Issue 1 2021 The Arup Journal Contents

4 Raffles City Chongqing, 32 Jengu handwashing unit, Global Chongqing, China Developing handwashing facilities Constructing a city in the sky that are easy to construct worldwide Penny Cheung, Lu-Lu Du, Gary Ge, and will help to combat the spread Antony Ho, Michael Kwok, Allen Sun of disease Stephen Philips, Iñigo Ruiz-Apilánez, Martin Shouler

14 Central Interceptor Tunnel, 36 Ken Rosewall Arena, Auckland, New Zealand Sydney, Australia A new wastewater tunnel will On a tight turnaround, this have great benefits for Auckland’s tennis stadium was turned into health and environment a multipurpose sports venue Jochem Dorst, Andreas Raedle Jake Cherniayeff, Andrew Johnson, Hannah Lazenby, Xavier Nuttall

19 K11 ATELIER King’s Road, 42 Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Bridge, Hong Kong Kilkenny and Wexford, Ireland Wellbeing and sustainability Ireland’s longest bridge inform every aspect of provides vital national and this development international connections Kennis Chan, Tony Lam, Zoe Lee, Mike Evans, Cian Long, Ka-Man Miu, Tony Tang Alfonso Ramirez, Marcos Sanchez

26 Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility, 48 Great Western electrification, UK South Dakota, USA Electrifying and upgrading a vital This underground scientific lab Victorian-era railway will investigate the nature of matter Luke Cooper, Nigel Fletcher, and the origins of the universe Michael Nops, Dan Raynor, Peter Gordon Carrie, Seth Pollak, Richardson, Tarek Sadek, Austin Smith, Richard Potter, Josh Yacknowitz Gareth Thompson

Ken Rosewall Arena, Sydney, Australia: Martin Mischkulnig

2 1/2021 | The Arup Journal 3 Raffles City ChongqingChongqing, China

Raffles City Chongqing is located at the heart of Chongqing, at the A city in the sky confluence of the Yangtze and Jialing rivers. This strategic position is fitting for this mega-scale development, the design of which was influenced by and This landmark development was inspired by serves as a symbol of Chongqing’s past old sailing vessels, drawing on Chongqing’s as a trading centre and its long-held status as a gateway to western China. status as a gateway to western China Authors Penny Cheung, Lu-Lu Du, Gary Ge, Antony Ho, The high-rise complex was designed in collaboration with Safdie Architects Michael Kwok and Allen Sun and was inspired by historical images of great Chinese sailing vessels on the river. Gently arcing towards the water, the towers form the apex to the city’s peninsula, like the masts of a ship, with its sail pulling the city forward.

Raffles City Chongqing is a mixed-use development, with a total floor area of 1.13 million m2. It comprises a shopping mall and eight curved towers – two 350m-tall north towers and six 250m-tall south towers – which house 1,400 residential units, offices, 200 serviced apartments and 450 hotel bedrooms. One of the north towers is fully dedicated to residential use, making it the tallest residential tower in China. The second 1: Chongqing’s past as north tower is office space below the an important trading skybridge, with the hotel above. centre is reflected in the design of Raffles City Chongqing, which was Six of the towers are linked 250m above inspired by historical ground, with four of the 250m-tall towers Chinese sailing vessels capped by the 15,000m2, 300m-long 2: The complex sits skybridge, The Crystal, which faces at the confluence of southwards over the city. Two smaller the Yangtze and skybridges link it with the two 350m-tall Jialing rivers towers. The Crystal brings amenities and

1. 2.

