ISSN 2278- 4136

ZDB-Number: 2668735-5

IC Journal No: 8192 Volume 2 Issue 1

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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Antibacterial Activity of Medicinally Important Two Species of - Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch. and Allophylus serratus (Roxb.) Kurz.

R. B. Chavan1* and D. K. Gaikwad2

1. Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur (MS), . [E-mail:[email protected] Tel: 09922573674]

Allophylus (L.) (family ) has a ethnophramacological background and medicinally important genus.The two species of Allophylus- A.cobbe (L.) Raeusch. and A.serratus Roxb. (Kurz.) are used by local inhabitants in India against bone fractures, dislocations, wounds, cuts, ulcers and diarrhoea. In the present investigation, terpenoids and saponins are found accumulated in of both species. A.cobbe shows higher level of terpenoids and saponins than A. serratus. Young and mature leaves of A.cobbe and A.serratus were evaluated for their antibacterial potential against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of young and mature leaves of A.cobbe and A. serratus exhibit good antibacterial potential against B.subtilis as compared to that of Cefotaxime. Thus, the leaves of A.cobbe and A. serratus may prove beneficial as a natural antibiotic against bacterial infections. Keyword: Antibacterial activity, Allophylus cobbe, Allophylus serratus, B.subtilis, S.aureus

1. Introduction: carotenoids[6]. Over 22,000 individual Allophylus is an important genus of the family compounds of this class have been described[7]. Sapindaceae, found to grow on upline edges of They play diverse functional roles in as hills in Western Ghats as well as mangrove hormones, photosynthetic pigments, and electron associate at West Coast of India. Various species carriers, mediators of polysaccharide assembly of Allophylus carry strong ethnopharmacological and structural components of membranes[8]. background. In Maharastra, the two species of Saponins are water soluble and form the this genus, namely A.cobbe (L.) Raeusch, and A. persistent foam upon shaking[9]. Due to this serratus (Roxb.) Kurz. Occur[1]. These two property, saponins containing plants are used as species are useful in traditional medical system household detergents[10]. Saponins from and and carry strong ethnopharmacological origin have very interesting properties like background. A. serratus is used against bone spermicidal[11], molluscicidal[12], antibacterial and fractures[2]. Leaves of A.cobbe are used by local anti-inflammatory[13]. people against bone fractures[3], rashes, stomach Bacillus subtilis produces extracellular toxin ache[4] and cuts and wounds[5]. known as subtilisin which is having low Terpenoids are the largest group of plant products toxicogenicity[14] which causes allergic reactions abundantly found in mangroves and are soluble in and hypersensitivity in individuals who are non-polar solvents. Terpenoids are the important repeatedly exposed to it[15]. In animals, diseases class of natural products present in the form of by these bacteria reported are endocarditis, fatal volatile essential oils, triterpenoids, steroids and pneumonia, bactaraemia in leukemic patients[16] ,

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septicaemia (in patients with metastasising B. Test for Saponins carcinoma of the breast, necrotic axillary tumour 1g dried powdered samples were taken in which infections, another breast cancer patients, pleural 20 ml of distilled water was added. The mixture effusions and breast prosthesis)[17]. was boiled for a while, cooled to room Staphylococcus aureus causes abscess formation, temperature and filtered. Formation of red supressuration, and variety of infections and fatal precipitate found presence of saponins in extract. septicemia in human beings[18]. It causes 10 ml of filtrate and 5 ml distilled water were respiratory tract infections[19], food borne illness taken together and shaken vigorously. In that, 4 and spoilage of food products[20]. drops of olive oil was added and shaken In recent days multiple drug resistance has vigorously. Formation of emulsion indicated the developed due to the indiscriminate use of presence of saponins[26]. commercial antimicrobial drugs commonly used in the treatment of infectious disease[21]. In C. Antibacterial Assay addition to this problem, antibiotics are The ingredients (Peptone-2.5g, Beef extract-1.5g, sometimes associated with adverse effects on the NaCl-2.5g and Agar-8g) were dissolved in host including hypersensitivity, immune- distilled water and pH was adjusted to 7 and suppression and allergic reactions[21]. This volume was made to 1000ml with distilled water situation forced scientists to search for new and autoclaved at 121°c and 15lbs for 15 min. antimicrobial substances. Given the alarming The standard method described in The Indian incidence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria of Pharmacopoea was followed for screening medical importance, there is a constant need for antimicrobial activity[27] using agar well diffusion new and effective therapeutic agents[21,22,23,24]. method by using sterile cork borer of size 7 mm. Therefore, there is a need to develop alternative Wells were made in nutrient agar plate and antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of infectious inoculated with a loopful bacterial culture. 25 µL diseases from medicinal plants[25]. extract (of young and mature leaves) was poured As the leaves of A.cobbe and A.serratus are used in the well. Control used was Cefotaxime at it by people to cure bone fractures, ulcers, cuts and recommended dose for study of comparative wounds, in present study we have made an efficacy. The plates after inoculation were attempt to analyase phytochemicals and evaluate transferred to BOD incubator set at 37°c. After 24 antibacterial activity of young and mature leaves hrs, zone of inhibition around the wells was of two species. measured. Experiment was performed in replicates and data was statistically analyzed. 2. Material and Methods 2.1 Extraction of Plant Material 3. Results and Discussion 5g of dry powders of young and mature leaves of Table 1 exhibits results of qualitative tests for A.serratus and A.cobbe were taken and extracted terpenoids and saponins in young and mature in ethanol by using soxhlet extraction method. leaves, stem and of A. serratus and A. cobbe. Then solvent was evaporated to dryness, giving a Test for terpenoid is negative in stem tissue of A. residue, which was dissolved in ethanol and used serratus and tissue exhibits lower for antibacterial assay. concentration of terpenoids and root tissue shows accumulation of terpenoids in A. serratus. Root, A. Test for Terpenoids stem and leaf tissue of A.cobbe exhibits Salkowski test was applied for testing the accumulation of terpenoids. Terpenoids exhibit presence of terpenoids. In 2 ml of aqueous properties like anti-inflammatory[28], extract, 2 ml chloroform was added followed by antibacterial[29], antifungal[30], antiviral[31,32] [32,33] addition of conc. H2SO4. The reddish brown ,antitumor . Petalostemulol, a terpenoid from colour at the interface was the indication of the ethanol soluble fraction of purple prairie presence of terpenoids[26]. clover showed strong activity against bacteria

