The Project for Capacity Development of Participatory Irrigation Management System through Vietnam Academy for Water Resources (VAWR) for Improvement of Agricultural Productivity in Vietnam (CD-PIMS)
APEC Workshop on Food Security
Dr. Nguyen Tung Phong Vietnam Academy for Water Resources
Tokyo, 17 19 January, 2012 Outline of agriculture in Vietnam
䋪Land area䋺 329,000 km2 farmland area : 94,000 km2 (28.5%) Farmland area
䋪Population䋺 85.85million (2009) 60 million in rural area (70%)
䋪Agricultural working population : 㪥㫆㫉㫋㪿 㫉㪼㪾㫀㫆㫅 25.3 million (2001) 㪉㪉㪃㪇㪇㪇㩷㫂㫄㪉 (67.2% of working population)
Poverty ratio: 12 (2009) 㪚㪼㫅㫋㫉㪸㫃㩷㫉㪼㪾㫀㫆㫅 䋪 䋦 㪉㪌㪃㪇㪇㪇㩷㫂㫄㪉 䋪Main industry䋺 Agriculture (20,9% of GDP, 2010)
The total rice production during last five years: Around 35 36 million tons, 400 410 kg of paddy per 㪪㫆㫌㫋㪿㩷㫉㪼㪾㫀㫆㫅 capita. 㪋㪎㪃㪇㪇㪇㩷㫂㫄㪉
Export 3.5 4 mill. tons/year (2005 2007)
Agriculture contributes 22.6 % of the total national export in year 2009 䋱䋮Outline and status of water management in Vietnam Status of rural area North region South region
Farm households (2001) 5,720,000 4,250,000
Farmland area (2001) 2,180,000 ha 4,680,000 ha
Farmland area/household (2001) 0.38 ha/household 1.1 ha/household
Agricultural form two paddy crops per year three paddy crops pear year
(Development of farming (Farming cash crops, cash crops, stockbreeding stockbreeding and fishery are and fishery is not sufficient.) developed too.) Aim of rice production self consumption export 䋨App. 80% of all exports䋩 Main irrigation method Pumping Gravity
Annual income䋨USD䋩 (2002) 203 297
䊶 Farmland area per household is very small because of overpopulation. Character of 䊶 Operating & management cost for pumping stations is high, because farmlands north region locate higher than canal and main irrigation method is pumping. (Water fee 䋺 North region USD 60/ha , South region USD 5/ha) 䋱䋮Outline and status of water management in Vietnam
System of water management • Irrigation Management Company (110 IMCs) Management of main facilities Establishment by Province (Under the supervision of provincial government) Resources are subsidy from provincial government and irrigation fee from Goverment
• Agricultural Production Cooperative : APC Management of on farm facilities Establishment by commune Resources is water fee from farmers Conduct teaching farming skill, supply of fertilizer, agrochemicals, seed and so on. 䋱䋮Outline and status of water management in Vietnam Action of Vietnamese government Year 2004: ”Action Plan of Participatory Irrigation Management Promotion” Year 2010: Circular No.65 “Decentralization of Irrigation Management”
Year 2005, 2008: Establishment of Center for PIM, Center for Training and Inst. of Water Resources and Environment in Vietnam Institute for Water Resources Research (VAWR)
The aim is systematization of know how about water distribution based on farmers’ demand and human resource development for promotion of it. 䋱䋮Outline and status of water management in Vietnam
Irrigation projects by other donors
Asian Development Bank World Bank (WB) (ADB) Water Resources Assistance Red River Basin Irrigation Project (2004 2010) Project (2005 2010) Area 䋺 6 areas in northern and middle region (135,000 ha) Area 15 areas in northern region 㶎include the model site of CD PIMS project in Quang 䋺 Ninh province Contents 䋺 rehabilitation of irrigation Contents 䋺 construction and facilities rehabilitation of irrigation facilities Budget 䋺 USD 156 million Budget 䋺 USD 165 million
Human resource development and promotion on management of Support by JICA irrigation facilities are necessary. 䋲䋮䌊䌉䌃䌁 CD PIMS project
Project Purpose Participatory irrigation management (PIM) is promoted and agricultural productivity is improved in terms of both yield and cost through enhancement of the capacity of leading farmers and water resources engineers in the model site.