4 1/2021 | The Arup Journal 5 Raffles City ChongqingChongqing, China

buildings around the world. With the belt earthquakes. The fuse can be readily trusses and outer columns, a conventional replaced after yielding. outrigger acts as a rigid arm, connecting the building core to the outer columns Arup carried out numerous linear and and providing lateral stability. However, non-linear analyses, even for extreme typically it is an expensive system due to earthquake levels (higher than required), the large amounts of steel required, the to justify the structural performance of complex construction methods – the system. In addition, a scale-to-scale especially at the connection joint at the experiment was carried out to test the

Mega-column Hybrid outrigger System Core wall Second frame corner of the core wall – and the longer reliability of the solution and to confirm with belt truss system 6. construction time needed. the analytical findings. Arup used an innovative hybrid outrigger This new application of a fuse in an 3. 4. Mega-column Core wall system, developed specifically for this eccentric braced frame is a major green space high into the sky, housing the (ground conditions are variable, and the the complexity of the tower design, Encased steel section project, which uses a structural fuse. This innovation. Arup received patent hotel lobby, bars and restaurants, a public position at the confluence of two rivers which also needed to accommodate the method is suitable for high-rise buildings approval for this hybrid outrigger wall observatory, and a clubhouse, swimming creates high wind loading) and the high wind load and earthquake activity in Fuse shear in moderately seismically active regions system and was awarded the China dissipation pool and gymnasium-type facilities for towers’ high slenderness ratio – each the area. The towers have a reinforced component like Chongqing. The fuse connects the Innovation Award – Honourable the residential apartments. has a footprint of only 38m x 38m, concrete core, with composite concrete outrigger wall to the mega-column, Distinction for the design at the China giving a slenderness ratio of 9.4. The and steel floor plates. controlling the load path during a International Exchange Committee for The podium is approximately 400m x Chinese building code recommends a seismic event. Under normal wind Tall Buildings – Council on Tall 250m on plan and has nine storeys, tower slenderness ratio of around 7, and Such tall towers usually have a structural loads and level 1 earthquakes (an Buildings and Urban Habitat (CITAB- including three basement levels. On the typically most super high-rise buildings system that includes mega-columns and a expected 100-year return period), CTBUH) China Tall Building Awards. podium roof there is a landscaped park have a ratio of up to 8. This added to braced frame. However, the use of bracing the fuse remains fully elastic, acting 2 that consists of 45,000m of public and 7. in the same way as a typical outrigger. The system also improves buildability private green space. The podium contains and shortens construction time, creating 250,000m2 of retail space and is an would have affected the views from the The hybrid outrigger gives a 7% further cost savings. The hybrid outrigger important transportation hub, integrating towers so Arup adopted a stability system improvement on the towers’ lateral uses a full-storey-height reinforced with the bus and ferry terminals and a without mega-bracing, comprising a stiffness at elastic stage compared with concrete wall, with thickened sections top subway station; it also provides links to reinforced concrete core, four corner a traditional system. For level 2 and 3 and bottom near the core wall to provide Chaotianmen Square, which overlooks mega-columns with belt trusses, a earthquake events, the fuse’s shear stiffness, thus reducing the quantity of the meeting point of the two rivers. perimeter moment-resisting frame and dissipation component yields and steel required by 10% compared with four levels of hybrid outriggers. deforms in a controlled way, allowing traditional outrigger systems. To design this complex technical project, the energy to dissipate. This damping Arup mobilised resources locally and from The outrigger is not a new concept and effect protects the outrigger wall and The 250m-tall south towers were mainly around the globe, involving the firm’s has been applied to many high-rise core wall from damage in severe constructed with reinforced concrete, with offices in Beijing, Chongqing, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Tianjin, Ho Chi Minh City, Boston and New York. The firm had worked previously with the client, CapitaLand, on Raffles City Chengdu and Raffles City Hangzhou, and with Safdie 6: The structural Architects on Marina Bay Sands in 3: The complex system for the two Singapore, where there is also an elevated contains a hotel, north towers does not skybridge linking to high-rise towers. residential and use a braced frame, office space, green thereby retaining the public areas and a views from the towers Arup provided civil, fire, geotechnical shopping mall and structural engineering services, along 7: By connecting with building sustainability design, for all 4: The podium the outrigger wall to consists of nine the mega-column, the stages of the project from scheme storeys, including fuse can control the through to construction. three basement levels. load path during The roof features a seismic events landscaped park Designing the slender towers 8: The hybrid outrigger The design of the two 350m-tall north 5: The towers arch uses a full-storey- towers was a major challenge for the towards the water height reinforced project team due to the site location like a ship’s sails concrete wall 5. 8.

