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The Arup Journal Contents Issue 1 2021 The Arup Journal Contents 4 Raffles City Chongqing, 32 Jengu handwashing unit, Global Chongqing, China Developing handwashing facilities Constructing a city in the sky that are easy to construct worldwide Penny Cheung, Lu-Lu Du, Gary Ge, and will help to combat the spread Antony Ho, Michael Kwok, Allen Sun of disease Stephen Philips, Iñigo Ruiz-Apilánez, Martin Shouler 14 Central Interceptor Tunnel, 36 Ken Rosewall Arena, Auckland, New Zealand Sydney, Australia A new wastewater tunnel will On a tight turnaround, this have great benefits for Auckland’s tennis stadium was turned into health and environment a multipurpose sports venue Jochem Dorst, Andreas Raedle Jake Cherniayeff, Andrew Johnson, Hannah Lazenby, Xavier Nuttall 19 K11 ATELIER King’s Road, 42 Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Bridge, Hong Kong Kilkenny and Wexford, Ireland Wellbeing and sustainability Ireland’s longest bridge inform every aspect of provides vital national and this development international connections Kennis Chan, Tony Lam, Zoe Lee, Mike Evans, Cian Long, Ka-Man Miu, Tony Tang Alfonso Ramirez, Marcos Sanchez 26 Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility, 48 Great Western electrification, UK South Dakota, USA Electrifying and upgrading a vital This underground scientific lab Victorian-era railway will investigate the nature of matter Luke Cooper, Nigel Fletcher, and the origins of the universe Michael Nops, Dan Raynor, Peter Gordon Carrie, Seth Pollak, Richardson, Tarek Sadek, Austin Smith, Richard Potter, Josh Yacknowitz Gareth Thompson Ken Rosewall Arena, Sydney, Australia: Martin Mischkulnig 2 1/2021 | The Arup Journal 3 Raffles City ChongqingChongqing, China Raffles City Chongqing is located at the heart of Chongqing, at the A city in the sky confluence of the Yangtze and Jialing rivers. This strategic position is fitting for this mega-scale development, the design of which was influenced by and This landmark development was inspired by serves as a symbol of Chongqing’s past old sailing vessels, drawing on Chongqing’s as a trading centre and its long-held status as a gateway to western China. status as a gateway to western China Authors Penny Cheung, Lu-Lu Du, Gary Ge, Antony Ho, The high-rise complex was designed in collaboration with Safdie Architects Michael Kwok and Allen Sun and was inspired by historical images of great Chinese sailing vessels on the river. Gently arcing towards the water, the towers form the apex to the city’s peninsula, like the masts of a ship, with its sail pulling the city forward. Raffles City Chongqing is a mixed-use development, with a total floor area of 1.13 million m2. It comprises a shopping mall and eight curved towers – two 350m-tall north towers and six 250m-tall south towers – which house 1,400 residential units, offices, 200 serviced apartments and 450 hotel bedrooms. One of the north towers is fully dedicated to residential use, making it the tallest residential tower in China. The second 1: Chongqing’s past as north tower is office space below the an important trading skybridge, with the hotel above. centre is reflected in the design of Raffles City Chongqing, which was Six of the towers are linked 250m above inspired by historical ground, with four of the 250m-tall towers Chinese sailing vessels capped by the 15,000m2, 300m-long 2: The complex sits skybridge, The Crystal, which faces at the confluence of southwards over the city. Two smaller the Yangtze and skybridges link it with the two 350m-tall Jialing rivers towers. The Crystal brings amenities and 1. 2. 4 1/2021 | The Arup Journal 5 Raffles City ChongqingChongqing, China buildings around the world. With the belt earthquakes. The fuse can be readily trusses and outer columns, a conventional replaced after yielding. outrigger acts as a rigid arm, connecting the building core to the outer columns Arup carried out numerous linear and and providing lateral stability. However, non-linear analyses, even for extreme typically it is an expensive system due to earthquake levels (higher than required), the large amounts of steel required, the to justify the structural performance of complex construction methods – the system. In addition, a scale-to-scale especially at the connection joint at the experiment was carried out to test the Mega-column Hybrid outrigger System Core wall Second frame corner of the core wall – and the longer reliability of the solution and to confirm with belt truss system 6. construction time needed. the analytical findings. Arup used an innovative hybrid outrigger This new application of a fuse in an 3. 