䋼Overall Goal䋾 Agricultural productivity is improved in terms of both yield and cost through improved irrigation management in the area where PIM is promoted. 䋲䋮䌊䌉䌃䌁 CD PIMS project Framework of the project
Guidance and Supervise MARD VAWR Training and Guidance &Advice Japanese Experts Guidance Model Site IMC / IME
Guidance People Committee WUG ; Water User’s Group (APC and Farmers) manual and training program )
㪘㪺㫋㫀㫍㫀㫋㫀㪼㫊 Feedback ( improvement of guidelines, 䋲䋮䌊䌉䌃䌁 CD PIMS project Framework of cooperation
䊶Counterpart䋺 Vietnam Academy for Water Resources (VAWR) 䊶Duration 䋺 5 years (June 2005 to June 2010) 䊶Project Area 䋺 26 provinces in north region (Model site: 3 sites in 2 provinces) 䊶Target Groups more than 90 Leading farmers in the model sites more than 500 engineers and staff of IMC/IME in the North more than 15 PIM trainers of VAWR 䊶Input of Japanese side : Long term experts 4 persons Short term experts 3䌾4 persons/year Training in Japan 3䌾4 persons/year Equipment and facilities as needed 䋲䋮䌊䌉䌃䌁 CD PIMS project Outputs 1. The function of promoting PIM is strengthened in VAWR. 䊶To formulate guidelines, manuals and training programs for PIM promotion 䊶To implement training courses for VAWR engineers as “PIM trainers” 2. Engineers of IMC acquire knowledge, technology and experience on water management. 䊶To organize training courses by the trainers for IMC engineers 䊶To organize seminars on PIM 3. Water management by farmers’ organizations in the model sites is improved and crop diversification is promoted. 䊶 To organize training courses for leading farmers and irrigators 䊶 To hold meetings among stakeholders and practice water management 䊶 To support improvement of farming practices by the farmers’ organizations 䊶 To improve water management and support crop diversification Vietnam and Japan
3,600km Location of the model sites
Hai Duong prov. Pumping Quang Ninh prov. 362ha
Hop Tien VAWR (Nam Sach dist.)
Hanoi Yen Dong Gravity Gia Xuyen (Yen Hung dist.) 112ha (Gia Loc dist.)
Pumping Distance from Hanoi : 194ha Hai Duong Model Sites : 60km Yen Dong Model Site : 100km Status and issues on irrigation management
1. Water distribution
i) IMEs manage main facilities and APCs manage on-farm facilities. So cooperation and sharing information among IME, APC and farmers are important but insufficient, because occasions to discuss among them are poor. ii) Irrigators inform water distribution schedule to farmers by mouth. It is difficult to inform all farmers. iii) Almost all farmers don’t obey regulation on facility protect and management. iv) There are 9 irrigation rotation blocks in Hop Tien model site and 5 blocks in Gia Xuyen model site, so interval days of water distribution to each block are long. (water distribution to 1 block per day) Status and issues on irrigation management
2. Irrigation facilities i) Pumping irrigation (Hop Tien, Gia Xuyen) Irrigation water is pumped up from a canal which is branched from river and distributed to earthen on-farm canal through brick main canal. On-farm canals are dual-purpose canals and located lower than plots. Water is stored in on- farm canals and farmers irrigate to plots by bucket The drop from discharge to canal or small pump. (Each plot is bounded on on-farm is app. 1m. canal.) Division work
Pumping station
Main canal Plot
On-farm canal Brick canal is covered with mortar. Image of cross section Status and issues on irrigation management On-farm canal
Drainage canal Water surface of on-farm Water loss is prevented by soil canal is lower than plots at the end of on-farm canal
Irrigation by bucket Irrigation by small pump Status and issues on irrigation management
2. Irrigation facilities ii) Gravity irrigation (Yen Dong) Irrigation water is distributed to plots by plot-to- plot irrigation from reservoir (capacity: 120 million m3) through lining canal, brick canal and U-flume without pump. The model site is located near river mouth and Primary canal (lining canal) bounded on tidal river. Ground water level is high because the model site is surrounded by drainage canal.
Secondary canal (brick canal) U-flume Plots and drainage canal Status and issues on irrigation management
3. Farmers don’t follow irrigation rotation, make holes on canal wall etc. and take water as they like.
4. Mowing of canals is insufficient. Farmers throw rubbish into canals. Status and issues on irrigation management
5. Capacity of irrigation facilities is insufficient.
Water loss from the Water loss from Stop water by soil Overflow end of on-farm canals regulating gate and grass
6. Awareness for construction management is insufficient.
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A 3. Guidelines of PIM
1. What is PIM? “P” means Participation. “IM” means Irrigation Management. 2. Who participate in? 䊶All stakeholders ; APC and farmers IMC/IME engineers Local governments (PPC,DPC,CPC) The ACADEMY ( the leading institute ) 3. Irrigation management
(1) Meeting of the stakeholders, water distribution, check and maintenance of facilities, improvement of facilities
(2) All activities contain planning, decision making, implementation and monitoring.
