Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota, Vol.11 No.1

REGIONAL INTERDEPENDENCE, INDUSTRIALIZATION AND RURAL LAND CONVERSION IN Rural marginalization and agricultural persistence along the -Soreang Corridor

UTON RUSTAN HARUN

Program Studi Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Islam Bandung Jl. Tamansari No. 1 Bandung, 40116

ABSTRACT

Global and regional interdependence among ASEAN countries under the open market is leading to unprecedented industrialization and urbanization. The benefit of transnational investment are expected by rural economy and urban systems, as they are becoming more articulated are also benefiting from these investment forces. With market trends, investment activities, and industrialization such rapid change in both urban and rural areas, the theoretical and practical research on urbanization is also undergoing change. In the Bandung Metropolitan Region, which is experiencing rapid urbanization and industrialization, rural areas are being marginalized The phenomena of agricultural persistence in the face of urbanization in the Bandung Metropolitan Area is important to examined so the combination of urban examined and rural activities within this region is explained in the light of desakota development pattern.

Keywords : Interdependence , industrialization and land conversion

Impacts of Changing Global Economy market along with government protection and in intervention. A major factor in Indonesians From Guided Economic Development to economic growth in l970’s, particulary during the Global Economic. Unprecedented the Second Five Years Plan (1974/1979) was economic growth has thrust east Asia and Asia boosted by the world oil prices. The oil sector into a dramatic new area. Asia’s share of global {was contributing more than a quarter of Gross trade rose from 19.5% in 1985 to 26.4% in Domestic Product (GDP), 80% of export 1994 (Asiaweek, Sept. 1995). At the same time, earning and 70% of government revenues. Asia’s Newly Industrialized Countries (ANIC), Real economic growth in the periode of the which consist of South Korea, Hong Kong, Second Five Year Plan (Repelita II 1974/1979) Taiwan and Singapore, led by Japan, has been sustained at the rate of more than cautiously emerged. Other countries in Asia, 7,5% per year caused by earning from oil and such as Thailand, Malaysia, China, and gas. In this term Indonesian economic may Indonesia, will follow in the near future. called the economic’s growth as an "economic Paul Krugman (Stanford University) has miracle" which never passed the 3,0% before taken issue with the World Bank description of Oil Bases to Non-oil export. Beside the Asia as an "economic miracle". The question natural resources fortune caused the at hand is whether the success of Asia’s "economic miracle", the development of the economic growth is the result of the dynamism economy in Asia has been a combination of of free wheeling participation in the open both market activity and government market, or the result of a combination of the intervention. Asian governments have

