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Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Mcmullen Valley Maricopa, Yavapai, and Yuma Counties, Arizona

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Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Mcmullen Valley Maricopa, Yavapai, and Yuma Counties, Arizona Geology and Ground-Water Resources of McMullen Valley Maricopa, Yavapai, and Yuma Counties, Arizona By WILLIAM KAM GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1665 Prepared in cooperation with the Arizona State Land Department UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1964 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OiBce Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Abstract_________________________________________________________ 1 Introduction. ________________________________________________________ 2 Purpose of investigation._________________________________________ 2 Previous investigations.__________________________________________ 2 Fieldwork.and maps-____-_---_____-__-__-_-______---_--_-------- 2 Well-numbering system._________________________________________ 3 -. Acknowledgments and personnel________________________________ 3 Geography__ _____________________________________________________ 5 Geographical sketch.____________________________________________ 5 Topography and drainage-___-___-_____------______----..-_-----__ 7 . Vegetation___________________________________________________ 8 Climate._______________________________________________________ 8 History of ground-water development-_____-_-_-_-_-_-_---_-_-___-- 10 Geology.___________________________________________________________ 11 Rock units and their water-bearing characteristics ___________________ 11 Preeambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks__________________ 11 Paleozoiesedimentary rocks__________________________________ 12 Mesozoic(?) intrusive rocks____________________------_-___---_ 13 Tertiary(?) rocks________________________________-___ 15 Sedimentary rocks.__________-___-_________-----_-------- 15 .Basal arkose-___----_-__-------------------_-------- 15 Indurated-fanglomerate------------------------------ 16 Thin-bedded limestone and sandstone._________________ 16 Conglomeratic .sandstone. ___________ _ _ _____-_____:_ 18 Extrusive rocks_________________________________________ 19 Intrusive rocks_________________________________________ 20 Quaternary rocks____________________________________________ 21 Volcanic rocks_-______________-_-_________----__- _---- 21 Valley-fill deposits..---.____-_____...__________ 22 Conglomerate. ___--___________-______------_-_------ 23 Alluvial-fan deposits_________________________________ 23 Lake-bed deposits_______________-_____-_--____-_-_-_ 24 Alluvium._____________________-______----- 29 Structure.__________________________________________________________ 30 Ground water.- ___________________________________________________ 31 Occurrence _____________________________________________________ 31 Movement____________________________________________________ 46 Recharge.______________________________________________________ 46 Discharge---_--___________________________________________-_-_- 47 Storage______________________________________________________ 50 Chemical quality ________________________________________________ 50 Sinkholes. __________________________________________________________ 55 Summary_________________________________________________________ 59 References _ ________________________________________________________ 60 Index._____________________________________________________---_ 63 IV CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates are In pocket] PLATE 1. Map of McMullen Valley showing geology, irrigated areas, and location of wells. 2. Fence diagram of valley-fill deposits in McMullen Valley. 3. Map of Salome-Harrisburg Valley area showing generalized contour lines on the water table as of 1951. 4. Map of Salome-Harrisburg Valley area showing contour lines on the water table as of October 1958. 5. Map of Aguila area showing contour lines on the water table as of April 1958. 6. Map of Aguila area showing contour lines on the water table as of September 29 to October 23, 1958. Page FIGURE 1. Sketch showing well-numbering system used in Arizona-____ 4 2. Map of Arizona showing the location of McMullen Valley area_ ________________________________________________ 5 3. Eagle Eye Peak, 3 % miles south of Aguila-________________ 6 4. Contact between granite of Mesozoic(?) age and metamorphic rocks of Precambrian age at Salome Peak- ______________ 14 5. Fanglomerate of Tertiary (?) age at the base of Bullard Peak_ 17 6. Conglomerate of Tertiary (?) age southeast of Eagle Eye Peak.____----________-_-___-_______---_________. 19 7. Graphs of water-level fluctuations in observation wells and of pumpage in McMullen Valley________________________ 34 8. Section of alluvium exposed in sinkhole.