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such as Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus Li et al. (1999) isolated three jujubogenin aureus and activity against gram negative saponins from Colubrina retusa (L) bacteria and Candida albicans[34], (Hufford et (Rhamnaceae) exhibits antifungal activity against al., 1993). Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus. According to Apers et al. Table 1: Qualitative screening of terpenoids and saponins (2000), tri terpenoid saponins isolated from in A. cobbe and A. serratus Maesa laceolata Forssk (Myrsinaceae) possess Sample Terpenoids Saponins structure activity relationships against YLAS ++ +++ dermatophytes HSV-1 and HIV viruses. BHMA MLAS + + (1983) reported that Smilax ornata and Smilax YSAS - ++ regelii contain saponins like sarsaponin and MSAS - + parallin and yield isomeric sapogenins, RTAS +++ ++ sarsapogenin and smilogenin. These species also YLAC + +++ contain sitosterol and stigmasterol in the free MLAC +++ +++ form and as glucosides. It is specific for psoriasis YSAC ++ + where there is desquamation. MSAC +++ ++ RTAC ++ + In general, immature plants of a species have Abbrv. : + Low concentration, ++ Moderate concentration, been found to have higher saponin contents than +++ High concentration, - Absent, YLAS-Young leaves of A. serratus, MLAS- Mature leaves of A. serratus, YSAS-Young stem more mature plants of the same species (Francis of A. serratus, MSAS- Mature stem of A. serratus, RtAS-Root of et al., 2002). We have reported saponins from A. serratus; YLAC-Young leaves of A. cobbe, MLAC- Mature leaves and stem of A.cobbe and A. serratus with leaves of A. cobbe, YSAC- Young stem of A. cobbe, MSAC- Mature stem of A. cobbe, RtAC-Root of A. cobbe. higher intensity and the content of saponin is higher in immature parts than mature parts as Batista et al. (1994) isolated two diterpenes indicated by Francis et al. (2002). In the present which worked well against bacteria like study, the saponin content is higher in young Staphylococcus aureus, V. cholera, P. aeruginosa tender parts than the mature parts. The saponin and Candida spp. In present investigation, we exhibits haemolytic, antifungal, molluscicidal noticed that terpenoid content in young parts of activity as well as it contributes as an important A. serratus and A.cobbe shows higher constituent in various herbal drugs and folk concentration while the of A.cobbe also medicines exhibiting pharmacological properties indicates the moderate levels of terpenoids. The as indicated by Estrada et al. (2000). terpenoids indicate strong antifungal and Thus, the Allophylus leaf and stem material might antibacterial activity in various plant parts be useful in preparation of various types of herbal reported by several workers. Thus, the Allophylus drugs. leaves and stem with higher levels of terpenoids may serve as material to develop various The effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of antifungal, antibacterial biomolecules in near young and mature leaves of A.cobbe and A. future. serratus against the Bacillus subtilis and Staphyllococcus aureus is shown in the Table 2. Saponins are detected in all plant parts of A. It is observed that Cefotaxime shows 14.75 mm serratus and A.cobbe. Saponins are significantly zone of inhibition while the aqueous and present in young leaves of A. serratus and both ethanolic extracts of mature leaves of A. serratus young and mature leaves of A.cobbe and are show 19mm and 17mm maximum zone of moderately detected from stem and root tissue of inhibition, higher than the young and mature A. serratus and A.cobbe. Killeen et al. (1998) leaves of A.cobbe. It is observed that the young have reported antimicrobial activity of saponins. and mature leaves of A.cobbe and A. serratus exhibits greater zone of inhibition than the