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cooperated to increase trade among Asian dominan, follows by Korea. Thought the self countries trough the effort of their economic relience in foreign investment was corrected regulated and deregulated. Twenty years ago, and resume, in which reflected by the student when five ASEAN ministers met for the first protest againts the Japan investment in l970’s. summit meeting in Bali, they united in a The flows of Japanese Investment to Indonesia cooperative effort to enter the open market. In is inevitable, when depending on foreign 1975, intra-Asian exports were just 42% of investment, the Indonesian debt had no chance total exports. By 1994, 53% of exports were to recover against the yendaka. (strong shipped to neighbouring countries. currency of Yen) Finally, Indonesia felt that it Another movement toward Asia was in "a good position" to negotiate with a independence in production, trade and major economic power--Japan--due to Japan’s economic development is the effort to reduce preoccupation of Indonesia during the Pacific dependence on foreign investment. Many War, where the Indonesian Government never Asian countries, during the post— asked for the compensation of the war. Independence decade, their rehabilitation of Regionalization on Trade and national economic rely on foreign assistance Development. ASEAN is growing. In and aid linked to the political objectives. But December 1995, ASEAN countries accepted in the next decade the foreign aid dependences Vietnam as a new member. Cambodia, Laos, shift from political government to the free and Myanmar will also become members in market environment. Agreement in trade the near fixture. The growth of this economic among the countries now put in the free community marks a clear trend toward interdependence which is suppose to be regional unity, which will influence political directly of producer and consumers stability and solidarity in solving economic beneficiaries on both countries. Twenty years problems. The General. Agreement among the ago. ASEAN countries depended heavily on countries member open the commodities, the U.S.A. and Europe for direct investment employment, skills development, technology, (Asiaweek, Sept. 1995). However, in the 1990s, and capital flows. Water has piped to Indonesia suspend the aid relationship with the Singapore, natural gas from Natuna Island will IGGI (Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia, shipped to Korea and Kobe in the near future in which the Netherlands was the leader) and and a lot other natural resources which is being terminated all existing Dutch aid. This scare not long to awaited the capital and decision wasn’t mainly based on political technological mobility. reason but also economic reasons. The role of The role of Chinese Ernie in Indonesian American and Western educated advisers in Economic. The dynamics of expectation, the government body has been played in the mobility and socio-political stability for this formulation of the Indonesian socio-economy region need to be taken into regional expressed a preference to let Asian economic comparative and competitive advantage problems be solved among the countries of the account. With the increasing pervasiveness of continent, rather than by far away neighbours. the open market, investments power, business The shift, in economy orientation from web and personal contact has a very important economic growth reliance on the public sector impact on industrial and spatial development. to private investment, improving economic Thus, 53 million overseas Chinese in countries structure and boosting non-oil export. Altought all over Asia are shaping the patterns and the foreign aid to Indonesia has been flow direction of economic development rely on during the first year of New Order government government expenditure to the private came into power, the private investor’s was investment. In Indonesia the Chinese business improved by the passing of new regulation more over benefited by the situation during the concerning private foreign investment in shift of the government role in economy to 1967/1978. Since then the Japanesse private entrepreneurs. Their role in business Investment in Indonesia become bigger and increasingly from less than 60% in 1960's to

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more than 71% in 1980's (Asianweeks, 1995). one management. The triangle Foshan- The Chinese had come to the Indonesian Haipong Jakarta will emerge as new growing archipelago long before the Europeans trader area and many other triangle development will conquers. They came to trade, to open the land occur in ASEAN Region in the near future. So to cultivated rice and peper and served as the ideas of growth pole nor core-periphery intermediaries in exchanges. They never have which is inspiring the government decession a will to erected a new own state by rises in maker has no longer exist in regional arms against the established government, they development approaches in ASEAN and has cooperated and accommodated the original change to triangle development growth as the native way of life. The soft attitude of Chinese effect of regional economic integration. The culture become a strong acceptance of many triangle development fuelled by rapid growth aspect of governance the society. After the and structural adjustment in all three countries Indonesian Independence the role of Chinese so the changing comparative advantage tackles in the economic activities anchored at by the increasing complementary production intermediaries exchange become stronger and in its immediately adjacent neighbours. stronger, in which the bumiputera Although, Lee Tsao Yuan (1991) are still (Indonesian native) classes has no culture wondering of some triangle's obstacle such in merchandizing. These role in regional asborder formalities, infrastructure bottlenecks, economic almost collapse in 1960's by anti labour productivity, property right and Chinese demo where the government political risk, this development approaches has encourage the environment, for by prohibitated a positive effect for the countries. order their activities in rural and district From Foreign Investment. At the (Kecamatan) areas. But since the New Order beginning of the New Order rules the government come on the power, they enjoyed Indonesian economic development policy turn their business and more power full decession the foreign project aid into foreign investment. in economic a long the political stability. The Most of foreign aids is coordinated through the new emerging Chinese tycoons extended the IGGI (Inter-Government Group for Indonesia, Indonesian economic to surrounding countries leads by Netherland) and goes to the (Singapore, Serawak, Vietnam, Camboja). For government expenditure for development. example the owner of the Indonesian There some scattered critized for items and conglomerate Salim Group Corporation, Lim kind of government expenditure during the Soei Liong, started out as a petty vendor foreign aid periode related to payment of making deliveries of nice, textiles, and other Indonesian debt. The government project is not —goods from kampung to kampung in central public acountabilited, where the corruption Java. From retailer to intermediary trades with and collusion is increasing. a hard worker, eagerness to be rich and brilliant entrepreneur, Lim Soei Liong has emerged as Emerging Regional Interdependency one of Asia's tycoons. The combination of a and Disparity in Indonesia personal intuition, links formed with the power There was a long recognization that elite and discipline to keep growth on track, Indonesian development character has two over a fourty years period, he become a strong difference type. Because of the natural business web. He has enabled to relocate resources and ecosystem are varied from one businesses among various Asian countries. region to other where Geertz (1954) called The obstacle border formalities, trade barrier, Java as Inner Indonesia and other island as tarif war and other permit license is not a Outer Java, as of because of those differences burden for the for the Salim Group who had the socioeconomic as well as regional growth closed relation ruling elite and power structure and development also differs. In the Fiveth to solve. The fertilizer industries and shoes Five Years Development (Repelita IV factory in China are linked to Indocement 1989/I994), Bappenas (National Planning and (Indonesia) and textile industry in Vietnam in Development Agency) introduced two type of

