app. PfB. 1995. Towards a national protected area systems plan for Belize. Synthesis report. Programmeme for Belize. WC'MC. 1997. Conservation Status Listing of Plants: Status report as per 30 April 1997. World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, U.K. Zismnan,S. 1992. Mangroves in Belize: Their Characteristics, use and conservation. Natural Resource Management and Protection Project. 152 pp + app. Zisman. S. 1994a. Priority areas for Mangrove protection in Belize. Natural Resource Management and Protection Project. Internal Reports Vol 7/1994 (6): 5 pp. Zisinan. S. 1998. Mangroves in Belize. Thesis. Dept. of Geography of the University of Edinburgh. I U.I.P. Flora and Fauna listing September1999

N ~~~~~~~~~~~0r

GASTROPODA IArcidae GraGra GASTROPODA IButla stnata GraGra GASTROPODA ICardidae GraGra GASTROPODA ilsognomonidae GraGra GASTROPODA IMelongea sp. ; GraGra GASTROPODA .Solen,dae i GraGra

LEPIDDPTERA p i

PAPILIONIDAE iBattus polydamas polydamas (Linnaeus) 1 _ _ PAPILIONIDAE IPar/des sesostris zestos (Gray) 1 PAPILIONIDAE IPardes iphidamas iphidamas (Fabricius) I 1 PAPILIONIDAE i Protographium philolaus philolaus (Boisduval) 1

PAPILIONIDAE iHeract/des thoas autoctes (Roths & Jordan) 1 _

PIERIDA-E 1Me/ete isandra (Bo,sduval) _ | 1 _.

PIERIDAE iAppias drusilla drusilla (Cramer) _ 1 1 PIERIDAE litaballiademoph/le calydonia (Boisduval) I 1 1

PIERIDAE i Ascia monuste monuste (LJnnaeus) i ___ 1

PIERIDAE jPhoebisphilea phitea (Linnaeus) 1 1 ___1 PIERIDAE IPhoebis argante argante (Fabric/us) 1 1_i 1 I PIERIDAE IPhoebis sennae marcellina (Cramer) 1

PIERIDAE IAphnssaboisduvalii (Fe/der) 1 1 ______PIERIDAE lEurema albula(Cramer) i 1

PIERIDAE iEurema nise nelphe (Felder) 1 _i ___ I

PIERIDAE IEurema daira tydia (Felder & Felder) I I _ 1 _

NYMPHALIDAE IDanaus plexippus plexippus (Linnaeus) I _ _ 1 i NYMPHALIDAE Danaus gilippus thersippus Bates _ _ 1 _ _ _

NYMPHALIDAE I Colobura dirce (Linnaeus) _ -- - 1 _ _ _ NYMPHALIDAE IHistons odius odius (Fabricius) _ _ 1 f1 _ I NYMPHALIDAE IMestra amymone (Menetnies) _ 1 1 -

NYMPHALIDAE IHamadryas februa ferentina (Godart) i _ 1 1 i I

NYMPHALIDAE IHamadryas feronia farinulenta (Fruhstorfer) __ 1___1 NYMPHALIDAE IDynamine mytitta (Cramer) I ___ 1 NYMPHALIDAE IMarpesia chiron (Fabricius) I _ I 1 _ _ I

NYMPHALIDAE ISiproeta stelenes biplagiata (Fruhstorfer) _ i _ _

NYMPHALIDAE Siproeta epaphus epaphus (Latreille) _ __ 1 1 _ i NYMPHALIDAE Anartia fatima (Fabricius) . _i 1 _ NYMPHALIDAE Anartialjatrophaeluteipicta Fruhstorfer _ 1___I _ _ NYMPHALIDAE Eupto/eta hegesia hoffmanni Comstock 1 I NYMPHAJDAE Dryas iulia moderata (Stichel)(Ri/ey?) | ' 1 i____

NYMPHALIDAE Heliconius charitonius vazquezae Comstock & Brown L n _ _ __1, NYMPHALIDAE He/iconius erato petiverana Doubleday ]_ 1 1

NYMPHALIDAE Heliconius ismenius telchinia Doubleday _ 1 | _ NYMPHALIDAE Consul fabius cecrops (Doubleday) _ 1

NYMPHALIDAE IMagneuptychia libye Linnaeus | j _ 1 i _ j

RIODINIDAE [Calephe/is sp. | | - _1___ RIODINIDAE ICharissp I _ __1I_ RIODINIDAE Emesis sp. = =i_j _ 1 I

RIODINIDAE IJuditha lamis molpe __I _ 1 1 LYCAENIDAE Zizu1a cyna tulliola (Godman & Salvin) r 1 BIRDS i

1 = From Meerman,1998 BelizeEnvironmental Consultancies Ltd. * = Introducedspecies Sheet1 U.I.P. Flora and Fauna listing September 1999

: ~o C~) ~ ~ ~) C) CLv r D 0L 0 . CD C CORMORANTS PHALACROCORACIDAE IPhalacrocoraxbrasilianus, Neotropic Cormorant,R HERONS ARDEIDAE _ ___ _ Ardea herodias,Great B1ueHeronWR

_ Egretta alba Great Egret, WR Independencestr. iEgretta thula, SnowyEgret, WR _Egretta caeruiea,Little Blue Heron, W Bubuicusibis, Cattle Egret, WR |Butoridesvirescens, Green (backed) HerolS.Andres Independencestr. INycticorax violaceus, Yellowcrowned Night Heron, WR _ SWANS, GEESE AND DUCKS ANATIDAE _ I ' _ _ lAnas discors, Bluewinged Teal W _ _ NEW WORLD VULTURES CATHARTIDAE _ _ j _ _ Coragypsatratus, Black Vulture,WR , __ ! Cathartesaura, Turkey Vulture,WR P _ j KITES, HAWKS, EAGLESAND ALLIES ACCIPITRIDAE

Buteo nitidus, Gray HawkR P _ _ _ _ Buteo magnirostns,Roadside Hawk, P _ j . _ FALCONSAND ALLIES FALCONIDAE i I I Fa/co rufigularis,Bat Falcon, R j CHACHALACAS,GUANS AND CURASSOWS CRACIDAE i I |Ortalis vetula, PlainChachalaca, P _ Ij ' RAILS, GALLINULESAND ALLIES RALLIDAE _ i | Aramidescajanea, Gray necked Wood Rail, RP j 'ClapperRail IS.Andres _ _ I__ ILimphin IS.Andres Northern Jacana i swamp I FINFOOTS HELIORNITHIDAE _ I _ I _ _ iHeliornis fulica,Sungrebe RP j - i SANDPIPERSAND ALLIES SCOLOPACIDAE !_ i I i iActitismacularia, Spotted Sandpiper, WT ! |_ ! I i PIGEONSAND DOVES COLUMBIDAE I !____ IColumba f7avirostris,Red bilied Pigeon, R I T _ i I Columbinatalpacoti, Ruddy Ground Dove,R jLeptotila verreauxi White tipped Dove, R I _ i _ I NEW WORLD PARROTS PSITTACIDAE _ _ | __._. jAratinga astec, Aztec Parakeet, R _ _ _ CUCKOOS CUCULIDAE I | Piaya cayana, SquirrelCuckoo, RP _ I _ _

Crotophaga suicirostris, Groove billed Ani, R _ i HUMMINGBIRDS TROCHILIDAE - HPygmornis longuemareus, Little Hermit, R Amaziliatzacatl, Rufous tailed HummingbirlS.Andres_ Riverside TROGONS TROGONIDAE I | Trogon melanocephalus,Black headed Trogon, R Trogon violaceus, ViolaceousTrogon, R MOTMOTS MOMOTIDAE t _ _ i Momotus momota, Blue crowned Motmot, R | KINGFISHERS ALCEDINIDAE I _ | ICeryle alcyon, Belted Kingfisher, W ____ ,_I_I

1 = From Meerman,1998 Belize EnvironmentalConsultancies Ltd. * = introducedspecies Sheet 2 U.l.P. Flora and Fauna listing September 1999

- M - 00 CD

IChloroceryle amazona, Amazon Kingfisher,P i Chloroceryleamericana, Green Kingfisher, R TOUCANS RAMPHASTIDAE I Pteroglossustorquatus, Collared Aracan, R PICULETS AND WOODPECKERS PICIDAE I Centurusaurifrons, Goldenfronted Woodpecker,R IDryocopuslineatus, Lineated Woodpecker,R ANTBIRDS FORMICARIIDAE Thamnophilusdoliatus, Barred Antshrike,_R R TYRANT FLYCATCHERS TYRANNIDAE i Empidonaxsp., UnidentifiedFlycatcher, T Sayomis nigricans,Black Phoebe, R Pitangussulphuratus Great Kiskadee,P Myiozetetessimilis, SocialFlycatcher, R Tyrannusmelancholcus, TropicalKingbird,_R R COTINGAS COTINGIDAE i iPachyramphus aglaiae, Rose throatedBecard, P SWALLOWS HIRUNDINIDAE i Prognechalybea, Gray breasted Martin, R _ _I ITachycineta albilinea, Mangrove Swallow, R i _i IHirundo rustica, Barn Swallow,WT I JAYS AND CROWS CORVIDAE I i Cyanocoraxmono, Brown Jay, P WRENS TROGLODYTIDAE i I Campylorhynchuszonatus, Band backed Wren, R I _I Thryothorusmaculipectus, Spot breasted Wren,P MOCKINGBIRDS, THRASHERS AND ALLIES MIMIDAE 1 _ IDumetella carolinensis, Gray Catbird,W _ I i ! VIREOS VIREONIDAE I Vireoflavifrons, Yellowthroated Vireo, W Virecolivaceus, Red eyed Vireo,W I

WOOD WARBLERS EMBERIZIDAE-PARULINAE 1 _ I i IDendroica magnolia, Magnolia Warbler, WI . - Dendroicadominica, Yellowthroated Warbler,W I _ I iMniotiltavana, Blackand white Warbler,W i !_j Setophagaruticilla, American Redstart, W F ._ ISeiurus motacilla, Louisiana Waterthrush, WT _ : _ ! Wilsoniacitnna, Hooded Warbler, W I . TANAGERS EMBERIZIDAE-THRAUPINAE _ i iEuphoniahirundinacea, Yellow throated Euphonia, R _ _ Thraupisabbas, Yellowwinged Tanager,R _ I _ IPiranga rubra, Summer Tanager,W GROSBEAKS AND BUNTINGS EMBERIZIDAE - CARDINALINAE i I Saltatoratnceps, Black headed Saftator,R Cyanocompsaparellina, Blue Bunting,R | ] T BRUSHFINCHES, SEEDEATERS, SPARROWS AND ALLIES EMBERIZIDAE - EMBERIZINAE Volatiniajacarina, Blue black Grassquit,R i 1! I ISporophilaaurita, VariableSeedeater, R __I Sporophila torqueola, Whitecollared Seedeater, R 1 I____ AMERICAN BLACKBIRDS AND ORIOLES ICTERIDAE i i i I

1 =From Meerman,1998 BelizeEnvirorimental Consuftancies Ltd. = Introducedspecies Sheet3 U.l.P. Flora and Fauna listing September 1999

0 ~~~~~ I0r

iDivesdives, MelodiousBlackbird, R iQuiscalusmexicanus, Great tailed Grackle, R iSkeletonipendenc Riverside i Redwinged Blackbird S.Andres Icterusmesomelas, Yellowtailed Oriole, R

Iicterus galbula, Baltimore Onole, R _

_Amblycercus holosenceus, Yellow billed Cacique, R I I

FISHES,AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES,MAMMALS _ Fishes i Belenox belzanus ISkeleton r Magoon ICrana swamp _ _ _ Gambusia sp. ISkeletonipendencestr. Magoon Tuba swamp ! I Molisiensasp. _ . Magoon IXippophorusmaculatus ISkeleton I

Astyanax fasciatus, Mexican Tetra River _

Amphibians _ _ _ _ Leptodactylussp. IS.Andres Independencestr. i GraGra

Rana bernandieri IS.Andres _ _ j

jBufomarinus, Marine Toad 1 F_ i Reptiles _ I _ i_i__

ICtenosaura similis, spiny-tailed Iguana _ j___ i Iguana iguana, Green Iguana ___ I _ I iAmeiva undulata

Sceioporus teapensis I ___ 1Basiliscus vittatus, Striped Basilisk | Swamp |SkeletonrpendencIRiversid iGra, Mel! Magoon

Crocodylus moreletti Swamp ISkeletonj_ GraGra I IDrymobius margaritiferus, Speckled Racer I i Mammals I IDasypus novemcinctus,Nine-banded Armandilio i ISciurus yucafanensis, Yucatan Squirrel | 1_ _

1 = From Meerman,1998 Belize Environmental Consuitancies Ltd. * = Introduced species Sheet 4 I U.l.P. Flora and Fauna listing September 1999

-. 0Ef: fNO ncb.o FLORA Acanthaceae iAphelandra deppeana 1 Acanthlaceae IBlechum pyramidatum 1 Acanthaceae Bravaise bernandienana West Acanthaceae lOdentonema sp 1 Acanthaceae iThunbergiafragrans? i 1 Adiantaceae iAcrostichumaureum ISkeleton i GraGra Agavaceae lAgave americana !i Magoon Amarylidaceae IHymenocallislittoralis j GraGra Anacardiaceae Metopiumbrownei West Anacardiaceae Spondiasmombin - 1 IRiverside I Magoon Annaciardiaceae i Metopium brownei i 1 GraGra i Annonaceae -Annona reticulata 1 Annonaceae lAnnonaglabra ! Skeleton'

Annonaceae iUnknown 1Gi1 - Apocynaceae Allamandacathartica i GraGra

Apocyriaceae !Aspidosperma sp. I Magoon Apocynaceae Icameraria latifolia West I L I Apocynaceae Tabemaemontanachrysocarpa _ j 1 1_ Apocynaceae I Tabemaemontana sp. West Apocynaceae tThevetia ahouai L West 1 Magoon Apocyriaceae i Thevetiagaumen _ i 1 Araceae I-Xanthosoma sp. i 1 1_ Araceae lAnthurium nr Schlechtendahliii West i Araceae lAnthunum sp. West i ._i Aracea,e IPhilodendron sp. West 1 Araceaie Syngoniumpodophyllum _ i 1 j Araceaes Syngoniumsp. _ _ | GraGra I Araliaceaae Dendropanaxarboreus Arecaceae |Acoe/orraphewnghtii Riversid |Skeleton Gra Gra Arecaceae lAcrocomia mexicana - _ ____i 1 i Arecaceae iAstrocaryummexicanum Lisbm. - _ _ j Magoon Arecaceae !Attalea cohune i _ I I Magoon Arecaceae IBactnsmajor var. major West iI i Magoon Arecaceae I Chamaeodoraseifrizii West I I Arecaceae Cocos nucifera _ i GraGra_ Arecaceae Crysophylastauracantha 1 West Magoon Arecaceae Desmonchus orthacanthos West Arecaceae iDesmoncusorthacanthos Mait. 1 _ Magoon Arecaceae Sabalmauntiiformis West Arecaceae ISabalyapa Skeleton Aristolochiaceae jArstolochia trilobata West i j | _ I Asclepiadaceae iGonolobus (?) West i i I Asclepiclaceae Asclepias curassavica 1 Asteraceae | Weddeliatrilobata _ Magoon Bignoniaceae Parmentieraaculeata | i 1 i Bignoniaceae ITabebuia rosea I i _ _ Magoon Bomabacaceae Pachyra aquatica _ I [ Magoon Bombacaceae Ceiba pentandra j I_ | 1 Bombacaceae IPachiraaquatica I West I

1 = From Meerman, 1998 BelizeEnvironmental Consultancies Ltd. = Introduced species Sheet 5 U.l.P. Flora and Fauna listing September 1999

= 0° z <=cG= C(nOr N ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~

Boraginaceae ICordia alliodora 1 Boragrnaceae Cordia sp. Magoon Boraginaceae IHeliotropiumsp Bromeliaceae iAechmaeabracteata West

Bromeliaceae IBromelia pinguin _ Magoon Bromeliaceae ICatopsis sp. West

Bromeliaceae ! Tillandsia bulbosa West _ _ Bromeliaceae Tillandsia sp. West Magoon Burseraceae lBursera simaruba(L.) Sarg West 1 GraGra Burseraceae 1Protiumcopal 1

Cabombaceae Cabomba palaeformis _ ____Magoon

Cactaceae Selenicereus testudo West _ __._ .