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Cefotaxime against the gram positive bacterium , stem and in which methanol B. subtilis. extract of stem showed the maximum inhibition against S. aureus (11mm) while aqueous and n- Table 2: Effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of A. butanol extracts of leaves showed zone of serratus and A.cobbe on bacterial growth, viz. inhibition 7mm and 5mm respectively. Shinde et Staphylococcus aureus and Bacilus subtilis. al. (2007) noticed that the inhibition of the growth occur in the presence of 1% leaf extract of Zone of inhibition in mm Andrographis paniculata highest in case of Staphylococcus aureus followed by E. coli and

Sam A. serratus A.cobbe Bacillus substilis. Dar et al.(2008) investigated Bacteria ple Cefota xime antimicrobial activity of different extracts of YL ML YL ML Withania somnifera against various pathogenic bacteria. They observed that at even 25% Aque 17.7 17.3 18.3 20.3 Staphylo concentration of benzene extract of Withania ous ±3.4 ±5.5 ±3.9 ±2.6 31.58± coccus 1.2 somnifera, there was total inhibition of the aureus Etha 20.7 18±3 21±6 23.7 nolic ±5.0 .8 .8 ±4.1 growth of Staphylococcus aureus (Inhibition Aque 19±5 19.3 19.3 17±4 Zone -8 mm). Mudi and Ibrahim (2008) tested Bacilus ous .5 ±4.1 ±2.0 .8 14.75± ethanolic extracts of leaves of Bryophllum subtilis Etha 17.7 17.3 18.3 20.3 3.2 pinnatum S. Kurz. against Staphyllococcus nolic ±3.4 ±5.5 ±3.9 ±2.6 aureus and they found its effectiveness showing Abbrv. YL- Young leaves, ML-Mature leaves zone of inhibition 12 mm. Rondon et al. (2008) evaluated phytochemical content and antibacterial As considered activity against Staphyllococcus activity of aerial parts of Porophyllum ruderale aureus, it is observed that the standard antibiotic (Jacq.) Cass. collected in Venezuela. They Cefotaxime exhibits zone of inhibition against S. observed that minimum inhibitory concentration aureus while the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of essential oil for effective antibacterial activity of young and mature leaves of A. serratus and (against S. aureus) was 20µg/ml and zone of A.cobbe shows the maximum zone of inhibition inhibition was 19mm against Staphyllococcus in the range of 20-23mm which is comparatively aureus. Antibacterial potential of leaf essential less than standard antibiotic.Parekh et al. (2006) oils of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Myrtus screened antibacterial potentiality of some communis L. growing in Northern Cyprus was traditionally used medicinal plants viz. Abutilon evaluated by Akin et al. (2010). MIC of E. indicum L., Acorous calamus L., Ammania camaldulensis was 0.5 % against S. aureus and baccifera L., Argyrea nervosa Burm. F., >1% against B. subtilis while it was 0.5% of M. Bauhinia variegata L., Crataeva religiosa Forst., communis against S. aureus and B. subtilis. Bukar Hedychium spicatum L., Holarrhena et al., (2010) evaluated leaf and seed extracts of antidysentrica L., Piper nigrum L., Plumbago Moringa oleifera Lam. against some food borne zeylanica L., Psoralea corylifolia L. and microorganisms like Staphylococcus aureus, Saussurea lappa Costus. They found that B. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter variegata was most powerful among all plants aerogenes. They found presence of alkaloids, tested against E.coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, flavonoids while saponins in seed ethanolic B. cereus and P. pseudoalcaligenes. Aqueous extracts and absence of tannins while ethanolic extracts were found less effective as compared to extracts of leaves contained flavonoids and methanolic extracts except P. nigrum and noticed saponins while absence of tannins and alkaloids. inhibition zones against S. aureus were in range 400mg/ml ethanolic extracts of seeds indicated of 0-20 mm. Latha and Kannabirian (2006) zone of inhibition 11mm and MIC was more than investigated antimicrobial activity of extracts of 4mg/ml while leaf ethanolic extracts (400mg/ml) Solanum trilobatum L. plant parts like leaves,