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regional development which is called urban core, along with ribbon development Indonesia Bagian Barat-IBB (West Indonesian along transportation routes (Laquian 1995). Development) and Indonesia Bagian Timur- Urban sprawl occurs when development is un IBT (East Indonesia Development). There was event which creates problems for local inevitable desparity development's policy development. It is most costly to extend public between IBB and IBT. utilities, sewarege, streets, electricity and other IBB consists of Java, Bali, Sumatera and to scattered budget of development. part of Kalimantan, historically the Congestion, environment pollution, water development of this region has induced by the drinking, noises and other negative aspect of effort of development in Java and Sumatera urban life increase the demand for land where since colonial period. Event the size of Java is these cost of minimized for land is generally at only 7% of the total Indonesian's land but in the fringe of the urban center. During the habited 60% of total population and the periode of high inflation is to invest in political, economic and cultural had been investment that are percieved as providing a centered here. The post "green revolution" store of value such as gold and land. Land policy to pre-industrialization policy is the Investment has been a popular investment logical process in Java development, but not option in areas where urban growth was for other island. Kalimantan has not enough expected to continue higher demand in the mature of socially as well as culturally future. In other side the rural land economic infrastructure to face the industrialization. That cannot avord the decreasing rate of agricultural is why the pulp industry, forestry industry or production trade off to industrial manufacture. mining industry in Outer Java has very limited The urban rural land have to jointed advantage linkage to the economic, Developed as an to minimized the increasing negative risk of isolated or clustered area Decentralization of the asymetric values of land. Urban and rural power and changes attitude to foreign areas are linked together, developing in a involvement in economic development. pattern called kotadesasi by McGee (1991). In the Indonesian language, there is a distinction between this term’s two variations--kota- Emerging Desakota Regions in Java desanisasi and desa—kotanisasi. Desa or kota Despite the impressive growth rate may related to the way of life either experienced by ANICS, there is an increasing administrative boundary. But the term kota— debate within the region as to the real strength desanisasi connotes the process of urban and resilience of these economies (Razak, deterioration through the negative influences I995). Is this economic—performance the of the standards of rural life, such as unsanitary proof of a lasting development trend and conditions, little regard for regulations, and maturing economy, or is it merely transient? lack of standardization. On the other hand, How can countries achieve optimum economic desa—kotanisasi refers to the introduction of growth with a minimum burden of negative better living conditions associated with urban externalities? areas into rural life, through amenities such as Although the debate regarding the mature electricity, telephone, piped water, vs transient economy is not yet settled, the conformance with building standards and spatial impacts of regional growth are evident health regulations, etc. everywhere. Urban agglomerations, with In l970’s the Governor of Jakarta launched Populations of more than three million, the Kampung Improvement Programme (KIP) are experiencing rapid growth along the east as a transitional phase to make Jakarta more coast of Asia, in cities such as Seoul, Shanghai, urbazied settlement. At the same time slum Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Manila, Bangkok, clearence ideas has dawn due to un human Kuala Lumpur, Jakarta. Typical settlement practices in the slum clearence but nobody patterns following this rapid growth includes wonder that the mayor should take an action to urban sprawl emanating from a densely settled make city more prosperous, beautiful, clean