(3) All activities need joint and coordinated works.
(4) The rules agreed among the stakeholders.
(5) The discussion in the meeting is very important. 4. PIM means all stakeholders participate in all activities irrigation management.
5. Benefits of PIM (Indicators) (1) All stakeholders know their situation. (2) Farmers satisfaction secured. (3) Water reaches the field with less loss. ( Efficiency increased ) (4) Operation and maintenance costs reduced.
6. PIM in the world (1) A common terminology. (2) The prerequisite for projects of WB, ADB, JICA, AFD (3) Many countries adopt PIM. 4.4. ActivitiesActivities andand achievementachievement inin HopHop TienTien
Survey on facilities in Hop Tien Planting program (Hop Tien model site)
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Paddy
Paddy
onion, winter melon Hop Tien model site
K in Canal h R T Intake gate iv h e a r y Pumping station (irrigation) Pumping station h (drainage) n r i Bi e a iv h R T Hop Tien Model site
Hai Duong city 10km Hop Tien model site (362 ha)
1km
Hop Tien P.S.
Cau Chua P.S.
Chua Buom P.S. Main canal Secondary canal On-farm canal To hold monthly meeting Z Local government, IME, APC, irrigators and farmers hold monthly meetings. Z Stakeholders share problems on water distribution, facilities and so on. Z Stakeholders discuss on solution and improvement of problems actively and decide measures democratically, not in top-down way. Z Staff of VAWR support their discussion technically. Opinion of participants Farmer: “Farmers’ sense of responsibility on water management has risen through meetings.” APC: “We hope to keep on holding monthly meetings in the future too.” To make water distribution plan
Stakeholders make water distribution plan which shows time schedule of pump operation in order to distribute water to each irrigation block fairly at monthly meetings based on review about water distribution of previous month. Opinion of farmer “Amount of water to downstream area has increased.”
K HO CH DÙNG N C V CHIÊM XUÂN N M 2008 T 15/1/2008-12/2/2008 (TR M B M H P TI N)
i s n xu t i 3 i 4 i 5 i 6 i 7 i 8 i 9 i 10 i 11
S S S S S S S S S máy máy máy máy máy máy máy máy máy T gi T gi T gi T gi T gi T gi T gi T gi T gi Th i gian b m Kênh b m Kênh b m Kênh b m Kênh b m Kênh b m Kênh b m Kênh b m Kênh b m Kênh n gi n gi n gi n gi n gi n gi n gi n gi n gi ho t ho t ho t ho t ho t ho t ho t ho t ho t ng ng ng ng ng ng ng ng ng
m tr c i 15/1/2008 7h ÷ 17h 16/1/2008 17/1/2008 7h ÷ 17h 18/1/2008 7h ÷ 17h 19/1/2008 7h ÷ 17h 20/1/2008 7h ÷ 17h i vòng 1 21/1/2008 8h-18h/ngày 21 (khu ngoài ng) 22/1/2008 22h/ngày21-18h/ngày22 (khu ngoài ng) 23/1/2008 22h/ngày22-18h/ngày23 (khu ngoài ng) 24/1/2008 22h/23÷18h/24 25/1/2008 22h/24÷18h/25 22h/25÷18h/26 26/1/2008 22h/26÷18h/27 27/1/2008 22h/27÷18h/28 28/1/2008 22h/28÷18h/29 29/1/2008 22h/29÷18h/30 30/1/2008 22h/30÷18h/31 31/1/2008 22h/31÷18h/1/2 1/2/2008 K t thúc vòng 1 (ngh 3 ngày d phòng +3 ngày t t), i vòng 2 8/2/2008 8h30÷16h 9/2/2008 8h÷17h/9 và 22h/9÷6h/10 10/2/2008 6h÷12h 12h÷18h 22h/10÷7h/11 11/2/2008 12h÷18h 7h÷12h 22h/11÷7h/12 12/2/2008 13h÷18h 7h÷13h K t thúc vòng 2 (k t thúc t i i)
Ghi chú: Ngo i tr i 5, 7 và 11 v n hành 4 máy b m (g n tr m b m, phân b ru ng nhi u kênh khác nhau nên có th chia n c nhi u kênh), còn l i các i khác u v n hành 3 máy b m.