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showed zone of inhibition against S. aureus as 5. Hegde, HV, Hegde, GR. and Kholkute, SD. 9mm and MIC was 2mg/ml. Screening for antibacterial activities of In recent days, making antibacterial drug therapy medicinal plants used as antiseptic in traditional medicine of Uttara Kannada District, effective, affordable and safe has been the focus Karnataka, India. Indian Drugs. [2008], 45:479. of interest (Sharma et al., 2002). Various 6. Harborne, J.B.Phytochemical Methods. researchers have reported about antibacterial Chapman and Hall, London, UK. [1976], pp. 1- activity of medicinal plants (Adelakun et al., 288. 2001, de Boer, 2005, Nair et al., 2005, Joshi et 7. Connolly, JD and Hill, HA. Dictionary of terpenoids, Vol. 2, Di- and Higher Terpenoids. al., 2009). Considering the above aspects, in Chapman and Hall, London and New York, present investigation, attempt has been made to [1991]. find out preliminary antibacterial activity of 8. McGarvey, DJ. and Croteau, R. Terpenoid different plant parts of A.cobbe and A. serratus. Metabolism. Plant Cell, [1995]. 7:1015-1026. The object of this study is to select an active plant 9. Tyler, VE, Brady, LR and Robberts, JE. extract which may be useful in developing new Pharmacognosy, 8th ed. Lea and Ferbiger, Philadelphia, [1981], p. 67. drug targets to combat deadly bacterial diseases. 10. Bruneton, J. Pharmocognosy, phytochemistry of In the present study, aqueous and ethanolic Medicinal Plants, 2nd edn. Lavoisier publishing extracts of young and mature leaves of A.cobbe Paris, [1999], pp. 225-459. and A. serratus exhibit good antibacterial 11. Kamboj, VP, Setty, BS, Garg, HS and Khanna, potential against B. subtilis than S. aureus. Thus, NM. Spermicidal potential of saponins isolated the extracts of Allophylus leaves can be from Indian medicinal plants. Contraception,[1976],14:75-199. implicated to control the gram positive endospore 12. Marston, A and Hostettmann, K. Plant forming bacterium B. subtilis. Molluscicides. Phytochemistry, [1985], 24(4):639-652. 4. Conclusion 13. Mahato, SB, Sarkar, SK and Podder, G. It is concluded that, the results obtained in the Triterpenoid saponins. Phytochemistry, [1988], 27:3037-3067. present study lend support to a certain extent with 14. Gill, LS. Ethnomedical uses of Plants in Nigeria. the use of the A. serratus and A.cobbe in University of Benin Press, Nigeria [1992]. traditional medicine. The obtained results could 15. Edberg, SC. US EPA human health assessment: form a good basis for selection of plant species Bacillus subtilis. Unpublished, U.S. and their parts for further investigation in the Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, discovery of novel bioactive compounds. D.C. [1991]. 16. Pennington, JE, Gibbons, ND, Strobeck, JE, Simpson, GL and Myerowitz, RL. Bacillus 5. References species infection in patients with hematologic 1. Singh, NP and Karthikeyan, S. Fl. Maharashtra neoplasia. Journal of the American Medical State- Dicotyledons. [2000]: Vol.1: 570-571. Association, [1976], 235:1473-1474. 2. Asia Pacific Medicinal Plant Database 17. Ihde, DC and Armstrong, D. Clinical spectrum of downloaded from the link infection due to Bacillus species. Amer. J. Med., http://219.93.41.233/wapi/mctweb/dll/getobj [1973], 55:839-845. ect? MID. 18. Kim, KJ, Yu, HH, Yeong, SI, Cha, JD, Kim, SM and 3. Gaikwad, DK. Traditional use of Allophylus You, YO. Inhibitory effect of Ceasalpinia sappan cobbe for regenerative fusion of fractured on growth and invasion of methicillin-resistant bones and rheumatism. Abstract in a Staphylococcus aureus. J. Ethanopharmacol, abstractbook of National Seminar on ‘Botany [2004], 91:81-87. and Industry’, held at Deptt. of Botany, Shivaji 19. Macleod, J. Davidson’s Principles and Practice of University, Kolhapur, [2004], pp.4. Medicine. 11th edition. Churchill Livingstone. 4. Selvam, V. and shrubs of Maldives. Edinghbough , London, New York, [1974], pp. Allophylus cobbe (L.) Bl. FAO Regional Office for 312-425. Asia and the Pacific Bangok (publ.), Thailand, 20. Bukar, A, Uba, A and Oyeyi, TI. Antimicrobial [2007], p.21. profile of Moringa oleifera Lam. Extracts against

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