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and healthy. This temporary programme, to public transportation network , at the point of change the urban image of Jakarta as a Big "maximum distant" (some a rest area, loading Kampung, emerges in the idea of Indonesian’s and unloading pasangger becoming origin of Urban Renewal or Urban Redevelopment. new settlement) and linked up with other urban World Bank and some other in ternational concentration. funds supports this idea and wishes the fast changing in urban image. Urbanization, agricultural For more than two decade the Kampung development and land allocation Improvement Programme exist in Jakarta and along the Bandung-Soreang corridor almost every urban development programme The fluctuation of structure and economic in Indonesia but the Kampung settlement itself growth of Indonesia was reflected to the most never extinct. The Kampung settlement exist of the important economic region. Java who deeply rooted to the complexity of Indonesian has been inherited by colonial trade agriculture culture, life style and way of life and Kampung (main export production for Europe such as settlement was recognized in,urban ecosystem rubber, coffee, tea, sugar and also crude oil), and so Kampumg will exist in every shaked by political and economic unstability, Indonesian urban life. Originally kampung is during the first decade of Indonesian an agricultural settlement whereas the group of Independence. The colonial infrastructure farmer houses closed related by kindship were considerably an attempt to maintain a pattern. When the rural economic changing to plantation economy in order to meet the needs more industrial activities, the way of life and for improvement the raw material of the Dutch solidarity among the Kampung members does manufacturing industry, had to shifted to the not fade. The benefit of gotong-royong (self industrialization infrastructure. The plantation help and cooperation), rooted by the in Java were linked directly to the harbor by agriculture activities, not merely goes tothe railways and developed the station for loading individual, household itself but also to the and loading along this route to maintained the united of the society as a communities . So flow of commodities effisiently. The growing wehave to account the Kampung as a sub- settlement corridor, from the hinterland town system of urban ecosystem. to the harbor city as the effect of the plantation Desa kota is related to the spatial economy economic. In this sequencies, Bandung Region transition occuring in Asia region that have were grow up from the center of the persistence of rural settlement, high density administrative plantation to the center of mostly rice—growing agroeconomic niches textiel industry as import substitution industry. (McGee, 1991). Both desakota or kampung The settlement pattern has gown in response to settlement are rooted to the spatial-eco-cultural development of the population growth, socio- of agriculture over varying periods of time. In economic and political conditions. such region agricultural land use may remain important as a reflection of government land or Historical background. agricultural protection policies. The challenge Bandung Metropolitan Region located in for planner, decession maker, or researcher by the centered bowl of Bandung valley in West recognizing the Desakota as new type of Java Province as one of the fastes growing Mega-Urban- Region in Asia are similarly urban region. Place of origin Bandung valley with recognizing the Kampung settlement type was the Situ Hiang Lake ( around 6.000 years in urban ecosystem in 1980’s. ago) with the lenght 50 km and the Citarum These process of establising Kampung or river caused this lake become a bowl valley. Desakotanisasi tends to make urban sprawl has Surrounding Bandung valley there are engulfed whole region such as Jabotabek mountains standing upright such as Mt (Jakarta), Bandung Raya, Gerbangkertasusila Tangkubanprahu, Mt Bukittunggul, Mt (Surabaya), Minasamaupa (Ujungpandang). Manglayang, Mt Wayang, Mt Arjuna etc and The ribbon development pattern occured along