4. Mega-column Core wall system, developed specifically for this eccentric braced frame is a major green space high into the sky, housing the (ground conditions are variable, and the the complexity of the tower design, Encased steel section project, which uses a structural fuse. This innovation. Arup received patent hotel lobby, bars and restaurants, a public position at the confluence of two rivers which also needed to accommodate the method is suitable for high-rise buildings approval for this hybrid outrigger wall observatory, and a clubhouse, swimming creates high wind loading) and the high wind load and earthquake activity in Fuse shear in moderately seismically active regions system and was awarded the China dissipation pool and gymnasium-type facilities for towers’ high slenderness ratio – each the area. The towers have a reinforced component like Chongqing. The fuse connects the Innovation Award – Honourable the residential apartments. has a footprint of only 38m x 38m, concrete core, with composite concrete outrigger wall to the mega-column, Distinction for the design at the China giving a slenderness ratio of 9.4. The and steel floor plates. controlling the load path during a International Exchange Committee for The podium is approximately 400m x Chinese building code recommends a seismic event. Under normal wind Tall Buildings – Council on Tall 250m on plan and has nine storeys, tower slenderness ratio of around 7, and Such tall towers usually have a structural loads and level 1 earthquakes (an Buildings and Urban Habitat (CITAB- including three basement levels. On the typically most super high-rise buildings system that includes mega-columns and a expected 100-year return period), CTBUH) China Tall Building Awards. podium roof there is a landscaped park have a ratio of up to 8. This added to braced frame. However, the use of bracing the fuse remains fully elastic, acting 2 that consists of 45,000m of public and 7. in the same way as a typical outrigger. The system also improves buildability private green space. The podium contains and shortens construction time, creating 250,000m2 of retail space and is an would have affected the views from the The hybrid outrigger gives a 7% further cost savings. The hybrid outrigger important transportation hub, integrating towers so Arup adopted a stability system improvement on the towers’ lateral uses a full-storey-height reinforced with the bus and ferry terminals and a without mega-bracing, comprising a stiffness at elastic stage compared with concrete wall, with thickened sections top subway station; it also provides links to reinforced concrete core, four corner a traditional system. For level 2 and 3 and bottom near the core wall to provide Chaotianmen Square, which overlooks mega-columns with belt trusses, a earthquake events, the fuse’s shear stiffness, thus reducing the quantity of the meeting point of the two rivers. perimeter moment-resisting frame and dissipation component yields and steel required by 10% compared with four levels of hybrid outriggers. deforms in a controlled way, allowing traditional outrigger systems. To design this complex technical project, the energy to dissipate. This damping Arup mobilised resources locally and from The outrigger is not a new concept and effect protects the outrigger wall and The 250m-tall south towers were mainly around the globe, involving the firm’s has been applied to many high-rise core wall from damage in severe constructed with reinforced concrete, with offices in Beijing, Chongqing, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Tianjin, Ho Chi Minh City, Boston and New York. The firm had worked previously with the client, CapitaLand, on Raffles City Chengdu and Raffles City Hangzhou, and with Safdie 6: The structural Architects on Marina Bay Sands in 3: The complex system for the two Singapore, where there is also an elevated contains a hotel, north towers does not skybridge linking to high-rise towers. residential and use a braced frame, office space, green thereby retaining the public areas and a views from the towers Arup provided civil, fire, geotechnical shopping mall and structural engineering services, along 7: By connecting with building sustainability design, for all 4: The podium the outrigger wall to consists of nine the mega-column, the stages of the project from scheme storeys, including fuse can control the through to construction. three basement levels. load path during The roof features a seismic events landscaped park Designing the slender towers 8: The hybrid outrigger The design of the two 350m-tall north 5: The towers arch uses a full-storey- towers was a major challenge for the towards the water height reinforced project team due to the site location like a ship’s sails concrete wall 5. 8. 6 1/2021 | The Arup Journal 7 Raffles City ChongqingChongqing, China the floor system consisting of a concrete 9: The Crystal sits atop 12. A connecting beam and slab frame. The stability system four of the towers refuge area below The Crystal reduces for these towers utilises the concrete core, 10: An LS-DYNA congestion during perimeter moment-resisting frame, belt model was developed evacuations trusses and a limited number of outrigger to analyse The trusses supporting the skybridge, which Crystal’s movement in 13: Friction pendulum also provide horizontal stability for wind seismic conditions bearings were used to support The Crystal and seismic loads.
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