Cactaceae !Unknown - 1 j

Caesalpinaceae iBauhinia divancata _ 1 ! Caesalpinaceae iBauhiniaherrerae West 1 ' Magoon

Caesalpinaceae laauninia sp. - W 1 _ _ _ Caesaipinaceae ;Caesalpinia gaumen West _ I Caesalpinaceae i Cassia grandis 1 1 Caesalpinaceae IHaematoxyloncampechianum West I Caesalpinaceae Senna sp. i Magoon

Capparaceae ICapparis frondosa I 1 1 j _ _ Capparaceae I Cleome lanceolata 2 . - _ 1 Capparaceae IC/eomeviscosa 1

Capparaceae Crataeva tapia _ 1 1I !____ Capparaceae Forchhammena tnrfoliata 1 Caricaceae Carica papaya 1

Cecropiaceae ICecropia peltata _ 1

Celastraceae ICelastrus chiapensis West ' . I _

Clusiaceae Ca/ophyllum bras/iiense _ _ - _ Magoon Combretaceae IBucida buceras | West 1 lRiverside ! Magoon Combretaceae IConocarpus erectus iI T_ GraGra Combretaceae Lagunculanaracemosa I GraGra

Combretaceae Terminalia catappa _ | I GraGra

Convoivuiaceae l/pomoea pes-caprae _ _ I_ I GraGra

Convolvulaceae llpomoea spp. 1 ___ 1 _ -

Costaceae Costus sp. _ I Magoon Cucurbitaceae Melothna sp. | _ + 1

Cucurbitaceae IMomordicacharantia - 1

Cyperaceae Cyperussp. ? I _ 1 Cyperaceae IEleochaeis sp. _ _ I _ i GraGra Cyperaceae ISedges IRiverside Independencestr. Dilieniaceae Vine IWest _ I GraGra _

Erythroxylaceae IErythroxy/um spj West - _ GraGral

Euphorbiaceae ICnidoscolus muftilobatus _ 1 1

Euphorbiaceae ICnidoscolussouzae _ 1 _ _ 1 Euphorbiaceae Croton sp. West j _ _ Euphorbiaceae Croton sp.aa 1 1 1 1 ! Euphorbiaceae ICroton sp.bb1 1_ Euphorbiaceae IDalechampiascandens | _ 1 . Euphorbiaceae iJatropha gaumen |West

1 = FromMeerman, 1998 BelizeEnvironmental Consultancies Ltd. = Introducedspecies Sheet 6 U.l.P. Floraand Faunalisting September 1999

0) CC

0* XC/~ .ZCD Or~~w

Euphorbiaceae I Pedilanthus tithymaloides 1 Euphorbiaceae IRicinuscommunis 1 Fabaceae Crotalana sp. Gra Gra Fabaceae IDalbergia ecastophylum GraGra Fabaceae IG/incidia sepium West 1 Magoon Fabaceae jLonchocarpus castilloi 1 Fabaceae !Lonchocarpus guatemaiensis 1 Fabaceae IPiscidia pisc,puia 1 j Fabaceae I Pterocarpus officinalis ' Magoon Fabaceae :Sesbania emerus ! GraGra Flacourtiaceae I Unknown _ 1____ _ Flacourtiaceae IZuleana guidonia West 1 j F Heliconiaceae iHeliconia latisphatha IS Andres Independence str.

Heliconriaceae Heliconia mathisiae , !_ __ |_Magoon Lauraceae *Persea amencana , 1 Lauraceae Ljcana sp. ? j__ 1 Lauraceae Nectandra sp. 1 Malpighiaceae IBunchosia swartziana West i : Malpighiaceae IByrsonima crassifiolia GraGra

Malpighiaceae | _ I _ IMagoon Malvaceae Hampea trilobata 1 West ___ 1 f_ I Malvaceae iHibiscus pernambucensis ! _ IGraGra, Malvaceae 1Malvaviscus arborea West

Marantaceae Maranta arundinaceae ; 1 1 _ L

Marantiaceae Thalia geniculata swamp _ ! _ I Melastomataceae IsMiconia sp Magoon Meiiaceae ICedre/a odorata | I 1 Meliaceae Guarea sp _ I _ I _ Magoon

Meliaceae Swietenia macrophylla West _ - _ Magoon Meliace!ae ITnchiiia havanensis 1 1 1 Meiiaceae Tnchilia sp| West T

Menispermaceae Ci.ssampelos pareira j _ _ 1 ! __

Mimosoideae IAcaciacomigera | West _ _ _ _

Mimosoideae iAcacia dolichostachya? j _ _ 1 _ I _

Mimoscideae lAcacia gentiei West _ _ _ I Mimosoideae Acacia sp. 1 1 GraGra Magoon Mimosciideae iAlbizia idiopoda ! West -

Mimoscideae Calliandra sp. __1___I

Mimoscideae Enterolobium cyclocarpum ! _ I __1 Mimoscideae llnga affinis I I ! 1 1

Mimoscideae Leucaena leucocephala _ I _ _ Mimoscideae Lysilomaacapulcense I 1 1_ 1

Mimosolideae Lysiloma bahamiense? _ 1 Mimosoideae I Mimosa hemendieta West Mimoscideae Mimosa hondurana |a1oj1 Mimoscoideae Mimosa pigra 1 GraGra I Magoon Mimoscideae Mimosa pudica 1 1 Mimosoideae Mimosa sp. 1 i Mimosoideae IPithecellobium arboreum 1 |Magoon

Mimoscdeae Pithecellobium sp. __! _I____GraGra I

1 = FromMeerman, 1998 BelizeEnvirontnental Consuitancies Ltd. = Introducedspecies Sheet 7 U.l.P. Flora and Fauna listing September 1999

0~~~~~ °n 20 zc, z 8m0 i:

Mimosoideae IZygia sp. West , Moraceae lBrosimum alicastrum 1 Moraceae ICastillaelastica , 1 Moraceae IDorstenia contrajerva . 1 Moraceae IFicusglabrata _ ! Magoon Moraceae IFicus insipida _ 1I Moraceae IMaclura tinctona I 1I _ . Musaceae 'Musa paradisiaca ! 1 Myrtaceae i*Psidiumguajava _ ___ 1 Myrtaceae *Syzygium cumini _ 1 Myrtaceae j Calyptranthesspp. West _ Myrtaceae 'Eugeniasp. West I Myrtaceae Pimentadioica _ _ 1 _ _ Magoon Nymphaeaceae Nympheaampla p, S.Andres _ Magoon Ochnaceae Ouratee lucens West , _ a Onagraceae iLudwigia (octovalvis?) res, Riversidelndependencestr. Magoon Orchidaceae Encyclia cochleata West _ _ _ Orchidaceae Epidendrumboothianum West _ _ _ - Orchidaceae Epidendrumnocturnum West Orchidaceae Maxillanatenuifolia West _ i____I Orchidaceae Mormolycanngens West _ _ __L Orchidaceae lOnc/diumacsedens West Orchidaceae lOncidium sp. West Orchidaceae IOncidium sphacelatum West _ j Orchidaceae IOrchids _ _ _ r___ Magoon Orchidaceae IPleurothal/is sp. West ! _ i Orchidaceae |Ponera striata West - I Orchidaceae Rhyncolaeliadigbyana West I i Orchidaceae ITigonidium egertonianum - West Orchidaceae Vanillaplanifolia West _ _ _ Passifloraceae Passiflora b/flora j West Passifloraceae iPass/flora foet/da f lanuginosa West Passifloraceae IPass/flora foetida var. ? 1 GraGra Passifloraceae Pass/florafoetida var. nicaraguensis _ [_ ___ GraGra Passifloraceae IPassifloraxiikzodz __ I_1_iL Passifloraceae jPassilforab/flora , _ _ 1 i Passifloraceae IPassifforaconaceae I Passifloraceae IPassiffora rovirosae ' Passifloraceae Passilfora serratifolia ,1

Piperaceae Peperomia sp 1. I West ______Piperaceae I Peperomiasp 2. I West I

Piperaceae Piper aequale _ _ 1 , I Piperaceae Piper auritum _ _ I ' _ Magoon Piperaceae Piper spp. ! _ 1 T_ Magoon Poaceae 1 Cynodondactylon [ 1 |I | I Poaceae I Guadua longifolia Poaceae Gyneriumsagittatum I - 1 1 Poaceae Phragmitesaustralis 1GraGra Polygonaceae I Coccolobabelizensis West 1 GraGra Magoon Polygonaceae Coccoloba schiedeana I West _ 1 1 | T

I = FromMeerman, 1998 Belize EnvironmentalConsultancies Ltd. * = Introducedspecies Sheet8 U.l.P. Flora and Fauna listing September 1999

0~~~~~~0~~~~~ ot-

Polygonaceae ICoccolobasp small leaved West Polygonaceae i Gymnopodiumfloribundum West Polygonaceae Polygonumsp. Pontederiaceae E,chhornmacrassipes swamp Rhamnaceae *Ziziphusjujuba 1 Rhamnaceae Gouania sp. 1 : Rhamnaceae Krugiodendronferreum West Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora mangle ,_ ,_,_GraGra, John Cr. Melinda Rubiaceae fA/sets yucatenensis Is ,_ 1 Rubiaceae Guettardacombsii I _ 1 GraGra Rubiaceae Hameba patens , _ i 1 Rubiaceae Randia sp. G IaIraMagoon Rubiaceae : ! _! GraGra I Magoon Rutaceae 1'Citrus sp. _ _ L 1 Rutaceae :Zanthoxylum sp. ! I _ Maooon

Salicaceae Salix humboldtiana ___ 1 Salviniaceae Salvinia sp. swamp I I_ _i I Sapindaceae Allophylus campostachys _ _ | 1 _ Magoon Sapindaceae Cupaniabelizensis West I 1 Sapindaceae Paullinia sp. _ I I_ 1 Sapindaceae Sapindus saponanar ' | [ 1 1 Sapindaceae Thouinia paucidentata _ ! 1 . _ I Sapotaceae Chrysophyllum oliviforme West | 1 1 Sapotaceae IManilkara zapota West .i _ Magoon Sapotaceae IPoutenamammosum 1 1 I Sapotaceae Pouter/aspp. _ 1 Scrophulariaceae Bacopa sp. | |Skeletonl_ 1 Simaroubaceae Simarouba glauca | ___ 1 I _ Magoon Smilacaceae Sm/laxsp. I West I [ 1 i _ SolanaceBae Solanum spp. _ _ 1 1 Sterculiaceae Guazumaulmifolia I __ 1 I Theophrastaceae IJacquinia sp. l West L Tiliaceae IMutingia calabura I i

Typhaceae Typhadomingensis mp, riverside | * GraGra Ulmaceae j Trema micrantha | I Magoon

Verbenaceae lAvicennia germinans _ I F GraGra Verbenaceae Stachytarpheta sp. I | GraGra I Verbenaceae IVtex gaumenr West 1 _ ]MagoonI_ Verbenaceae I Vitex kuylen,ii _ _ __i Magoon

Vitaceae vitis Sp. * _ I __1___

Vitaceae 'Vitistiliifolia I_ i 1 i 1 Zamiaceae ,Zamia picta 1 _ _ _ Magoon Zamiaceae iZamia polymorpha West 1 1

1 = From Meerman,1998 BeizeEnvironmental Consuftancies Ltd. * = Introduced species Sheet 9 I I C Archaeology URBANINFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Reporton ArchaeologicalResources Subrnittedby

Juan L. Bonor to HailcrowGroup Ltd.

September23, 1999

INTRODUCTION

This report aims to identify the potential impacts on archaeologyassociated with the proposalsfor drain constructionand upgrade in 6 towns in Belize. The towns incluidedin the study are Benque Viejo del Carmen, San Ignacio/Santa Elena, Dangriga, Punta Gorda, Orange Walk and Corozal. A reconnaissancestudy tour was made between 18 and 25 August 1999. Site Visits were made and meetings were held with each of the Town Boards. Following the initial town visits the teams split into groups, Mr. GeorgeCan, assistant archaeologist,Mr Juan Bonor comprisingthe archaeologicalteam revisited each of the towns in order to carry out more detailed studies as necessary.The objectivesof this survey have been to investigate whether any archaeological, historical and colonial zones would be affected by the construction of the drainage works. This report also details the mitigation measuresnecessary to control any adverse impactscaused by the proposed works. This work was done in accordance with Section 34 of the Ancient Monumentsand AntiquitiesOrdinance in Belize.

Due to the fact that the project is centered in urban centres, it will be difficult and complicated to ascertain whether archaeological remains will be found during the excavation of the drains. Difficulties arise as the existing information comprises of previous survey data from each of the areas under study which is limited. It must be considered that both small Mayan settlements and great Mayan centres (for example, Santa Rita in the Corozal District) have already been destroyed in the process of building some of the towns and settlements that exist today. There is plenty of evidence of old cities where the new towns stand today. It could be assumed that if any cultural remains were to be found during the excavationof the drainage,these could be classified under two types. Firstly, the remains could be of the Maya culture in San Ignacio, Benque, Orange Walk and Corozal, and secondly, of historical culture and/or colonial material in Punta Gorda and Dangriga.This report has a summary of the historic past of the six towns, as well as the results of the superficial survey carried out from 18 August to 3 September 1999. This report also contains the cost of the mitigation measureswhich will be taken, if necessary,to ensure the preservation

1 of any archaeologicalsite. This was deemed necessary after consultations with the Departmentof Archaeology (DOA), Ministry of Tourism,

I 2 I ANTIQUITIESLAWS

Chapter259. AncientMonuments and Antiquities(1980).

1. This Ordinance may be cited as the Ancient Monuments and Antiquities Ordinance

2. In this Ordinance.....

"Ancient Monument" means any structure or building erected by man or any natu:ralfeature transformed or worked by man, or the remains or any part thereof, whether upon any land or in any river, stream or watercourse or under the territorial waters of the country, that has been in existence for one hundred years or more;

"Antiquity"means any article manufacturedor worked by man, whether of stone, pottery, metal, wood, glass, or any other substance,or any part thereof-

(i) the manufacture or workmanship of which belongs to the Mayan or other American civilization being of an age of one hundredand fifty years or more; or

(ii) the manufactureor workmanshipof which belongsto a civilization other than the Mayan or American civilization being an article which is of an age of one huncred and fifty years or more;

(iii) "Minister" means the Minister of Trade and Industry or the Minister for the time being responsiblefor ancient monumentsarid antiquities and includes any person by name or by office authorizedin writing by the Minister to carry out any of his functions under this Ordinance.

4. All ancient monuments and antiquities however situate, whether upon any land or in any river, stream or water-course, or under territorial waters of the country, and whether or not before the date of the commencement of this Ordinance in private ownership,possession, custody or control, shall absolutely vest in the Crown.

23. The Archaeological Commissioner, or any person authorized by him in writing for that purpose, may at any time enter upon lands granted or leased by the Crown ....

34.- (1) The Archaeological Commissionermay direct any land owner, lessee, concessionaire, contractor or any other person who is about to engage in any operation which in the opinion of the Archaeological Commissioner is liable to destroy, damage, interfere with otherwise be to the detriment of any ancient monumentor antiquity.

3 (a) not to proceed with any operation until the Archaeological Commissioner shall have had an archaeologicalexploration and survey carried out; and

(b) to take or to refrain or desist from taking any such action as part of the operation as the Archaeological Commissioner may decide to be fair and the reasonablefor the proper protection of the ancient monument or antiquity.

4 LITERATUREREVIEW

This section will only refer to the archaeologicalzones which are directly related to the six towns under study. We are omitting any other references to historical, colonial or Maya settlements,which will not be affected by the construction of the drainage schemes.

Corozal Town

CorozalTown which was founded in the middleof the eighteen hundreds(1800) has slowly spread over the ancient Maya city of Santa Rita, Corozal, destroying the latter with its growth and development. This ancient Maya city was an important commercialcentre. It was from this centre that cacao, honey, vanilla and other products which came from Lamanaiand El Peten via the Rio Hondo and New River were exported up through the coast to as far as north of the Yucatan Peninsula. In a burial dated in 500 AD many objects were found that were similar to others found in Kaminaljuyu,in Guatemala,and in Teotihuacan (Central Mexico). Amongthese objectsfound were ceramics of Andean origin of the classic period. Commercial exchange with the settlements of the central highlands continued up to the post-classicperiod. This is obvious in the objects that have surfaced during the various excavations done here. Some of these objects are ear ornamentsmade of turquoise and Aztec gold.

The first settlements in this site date back to 2000 BC, making it one of the earliest settlements in the Maya area. This settlement flourished between 300 BC and 300 AD These people subsisted mainly on agriculture. We have found platform structures upon which constructions of perishable materials were built. These constructions dated to the post-classic period. These are unlike the structures of the classic period which were built upon Maya crypts.