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those of mountain categorized as the active in Batavia, but some building alow to donated vulcano. by private interprises such as Technical Bandung was build by Dutch as the Research for Plantation Engineering. Bandung glittering city to attract the European investor as city of officer and researcher was fashioning to open the tropical plantation in this region. for urban planning and development over the The soil so fertile for growing the tropical Java.Thomas Karsten made the plan for seasoning such as tea, coffee, clove, sugar cane Bandung with the maximum population of and other raw material for industries (rubber 500.000 citizen on the area 8.000 ha, but now and quinine-cinchona succirubra). It was the size of the city changes double and the popular tropical commodities in European population increased triple. market in ninetheen century. Bandung planned During the Pacific War, Japan military for garden city in Java which was brought from was targeted Bandung as important key to Ebernez Howard concept in England where the occupied the Java. The center of millitary typical European Houses built for merchan, command was located in Bandung and any government employee, kaum ningrat other military logistic and military trainning (indegenous noble) and other elit class who camp adjacent to Bandung (Cimahi-invanfri, want enjoy his living of good weather like in Batujajar-paratrop, Cibangkong-cavallery). the European Summer. Bandung also was the That is why Bandung was the battle field first Dutch city which was life 24 hour a day. during Pacific War and during the war for With the average temperature around 20° C, Independence of Republic of lndonesia. Those good weather, clean air and flower always wars caused 5 many beautifull building and blosoom along the street in the early of 1900’s townscape, park was burn, losses and not almost 65% of Bandung citizen are Eropean (at recovery. that time Bandung called a Flowers City, Paris van Java or Europe in de Tropen). This Is Bandung fashionating now ? European Zone (Europeesche Zakenwyk) Because of the glittering in the past, for maintained well and provided the urban some reason Bandung are still atracted to infrastructure with the high standard building whom seeking job opportunity, higher where the Dutch Government expected education, trading, real astate investor even for Bandung for the second house of Dutch citizen. artist to sell artisan product and politician who In 1882 the Dutch build the interregional road able to track his ladder carrier On Saturday and connected the city center to all the hinterland Sunday we will have a little chance to get hotel direction (Lembang, Pangalengan, Ciwidey, directly unless we reserved for a time before. Majalaya, Padalarang, Garut and Sumedang) Hotels are full reserved for busines, investors which is mostly the plantation region. In 1884 and other leisurer for weekend though the the railway was build conected Bandung to traffic jam everywhere. Emerging hotel Batavia (Jakarta) via Purwakarta, Bandung - development all over Bandung are not Ciwidey-Pangalengan, Bandung.- Sukabumi predicted before since the Department of and Bandung-Cicalengka extended to Tourism and Telecommunication launced visit Jogjakarta in 1914. Those transportation Indonesia 1992. Now Bandung inhabited 1.5 infrastructure was enhancing the export base million with 300.000 daily commuter from plantation of the Bandung valley region. small town adjacent and added 50.000 Bandung became glamorous of trading annually. By this large amount of people flock companies building, services and laisure. The in the urban area, the defisiency in government set up the municapality for infrastructure, social facilities, water and land Bandung to administer the maintenance of the are increasing rapidly. The extended beautiful city autonomouslly. Some development such housing area at North Bandung preoccupied as Gedung Sate (Governoor Office Building) the large amount of land at the catchment area was plan for the Governoor Generale Office of Cikapundung river as a sources of urban build under the Central Dutch Indishe budget