Ô Appropriate facility management Z The project team has explained that taking water from holes on canal wall causes lack of water at downstream area at monthly meetings. Z Farmers closed holes by themselves in order to distribute water fairly. Z Dredging and mowing in on-farm canals are conducted twice per year commission to women’s association etc. with farmers’ contribution. Z Stakeholders made regulation on facility management and protection, made it known to farmers.
Closing holes Dredging and mowing in on-farm canal Measuring water flow in order to distribute water fairly and efficiently
䊶Staff of VAWR and IME measured water flow together in order to make Q- H curve.
䊶Training capacity of VAWR and technical capacity of IME have increased. Water flows from pumping station Status of water distribution &DWHJRU\ KD ᧡ 6XIILFLHQW 6RPHWLPHV VKRUWDJH 6KRUWDJH 7RWDO
Status of water distribution (Before improvement of water distribution and facilities) Water flows from pumping station Status of water distribution &DWHJRU\ KD ᧡ 6XIILFLHQW 6RPHWLPHV VKRUWDJH 6KRUWDJH 7RWDO
Status of water distribution (After improvement of water distribution and facilities) 5.5. ActivitiesActivities andand achievementachievement inin GiaGia XuyenXuyen
Interview to farmers Planting program (Gia Xuyen model site)
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Paddy
water melon, pear shaped melon
cabbage
cabbage Bac Hung Hai irrigation system
20km
Hanoi
Hai Duong city Re
d R iv e r
Gia Xuyen Main canal model site Secondary canal Intake gate Pumping station (irrigation) Gia Xuyen model site (194 ha)
Main canal
Quan Phan P.S.
1km To hold monthly meeting Z IME, APC, irrigators and farmers hold monthly meetings. Z Stakeholders share problems on water distribution, facilities and so on. Z Stakeholders discuss on solution and improvement of problems actively and decide measures democratically, not in top-down way. Z Staff of VAWR support their discussion technically.
Opinion of participants Irrigator: “Distant relationship between IME and farmers has changed close one through meetings, so we can tell problems on water management soon.” IME: “Sharing information between farmers and IME has improved, so we can manage facilities and water distribution based on farmers’ opinion.” To inform water distribution schedule surely Z Water distribution schedule was informed farmers by mouth through irrigators, but it was difficult to inform surely because the farmers were large in number and the schedule was changed suddenly by rainfall. So loud speaker system was installed/improved and the schedule has been informed surely and quickly. See It is difficult to inform schedule to farmers surely by mouth. Plan CPC/APC made installation plan of loud speaker system. Stakeholders installed loud speaker system. Do - The project team provided speakers. - CPC provided poles and installed.) See Some farmers couldn’t hear from speaker, so CPC/APC grasped area where farmers couldn’t hear from speaker by interview to farmers. Plan CPC/APC made installation plan of additional loud speaker system. Do (Installation is on-going.) Appropriate facility management Z The project team has explained that taking water from holes on canal wall causes lack of water at downstream area at monthly meetings. Z Dredging and mowing in on-farm canals are conducted twice per year commission to women’s association etc. with farmers’ contribution. Z APT made regulation on facility management and protection, made it known to farmers.
Survey on condition of facilities Dredging and mowing in on-farm canal Improvement of irrigation facilities Z Heightening canal wall in order to avoid overflow Z Repair broken division works in order to avoid water leak Z Installing and repair gates at the ends of on farm canals in order to avoid water leak Z The project team provided only main materials, but farmers contributed the other cost with farmers’ agreement.
Put/remove soil each time irrigation/drainage Installed gate Inspection by stakeholders Effects of PIM activities in Gia Xuyen model site
ZLabor for keeping water in on-farm canals Putting soil 60 min./1 end/2 persons (before installation of gates) Operating gate 15 min./1 gate/2 persons (after installation of gates) Reduction of 75%
ZAnnual operating hours of pumps to APT4 irrigation block 978 hours(year 2007) 㸢 789 hours (year 2008) Reduction of 19%
ZYield of rice in APT4 irrigation block 5.93 t/ha(year 2007) 㸢 6.60 t/ha (year 2008) Increase of 11%
ZThe ratio of irrigation water delivered at the end of downstream area(APT6) 11% (year 2007) 㸢 45% (year 2009) Increase of 4 times Capacity development by training
Z Head of APC joined training course on PIM in Japan. He introduced knowledge and experience in the training to farmers, inhabitants in Gia Xuyen and visitors etc. Z APC introduces its practical PIM activities in Gia Xuyen to IMC staff in north region of Vietnam which are trainees of training course on PIM.
Introduction of water management in Japan Field trip of IMC staff