Towards the end of the last century, Thomas Gann excavated 42 mounds and camesup with a fresco in Santa Rita in which the Mixteca influence is evident. The original painting has actually disappeared;however, Gann, himself made a meticulous copy of such finding. The most importantexcavation in this site was done between 1979 and 1985 by Arlen F. Chase and Diane Z. Chase of Central University in Florida. They surveyed and mapped the site and investigated different structures, from which they obtained a large variety of objects dated to the post-classic period. Structure7, the largest in the site is actually exhibitedto the public. This structure was initially built during the early classic period. At the same site of this structures a great quantity of fragments of incense burners of the post-classic period have been found. Towards the midst of the last century, present day Corozal Town was founded upon the archaeological site of Santa Rita. With the founding of the new settlement a large part of the site was destroyed with the surveying and sketching of streets and the construction of new buildings. Buildings which themselves were constructed with the materials

5 that were gotten from the ancient Maya structures that had fallen in the wake of the new town. However, one can still see, at a glance, mounds of good size in various sections of the town. Yucatan immigrants who were running away from the 'Caste War' settled in the north of Belize on land controlled by British landowners. These immigrantswere very experienced in the growth and production of sugar, and so started the sugar industry in the north. This is how the Corozal and OrangeWalk Districts started to develop.

Orange Walk Town

There is no Maya settlementdirectly associatedwith Orange Walk Town. There might be the possibility that the ancient Maya-colonial city of Holpatin may be lying underneath the present day Orange Walk Town. The city of Holpatin was mentioned by Spanish journalists of the sixteenth century (XVI) and it was still occupied up to the seventeenthcentury (XVII). Directly associated with Orange Walk Town are the remains of Fort Mundy, which was constructed in 1874 after Marcus Canul attacked the town of Orange Walk in 1872. This fort is located in the centre of the town and nowadaysvery little of it can be seen. Standing, are only fragments of the walls of this fort which once was erected to protect the Town of Orange Walk.

San IgnacioTown

Clearly associated with the town of San Ignacio is the archaeological zone of Cahal Pech. The name was give to this zone in the 1950s and it is a combination of Yucatec Maya and Mopan Maya which means 'The Place of the Ticks'. The Maya site can be found on a hill near the town of San Ignacio and west of the Macal River. The acropolis, where the principal part of the site is found is made up of 34 structures grouped within a surface area of less than one hectare. The majority of these structures are built around 7 patios, which include the foundation of pyramids with temples and various residential type structures of high status. The site contains two ball courts, five plain stelae, one alter and possibly a 'temazcal' or steam bath. We assume that plazas D, E and A were for the priests, while plazas B, C and F seem to have been the residences of the nobility, administrative offices and the meeting place of more or less the VIPs. This pattern of social division is characteristic of the classic period. The city spanned both sides of the Macal River occupying a surface area of approximately2 square kilometres.These people lived in low structures that had roofs that were made of perishable materials.

This area was occupied around 900 BC to 800 AD when it was abandoned, probably, because of pressure from Baking Pot, Pacbitun, Buenavista and Xunantunich. During the early classic period (600-250 BC) there is apparently

i 6 no architectural activity. Cahal Pech has the same importance during the mid classic period as it does during the late classic period. This is a time when there is quite a lot of contact with different sites in Guatemalaand Mexico.This can be inferred from the ceramic remains found and from the obsidian which comes from El Chayal in Guatemala.

BetNeen 1953 and 1955, Gordon Willey of Harvard University, visited the site during his study of the settlementsof the Valley of the Belize River. He did not carry out any excavationsand only describedthe site in his Belize Valley Report of 1965.

In 1969 Peter Schmidt did excavationsof the tomb of an important person with out actually fortifying it. The excavationwas done on structure B- 1 in plaza B. There he found various ceremonial objects of jade, bone, ceramic, obsidian knives, shells and a maskwith a mosaicof jade and shells.

In 1988 Belizean archaeologist, Dr. Jaime Awe organized the first real archaeologicalinvestigation of the site. He designed a detailed map in which he sectioned off an area to be declared as Archaeological Reserve; and he also excavatedvarious structures in the site.

In 1991 the site was in full excavation, activity in charge of Joseph Ball, who made a series of restorationjobs that have been widely criticized because of its spaciousness.

And that is how then, Cahal Pech site is intimately linked with San Ignacio because, as now, the ancient city occupied both sides of the two rivers that surround the present day town.

Benique Viejo del Carmen

The origin of Benque Viejo del Carmen goes back to the 1860s when Yucatec refugees (Mexico) coming from the Peten region (Guatemala) start settling this area. Traditionally, the ancient city of Xunantunich is associated with San Jose Soccotz; but we consider that because of its proximity with Benque Viejo del Carmen the Maya settlements around this area must have been intimately relatiedwith the above mentionedMaya city.

Xunantunich was occupied during the Classic Period probably a little before the Christian era up until the tenth century AD surviving afterwards among dilapidated structures.The city has three principal groups: Group 'A' is made up of the ceremonial type structures with edifice A-6 which is 40 metres above the ground level of the plaza; edifice A-11 and A-15 -all which have been partially excavated consists of two plazas, and an acropolis with a central patio and a total of 21 edifices. Group 'B' is the residential group and was occupied from the

7 seventhto the tenth century. This group consists of seven edifices. Finally there is group 'C' which consists of 8 edifices, among which there is a ball court. On the peripnery of the site there are edifices which were once used as dwellings. Three carved stelae and one carved altar, along with other plain stelae and altars were found on this site. However all that can be read on stelae 9 is that it dates back to 830.

Dangrigaand Punta Gorda Towns

There is not much informationabout the origin and history of these towns.

Dangriga (official name since 1975) which means Standing Creek, is the Town of the Stann Creek District. Dangriga is built on sediments deposited at the mouth of Stann Creek River known as DELTA SITE. Much was rebuilt after Hurricane Hattie of 1961 and now is still liable to flood dangers.

The origin of Dangriga Town can be traced to the defeat and transportation of five thousand Garinagu in 1797 from the island of St. Vincent to Roatan off the coast of Honduras, and between 1802 and 1811 about 150 Garinagu settlers had started to occupy the. Stann Creek area of Southern Belize. They were engaged mainly in fishing and subsistence farming, visiting Belize City to sell their produce.

The large wave of Garifuna immigrants came in after 1832 as a result of a civil war in Honduras,and their landing here led by Alejio Beni (19 November)is now commemoratedas a National Holiday. The population was further augmentedby Creole Belizeans who started to settle in the area to take advantage of the rich fishing grounds offshore. From 1900 -1918 the United Fruit Company converted the Stann Creek Valley and Town into a major agricultural and commercial center with the construction of the valley railway and Commerce Bight Pier. On February 15, 1895 Stann Creek was declared as a Town with its own District Board.

Like Dangriga, Punta Gorda was settled by Carib immigrants from the Spanish Honduras. In 1745 Jesuit Fathers established a mission station. A church was built and houses sprung up. In course of time, the town was surveyed and rapidly grew, until, in 1882 it was selected as the headquarters for the Toledo District. "Payn" is the unofficial Garifuna name for Punta Gorda.

8 ARCHAEOLOGICALSURVEY

1. SAN IGNACIO/SANTAELENA

One proposed drainage project is located in urban areas of Santa Elena. The existing drains runs along Salazar Street, adjacent to the football pitch, to George Price Avenue which runs parallel to the Belize River. The engineering proposal is to widen the existing drains and constructa new outfall to the river. It is not anticipatedthat there will be any significant impacts on the archaeologyas a result of the proposedengineering works. Nevertheless,it must be recognised that the area in question is situated close to the Belize River, a location suitable for historic Mayansettlement.

With respect to San Ignacio,the area surveyed included Savannah Street from its junction with Branch Mouth Road up to the end of Mun5ozStreet (see Figure 1). Akgreat quantity of ceramic fragments and the fragment of a hand tool for grinciingwere found throughout this area. The exact place of these findings is indicated in Figure 1.

The following charts show in detail the archaeological impact that the engineering proposals will have on the area. In instances where the term 'unkrnown'appears under the column heading 'impact', it is not possible to determinewhether there are any archaeologicalremains. This will not be known until the excavationworks on the drains begin.

SalazarStreet / George Price Avenue

|Parameter Impact Evaluationof potentialImpacts Type Magnitude Direct- Duration Avoidable Irreversible (+ or-) indirect Cultural Unkown _ Low v? 7 X Heritage

SavannahStreet

Parameter impact Evaluationof potentialImpacts Type Magnitude Direct- Duration Avoidable Irreversible

.(+ or-) Indirect Culttjral Unknown - Low ? ? ? ? Heritage

9 2. BENQUE VIEJODEL CARMEN

Initially the only drain that was going to be modified and repaired was the Central Main Drain. However, after visiting the Town Board and meeting with the mayor, other areas with drainage problems were identified, along George Street and Liberty Street. Cultural material of Maya origin was only found in the areas behind the school close to the Main Drain (see Figure 2) These remains were fragments of ceramic and adobe. The proximity of the archaeological zone of Xunantunich,the known existence of other Maya structures around Benque and its proximity to the river, are all factors that lead us to think that at one time the area which the Central Main Drain goes through was once a Maya settlement that has now totally disappeared.This same problem could also be encountered in the other areas. However, in all cases, from an archaeological point of view the impact it will have with the construction of the drainage,will be minimal since it is the growth and developmentof the towns that has caused the destruction of Maya structures.

Central Main Drain

Parameter Impact 1Evaluation of potential Impacts Type Magnitude Direct- Duration Avoidable Irreversible (+ or-) Indirect Cultural Destruction | Low Direct Long Partially yes Heritage of Sites Term

GeorgeStreet / LibertyStreet

Parameter impact Evaluation of potential Impacts

Type Magnitude Direct- Duration Avoidable Irreversible (+ or-) Indirect Cultural Unknown - Low Direct ? ? ? Heritage

3. PUNTA GORDA

On the 23 August, a site visit was carried out in Punta Gorda. The South West Magoon Drain was accessed via canoe from the sea outfall. The area surveyed extendedfrom the sea outfall to the junction with the West Savanna Main Road. During these routes we did not see any cultural remains which would affect the development of the drainage project. The same can be said of the South West Magoon Drain as can be said of the North East Magoon Drain. The North East

10 Magoon Drain passes through the centre of the town. It is not anticipated that there will be any impactson archaeologyas a result of the proposedworks.

4. DANGRIGA

The archaeologist surveyed the proposed alignments for the Lakeland Canal, Sabal Street Canal, Melinda Road Canal, Pen Street Canal, John Creek Canal, Havana Creek Canal, and Abogaldes Street Canal. In addition the mouth of the John Creek Canal (situated near to the Pelican Resort) and the mouth of the Miskin Canal were also surveyed. Dangriga has, from the point of view of the archaeologicalsurvey, characteristicssimilar to those found in Punta Gorda. No archaeological,historical or colonial material,was identifiedor uncoveredduring the archaeologicalsurvey. It is therefore not anticipated that there will be any impactson archaeologyas a result of the engineering proposals.

5. C*OROZAL

Corozal has been built on the remains of the ancient Maya city of Santa Rita. FigLire5 is a general map of CorozalTown in which the archaeologicalzone of Santa Rita Corozal is indicated by little squares. This map was published in 1988 by North American Archaeologists Diana and Arlen Chase (Chase and Chase, 1988: Figure 41). When comparing this map with the drainage proposals, it can be observed that the San Andreas Road Drain, traverses squares 13, 14 and 15 on the map of the archaeologicalzone. Likewise, it is clear that the College Road Drain will pass through squares 10, 11, and 12 on the archaeologicalmap. No Maya remainswere uncoveredwhen conductingour archaeologicalsurvey. However,it must be emphasizedthat the town of Corozal has been erected in an ancient archaeological zone and that there is a possibility of potentially uncovering some artefacts during .construction. The same can be for the South West Magoon Drains which run along squares 7, 10, and 16 of the archaeologicalmap (see Figures 5 and 6). Much the same can be said for the drains that need to be cleaned and widened on the North East Magoon Drain and 3rd Street North. Likewise, the area referred to as Skeleton Town has been built upon an old cemetery that is shown on the map of 1884 (see Figures 3 and 4). The measures taken to mitigate the adverse impact will be summarizedin the following chapter.

11 South West Magoon Drains

Parameter Impact Evaluationof potentialImpacts Type Magnitude Direct- Duration Avoidable Irreversible (+ or-) Indirect Cultural Destruction - Low Direct Long Partially yes Heritage of Sites Term

College Road Drain

Parameter Impact Evaluationof potentialImpacts Type Magnitude Direct- Duration Avoidable Irreversible ______(+or-) ~ ~ Indirect ______Cultural Destruction - Low Direct Long Partially yes Heritage of Sites Term

San Andres Road

Parameter Impact Evaluationof potentialImpacts Type Magnitude Direct- Duration Avoidable Irreversible (+ or-) Indirect Cultural Destruction - Low Direct Long Partially yes Heritage of Sites Term

Skeleton Town

ParameterI Impact Evaluationof potentialImpacts Type | Magnitude Direct- Duration Avoidable Irreversible I______|______(+ or-) Indirect | Cultural Destruction - Low Direct Long Partially yes Heritage of Sites Term

North East Magoon Drain and 3rd Street North

Parameter Impact Evaluationof potentialImpacts Type Magnitude Direct- Duration Avoidable Irreversible I ______I ______[(+ or-) Indirect Cu!tural | Destruction - Low Direct Long Partially yes

| Heritage - of Sites Term

12 6. ORANGEWALK

A meetingwas held with OrangeWalk Town Boardon 18 August 1999,following which a preliminary archaeologicalsurvey was undertaken. It was decided that the areasthat would be included in the detailed surveywere as follows.

1. The existing culvert in San Lorenzowould be replaced by a new and bigger one which would facilitate a greaterflow of water underneath.

2. The area between the two ponds was also surveyed as this had been suggestedas a possibleroute through which to install a new drain. It is not now anticipatedthat this proposalwill go ahead.

3. To clean and widen the existing drains that unite the areas of Cinderella Streetwith the first of these ponds (Dunn Street Drain).

4. To survey the area of Ziricote Street.

5. To survey the area of Tangerine and Savannah Street, and new areas of expansion in the town up to the swampnext to the river.

The archaeological team surveyed all the areas and here one must recatl that according to various investigators (Finamore 1994, Hammond 1974, Jones 1989, McAnany 1999 and Thompson 1991) the ancient colonial Maya city of "Holpatin" could possibly have been in the location that Orange Walk Town is situatedtoday. The exact location, howeverremain uncertain (see Figure 8).

The area indicated by Item No. 1 above,that is, to replacethe existent culvert on the San Lorenzo Road, poses no problem from an archaeological point of view. The same could be said of area 4 (Ziricote Street) and area 5 (Tangerineand Savannah Streets). However the surveyed areas marked off by Items 2 and 3 deserve special consideration. No indications of Mayan settlement were found on the surface of the ground in these locations. However, ceramic fragments of Mayan origin were discoveredin the area situated between the two ponds (area 5) (see Figure 7). It was also observedthat many of the rocks that form people's garden walls or garden fences could have been made from ancient Maya structures. This is the reason why preventive measures must be taken while carrying out these tasks, especially in the area situated between the two ponds and when working in the urban centre of Orange Walk on the drains that goes along CinderellaStreet.

13 Dunn Street Drain

Parameter Impact Evaluationof potentialImpacts Type Magnitude Direct- Duration Avoidable Irreversible (+ or-) Indirect Cultural ? ? ? ? ? ? Heritage I

14 MA1N4AGEMENTPLAN TO MITIGATEADVERSE ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPACT

The plan to mitigate the adverse effects that, from an archaeological point of view, UIP states, can be divided into two types of procedures dependingon the area or areas under consideration.In both cases the Departmentof Archaeology of EBelizegrants approval to the measures of mitigation taken to protect what was. This came about after several consultations and visits to the towns of Orange Walk and Corozal done in the company of Mr. Allan F. Moore, Acting Archaeological Commissioner.The measures taken for protection follows and the two types of proceduresare:

* Trial excavationand recorcding,and * Monitoring

These approachesare discussedbelow.