__________________ 56 9. Aerial view showing relation of limestone strata to the dam structure and to the position of sinkholes._______________ 56 10. Sinkhole showing spiral effect resulting from vortical action of water flow_________________________________________ 57 11. Graph of water-level rise in well (B-4-12)5aa after develop­ ment of sinkholes____________________-------_---_--__- 58 TABLES Page TABLE 1. Annual precipitation and annual mean, maximum, and mini­ mum temperatures at Aguila and Salome,_________________ 2. Lithologic log of well (B-6-12)15bbb 4 miles north-northeast of Wenden______________________________________________ 25 3. Geologic interpretation of drillers' logs of wells in McMullen Valley._______________________________________________ 27 4. Description of wells in McMullen Valley. ___________________ 35 5. Ground-water pumpage, in acre-feet, by area in McMullen Valley._______________________________ ______________. 48 6. Specific capacity of selected wells in McMullen Valley________ 49 7. Chemical analyses of water from wells in McMullen Valley____ 51 GEOLOGY -AND ,GItOTJND-WATER RESOURCES OF McMULLEN VALLEY, MAR1COPA, YAVAPAI, AND YUMA COUNTIES, ARIZONA By WILLIAM KAM ABSTRACT McMullen Valley is located in western Arizona about 80 miles west-northwest of Phoenix. It is about 48 miles long and 15 miles wide and is drained by Centennial Wash, an intermittent tributary of the Gila.River. The annual aver­ age precipitation is 9 inches. The rock units in McMullen Valley are (in ascending order) : (1) Precambrian igneous and. metamorphic rocks, (2) Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, (3) Meso- zoic(?) intrusive rocks, (4). Tertiary (?) sedimentary rocks, (5) Tertiary (?) extrusive rocks, (6) Tertiary (?) intrusive rocks, (7) 'Quaternary volcanic rocks, and-(8) -Quaternary valley-fill-deposits. " The. valley-fill.-deposits are divided into,four subunits, as follows: (1) .Conglomerate, (2) .alluvial-fan deposits, (3) lake-jbed deposits, and (4) alluvium. The most conspicuous structural fea- . tures in the area are tilted horsts and grabens. .The 'principal- aquifer consists of valley-fill deposits. in the trough between the mountain ranges. The buried parts of the mountain-ranges, which are the boundaries of this aquifer, are effective barriers to subsurface movement of ground water into or out of the «valley-fill deposits. The general .direction of the movement of ground water in-the valley-fill deposits is.southwestward to Salome and then southeastward through Harrisburg Valley. A, buried bedrock ridge beneath the surface outlet at the southeast end of Harrisburg Valley is a partly effective ground-water dam. (See p. 23.) The ground-water reservoir in the valley-fill deposits is recharged 'principally by seepage from streams, especially when they flood, and .to a lesser extent by seepage-from, irrigation. Prior,to the development .of irrigation, ground water was discharged from the valley primarily as underflow and by evapotranspira- tion; however, pumping has been relatively heavy in Harrisburg Valley so that little OE no ground water now leaves the valley as underflow, and evapotranspira- tion probably has Jjeen-lessened. During 1953-about.6,000 acre-feet of water was pumped for irrigation, and in 1957 the .annual pumpage had increased to 21,000 acre-feet. The-rate of discharge from irrigation wells ranges from 150 gpm (gallons per minute) to as much. as.3,500,gpm, and the specific capacity of the-wells ranges from 2 to 114 gpin-per-ft of drawdown. In the Aguila area, the wells having the higher specific capacities -produce principally from alluvium; whereas, in the Wenden and Salome:Harrisburg Valley areas, the wells having the higher specific capacities produce principally from the alluvial-fan-deposits.- The water table has declined in-areas-of concentrated pumping, particularly in the south­ eastern part of Harrisburg Valley and north of Aguila. 1 2 GEOLOGY, GROUND WATER, McMULLEN VALLEY, ARIZONA The volume of the valley-fill deposits must be very large, because the deposits underlie an area of about 500 square miles and their maximum thickness exceeds 1,800 feet. The specific yield of the material is estimated to be about 15 percent, and, therefore, large quantities of water are available for withdrawal. The concentration of dissolved solids in samples of water from 53 wells ranged from 200 to 7,410 ppm (parts per million) but in all but 17 was less than 400 ppm. Although the ground water used for irrigation contains a high percent sodium, most of the water is satisfactory for this purpose, because the total dis- solved-solids content is relatively low. Some of the water, however, may cause damage to the soil and crops if not used with caution. Much of the water has a fluoride content of more than 1.5 ppm, which is the limit for drinking water recommended by the U.S. Public Health
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