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water drinking The defisiensy of water supply maintly for food subsistence had contributed to in 1990 was 38 million m cubic and in 1994 social turmoil and vice versa. Land tenure was 40 million m cubic. How can the urban system has change dramatically from large survive from the water defisiency 7 Bandung scale of Hak Guna Usaha (HGU land permit is not beautiful again. In 1985, the for plantation) to small holder farmer. From administrative boundaries of Bandung agro-industry to subsistence agriculture. The Municipal was extend twice time covered logic classical agriculture development are fringe area (16.700 ha), but still the City Plan strong link to the industrial growth through cannot accommodate the rising demand for agro-industry, but in this area (influenced by commerce, trade, business, tourist and housing strong Independence Revolt), agro-industry though the medium and heavy industry already backward to subsistence agriculture. The rejected since 1980. process of development is facing the problems The Bandung’s development and of "tragedy of common property" occurs in the surrounding area become desakota region way they maintain the public infrastructure and (Urban Region) will not solved by merely the uses their land resources. Schultz (1990) said authority of Bandung Municipal. For late that the decesive factor of production in tweenty year the inmigration to Bandung as as improving the wellfare of subsistence farmer the city of destination for urbanist, are not space, capital energy and cropland, but are multiple increased. The rate population to the improvement in population qulity and growth about 5,3% and has atracted substantial advance in knowledge. number of surrounding people of Kabupaten Bandung, Sumedang and Garut. Decision to relocate the capital town of In 1974, the West Java Province launced Kabupaten Bandung (Regency) Bandung Metropolitan Region (BMR) to solve the urban problems by deconsentration of Indonesian development economics was urban function from core city to other places. challenged in the 1970’s, under the New Order The Structure Plan of BMR consist of four Regime, by the emergence and rapid growth main function area : 1) Urban Core, as inner political agricultural economy. The First Five region ( Bandung Municipal); 2) Urban Area Years Development (1969/1974) began to give Io, the towns adjacent to Bandug Municipal in grater attention to rice production, distribution fact these fringe area already jointed to the and price stabilization. This emphasis came urban core (Lembang, Cisarua, Cimahi, about response to series of political instability Batujajar, Cicadas, Ujungberung, Buahbatu connected with the hunger, food deficiency, a and Dajeuh; 3) Urban Area Ia, the town growing awareness among the development respectelly to be a counter magnet of urban economists that the closed state is a nation core (Cicalengka, Soreang, Majalaya and isolated from foreign investment could not Padalarang); 4) Urban Area II, the other town give opportunities to solve their problems and surrounding Bandung with radius 20 - 30 km. development. The advocated policies of The objectives of Bandung Metropolitan protection and import substitution has turned Plan not merely to promote the new town out to policies of freer trade and the oil and surrounding Bandung to be a counter magnet non-oil export expansion. Under the current by redistribution of urban function but also to policies, the regulation to open the foreign re - intensived the agriculture sustainability. industrial investment launced simultanously Historically, the agriculture transformation in with the stabilized of agriculture production. this area has been process to the un-common Municipal Bandung as a core region of BMR process. Century ago, the region had open for has to reconsider the adventage of urban investment agriculture in plantation (perenial function in the urban core. In-efficient land crops marketed to Europe) shift to food uses, in term of highest land rent, and other agriculture. This export economic base of government offices which is located in the city plantation shift to rural intensive agriculture center has to move to other suitable land. In

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other hand the landcrops has to increased to Bandung-Ciwidey road and connected full fill the food increasing unless the general Cimahi- Banjaran until 1970’s was still a well fare of the region going worst and worst. village where clustered farmer house are By decree of the National Government erected. In 1986 Soreang appointed as the (PP no 2 Tahun 1986), Minister of Home Capital Regency of Bandung derived the Affair instructed the Administrative Office of housing demand for 5.720 government Kabupaten Bandung (Regency Office) wich is employee, housing services, infrastructure and located in business center move to Soreang as increasing the traffic movement along a Capital of Regency in the area of Urban Io Bandung-Soreang road. In 1988 the population (distance 14 km). The emphasis to relocate of Soreang was 47.360 but the rate of administrative office came about response to population growth increased dramatically "conf1ict of authority and responsibility" (range from 2.45% - 7.3% per year). In 1992 between Walikota (Mayor) and Bupati (Head Soreang has population of 56.390 and planned of Regency). Other deconcentration urban for 100.000 citizen in year of 2000. function policies area the higher education Related to population growth and the move to Jatinangor, around 20 km eastern increasing need for housing, Soreang Bandung, become University Town, challenges with the limited land for built up Cicalengka as well as Banjaran as industries area and irrigated rice field. Under the town (mostly textile and chemical industry), President Decree (no 33/1989) the irrigated and Majalaya keep percistency as traditional rice field are not allow to convert to another textile industry. uses. Eventough the land farming conversion The decession to re-distribution of urban occure due to the higher land price of non-farm function spread over the BMR has bring about uses. Some of the land farm owner who the shifting of local economic structure. Re- interested to sell his land, spoilt the irrigation alocation industries, shifting of capital, land infrastructure so the land become dried and and human resources within the region. The devective. By practicing land devective, he emerging growth of urban fringe occure allow to sell his land. Urban infrastructure caused by function of the city center are not which has developed by the government under longer be as pulling factor of the urbanization the integrated urban. Infrastructure program process but tend to a pushing migration to rural are still low. The lenght of road is 1.138 km, area or adjacent (Hozelits, 1957). Shifting and less than 16% to total area, where 222 km transfering urban spectrum into traditional accounted as good condition of arteries and rural life. collector road and other (81%) as rural road (unpaved). This is one reason why the Growth and Developing Settlement Patterns extensive development of housing, industries along the Bandung-Soreang Corridor and commerce conflicted along Bandung- Soreang located 14 km Southern Bandung Soreang corridor. at the road connected Bandung, Ciwidey and Farm Land Conversion and its Impacts Rancabali Tea Plantation at the fertile paddy field. In 1950’s the railway of Bandung- In fringe area is inevitable land farming Banjaran- Ciwidey still operate conveyed the conversion which is caused by urban growth, passanger and plantation product (tea, rubber extention and urbanization. The urban and cichona succiruba) as raw material for development and growth require a space to chemical industry manufactur in Bandung or accomodate the high rate of population growth handling for exported. This railway not and needs. In Java predicted land farming operated longer in l970’s due to the losses for urban extention around 15.000 ha improvement of regional better road from per annum, and along Bandung –Soreang Bandung to Banjaran. Event the Soreang corridor, the National Land Bureau stated that located at the important interchange of during 1978-185, 31.4 ha land farm had been