1. EXCAVATION

The excavation of certain areas is set up at first only for Corozal Town. The reasons for this have been fully explainedalready. But we must repeat, that the ancient and importantMaya settlementof Santa Rita Corozal, is found beneath present day Corozal Town. This suggeststhat each time a new house or a septic is build, or a foundation laid, there will always surface archaeological material that unfortunately will have lost its archaeological content and therefore its documentary value. The archaeological value of any found artefact will have been lost becausethe artefact will not have been properly excavated.According to Mlr. John Morris (Archaeologist DOA. Personnel Communication 1999), all over Corozal, one can find cultural Maya remains at about one foot below the surface. Becausethe majority of the most importantdrains pass along zones that according to the archaeological map (of Chase and Chase 1988) have Maya ruins, it is assumed that cultural remains will appear during the excavation, cleaning up and widening of each and every drain mentioned.One must specify here that the postclassic period of Santa Rita Corozal (AD 900 to XVI century European Contact) was characterized by the construction of low platforms on which structures of perishable materials were built. This was contrary to the classic period when high stone structures were built. This is the reason why many of the postclassic structurescannot be seen at a glance and can be found a few feet below the surface. On the other hand, the archaeological zone of Santa Rita Corozal spanned in ancient times from what is nowadays Paraiso village on the north to the south of Corozal and San Andres, expanding east towards the sea. This meansthat Santa Rita must have had a surplus of marine procluctsand trade. That is why all the areas in which the UIP will work will take place in important archaeological areas. It must be emphasized, that very frequently this important settlement has been practically destroyed in lieu of

15 progress and development as new edifices are erected and the town expands. Not only has the Maya settlement been destroyed but also colonial structures for example, the cemetery of 1884 above which now expands 'Skeleton Town'; a cemeterywhich itself must have been built upon the ancient Maya city of Santa Rita Corozal. It is very difficult "a priori" to establish for Corozal a concrete plan for archaeologicalexcavation. That is why, as a preventive measure and with the certainty that the excavation of these drains will bring to light articles of archaeological interest, we are asking that an archaeologist and four men trained in the field of archaeology be present at these excavations. These men are to be in charge of supervising the job for the duration of 30 days, during this period they will conduct test pits, do sketches, take photographs and document each and every one of the findings. The estimatedperiod of time for each project as well as the cost are shown under the section of Preventive measures.

2. MONITORING

Monitoring is necessary in Orange Walk, Benque and San ignacio because of the existence of archaeological materials and in Santa Elena, Dangriga and Punta Gorda because of the possibility that such remains could be found. The task of supervising would only take a few days (about five days in each town) and would take place at the beginning of the excavations and/or the cleaning up of the drains. With this we hope to recover and to document the possible archaeological articles that may be found in the zones. It would only be, therefore, four small projects of archaeological supervision which are deemed necessary for the documentation of any cultural materials that may possibly appear. The team would consist of an archaeologist and a worker trained in the field of archaeology for all towns except in San Ignacio, Benque, and Santa Elena. These because they are very close to one another, one archaeologist and three workers (one for each town) would be sufficient to do the supervision of the tasks.

In both procedures the materials recovered during excavation will be studied, analyzedand the final conclusions will be given to the Supervising Engineer and the Department of Archaeology.This report will include, not only the analysis of the materials (soil, shells, ceramic, bones and miscellaneousmaterial), but also sketches of units of excavation and photographs of the different types of activities undertaken. The estimated period of time for each project as well as the cost is shown under the section of Preventive Measures.

16 RECOMMENDATIONS

In compliancewith the rules and regulations of the Department of Archaeology, Government of Belize, these tasks should be carried out by professional archiaeologistswho are recognized, by the Department, as capable of doing projects of this nature in Belize. As an indispensable prerequisite and before starting on the jobs, a legal permit must be obtained from the Department of Archaeology (Ministry of Tourism) to carry out the tasks of archaeological investigationnecessary.

17 Proposed Mitigation Measures and Cost (US Dollars) SAN IGNACIO/SANTAELENA/BENQUE

MitigationMeasures Personnel Days Labor Cost Equip. Cost TOTAL

Monitoring 3 trained 15 300 75 375 laborers

1 arch. 5 500 500

Car Rental 5 375 375

Total 1,250

Proposed Mitigation Measures and Cost (US Dollars) ORANGEWALK TOWN

Mitigation MeasuresPersonnel Days Labor Cost Equip. Cost TOTAL

Monitoring 1 trained 5 250 75 325 laborers

1 arch. 5 500 500

Car Rental 5 375 375

Total 1,200

? 18 ProposedMitigation Measures and Cost (US Dollars) COROZALTOWN

MitigationMeasures Personnel Days Labor Equip. TOTAL

Excavationand 1 arch. 30 2,250 400 2,290 mapping selected 4 laborers 120 2,400 areas

Laboratory 1 arch. 30 2,250 200 3,650 processing 2 laborers 60 1,200

Analysis and 2 arch. 60 4,500 1,000 5,500 report preparation

Vehicle rental 30 2,250 2,250

Subtotals 12,600 3,850 16,450

Total Cost ProposedMitigation Measures (US Dollars) TOTAL

San Ignacio/SantaElena/Benque 1,250

OrangeWalk 1,200

Corozal 16,450 18,900

InstitutionalOverhead Charges, 10% 1,890

DoA AdministrationCharges 1,800

TOTAL 24,480

Contingency,15% 3,672

GRAND TOTAL 28,152

19 Annex

June, 1997

CONDITIONSFOR ARCHAEOLOGICALPERMITS

1. The Departmentof Archaeologyrestates its mission to the research, interpretationand the protection of the Archaeological Heritage of Belize as established by the Ancient Monumentsand Antiquities Ordinance, Chapter 259 of the Laws of Belize. Where archaeologicalresearch is concerned the following conditionswere formulated to reaffirm the Departmentof Archaeology's policies towards foreign research.

2. The Principal Investigator,employees, crew members,agents, associates and organization, hereafterreferred to as the grantee shall strictly abide by all the provisionsof the Ancient Monumentsand Antiquities Law, Chapter 259 of the Laws of Belize, 1980, and all Conditionsfor Archaeological Permits.

3. All Principal Investigators(PI) must be on site 90% of the duration of their research. Absentee Pls are not encouragedand therefore permits will not be consideredfor any PI who will be away from the site for extended periods of time. The Departmentof Archaeology must be informed if the PI is going to be off site for any period beyond a week. In the absence of the PI a previously designated and approved "associate" investigatorwill be responsible for all activities on site. Regardless,however, all responsibilityfor activities associated with the project is ultimately the PI's.

4. The following items are required 3 months before a request for a research permit is considered:

(a) The PI must have a Ph.D. in Archaeology/Anthropology,and have 5 years of experience working in the Maya area. Under no circumstancewill graduate students be considered as a PI regardlessof their status.

(b) A formal letter requesting a permit to excavate. This letter should state the nature of the intended research, the site or area where the intended research is to be conducted, and the beginning and ending dates of intended stay in Belize.

(d) A detailed copy of the research design. This should include consolidation if any structure is targeted for excavation and a detailed breakdown of the budget covering all aspects of the intended research. This should include the mandatory 5% administrativefee and 1 5% of the total budget, necessary for consolidation.

20 (e) Four copies of the summaryof the researchdesign.

(f) Written proof from funding sourcesand quantity of funding. All funding must be included, includingthose of all crew members.

(g) Letters of permissionfrom landownersin the research areas.

(h) Namesof all crew members,their status on the projectand curriculumvitae.

5. The grantee shall pay to the Departmentof Archaeologyan AdministrationFee immediatelyon receiptof a research permit. The AdministrationFee shall be calculatedat five percent (5%) of the grantee's total budget.

6. The grantee shall furnish the ArchaeologicalCommissioner with legible copies of all field notes on acid-free paper at the completionof each field season.

7. The grantee shall furnish the ArchaeologicalCommissioner with four (4) copies, typewrittenor printed,of all the reports compiledon the archaeological operationsand the out comethereof, as well as any article,thesis, exposition paperor talk, writtenor published,relating to the operations.A copyof these reportsmust also be providedon 3.5 in. IBMformatted diskettes.

8. The granteeshall not giveany pressrelease for television,newspaper or popularmagazine without prior approvalfrom the ArchaeologicalCommissioner. Suchapproval can only be givenif we havea copyof the itemto be pubUshed.

9. The granteeis requiredto consolidate,stabilize and/or reconstruct all or any portionof any ancientmonument excavated by the granteeat the absolute discretionof andto the satisfactionof theArchaeological Commissioner after consultationwith the grantee.The granteemust reserve 15% of the project budgetfor consolidation/reconstruction.

(i) All consolidation,stabilization and/or reconstruction must be done immediatelyfollowing excavation, since a waitof evenone yearcauses damage to the structure.

(ii) All consolidation,stabilization and/or reconstruction must be financedby the grantee.

(iii) The archaeologicalcommissioner shall recommenda suitableperson or personsto undertakethe supervisionof the consolidation,stabilization andlor reconstruction.

21 10. If the archaeologicalcommissioner determines after consultationwith the grantee, that the sum requiredfor the aforementionedconsolidation, stabilization andlor reconstructionis less than 15% of the annual budget of the project, then the ArchaeologicalCommissioner shall specify how the remainder of the funds, not exceeding 15% of the total annual budget of the project shall be expended in the interest of the Cultural ResourcesManagement of Belize.

11. All items to be handed to the Archaeological Commissionerunder these conditionsmust be at the grantee's expense, and delivered to the office of the Commissioner.No other point of delivery is acceptable.

12. When it is deemednecessary that certain artefacts should be exported for further analysis, no matter what the artefactsare or the quantity of artefacts,the PI must request an export license well in advance of the departure date (at least 1 month in advance). Export Licenseforms can be pick up from the Department of Archaeology.A completecatalog of artefacts includingfield numbers and provenance of those items to be exported must be submittedto the Department of Archaeologybefore any items are allowed to leave the country. A staff memberof the Departmentof Archaeology must examine all artefacts before any containers are scaled. All artefacts must be properly cataloged by the project, using the Department'scataloging system. Only one export license will be given for each project each year, and this applies to one shipment only (i.e. all items must be shipped together). The contents of each container must be listed on the lid of the containers, as well as inside the container.

13. The grantee shall not conduct any type of archaeologicalwork outside of the limits prescribed in the granted permit.

14. The land explored by the grantee, and any ancient monumentsand antiquities discovered by said grantee shall be open to inspection at all times by the office staff of the Departmentof Archaeology,and the grantee shall afford every facility for inspection.

15. The ownership of all ancient monumentsand antiquities recovered by the grantee shall rest in the Departmentof Archaeology, Governmentof Belize.

16. A complete type or sample collection of sherds, lithics, and other artefacts classified and accordingly labeled shall be handed over to the Archaeological Commissionerimmediately after analysis.

17. The grantee shall, under the conditions of the granted permit, convey in a responsible manner, at least once during the field season, the nature, ethics and morals of their archaeologicalresearch to the local community.The grantee

22 shall also submit a paper on the result of the field season for publication in the BelizeanArchaeology Reports.

18. An annual report of the archaeologicalactivity in pursuanceof this permit must be handedto the ArchaeologicalCommissioner within six monthsof the comipletionof the field season.The annual report shall include a detailed breakdownof all expenditurein Belize and the numberof Belizeansemployed by the project.

19. The grantee shall furnish to the archaeologicalcommissioner a comprehensiveset of annotatedslides and photographsdetailing the operations,and full-size copies of all site maps, plans and drawings, architecturalsection drawings of all structureswithin one year of the completion of the project.

20. The grantee shall strictly abide by all other provisionsof the Lawsof Belize, Departmentof Customs,Department of Immigration.The Departmentof Archaeology is in no way accountablefor any transgressionof the Lawsof Belize by the grantee.

21. Under the Laws of Belize, all persons operatingmotor vehicles must have third party liability insurance.Every crew memberwishing to operate a motor vehicle must contactthe Departmentof Transportto ensure all the proper documentsand requirementsare met.

22. The Pi may apply for duty exemptionon the equipmententering Belize for research purposes. It is advisablethat all requestfor duty exemptionbe madeat least I month prior to arrival in Belize.All such requests,including vehicle duty exemptionmust be sent to the Departmentof Archaeology.

23. The permit shall be liable to forfeiture in the event of any breach of the conditionsherein stated or, of non-observanceof the Ancient Monumentsand Antiquities Law, or if in the opinion of the ArchaeologicalCommissioner anything whatsoeverdone, or omittedto be done, by the grantee is inconsistentwith the purpose for which the permit has been granted. It is the responsibilityof the grantee to fulfill all the Conditionsfor ArchaeologicalPermits for the previous year or no further permits will be issued to the grantee until all obligationsare fulfilled.

24. These conditions may be revised from time to time. A written notice of any revision shall be forwarded to the grantee.

23 References

Chase, Diana A and Arlen F. Chase. 1988.A PostclassicPerspective: Excavations at the Maya Site of Santa Rita Corozal, Belize. In Pre-ColumbianArt Research Institute. Monograph4. San Francisco.

Coffman, A. Chase and D. Chase 1978. "The Searchfor Holpatin: Historic Excavationsin Orange Walk". Paper presentedat the SAA Meeting. Philadelphia,PA.

Dunham, Peter S. and Phil Wanyerka. 1994. The Southem HighwayArchaeological Assessment: Field Reconnaissance.Final Reportto the Inter-AmericanDevelopment Bank and the Governmentof Belize.

Finamore,Daniel 1994. Sailors and Slaveson the WoodcuttingFrontier: Archaeology of the British Bay Settlement,Belize. Ph.D. Boston University.

Foster, Byron (ed) 1989. Warlords and Maize Men. A Guideto the Maya Sites of Belize.Cubola Productions.Belize.

General Data. Toledo District (Archives)

Hammond,Norman 1974. "Preclassicto Postclassicin Northern Belize". In Antiquity,48: 177-189.

Hand Book of Brithis Honduras,1925 (Archives)

History of Dangriga (Archives)

Jones, Grant D. 1989. Maya Resistance to SpanishRule: Time and Resistance on a Colonial Frontier. University of New Mexico Press. Albuquerque.

McAnany, Patricia A. 1999. Orange Walk Bypass. Report on Archaeological Resources submittedto Halcrow Group Ltd.

Sanchez, I.E. 1979. "Some interesting Belizean place-names".In BelizeanStudies, vol. 7, n. 3. Belize City.

24 Shoman,Assad. 1994. 13 Chaptersof a Historyof Belize.The Angelus Press,

Thompson,J. Eric S. 1991.The Maya of Belize.Historical Chapters Since Columbus.Cubola Productions.Belize.

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10.99 GRAPHICS'THBUIP268/16 MAP OF BELIZE SHOWINGLOCATION OF HOLPATIN I of the Town Boards D Institutional Study I D InstitutionalStudy of the Town Boards

D.1 Introduction The institutional issues affecting the mamtenance of drainage systems in the six towns of Belize fall into three categories- First, there is the scope of the work to be undertaken by Town Boards and their technical and organisational capacity to perform the necessary functions. Associated with this issue is the consideration of other operations which mav affect the drainage system either adverselv or benevolently (Section D.2).

Secondly, there is the issue of the management of urban development to ensure that, at the initial stage of development, effective and economic drainage systems form an essential part of the planning process. Associated with this are the measures necessary to ensure that individual developers are not permitted to carrv out works which impair the drainage svstem (SectionD.3).

Thirdly, there is the issue of the availabilityof sufficient resources to maintain and sustain the drainage system. This issue raises questions of the impact of the cost of drainage services upon other demands for town services and of affordability in terms of taxation (Sections D.4 and D.5).

These issues are each addressed in a separate section of the institutional analysis,but each raises questions of good management practice in relation to the issue under consideration. Recommnendedcourses of action are set out as a set of project packages at the end of the Appendix.

D.2 Draitage Maintenance D.2.1 MaintenancePractice Drainage maintenance responsibilites of Town Boards are confined to the clearance of vegetation and the removal of silt and other blockages. All repairs, reconstruction, and extension of the drainage system are the responsibility of the Ministry of Works which responds to requests from Town Boards insofar as they can be accommodated within the Ministry's budget.

Do No 0 R- 0 D.. My 1999 1 Town Boards do not have designated budgets and accounts for drainage maintenance and in most towns such work is included in the general duties of the town works departrnent.

With the exception of Orange WValknone of the towns has a record of the total length of drains in their administrative area. In Orange Walk there are 28 miles of existing drains which represents one mile of drains to every 537 persons resident in the town. Using this figure as a conversion factor and applying it to the population of each town indicates that the length of drainage channels in each is in the region of the following figures.

Table D.1 Estimated drain lengths

Town B C D OW SI/SE PG

Miles 11 15 14 28 22 9

Derived

Assurning that on average one labourer could clean 110 yards of drain per day, the total drain cleaning labour requirement for once a vear in each town would be:

Table D.2 Estimated required labourer days per year

Town B C D OW SI/SE PG

Labour Days 176 240 224 448 352 144

Denved

On the basis that there are 250 working days per year, drain cleaning represents a labour demand of less than one labourer year in all of the towns except Orange Walk and San Ignacio where rather less than two labourer years are necessary.

