-1600-1750

Italy-Flanders- Dutch Republic- France- England Baroque- Italy The Baroque style is characterized by exaggerated motion and clear detail used to produce drama, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture , painting, architecture, literature, dance, and music. Gianlorenzo Bernini Sculptor and Architect Was “Father” to Italian Baroque in Rome

• Designed the Plaza and Colonnade to St. Peter’s 1666-67 • Note “Keyhole” design (St. Peter was given the keys to the kingdom at this site” More of Bernini

The Cornado Chapel became like a set design combining architecture, sculpture and painting .The ; 1623, marble, Ecstasy of St. Teresa, 1645-52 5 ft. 7 in. high - premier Italian Baroque Painter; Artemisia Gentileschi – first female painter of renown

Caravaggio – Gentileschi- The Calling of St. Matthew- Judith and her maidservant with the 1597-1601 Head of Holofernes - 1645

Dramatic: themes, single source lighting, strong diagonals in the compositions – implied action continuing out of range of the viewer’s eye Baroque – 1562-1721 • During this time period , there was a total of 4 years in which there were NO wars in Europe. • The most significant war was Thirty Year’s War 1618-1648 – Began between Catholics and militant Protestants – Shifted towards secular, dynastic, and nationalistic concerns – Ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 – Christianity divided into Protestant and Catholic communities – this has an impact on imagery commissioned • Massive growth of trade, international commerce, banking Baroque in Flanders -

Elevation of the Cross - 1610

Consequences of War-1638-39 Flanders is under Catholic Spanish control. Religious imagery commissions available. Baroque elements in energetic poses and expressions, strong diagonals. Rubens is known for full – fleshed and muscular figures and extreme light and dark contrast while focusing on strong color relationships. Watch https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qyQGBJIYC5s

In this painting, painted during the Thirty Years War, we see an allegorical depiction of consequences of war. The dramatic theme, lighting, expressions, movement and rich coloration is true Rubenesque. Watch : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K9iMsmhBOjk&feature=emb_title

Baroque in the Dutch Republic-17th century

Rembrandt Van Rijn (1606 – 1669) The Company of Frans Banning Cocq (Nightwatch) 1665, oil on canvas 11’11” x 14’4”

Protestant control Many commissions by private citizens and organizations-Dutch Group Portraits Rather than a group of stiffly standing militia members, Rembrandt chose to make the scene more active by interaction between figures. Baroque lighting, expressiveness and drama Who is the girl? Who knows ? She does have a dead chicken/rooster tied to her belt – pun on Cocq? Softer tenebrism than Italian Baroque – more like chiaroscuro of Renaissance Remember our study of Rembrandt in the Printmaking Chapter

As a printmaker , he accepted many religious commissions. He also printed many landscapes for his patrons. He also made several small self- portraits. He believed that an artist must portray the psychology/character of the person who was being represented. To that end, he chose to study himself to improve his skills. More Baroque in the Dutch Republic-17th century- Jan Vermeer (1632 – 1675) Master of color and interiors Symbolism: Laurel wreath, book, trumpet are often symbols of Clio, the Muse of History (one of 9 daughters of Zeus) Hanging map proudly displays Map of United Provinces of Netherlands

Popular genre – Interior scenes More Baroque in the Dutch Republic-17th century- Vanitas Still Life Painting

Pieter Claesz – Vanitas Still Life, 1630s, oil on panel. Wealthy patrons of the Netherlands (very prosperous economy from trade and banking) commissioned still life pieces depicting their worldly possessions and interests: musical instruments, quill pen and papers-thinking literate citizens. The elements of time: watch piece, cracked walnut and tipped glass signifying presence of someone (implied compliment), skull (memento mori) all remind us that we are mortal – accept, perhaps, for the artist who has immortalized himself in the glass ball! 17th Century France-reign of Louis IV- the “Sun King” Major building project of Louis IV was the Palace of Versailles begun in 1669. Seen are the “controlled gardens” and the Hall of Mirrors by Mansart and LeBrun in 1680 While much of the interior of the palace is extremely ornate and embellished with gold, the exterior gardens are meticulously landscaped in highly organized garden units – the Sun King had control over all.

Admired the classical heritage of Greeks and Romans and encouraged painters in the classical tradition 17th Century France-reign of Louis IV- the “Sun King”: French Baroque Classical Painting

Nicolas Poussin (1594 – 1665 1655, Oil on canvas, 2’10” x 4’ Et in Arcadia Ego, [Even in Arcadia, I am present] Interpretation: Even in Utopia, Death is Present –so a Memento mori painting

Poussin’s Treatise on Painting: 4 things necessary to create a painting in the Grand Manner: 1. The subject matter or theme - should be grand- battles, heroic actions, divine things 2. Thought 3. Structure- rational 4. Style-harmonius His figures in this painting are inspired by ancient statuary Independent Directions in French Baroque

Jacques Callot (1592-1635) Hanging Tree – from the Miseries of War Series- 1629-1633, etching c4” x 7” Caillot was an expert craftsman in the art of etching and almost exclusively dealt with images of war. This scene depicts a mass execution of thieves in the presence of the military. This is among the first realist portraits of human disaster of military conflict The Baroque period in England - most significant achievements were in Architecture

Sir Christopher Wren St. Paul’s Cathedral, London 1675 – 1710 Begun after the great fire in London in 1666 A synthesis of classical, Italian, and French Baroque. Successfully harmonized “temple facade”, Baroque Bell towers and dome into unified whole