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converted to non-farm uses. Urbanization and had occured as apart of his custom and culture. land farm conversion perseive as a shifting It was difficult to reaccounted the losse of the process of natural resources for beneficiaries custom into the new industrial appraisse. of non-agriculture uses. Almost 37% people of Irigation as the agricultural infrastructure had Bandung -Soreang Corridor depend their life been invested into the way of his life; 4) There on land farm pushed aside land corversion into some evident that time alocation among non-farm land uses (road, industry, offices, member of the farmer’s household are housing). This land farm conversion frightened distributed equally and to grow and harvest an the condition of farm-workers (tenant farmer, agricultural production have some time, which farm-workersor landless agriculture worker) is benefit to alocate the time for leisure and losses their job and life. Those farm-wokers seek off-farm activities; 5) The emerging whom no acsess to sustain the stable income upper class group for farm hobby. This sources. In other hand, most ofthe farm- activities not merely for aging , retired workers preoccupaid by the subsistence and employee or high-class leisure but also the poverty culture which is unease to accept modernization of agriculture activities inovations and tends to be a risk averture. contaminated the traditional farmer efficiently Agriculutre involusion and poverty culture through out this hobby farming. Patron client mostly occure at these group of rural farm. system are still maintained while the 1) Impact on farming activities (sources of progressive agriculture practices in farm hobby. water for irrigation; agricultural production J; planting and harvesting; small-holder cultivation and farm land size). 2) Socio- Economic Impact on Household (shifting temporary jobs; impacts of farm land conversion: who benefits and who sacrifices) Reference Taede Tillema and Bert van Wee, 2002, Agricultural persistence not as Pricing policies: a spatial perspective, settlement transition but Geographical Sciences, Utrecht establishment of kampung type University, Utrecht. settlement transition and kampung Glasson, John., 1978. An Introduction to establishment along the Bandung-Soreang Regional Planning. Edisi ke-2, corridor. Hutchinson of London. agricultural persistence emerging as urban Djojodipuro, Marsudi. 1992. Teori Lokasi. agriculture and urban open space Lembaga Penerbit Fakukas Ekonomi There several reason why the agriculture Universitas Indonesia. persistence in the process of urbanization in Smith. D. M., 1981. Industrial Location. An Java : 1) Java is the fertile alluvial region Economic Geographical Analysis. Second which are un-comparable to other island in Edition. John wiley & Sons, Inc. New Indonesia. The bare land can produced 6 ton/ha York . rice, third times of the outer Java rice production; 2) Under the rice self subsistence program, the government was highly subsidies of rice production such as pestiside, fertilizer, irrigation and controls the price by set up the market management under the BULOG (National Food Logistic Agency); 3) Irrigation had been invested for long time in Java so the paddy activities from planting to harvesting

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