These labour requirements are well within the capacity of the works departnents even after allowing for other duties undertaken by these departments as shown below.

Dcc No C FL: 0 D-s )y 1999 2

\ xt\ St.ND\ Pcoxeces3N_E:A thbwp\ V OL4\F pocc\Ul/ Fzru:_Nov.do\Erxvu cnmcL A Table D.3 Human resources for drainage per town

Town B C D OW SI/SE PG

Drainage Labour 0.7 1.0 0.9 1.8 1.4 0.6

Wiorks Labourer Force 22 10 10 15 15 6

WiorksSupervisor 1 1 1 1 1 1

Other } Road Patching

Duties} Street Cleaning V I / V - I

Vehicles 1 1 2 2 2 2

Sourmr:Town Board Records

Since road maintenance is dry weather work and drains should be cleared at the beginning of the wet season, there should be no difficultv for Town Boards to muster the necessary labour force at the appropriate time of year.

Nevertheless, field insoections revealed that some drains had not been cleaned for a considerable time. This was particularlyserious in Punta Gorda where there were some drains blocked by several years of growth.

This problem is partly attributable to the rapid tumover of labour. Most towns try to relieve the problems of unemployment by regularly changing their labour force so that the benefits of employment are widely shared. While this practice is commendable on humanitarian grounds, it does mean that the labour force is not composed of experienced workers and may from time to time contain labourers not fit enough for heavy work. However, the Boards could overcome these shortcomings through using a greater number of their labour force on drain cleaning and through efficient supervision.

Doc No RC.- Da. Mcy1999 3 \\SDON_EIAR\VOL4\W\.-- At\ cbp\F Nooc However, there is only one foreman supervisor in each works departrnent and for the most part these men have learnt their skillson the job. So there is at least the risk that they may not know to what standard or in what manner drains are best cleaned. Furthermore, in some towns there is no regular inspection system or works programrmewhich could ensure that all necessarv work is carried out promptlv and effectively.

In addition to the above deficiencies there are two further operational hazards affecting drainage. One is street cleaning and the other is solid waste disposal (locally referred to as sanitation). Both of these matters are discussed in the next section. A more fundamental problem relating to development is described in Section D.3.

In order to put drainage maintenance on a systematic and effective basis it is proposed that in each town the appropriate authorities:

* prepare a map of the drainage system * draw up a schedule of drains and their characteristics * devise an annual drainage maintenance programme * prepare a good practice drainage maintenance manual * designate and train a drainage supervisor * ensure a serviceable truck is regularly available.

D.2.2 Strrel Cleanin,gand Sanitatwon Until recently street cleaning and sanitation duties were carried out by town works departments. However, the collection of solic waste becarne increasingly difficult as the volume of waste increased and as the condition of works department trucks deteriorated. At the same time, the replacement of trucks became problematic, because Town Boards lacked the necessary funds for truck replacement.

The Government's response to requests for loans was that Town Boards should privatise sanitation services so that the private operators would supply their own trucks as part of the contract. This year all the towns have let contracts for sanitation services except for San Ignacio (with Santa Elena).

Of the five towns in which privatisation has been adopted Benque and Dangriga were only just starting, and had no experience on which to base comments. Corozal and

Doc No 0 Br, C D.at:My95 4 Orange Walk were not satisfiedwith the contractors' performance. The contract document for sanitation work in Corozal was inspected and it appeared to be a iegal statement of general arrangements without sufficient detail prescribing levels of performance required or cnteria for penalties in the case of non performance

Corozal also reported that thev were encountering cash flow problems in making the agreed monthlv pavment to the contractor since revenue receipts did not flow in on a regular basis and the Board had no working capital. It is highly likely that Benque and Dangriga will encounter the same problem.

The Mayor of Punta Gorda stated that he hoped to avoid the cash flow problem by arranging that the contractor shall collect payments from householders. This appears to be a recipe for disaster. Firstlybecause it is highlyvunlikelv that householders (who have a poor performance record for paying property tax), will be willing to pay for a solid waste collection servicewhich has previouslv been free of charge. Secondly, the contractor is unlikely to collect solid waste if he is not paid.

There is also a further operational hazard arising from the privatisation of sanitation services. Previously,solid waste collection and street cleaning were both functions of the works departments and as a consequence spillages from the collection service were automatically the responsibility of the same departnent. In the separated system contractors will wish to work at best speed and least cost and will not be likely to be concerned about major spillages. An additional burden is therefore likely to fall upon the street cleaning operations.

This adverse impact on street cleaning may in tum adversely affect the drainage system. This is because it was observed in most towns that solid waste had accumulated in many of the drains. Once that has occurred, waste matter is unlikely to be removed until the annual cleaning of drains at the end of the dry season. It was not possible to discover whether the solid waste was dumped in the drainage channels by householders or whether it was swept off the roads by street cleaners but neither practice should be permitted to continue.

In the long term drainage maintenance may also be adversely affected bv the further deterioration of the works department trucks. Nearly aD of them are at the end of their economic life. In the present situation the Town Boards have no capacity for

Doc N. O F-v 0 D.. Mcy1999 5 U \SWD DON_LPFA \VOL4 \We VE,, onm,,tcl. Arnn POeG\tDp\ot\Frllo. capital accumulation and have been refused loans from the central government for truck replacement. Some mechanism is therefore necessary to ensure that works departments have adequate transport to ensure that roads are regularly cleaned and that, amongst other things, waste material is not allowed to enter and block drains.

Four mechanisms are possible:

* to put street cleaning out to contract so that the private sector provides vehicles

* to raise town taxes so that each town can build up a capital reserve for vehicle purchase

* to establish a government loan fund from which Town Boards may borrow at favourable rates

* to borrow at commercial rates.

Of these altematives the use of contract cleaning services is not desirable, since it would have the effect of depriving the Boards of truck transport of any kind except on expensive commercial hire terms. The second altemative is to be preferred since it avoids the payment of interest. A government loan, if made available, would require interest to be paid and commercial borrowing would probablv be even more expensive.

In view of the uncertainties about the effectiveness of the privatisation of the sanitation systems Town Boards should not allow themselves to become inextricably dependent upon contractor services. To this end each town should:

* set up a sustained monitoring system to check performance

* examine contract arrangements to ensure that the Boards have remedies for unsatisfactory performance

* prepare a fall back plan for implementation should it prove necessary to change the contractor or revert to an in house operation

Do-No 0 Rr C D.t May 199 6 * review street cleanlng practices to ensure that solid waste does not get into the drains

* set up a capital investment fund to renew trucks.

For recommended action see Project Packages I and 3.

D.3 Development Hazzards D.3. The INatureof Haz,ards Manv of the drainage improvement works proposed m this project have become necessary either because of inappropriate road layouts when development first occurs, or because individual plot holders have subsequently damaged the drainage system. Both of these shortcomings cause inconvenience and health hazards. They require corrective action which could be avoided bv the introduction of an improved system of development management.

D.3.2 DevelvPmentPlanning When areas are about to be developed defects in the future drainage system are createc by rectilinear road pattems which pav no regard to local topography and the associated natural lines of drainage. As a consequence there are numerous instances where surface water seeks to fiow across individual plots. Also ponding occurs where roads run through depressions. In such circumstances plot holders seek to divert water from their plots and can thereby cause further problems which, as in the case of road ponding, result in public expenditure to remedy these defects.

While not strictlv a drainage issue it should be noted that the rectilinear road layouts can also impair the capacity of major roads by creating side road accesses at overly frequent intervals and sometimes at oblique angles.

D.3.3 HaZardsfrom PlotHoZderm Subsequent to the layout of new areas further damage to the drainage system results from plot holders taking a variety of actions intended to improve their plots. These include:

* flling in drainage channels which bisect their plots

Doc No^ >O Dav Mzl9 7 \\SEVNDON;EZA\VOL4\Wt\Ennonmr AtPXcsiw\rpr\xu_o.o * erecting buildings over a drain so that it cannot be accessed for maintenance

* raising the level of their plot and thereby adversely affecting drains on their boundary or adjacent plots

* constructing access ways across a drain without providing sufficient culvert space to allow a free flow of water.

D.3.4 Inswiizona!Jncapacia It seems that Town Boards are powerless to influence either defects in layout or the actions of individual plot owners. Extensions to the urban area are normallv laid out by the Ministry of Lands and only subsequently brought within the ternrtoriallimits of the Town Board. By that time it is too late to influence the layout. In the case of subsequent activities of individual plot holders it appears that Town Boards do not have the necessary powers or competence to regulate the actions of plot holders. Or, if the powers exist, Town Boards are unaware of them.

In principle none of these problems should occur because under the Land Utilisation Act land owners have to obtain the consent of the Land Utilisation Authority before land titles are issued and permission is granted for development.

The Land Utilisation Authority comprises representatives of the Ministries of Works, Agriculture, and Forestry, and the Commissioner for Lands and Survey. Observations are also sought from the Departnents of Human Resources, Housing, Planning, Environment and Public Health and the electricity and water undertakings. The Town Board is only consulted if the land in question lies within the town boundary. If the land is only adjacent to the town and is likely to be included at a later date the Board is not consulted.

Notwithstanding the above procedures much development takes place which is damaging to land drainage and road systemns.This is either because the necessary regulatory conditions are not imposed or because those conditions are not complied with by the developer.

In the near future all of these problems are likely to manifest themselves at Orange Walk if, as seems probably, the proposed bypass is constructed to the east of the town.

DO: N.O R. O Dm. M. 199C 8

\ \SDON EL\voL4\We\E5mnsDnmcl=lXXProlectr\nzbwp\Report\F!_Now.doc~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The land between the bv pass and the built up area is low Iving and ir. places is water logged. The proposed bv pass will be several feet above existing ground level Despite the high water table this land is likely to attract development and unless some special action is taken it is very probable that:

* plot holders will tip material to raise their ground level * land drainage pattems will be distorted or destroyed * an excessive number of access points will occur on the by pass.

D.3.3 RemedzalAction Orange Walk has already been designated as a Special Development Area and is therefore identified as an area for special consideration. The bypass project includes proposals for the maintenance of environmental standards including drainage. However, the necessary administrative arrangements and regulatory systems are not yet in place . It is therefore proposed that this project be used as a pilot project to bring into being an effective development management system. The experience from such a project should then be used to devise a development management system which could be applied in all towns in Belize.

Once such a development management system has been adopted a new responsibility will fall to Town Boards. They will have to inspect and control all development activitieswhich may affect drainage and any other matters which may be identified as requiring control.

For recommended action see Project Package 2.

D.4 Resource requirements D.4. 1 Iuman Resourres The foregoing sections on drainage maintenance and development hazards include proposals for improvement in services and consequential manpower requirements. In the case of drainage maintenance there are some 'once only' tasks which include:

* mapping the existing drainage system * preparing a schedule of drains * preparing an annual maintenance programme * drafting a good practice maintenance manual.

Do- No R.,- D- Me 1995 9 U SWN'DON..JSA \VOU \W%e \Enn. onmcac.a A. .en \P,o1enc \dcbwp \7L.,ort\ mNov.do, It is also proposed that a drainage supervisor post be created which would be a permanent appointment.

Sirnilarlyin the case of sanitation it is proposed that a system of regular monitoring of contractors be instituted and that a faL back position be prepared to enable Town Boards to cope with the problems should a contractor prove to be unsatisfactory. The monitoring officer should also be able to perform this function.

The proposals for the avoidance of drainage hazards anticipate that, upon the adoption of development management measures, there will be a once only task to prepare town development schemes and criteria followed by a continuous task of development regulation.

Neither the towns themselves nor the departments of central govemment appear to have the necessary resources to perforrn the 'once only' tasks and these would be performed on a contract basis.

Conversely, the roles of drainage supervision, sanitation monitoring and development management are all permanent tasks which would normally be regarded as responsibilities of a town engineer and his department. However, the staffing of existing town works departnnents does not include staff with sufficient training and experience to perform all these functions effectively. It is therefore proposed that the establishment of town works departments be reviewed with the object of increasing the levels of expertise and manpower to enable Town Boards to perform these functions more effectively.

D.4.2 FinandaZResourres See Section D.5.

D.5 Financial Capacity D.5. 1 Jntrvductlon The financial capacities of the Town Boards depend on the size of their populations, the revenues which they should be able to collect, and the efficiency with which they collect them as wel as the manner in which these revenues are used. Since this project is concemed only with drainage improvement and management, this appraisal does not

D, Nc.C R-. O D.t May '999 10

\F provide a complete analysis of financial management in each of the towns' finances and confines itself to:

* a comparative analvsis of tow;n revenues between 1995 and 1998 and between towns at each of these dates * the product and performance of propertm tax and other local revenue * capital accounts and cash flow * potential improvement in revenue * conclusions on financial capacitv.

Financial data have been obtained from a simnilarfmancial review carried out in 1996 and from financial statements (or summaries thereof) for 1998/9 which were obtained during visits to Town Boards.

D.5.2 Population Table D.4 show that two towns, Benque and Punta Gorda, have grown rapidlk. In both cases local officials have said that this growth is largely due to formal and informal migration from Guatemala of people with low income potential and no capital for investment.

Table D.4 Urban populanons in 1995 and 1998

Year B C D OW SI/SE PG

1995 4,765 7,794 6,930 13,425 11,690 3,680

1998 6,200 8,085 7,390 15,055 11,570 5,010

Net 1,435 291 460 1,630 (-120) 1,330 Growth

0/a Growth 30.11 3.73 6.63 12.14 (-1.03) 36.14

Source: Behte National StatistzealO5ffce

Doc N. 0 Re.- C D..t Ma :995 11 Orange Walk is the centre of the sugar producing area and has a buoyant local economv which probablv accounts for its substantial growth rate.

Corozal and Dangriga are both below the national average growth rate (urban and rural) of 9.24 '/O. San Ignacio and Santa Elena together show a smaLpopulation loss for reasons which are not apparent since it is the business and service centre for a substantial area.

D.5.3 Local Revenue (Gross) With the exception of Orange Walk and San Ignacio, aD the towns which have prepared annual statements of accounts have collected significantly less revenue from local sources in 1998 than they did in 1995 (Table D.5).

Table D.5 Total local revenue 1994/5 and 1998/9 (BzS)

Year B C D OW SI/SE PG

1995 85,241 376,341 412,751 322,565 384,541 -

1998 53,600 317,660 375,995 508,952 480,385 394,293

Variance 31,641)(-58,681) (-36,756) 186,387 95,841 -

Sou,r: ToTm BoardsStatements ofAcmounts

The worst case is Benque (33.2%) with Corozal (15.59%) Dangriga (8.9%) performing badly in contrast to San Ignacio which increased its revenue by 24.92% and Orange Walk which has increased its local revenue by 57.78%. The poor performance of most of the towns compared with San Ignacio and Orange Walk may be in some degree attributable to the buoyant economy of the latter. However the basic economy of Orange Walk and San Ignacio has not changed substantially since 1995, and certainly not sufficiently to achieve such a substantial increase in revenue.

D.5.4 Local Revenueper Capita If the gross local revenue figures are converted to revenue per capita then the disparities between 1995 and 1998 and between towns become even more pronounced

DotO RN.C- Dae May 199S 12 U\ S'ON'E At\VOL4W \W'E,,,,,OtU1Ct Ann\YtsXh=\Rnr\ulNo d (Table D.6). Benque revenue per capital in 1998 is almost half of what it was in 1995 and in 1998 is less than one fifth of that of Dangriga.

Table D.6 Local revenue per capita (BzS)

Year B C D OW S/SE PG

1995 17.88 48.28 59.56 24.02 32.89 -

1998 8.64 39.29 50.87 33.81 41.52 78.7

Denved

In terms of revenue per capita it appears that Orange Walk's massive increase in gross revenue is in part due to an improvement upon an earlier low level of revenue collection. Additionally,Corozal, Dangriga and Orange Walk, which have the higher levels of revenue per capita, are the three towns in which the town clerks maintain efficient accounting systems and are resourceful in gathering revenues. It is not possible to comment on the high revenue per capita in Punta Gorda since it had no accounts availablefor 1995 and no detailed accounts for 1998.

D1.5 Goverzmen/Submnzior Town Boards are not entirely dependent upon their own resources. Each receives an annual subvention to supplement local revenue. Subvention alocations are determninedby the Cabinet and there are no published criteria or formulae for this purpose.

Do- N. 0 Rv D-a, My 1999 13 Table D.7 Government subventions to Town Boards (Bz$)

Year B C [ D OW SI/SE PG

1995 155,000 175,000 149,800 175,438 209,033

1998 155,000 337,265 186,899 409,968 228,000 145,500

Variance NIL 132,265 37,099 224,530 18,967

Sourr: TownBoards Stalements oJAccounns

Table D.8 Subvention per capita

Year B C D OW SISE PG

1995 39.24 22.45 21.62 13.06 17 .88

1998 25.00 38.00 25.29 27.23 19.71 29.04

Derived

It is difficult to discem the basis upon which the size of subventions is deterrmined. Benque, Dangriga, Orange Walk and Punta Gorda have received similar subventions in terms of per capita funding notwithstanding the fact that Benque Viejo has by far the lowest locally raised revenue per capita and Dangriga has one of the highest.

D.5.6 TotalRevenue It would appear that government practice has generally moved towards bringing total revenue per capita into a broad band between Bz$60 and BzS80 but there are no apparent reasons for the variations within the band or for the relatively disadvantaged position of Benque Viejo.

Doc No.0eC: D Dat,:Ma 1999 14 \\SWIND O)N_ELMA.\V OL4\We \En-.-.m«l t!-c bw\soliFc_No.

-vrA Table D.9 Total revenue from all sources (Bz$)

Year B C D OW SI/SE PG

1995 140,261 551,341 562,551 207,993 593,574

1998 218,600 624,925 | 562,894 918,952 708,385 394,293

Soum: Town BoardsStatements ofAccounts

Table D.10 Revenue per capita

Year B C D OW SI/SE PG

1995 57.04 70.73 81.18 37.08 49.97 -

1998 35.26 77.29 80.16 61.04 61.23 78.70

Denried

D.5.7 Proper)yTax Property Tax is the largest singe source of local revenue and the only tax levied directly upon householders. A new system of valuation is about to be introduced (See Section D.5. 11) but to date property has been valued by the national Valuation Departrnent. Owner occupied properties are assessed on capital value but tenanted properties are assessed on annual rental value. The Department then applies a percentage rate to the aggregated values of each town to determine the potential yield. The percentages are varied from town to town to reflect their economic potential. These valuations have remained unchanged since before 1995.

Town Boards do not expect to gather the whole of the potential yield due to vacant premises, absentee owners, defaulters, and other factors. They therefore set estimated

DO- N. R,k 0 D.t, M7 1999 15 \ \SVI2VDON_EIAU\VOL4 \W,X\E,,,rO,,,,\FtO A. thUPRrn FnINO.dOC revenues in their annual accounts which are lower than the potential vields. However, even the estimated revenue is not achieved as is shown in the following table.

Doc No.0 }, 0 Da.: May 1999 16 \ \ WNO_ll,VCI J Evanlnnn\clc fbn\c r\Fu_o.o Table D.11 Property valuations and yields

Town Benque Corozal Dangriga Orange Walk San Ignacio and Punta Gorda Santa Elena

Valuation Capital RVA C RVA C RIVA C RVA C R VA C RVA

Total Value 1,895,000 1,780,529 3,102,720 2,474,932 1,026,110 1,683,040 3,930,50() 4,562,062 2,816,400 2,995,646

IPercenttax 1% 4% 2%/0 5%/o 8% 10% 2%/o 6.25% 2% 7%

Yields 18,950 31,221 62,054 123,746 82,088 168,304 78,610 285,128 56,328 209,695 potential 50,171 185,800 250,392 363,738 266,023 Yield

1995

Estimated 31,000 180,000 (100,000) 150,000 9(0,00( Yield

Actual Yield 33,078 176,574 (70,000) 109,336 91,873

EIstimated 12.70 23.88 35.26 29.92 26 89 Capital

Do No Per0 D.t My 1999 17 \\S7AMD0 _HLARA\VOL4\W,\Fm.1..o- do- Town Benque Corozal Dangrig2 Orange Walk San Ignacio and Punta Gorda Santa Elena

Actual Capital 8.37 22.65 9.85 8.99 9.29

1998

Estimated 31,500 200,000 150,000 361,350 Yield

Actual Yield 26,328 149,551 134,562 208,569 154,661 58,465

Estimated 5.08 24.74 20.30 24.00 Capital

Actual Capital 4.25 18.49 18.21 13.85 13.36 11.67

Sour-e: National Valuation Department

Doc No 0 R., 0 Date My 199 18 It appears that Benque and Corozal estimated that their propem tax vield would be lower In 1998 than it was in 1995 whereas Dangriga, Orange W alk, and San Ignacio expected their vields would be significantlvhigher. However, despite these expectations the vield per capita from property tax was less than BzS20 and more than BzS10 in all towns except Benque.

Corozal and Orange Walk have commnissionedprivate contractors for the coliection of property tax for the first time in the financial vear 1999/2000. It is too earlv to reach conclusions about the effectiveness of this arrangement, but the town clerks of both towns expressed dissatisfaction regarding the contractor's performance to date.

D.5.8 OtherRevenue Other revenue varies from town to town but the principal sources are:

X Liquor Licences * Trade Licences * Market Fees • Slaughter Houses * Cemetery Fees • Property Income - Some Trading Activities.

Table D.12 Local revenue from sources other than property

Year B D OW SI/SE PG

1995 Gross 34,704 185,866 190,730 237,848

Per capita 8.78 26.17 15.69 24.05 -

1998 Gross 32,100 251,428 300,383 325,724 103,293

Per capita 5.17 34.02 19.95 28.16 20.62

Soumrc:Town Boards Statements ofAccounts

Doe No 0 Rv: Dat, .a 1995 19 \ \S wZhDONilA\ VOL4\W\B::e\Eron,oso: AaetPoet>xpReot auo.o Generally these figures show indirect taxation in the form of fees and charges which very roughly follow the pattem of revenue from propertv with Benque faring as badlv in this source of revenue as in other sources.

D.5.9 Capita/Accounts In previous years Town Boards have had capital accounts essentially for the replacement of trucks and equipment. These accounts were not used for development or any other purpose. The general practice was for Boards to obtain a loan from central govemment for procurement and for that loan to be recorded in the Board's capital account until it was paid off.

National govemment has now decided that it will no longer facilitate borrowings of this type and Boards have to raise the necessary funds in other ways. The central gDvernment has advised Boards to avoid the direct cost of acquiring trucks and other equipment by privatising services. The intention being that private contractors will provide their own equipment and recover the cost through service charges. This practice is being adopted in respect of sanitation services and is discussed further in Section 2.2. However there is a consequential financial problem described in the next section, entiled Cash Flow.

DJ5.10 CashFlow This financial year, Corozal, Orange Walk, and Punta Gorda have let contracts for sanitation for the first time, and although this has overcome the problem of procurement of equipment, it places an obligation upon Town Boards to make or secure regular monthly payments tO the contractors.

Corozal and Orange Walk are encountering difficulties due to the fact that revenue does not flow into the Boards on a regular monthly basis and the Boards have no working capital. They are therefore encountering cash flow problems which require them to borrow and thus incur interest charges.

Punta Gorda has avoided this problem by authorising the sanitation contractor to collect his costs from householders. While this may solve a fnancial problem it presents a serious risk that the sanitation service may deteriorate (See Section D.2.2).

Doc No C Rv:O Dat, Ma 1999 20 \\WND_ \V L\:\rtrtlciA\r!ettbpRpr\mllo.o D.. 17 Polentiallmprvzv±mentof Town Revenues The Government of Belize has recently resolved to hand down to Town Boards the responsibility for the preparation of property tax rolls for their areas of jurisdiction and has commenced a trainng programme for town personnel whom the Boards have designated as their future valuers.

There appear to be trwopurposes for this transfer of functions. One is to make Boards more responsible for their own affairs. The other is to overcome the problem of keeping propem assessments up to date. Shortcomings of the existing system have been that

* there have been no revisions of propertv values to reflect market values between the statutory quinquennial reviews * valuation rolls have not been regularlyupdated to take account of new properties or the demolition of existing properties * the existing system has not been free from interference by politicians.

Officers of some Town Boards are optimistic that the new system wiL improve their property revenue system and this may be so, but there are a number of potential hazards, the outcomes of which are not yet known. These include:

- a very limited training programme for the designated valuers which may result in unreliable valuations and valuers lacking confidence to defend their assessments * the practice of some Boards of designating the existing tax collectors as valuers without recruiting replacement collectors, thereby understaffing the collection system * there is no guarantee that the new valuers will be insulated from the same kind of political interference as has been experienced in the existing system.

The new system is planned to come into effect in year 2000 and to be fully operational in 2001.

Quite apart from improvements of the property tax income by the updating of valuation rolls, a considerable improvement in income could be achieved by a more effective tax collection system. Actual collections expressed as percentages of potential

D-o N.0 F, 0 Dae Me 1999 21 vield are in most cases barely more than half their potential, and in some cases are less than thev were in 1995.

Table D.13 Actual property revenue as a percentage of potential

Town B C D OW SI/SE PG

1995 65.9 95.03 27.95 30.06 34.53

1998 52.47 80.49 53.74 57.34 58.13

Derzved

Furthermore, the propert tax which is the only directly levied tax on residents amounts to less than BzS20 per capita per annum in all towns. Given that a basic labourer's wage is about BzS100 per week and an average household size of five persons, property tax per household currently amounts to Bz$100 per year, or BzS2 per week. An increase to BZS4 per week should be affordable and would double property tax revenue even without an improved collection system.

D.S.12 SummagyConclusions Town Boards are seriouslyunder resourced from local revenues. Direct and indirect revenue in 1998/9 from all local sources per capita per annum ranges from Bz$9.18 to Bz550.87. Furthermore, in all recorded cases except Orange Walk the total yield per capita was considerably less than the yield in 1985. Orange Walk, starting from a low per capita yield in 1985 achieved a 58 per cent increase in total local revenue, but remained well within the range band of per capita per annum yields of other towns.

Government subventions improved the financial position of most towns and brought their per capita per annum revenue within the BzS60-80 band. Benque Viejo however is an exception. It is the only town for which data are availablewhere the subvention has remained unchanged since 1995. This has resulted in it having roughly less than half the capita per annum income of any other town.

Doc NoO Rrv ODDatt M* 9I 22

VI However, the solution to under resourcing lies mainlv in the hands of the Town Board. If the percentage of potential propem tax collected is raised in all towns to the level of 80 % achieved in Corozal the position of all towns would be much improved.

Table D.14 Additional property tax revenue resulting from 8/% of potential

Town B C D OW SI/SE PG

Potential Yield 50,171 185,800 250,392 363,738 266,023

Current Yield 26,328 176,574 134,567 208,569 154,661

% Shortof 80% 26% Nil 27% 23°/0 22%

Additional revenue 13,044 Nil 67,605 83,659 58,523

Denved

The resulting additional yield would provide sufficient additional revenue for Dangriga, Orange Walk, and San Ignacio to meet additional costs of increased staff numbers and skills and to begin to build up a working reserve to obviate cash flow problems and a capital account for renewal of equipment. Corozal is already collecting 80% of its property tax potential and should be able to make the provisions as are proposed for the three towns which could substantially increase their property revenue. Benque is in such an abnormal position that some special arrangement appears to be necessary. Punta Gorda has not provided sufficient data for a prognosis to be made.

It does however appear that for most towns there is a need to review their financial management svstems in order to improve performance.

For recommended action see Project Package 3.

Do- N. R 0 D,. May 1999 23 PROJECT PACKAGE 1: DRAINAGE MAINTENANCE

PP1.1 The drainage systems in the six towns of Belize are less effective than they should be in removing surface water from the town areas due to the inadequate clearance of vegetation and silt, and to the accumulation of solid waste in the drainage channels.

PP 1.2 It is proposed that in each town the current maintenance arrangements should be reviewed and a maintenance system should be set up which would include:

the preparation of a map of the drainage system e schedule of the drains and their characteristics * the institution of an annual drainage maintenance programme * the preparation and implementation of a good practice manual for drainage maintenance * a manpower plan for the procurement and deplovment of labour.

PP1.3 In addition the operations for solid waste collection and street cleaning should be evaluated in conjunction with the proposed drainage maintenance system, to ensure that nothing in either of these operations adversely affects the drainage system.

PP 1.4 Each Town Board will nominate or appoint a member of its staff as its drainage supervisor who will be trained in drainage maintenance.

PP 1.5 The Town Boards will also need to make arrangements for the regular replacement of trucks and other equipment at the end of their economic usefulness. This matter is referred to in Project Package 3, sections 3.3. and 3.4.

3cc :0 .0 at:M 1|5 24 \ \57DONE:RJrNroecscb\ up\wpot\Fm!_Novc) Os \e Exv=om«i PROJECT PACKAGE 2 - ELIMINATION OF HAZARDS TO DRAINAGE

Development Planning

PP1.1 The current procedures for preparing land for urban development have resulted in road layouts which:

* do not take adequate account of land form and resulting natural drainage pattems * in some cases leave insufficient space for the economical provision of road side drains * give rise to problems of road alignment and other matters lving outside the scope of this project.

PP2.2 It is proposed that the system and principles for the preparation of urban layouts should be reviewed with particular regard to:

* the basis upon which land is selected for urban development * the principles and procedures applied for the preparation of a development plan * the legal, technical and personnel competences of the agencies involved in plan preparation with particular regard to the Land Utilisation Authority * the powers, procedures and agencies responsible for the implementation of such plans the role of Town Boards in the preparation of development plans for land within their areas and for land outside town boundaries which are likely to be incorporated within the town at a later date.

PP2.3 Thereafter to prepare a system and procedures which would ensure the preparation of realistic schemes and effective implementation in the future.

Doc N, 0C D.o, Mry I 25 U \S NDDN_ AYA \ VOL 51,on,~'\ \:ErDGAn :oeu\tbp\ ot\FNo.c Development Control

PP2.4 Within areas already serviced by roads, individual plot holders can cause serious damage to the existing drainage system bv:

* filling in drainage channels which bisect their plots * erecting buildings over drains so that they cannot be accessed for cleaning and maintenance * raising the level of their plot and thereby adversely affecting drains on their boundary or on adjacent plots * constructing access ways across a drain without providing sufficient culvert space to allow a free flow of water.

PP2.5 It is proposed that to ensure an effective method of development control:

* a review is made of such relevant regulations as do exist and the means by which they are, or should be, implemented * the preparation of an effective set of regulations to prevent plot holders and/or others from adversely affecting the drainage system * designating appropriate authorities to exercise control and vesting them with appropriate powers.

Pilot Project

PP2.6 It is proposed to develop and test the envisaged plarming and control measures as a pilot project on land between Orange Walk town and the proposed by pass road route or on some other location, if more appropriate.

Do N.O RF-O Dau: MyfIM 26

\\SDON E;ARA\VOL4\NVe\Emsonsncoult\Pwonecu\ibxp\RgPott\Fma!_24oT.do PROJECT PACKAGE 3: FINANCE AND MANAGEMENT

Property Taxation

PP3.1 The Government of Belize has transferred to Town Boards the responsibility for the valuation of property for taxation purposes so that valuation and tax collection will be wholly a Town Board activitv. Section 5 of this report indicates that most towns are collecting little more than half of their propertv tax revenue and in some cases it shows a downward trend over recent vears.

PP3.2 Town Boards are in need of additional resources to cover the costs of improved drainage maintenance, proposed development regulation and enhanced staffing standards. It is therefore proposed that the property taxation system be reviewed in each town to:

* discover whether revaluations will be completed by the due date * to assess the capacity of the collection system to achieve an income of at least 80 per cent of potential yield rthe capacity of newly appointed valuers to justify their new valuations when challenged * devise such remedial measures as may be necessarv to achieve the required level of revenue.

Capital Accumulation

PP3.3 Town Boards have been unable to build up capital reserves due to the low level of local revenue from property tax and local resources. This has meant that they have run into cash flow difficulties due to a lack of working capital. Similarly,they have been unable to build up a capital reserve for the acquisition of trucks and other equipment which is in need of replacement.

PP3.4 It is therefore proposed to:

* assess the size of capital reserves necessary for adequate working capital and equipment replacement * estimate the revenue requirement necessary to achieve the necessary reserves

DO: N. C)X, C D., My 199S 27 \ \ SNz^D0NLAW>OL4\W\NV Ezntoo,n,, nei\Poet tbx\eotEtu_o.o * recommend the sources and scale of additional revenue required if this cannot be achieved through the improved propem taxation svstem.

Management

PP3.5 Most towns in Belize are growing in size and all are growing in the number and scale of services which they are providing or will need to provide in the future. Administration is therefore becoming more complex and the need to improve management capacitv has been identified in this report in respect of

* drainage maintenance * the supervision of pnivatisedsanitation services * the management of urban development * the collection of revenues • general financial management.

PP3.6 It is proposed that a review of management systems in each town be made and recommendations be prepared to achieve greater effectiveness

Dc N.O B-O O Da. ME7 1999 28 \ \SWINDON AA\VOL4\a/.\Enor,unntL matPot\l=pRrotF>_o. E Construction Issues I I Table El Estimation of traffic movements per sub-project for Corozal

Sub-project 1 21 31 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total

______I~~~~~~~~~~~~SW Magoon Drain

Quantity material _ 2 SW Magoon Drain Ext. Excavation(m3) 4775 2602 2198 2300 900 6500 900 250 20425 3 San Andres Road Drain Blockwork(No.) 127070 48000 21780 1023 97873 4 Santa Rita Road Drain Concrete(m3) 650 50 500 1500 900 900 30 60 4590 5 College Road Drain Reinforcement(t) 80 5 70 225 75 120 7 25 607 6 NE Magoon Drain Dredgings __ _ _ 5000 5000 7 NE Magoon Drain Ext. 8 3rd Street North Drain No. of lorries 9 Dredgingto ouffalls Excavation 1432.5 780.6 659.4 690.0 270.0 1950.0 270.0 75.0 0.0 6127.5 Blockwork 0.0 0.0 98.4 174.5 79.2 0.0 0.0 3.7 0.0 355.9 Concrete 216.7 16.71166.7 500.0 300.0 300.0 10.0 20.0 0.0 1530.0 Reinforcement 16.0 1.0 14.0 45.0 15.0 24.0 1.4 5.0 0.0 121.4 iJredgings __ _ __ 1250.0 1250.0

Total No. of lorries per sub- project 1665.2 798.3 938.5 1409.5 664.2 2274.0 281.4 103.7 1250.0 9384.8 Estimated_ construction period (weeks) 18 10 15. 30 20 18 10 18 ? 60 Estimated No. lorries per day (average) 18.51( 6.0 12.5 9.4 6.6 25.3 5.6 1.2 7 28.4

Assumptions: Excavatedmaterial - averagelorry takes 8 m3 per load (plus20% expansion) Concrete- averagelorry takes 6 m3 Blocks - Average lorry takes 550 blocks per load Reinforcernent- average lorry takes 10t per load Dredgings- average lorry takes 8 m3 per load I I I Table ESEstimation of traffic movementsper sub-project for Dangriga

Sub-project 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Total

Quantity material ___ _ _ Excavation (m3) 4100 7000 3620 17525 10271 8471 9525 1500 950 5000 67962 Blockwork (No.) 3000 19200 22200 Concrete(m3) 1000 1610 600 100 30 60 40 1100 700 60 530 Reinforcement(t) 95 100 50 20 5 10 7 150 80 12 529 Fill (m3) 270 340-0 6171 175 10016 Timber (t) - - - 20 20 No. lorries Excavation 1230.02100.0 1086.05257.5 3081.32541.3 2857.5 450.0 285.0 0.0 1500.0 20388.6 Blockwork 0.0 _ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.9 69.8 0.0 0.0 80.7 Concrete 333.3 536.7 200.0 33.3 10.0 20.0 13. 366.7 233.3 20.0 0.0 1766.7 Reinforcement 19.0 20.0 10.0 4.0 1.0 2.0 1.4 30.0 16.0 2.4 0.0C 105.8 Fill 67.5 850.0 0.0 1542.8 0.0 43.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2504.0 Timber 10.0 10.0 Total No. lorries…- per sub-proJect 1582.32656.7 1296.05294.8 3092.32563.3 2882.2 857.6 604.2 22.4 1500.0 22351.8 stimated construction period (weeks) 36.0 48.0 26.0 82.0 20.0 26.0 20.0 36.0 36.0 34.0 ? 364.0 EstimatedNo. lorries per day (average) 8.8 11.1 10.0 12.9 30.9 19.7 28.8 4.8 3.4 0.1 ? 39.1

Assumptions: I SabalStreet Canal 7 JohnCreek Canal Excavatedmaterial - averagelorry takes 8m3 per load(plus 20%expansion) 2 HavanahCreek Canal 8 St VincentStreet Drain Concrete- averagelorry takes 6m3 per load 3 AbogaldesStreet Canal 9 CommerceStreet Drain Blocks- Averagelorry takes 550 blocks per load 4 LakelandCanal 10 SluiceGates Reinforcement- average lorry takes 10t per load 5 MelindaRoad Canal II Dredgingto outfalls Fill - averagelorry takes 8m3 per load 6 PennStreet Canal Footbridge- requires20t approx timber - averagelorry takes 4t timber I I I Table E4 IEstimationof traffic movementsper sub-projectfor Benque

Sub-project 1 2 3 4 Total

Quantity material Excavation (m3) 1564 602 450 100 2716 Blockwork(No.) 11740 1200 9000 2000 23940 Concrete (m3) 234 240 180 30 684 Reinforcement(t) 10 20 15 4 49 Fill (m3) 1000 1000

No. lorries 0 Excavation 469.2 180.6 135.0 30.0 814.8 Blockwork 42.7 4.4 32.7 7.3 87.1 Concrete 78.0 80.0 60.0 10.0 228.0 Reinforcement 2.0 4.0 3.0 0.8 9.8 Fill 250.0 _ 250.0

Total No. lorries per sub-project 591.9 269.0 230.7 48.1 1139.7 Estimated construction period (weeks) 32.0 20.0 20.0 10.0 82.0 r-stmea NO._ lorries per day (average,j 3.7 2.7 2.3 1.0 2.8

Assumptions: Excavated material - average lorry takes 8m3 per load (plus 20% expansion) Concrete - average lorry takes 6m3 per load Blocks - Average lorry takes 550 blocks per load Reinforcement- average lorry takes 10t per load Fill - average lorry takes 8m3 per load

I Central Main Drain 2 Liberty Street Drain 3 George Street Drain 4 Wyatt Street Drain I I Table E2 Estimationof traffic movements per sub-projectfor Orange Walk

Sub-project 1 2* 3 4 Total

Quantitymaterial Excavation (m3) 2649 60 850 3559 Blockwork(No.) 26000 26000 Concrete (m3) 350 20 30 400 Reinforcement(t) 30 7 5 42 Fill (m3) 30 30

No. lorries Excavation 794.7 0.0 18.0 255.0 1067.7 Blockwork 94.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 94.5 Concrete 116.7 0.0 6.7 10.0 133.3 Reinforce.ment 6.0 0.0 1.4 1.0 8.4 Fill 0.0 0.0 7.5 0.0 7.5

Total No. lorries per sub-project 1011.9 0.0 26.1 266.0 1304.0 Estimated construction period (weeks) 52 20 26 52 Estimated No. lorries per day (average__ 4 0 2 5

Assumptions: Excavated material - average lorry takes 8m3 per load (pus 20% expansion) Concrete - average lorry takes 6m3 per load Blocks - Average lorry takes 550 blocks per load Reinforcement- average lorry takes 1Ot per load Fill - average lorry takes 8m3 per load

* Sub-coritract2 (Ziricotte Street has not been included in this assessmentas the works are no longer part of the Scope of Works)

I Dunn Street Drain 2 Zericote Street Drain 3 San Lorenzo Road Culvert 4 Tangerine StreetlCrabooStreet Drain I I I Table E6 Estimationof traffic movementsper sub-projectfor Punta Gorda

Sub-project - 1 2 3 Total

Quantity material Excavationi(m3) 1391 16350 17741 Blockwork(No.) 9140 9140 Concrete (m3) 266 150 . 416 Reinforcement(t) 10 33 43 Dredgings(m3) 1500 1500

No. lorries _ Excavation 417.3 4905.0 0.0 5322.3 Blockwork 33.2 0.0 0.0 33.2 Concrete 88.7 50.0 0.0 138.7 Reinforcement 2.0 6.6 0.0 8.6 Dredgings 0.0 0.0 375.0 375.0

Total No. lorries per sub-project 541.2 4961.6 375.0 5877.8 Estimated constructionperiod (weeks) 30.0 42.0 ? 60.0

Estimated No. lorries per day (average) 3.6 23.6 ? 17.8

Assumptions: Excavatedlmaterial - average lorry takes 8m3 per load (plus 20% expansion) Concrete - average lony takes 6m3 per load Blocks - Average lorry takes 550 blocks per load Reinforcernent- average lorry takes 1Otper load Dredgings - average lorry takes 8m3 per load

1 NE Magoon Drain 2 SW Magoon Drain 3 Dredgingto outfall I~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ table E3 Estimation of traffic movementsper sub-projectfor San IgnaciolSantaElena

Bub-prqjeA_ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total

;uantity material _ __ Excavation(m3) 626 720 242 2985 4748 9321 3iockwork (No.) 7590 8640 86 13830 30146 -oncrete (!n3) 160 225 30 150 930 1495 Reinforcerment(t) 15 15 10 25 180 245 aabions(no) 200 200 tio. lorries; . Excavation 187.8 216.0 72.6 895.5 1424.4 0.0 2796.3 Blockwork 27.6 31.4 0.3 0.0 50.3 0.0 109.6 Concrete 53.3 75.0 10.0 50.0 310.0 0.0 498.3 Reinforcernent 3.0 3.0 2.0 5.0 36.0 0.0 49.0 Gabions-_40.0 40.0

Total No. lorries per sub-project 271.7 325.4 84.9 950.5 1820.7 40.0 3493.3 Estimatecd construction period (weeks) 24 24 ? 42 48 ? 60 Estimated No. lorries per day (average) 2 3 5 8 ? 11

Assumptions: Excavated material - average lorry takes 8m3 per load (plus 20% expansion) Concrete - average lorry takes 6m3 per load Blocks - Average lorry takes 550 blocks per load Reinforcement- average lorry takes 1Otper load Gabions- average lorry takes I0No. per load.

1 Salazar Street Drain 2 George Price Avenue Drain 3 Outfall 4 John Martinez Road Drain 5 Savannah Strset Drain '6 Outfall I I I F Environmental Clauses for the Construction Contract I I I Good House Keeping Clauses

Possessionof Site I The Site comprises the streets. sidewalks. canals and coastal areas where the Works are to be executed. The Site does not include any privately owned land or structures. In amplificationof Clause xxx of the Conditions of Contract and Section xxx of the Contract documents. possession of the Site will be granted to the Contractor m Sections by the Engineer in writing on behalf of the Employer in accordance with the Contractoi's programnmereferred to in Clause xDxxof the Conditions of Contract. This programme shall conform to the constraints listed in Clause xxx herein.

Construction 2 The Contractorshall programrnethe execution of the Works so as to miinimise Sequencing disturbanceto the people, commerce and administrationof xxx name of town xx. The order in which the works may be executed shall be subject to the following constraints:

i) The constructionof the Works shall be carried out so that only one length of any street between adjacentjunctions (one block) is being worked on at any one time and shall not involve working in adjacentor intersectingstreets simultaneously.

ii) Works to Canal bndges shall be carried out so that only one road bridge across any canal is out of serviceat any time.

iii) The requirements of Clause xxx herein in respect of traffic managementduring construction.

Existing Services 3 (1) The Contractor shall be responsiblefor ascertainingthe location of existing services including electricity.telecommnunications, water. foul sewerage and surface water drainage and ensuring that they are not damaged or interruptedby the construction of the Works. Where the diversion of such services is necessary to permit the construction of the Works the procedures described hereunder shall be followed.

(2) The Contractor shall arrange for any alterations to electrical installationsbelonging to Belize ElectricityLimited (BEL) to be carried out by BEL. The Contractor shall allow a period of 2 months between acceptance of the Contractor'sinstructions by BEL and the completionof the necessarywork by BEL.

(3) The Contractor shall arrange for any alterations to telecommunicationsinstallations belonging to Belize TeleconmmunicationsLimnited (BTL) to be carried out by BTL. The Contractor shall allow a period of 2 months between acceptanceof the Contractor'sinstructions by BTL and the completionof the necessary work by BTL.

Medical 4 (1) The Contractor shall make arrangements for treatment on the Site Arrangements of casualties and sick persons in first-aid units or in such other wards as may be necessary in accordancewith the appropriateRegulations.

(2) Notwithstandingthe minimnumrequirements prescribed above, the Contractorshall be responsiblefor the adequacyof all the arrangementsmade.

Sanitation 5 (1) The Contractoris to arrange for a standard of sanitation required by local Regulations to be maintained throughout the Works. Sanitary conveniencesfor the use of persons employed in the Works shall be provided and maintained by the Contractor in accordance with the appropriateRegulations to the extent and in such a manner and at such places as may be approved by the Engineer, and all persons connected with the Works shall be obliged to use them. Interferencewith 6 The Contractor shall not interfere in any way with any existing works w6hether Existing Works the property of the Employer or of a third party and whether the position of such Works is indicated to the Contractor by the Engineer or noL except where such interference is specificall, described as part of the Works either in the Contract or in the Engineer's instructions.

Abatementof 7 (1) The Contractor shalLadopt such measures as the Engineer may Nuisance consider reasonable and necessary to minimise nuisance from dust. noise. or other cause.

(2) The Contractor shall observe all agreements entered into by the Employer with any person or persons relating to occupation of the properties by the Employerand to the execution of the Works thereon. The Contractor wAillbe given on request copies of an) agreementor part thereof relating to such matters.

Accessto Works 8 All necessarv facilities will be given by the Emplover for the access of the Contractor's employees to the Works and the Contractor shall be responsible for seeing that such employees obey all regulations in regard to the conditions of access to the Works.

Water Supply 9 The Contractor shall provide an adequate supply of safe drinking water on the Site. The quality, number. capacitv and location of the installations shall be to the satisfaction of the Engineer, and conform wlth the requirements of the appropriate local authorities.

Diversion of Traffic 10 (1) The Contractor shall be responsible for providing, maintaining and removing. at his own cost, adequate diversions to existing roads, and access tracks interfered with during the execution of the Works, together with any additional policing and signposting.and the erection of barriers.

(2) Approval of the Contractor'sproposals for such diversions must be obtained throughthe Engineer in advance of any work on them being carned out.

Removalof I I The Contractor shall remove unsuitable material to the depths as ordered or Unsuitable Material agreed by the Engineer and shall dispose of it in the Municipal Waste Disposal Site operated by the Town Board or in other spoil tips approvedby the Engineer.

Compensation Water 12 (1) The Contractor shall ensure that during the construction of dams, and Flow Past barrages and other structures across rivers and existing channels and up to.the time of Structures completion of the relevant parts of the Works, the whole flow of the rivers or channels shall be allowed to pass the Works except for such quantitv as the Contractor may reasonably require for the execution of the Works, unless otherwise directed by the Engineer.

(2) After completion of those parts of the Works or Temporary Works which form a barrier to river or channel, the Contractor will be required by the Employer to pass such quantities of water into the river or channeldownstream of the structures as nay be directed. The Contractor shall not alter the rate of flow of such w ater except with the approval of the Engineer.

Restoration of Drains, 13 Subject to any requirementof the Works whereby a permanent change is to be Streams. Canals etc effected, all drains, canals, pipes, channels, water-courses or streams temporarilv cut through or disturbed by the excavation of the Works are to be restored so that the water flowing in them may continue to flow in as full and free manner as it did before the disturbances.

Excavation General 13 (1) The safety and securitv of all excavations either surface or underground shall at all times during the execution of the Contract be the sole responsibility of the Contractor. The Contractor shall implement and be responsible for such measures, including supporting, staunching, dewatering and consolidating as may be necessary to fulfil this responsibility. The Contractor will be permitted. subject to the approval of the Engineer. to adjust side slopes of excavations in soft material wuhichare to remain open temporarilyin preferenceto shoring or strutting.

Roads Other than 14 Where existing roads other than the specified work areas are used by the SpecifiedWork Areas Contractorfor the transport of materials or the movementof his equipmentand plant he shall take particular care to avoid damnageto or contaminationof the existing road surface. An! such damage or contamination caused by the Contractor shall be rectifiedto the satisfactionof the Engineerat the Contractor'sexpense.

This clause is particularlyapplicable to roads used bYthe Contractorfor the haulage of borrow material. structural fill material. sub-basecourse.basecourse or sealing chips from the nominated quarries or other approved sources. For these roads the Contractor shall make any necessary improvementsto provide an adequate level of service for the Contractor's use as well as use by the public at large as will be determinedfrom time to time by the Engineer. He shall regularly maintam the road surface by maintenancegrading at least fortnightly on average and shall periodically regravel sections of the road as may be necessary to proNidean adequate level of service.

During dry conditionsthe Contractorshall provide and use a water cart filled with an approvedspray bar to maintain any gravel road used for the haulageof aggregates.in a continuouslydamp condition where such road passes within one hundred (100) metres of any house or village.

Work on Private 15 Where work is to be carried out on private property - whether detailed on the Propert Drawings or directedby the Engineer, such work shall only be undertaken on receipt of the Engineer's written direction to proceed with that work. Such direction shall define the area of private property within which the works are to be carried out.

All work on private property shall be carried out with the object of minimising inconvenienceto the owner. Such work shall be carried out quickly and neatly and restored to a standardacceptable to the Engineeras soon as is practicable.

Should the Contractor interfere with any property other than that provided for under this Clause, the cost of restoring such property to the Engineer's approval shall be borne by the Contractoralone.

Maintaing Traffic 16 (1) Within the specified limits of the Works and all quarry access FlowuWatching and Toads, the Contractor shall ensure that the roadway is kept open and passable by Lighting traffic at all times in accordancewith the following requirement:

i) A minimum road width of 3.00 metres (10.0 ft) shall be trafficable at all times along the entire length of the highway.

ii) The length of any section where the trafficablewidth is less than 5.5 metres (18.Oft)shall be restricted to 500 metres (1640 ft) maximum, and shall adjoin sections having a traflicable width of at least 5.5 metres for a distance of at least 500 metres either end.

iii) During hours of darkness,or when the Works are left unattendedby the Contractor, a minimum road width of 3 metres (18.Oft)shall be trafficablealong the entire length of any section of the highway.

The Contractor may be perrnitted to construct temporary by-pass roads only upon direct approval of the Engineer. Such by-passes shall be of 3.00 metres minimum width and 500.00 metres maximum length. Thev shall comply with this clause in all respects and be maintained in a safe and stable condition at all times to the Engineers sausfactioon,notwithstanding which the Contractor shall remain responsible for the safety of the Works. the public and his workmen as defined elsewhere in the contract.

(2) Barricades. warning signs. cones and red warning lights during hours of darkness shall be maintainedthroughout any length of the road rehabilitation under construction to control traffic speeds and to protect fully. and divert as necessary.passing traffic.

(3) Where the Works reduces the trafficable width of a section of the road to less than 5.50 metres (18.Oft).the Contractor shall station watchmen at each end of that section to direct the flow of traffic in a single lane over that section. Watchmen shall be equipped with approval hand-held "STOP/SLOW" signs to control and co-ordinate the traffic flow in one direction at a time over the section of reduced trafficable uidth. If the watchmen at either end of the section are not in continuous visual contact, they shall be equipped with portable batter\ operated radios to maintain continuouscommunication between each end of the section.

(4) During hours of darkness, and at all times that the Works are left unattended by the Contractor, lights, barricades and warning signs shall be provided on any plant or equipment items. anv materials or anv excavation which may offer obstruction to traffic.

(5) When the necessityfor barricadesand/or warning notices no longer exists,all such barricadesand/or notices shall be immediatelyremoved.

(6) The Contractorshall erect a sign measuring 2 metres x 1.5 metres at each end of the works advising the public at large of the works, the name and 24 hour contact phone number of the Contractor, the name of the Employer and the name of the Engineer. All sign writing shall be in white reflectorised paint on a green background.

Road Closing - 17 Prior to closing a length of highway or any part thereof the Contractor shall Through Traffic provide the Engineer with three weeks' written notice of his intention to seek approval for such closure. The Engineer will arrange with the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Works to advertisepublicly a notice of closure from the Engineer. Should such approval be given, the Contractor shall personally notify all affected property residents at least two days prior to the closure and of the time and day of removal of the closure.

Access to Adjoining 18 The Contractor shall ensure that access to all commercial and industrial Properties properties adjoining the road rehabilitation is provided at all times. Where vehicular access to any adjoining propertYis to be temporarily disrupted foT essential work on the vehicular entrance, the Contractor shall notify the property owner/occupier 48 hours in advance of the time and duration of the closure of such access. No such closure shaL exceed ten hours in duration, nor be permitted during hours of darkness.

Co-operation with the 19 The Contractor shall so plan and execute the Works of this Contract that Emplover interference with any activities carried out by the Employer or his agents adjacent to the Contractor's work areas is kept to an absolute minimum and aD reasonable requests by the Employer to that end are met

Landscape 20 The Contractor shall exercise care to preserve the natural landscape and shall Preservation conduct construction operations so as to prevent any unnecessary destruction, scarring. or defacing of the natural surroundings in the vicinity of the work. Except where clearing is required for permanent works, approved construction roads, or excavation operations, all trees, native shrubbery, and vegetation shall be preserved and shall be protected from damage by the Contractor's construction operations and equipment. The edges of clearings and cuts through trees, shrubbery, and vegetation shall be irregularly shaped to soften the undesirable visual impact of straight lines. Movement of labour and equipment within the right-of-way and over routes provided for access to the work shall be performed in a manner to prevent damage to grazing land. crops. or property.

On compleuionof the work. all work areas not seeded shall be scarified and left in a condition which uill facilitate natural revegetation.provide for proper drainage. and prevent erosion. All unnecessary destruction, scarring. damage. or defacing of the landscape resulting from the Contractors operations shall be repaired. replanted. reseeded or otheruise corrected as directed by the Engineer. and at the Contractors expense.

In addition to any requirements of local regulations. the Contractor shall adopt precautionswhen using explosiveswhich will prevent scattering of rocks. stumps. or other debris outside the work area, and prevent damage to surrounding trees. shrubberyand vegetation.

Presenration of Trees 21 (1) Preservation: AlBtrees and shrubbery which are not specifically and Shrubberv required to be cleared or removed for constructionpurposes shall be preserved and shall be protected from any damage that may be caused by the Contractor's constructionoperations and equipment.Special care shall be exercised where trees or shrubs are exposed to injuries by construction equipmenL blasting, excavating. dumping.chemical damage, or other operations:and the Contractor shall adequately protect such trees by use of protective barriers or other methods approved by the Engineer. The removal of trees or shrubs will be permitted only after pnor approval by the Engineer.

The layout of the Contractor'sconstruction facilities such as workshops, warehouses, storage areas, and parkingareas: location of access and haul routes; and operation in borrow and spoil areas shall be planned and conductedin such manner that all trees and shrubbery not approved for removal by the Engineer shall be presenred and adequately protected from either direct or indirect damage by the Contractor's operations.

Except in emergencycases or when otherwise approvedby the Engineer,trees shall not be used for anchorages.Where such use is approved, the trunk shall be wrapped with a sufficientthickness of approvedprotective material before any rope. cable, or uire is placed.

(2) Repair or Treatment of Damage: The Contractor shall be responsible for injuries to trees and shrubs caused by his operations. The term "injury"shall include. without limnitation,bruising, scarring. tearing, and breaking of roots, trunk or branches. All iinjuredtrees and shrubs shall be repaired or treated without delay, at the Contractor's expense. If damage occurs, the Engineer will determiinethe method of repair or treatment to be used for injuredtrees and shrubs as recommendedby an experiencedhorticulturist or a licensed tree surgeon provided by and at the expense of the Contractor.All repairs or treatment of injured trees shall be performed under the direction of an experienced horticulturist or a licensed tree surgeon providedby and at the expense of the Contractor.

(3) Replacement: Trees or shrubs that, in the opinion of the Engineer, are beyond saving shall be removed and replaced early in the next plantng season. The replacements shall be the same species, or other approved species, and of the maximum size that is practicable to plant and sustain growth in the particular environment.Replacement trees and shrubs shall be stayed, watered, and maintained for a period of one year. Any replacementtree or shrub that dies shall be removed and replaced, as directed by the Engineer,with such replacements being maintainedfor a period of one year from the date of replacement

Prevention of Water 22 (1) General:The Contractor'sconstruction activities shall be performed Pollution by methods that will prevent entrance, or accidental spillage of solid matter. contaminants. debris and other pollutants and wastes into streams, flowing or dry watercourses. lakes and underground water sources. Such pollutants and wastes include. but are not restricted to. refuse. garbage. cement. concrete. sanitary wastes. industnial waste.radioactve substances. oil and other petroleum products. aggregate processing tailings. nineral salts and thermal pollution.

Dewatering work for structure foundations or earthwork operations adjacent to. or encroaching on. streams or uatercourses shall be conducted in a manner to prevent muddy water and eroded materials from entering the streams or watercourses b! construction of intercepting ditches. bypass channels. barriers. settling ponds. or by other approved means. Excavated materials or other construction materials shall not be stockpiled or deposited near or on stream banks, lake shorelines, or other watercourse perimeters where they can be washed away by high water or storm runoff or can in any uwy encroachupon the watercourseitself.

Turbidity increases in a stream or other bodies of water that are caused by construction activities shall be strictly controlled. When necessary to perform required constructionwork in a stream channel. the turbidity may be increased. as approved by the Engineer, for the shortest practicable period required to complete such work. This required constructionwork mnayinclude such work as diversion of a stream, constructionor removal of cofferdams.specified earthwork in or adjacent to a stream channel. pile driving. and construction of turbidity control structures. Mechanisedequipment shall not be operating in flowing water except as necessary to construct crossingsor to perform the required construction.

Wastewaters from aggregate processing, concrete batching or other construction operations shall not enter streams, watercourses, or other surface waters without the use of such turbidity control methods as settling ponds, gravel-filterentrapment dikes. approved flocculatingprocesses that are not harmful to fish. recirculationsystems for washing of aggregates, or other approvedmethods. Any such wastewaters discharged into surface waters shall contain the least concentration of settleable material possible. For the purpose of these specifications.settleable material is defined as that material which will settle from the water by gravity during a 1-hour quiescent detentionperiod

(2) Compliance with Laws and Regulations: The Contractor shall comply. with all applicable Belizean laws. orders, reguiations. and water quality standards concerningthe control and abatementof water pollution.

Abatement of Air 23 The Contractor shall comply with applicable Belizean laws and regulations Pollution concerrningthe preventionand control of air pollution.

Notwithstanding the above in conduct of construction activities and operation of equipmenL the Conractor shall utilise such practicable methods and devices as are reasonably available to control. prevent, and otherwise minirnise atmospheric emissions or discharges of air contaminants.

The emission of dust into the atmosphere shall be strictly controlled during the manufacture, handling. and storage of concrete and road aggregates, and the Contractor shall use such methods and equipment as are necessary for the collection and disposal, or prevention,of dust during these operations.The Contractor'smethods of storing and handling cement and pozzolans shall also include means of eliminating atmosphericdischarges of dust.

Equipment and vehicles that shown excessive emissions of exhaust gases due to poor engine adjustments. or other inefficient operating conditions, shall not be operated until corrective repairs or adjustments are made.

Burning of matertals will not be permitted. In lieu of burning, such combustible matenals may be disposed of by other methods as provided in Clause 30 hereof. Dust Abatement 24 During the performance of the work required by these specifications or anm operationsappurtenant thereto. whether on right-of-wayprovided by the Employer or elsewhere, the Contractor furnish all the labour. equipment. materials and means required and shall carry out proper and efficient measureswherever and as often as necessary to reduce the dust nuisance.and to prevent dust which has origimatedfrom his operations from damaging crops. orchards, cultivated fields. and dwellings, or causing a nuisance to persons. The Contractor will be held liable for any darnage resulting from dust originating from his operationsunder these specifications on the right-of-wayor elsewhere.The Engineermay direct sprinklingor other measures for dust abatementif necessaryto obtan adequatecontrol.

Noise Abatement 25 The Contractor shall comply with applicable Belizean laws. orders, and regulationsconcerning the prevention. control,and abatementof excessivenoise.

The Contractor shall ensure that the correct equipment is selected for each job in order to minimise noise intrusion. All machinery and equipment shall be well maintained and silenced equal to or better than originally supplied when new. The Engineer may stop the use of any item of equipment until noise emrssion levels comply with this Clause.

Blasting. the use of jackhammers. pile driving, rock crushing. transportation of material, earthworkingand other operations producing hugh-intensit impact noise may be performedat night only upon approval of the Engineer.

Light Abatement 26 The Contractorshall exercise special care to direct all stationaryfloodlights to shine downward at an angle less than horizontal. These floodlights shall also be shielded so as not to be a nusance to surroundingareas. No lighting shall include a residence In its direct beam.

The Contractor shall be responsiblefor correcting lightingproblems when thev occur as directedby the Engineer.

Preservation of 27 The Contractor agrees that should he or any of his employees in the Historicaland performanceof this contractdiscover evidence of possible scientific,prehistorical, or ArchaeologicalData archaeologicaldata he Bill notify the Engineer immediately giving the location and nature.forthe findings.Written confrmation shall be forwardedwithin two days. The Contractor shall exercise care so as not to damage artifacts or fossils uncovered during excavation operations and shall provide such cooperation and assistance as may be necessary to preserve the findings for removal or other disposition by the Employer.

Where appropriate by reason of a discovery, the Engineer may order delays in the time of performance, or changes in the work, or both. If such delays, or changes, or both, are ordered, the time of performance and contract price shall be adjusted in accordancewith the applicableclauses in the General Conditionsof this Contract.

The Contractorshall also notify the Engineer in writing four weeks prior to any work being carried out in the vicinity (ie. within a two kilometre radius) of known archaeological sites. This time will allow the Employer to arrange inspection and clearanceby the ArchaeologicalCommissioner pnor to work taking place.

The Contractor agrees to insert this subclause in all subcontracts which involve the performanceof work on the terrain of the site.

Pesticidies 28 Pesticides include herbicides, insecticides.fimgicides. rodenticides. piscicides, surface disinfectants,animal repellents, and insect repellents. Should the Contractor find it necessarv to use pesticides in work areas of this contract, he shall submit his plan for such use to the Engineerfor written approval.

The Contractor shall read and comply with all labelling requirements when using pesticides.

Cleanupand Disposal 29 (1) Cleanup: The Contractor shall, at all times. keep the construction of Waste Materials area. including storage areas used. free from accumulations of waste matenals or rubbish.

All waste water and sewage from office, residential and mobile camps shall be piped to soak pits or other disposal areas constructedin accordance Aith local government regulations. and where and when such regulations require it the Contractor shall obtain a permit or other appropriate documentationapproving the disposal methods being used.

All used fuels, oils. other plant or vehicle fluids. and old tyres and tubes shall be collected to a central disposal poinL on a regular basis and disposed of as specified below.

All householdoffice, workshop. and other solid waste shall be collected to a central disposal area, on a daily basis and disposedof in a manner approvedby the Engineer.

Servicingof plant. equipmentand vehicles shall whenever possible be carried out at a workshop area. This workshop area shall be equipped with secure storage areas for fuels, oils and other fluids constructedin such a way as to contain any spillages which mrayoccur. and similar storage where used fluids can be stored securely prior to their disposal.

When servicing of plant. equipment and vehicles is carried out away from the workshop area it shall be done at locations and in such a manner as to avoid spillage and contamination of streams and other drainage courses. Any spillages shall be cleaned up by collecting the contaminated soils and disposingof them as below all to the satisfactionof the Engineer.

Prior to completion of the work, the Contractor shall remove from the vicinity of the work all plant facilities, buildings. rubbish, unused miaterials. concrete forms. and other like material,belonging to him or used under his discretion during construction. All work areas shall be graded and left in a neat manner conforming to the natural appearance of the landscapeas provided in Clause 20.

Anv residue deposited on the ground from washing out transit mix trucks or an) similar concrete operations shall be buried or cleaned up in a manner acceptable to the Engineer.

In the event of the Contractoresfailure to perform the above work, the work may be performed by the Emplover, at the expense of the Contractor, and his surety or sureties shall be liable therefore.

(2) Disposal of Waste Material:

i) General

Waste materials including, but not restricted to, refuse, garbage, sanitary wastes, industrial wastes, and oil and other petroleum products, shall be disposed of by the Contractor. Disposal of combustible materials shall be by burying, where burial of such materials is approved by the Engineer; or by removal from the construction area. Burning shall not be permitted. Disposal of non- combustible materials shall be by burving, where burial of such materials is approved by the Engineer, or by removal from the construction area. Waste materials removed from the construction area shall be dumped at an approved dump. ii) Disposal of Material by Bunying

Onix materials approved bN the Engineer may be buned. Burial shall be in pits the location, size and depth of which shall bc approved by the Engineer. The pits shall be covered by at least 0.6 metres of earth mnaterialpnor to abandonrnent. iii) Disposal of Material by Removal

Material to be disposed of by removal from the construction area shall be removed from the area prior to the completion of the work under these specifications.All matenals removed shall become the property of the Contractor.

Materials to be disposed of by dumping shall be hauled to an approved dump. It shall be the responsibility of the Contractor to make any necessarn arrangements with private parties and with local officials pertinent to locations and regulations of such dumping.Anv fees for charges required to be paid for dumping of materials shall be paid by the Contractor and shall be included in the price tenderedin the Bills of Quantitiesfor other items of work.