6 1/2021 | The Arup Journal 7 Raffles City ChongqingChongqing, China

the floor system consisting of a concrete 9: The Crystal sits atop 12. A connecting beam and slab frame. The stability system four of the towers refuge area below The Crystal reduces for these towers utilises the concrete core, 10: An LS-DYNA congestion during perimeter moment-resisting frame, belt model was developed evacuations trusses and a limited number of outrigger to analyse The trusses supporting the skybridge, which Crystal’s movement in 13: Friction pendulum also provide horizontal stability for wind seismic conditions bearings were used to support The Crystal and seismic loads. 11: Two smaller and accommodate skybridges connect seismic loads Due to the scale and complexity of The Crystal to the two the project, the design of the hybrid 350m-tall north towers outriggers and elements relating to wind engineering, slope stability, foundation and seismicity design all required approval from expert panel reviews. 11. 12.

Bridging the towers in the sky 250m-tall curved towers. The Crystal has using bearings that would isolate the large forces, as well as the relative testing determined the wind load to be engineering challenges. Arup introduced The most notable feature of the a maximum span of 54m, with 26.8m end skybridge from the towers. LS-DYNA movement between the skybridge and applied to the two 350m north towers and several fire engineering firsts for China development, and another major cantilever spans, and was constructed models of the four supporting towers and supporting towers, will not be transferred the torsional wind load for the six towers on this project to resolve these issues. engineering challenge, was the design of using 11,000 tonnes of steelwork. The Crystal were developed to analyse the into the skybridge structure. A 1:25 scale connected 250m above the ground by They included: The Crystal – the 300m-long, 32m-wide dynamic interaction during seismic events. shaking table test was carried out to skybridges. The testing also took into - emer gency vehicle access provision and 26m-tall glass-clad skybridge While the development bears a Analyses were carried out to extreme demonstrate the seismic performance of account the interference effect of the for a podium roof, along with a structure that sits atop four of the resemblance to the 200m-tall Marina earthquake levels to justify the structural the six towers joined by The Crystal and many surrounding buildings. discharge and evacuation procedure Bay Sands in Singapore, Raffles City performance of the design. In total, 900 the dynamically linked skybridges under onto this roof; Chongqing has very different design analyses were run over the course of the extreme earthquake events. A wind climate analysis determined the - use of a refuge floor for evacuation conditions. It has taller and more slender project; with 30 hours’ run time typically correct design wind speed, with a 1:3,000 transfer; and towers, is located in a more active seismic required per model, approximately 27,000 The Crystal is made up of three primary scale topography effect test determining - applying a performance-based zone and has relatively high wind loading hours of modelling were carried out. steel trusses, interconnected by secondary the wind turbulence profile and scale. design on such a large group of due to its location at the confluence of steel and enclosed by a lightweight space A multi high frequency force balance connected buildings. two rivers. These elements meant that a These studies supported the hypothesis truss enclosure. With different topping- (HFFB) wind tunnel test determined the completely different supporting system to that the isolation options were the most out dates for each supporting tower, a design wind loads of the six towers that used at Marina Bay Sands was beneficial solution, reducing the shear detailed construction sequence analysis connected via skybridges. A high required for the skybridge. forces at the base of the towers by up was carried out to prove the whole frequency pressure integration (HFPI) Awards to 30% compared with the fixed installation method was practical and wind tunnel test in two independent 2016 The Arup team compared different skybridge option. safe. Arup worked closely with the laboratories calculated the structural CITAB-CTBUH China Tall Building Awards designs, with the skybridge fixed to or contractor on the sequence analysis, wind loads for the conjoined six-tower China Innovation Award isolated from the towers, to determine A combination of seismic bearings – installation method and temporary works structure. A separate HFPI wind tunnel Honourable Distinction the best option from a design and cost friction pendulum bearings (FPBs) – and design, before the sequence gained test was carried out on the two 350m 9. 2017 viewpoint. The stiffness of the building dampers were used in the final design. approval from the expert panel review. towers and the two 250m towers that are Hong Kong Construction Industry under wind loading required careful The 2m-diameter bearings, 26 in total, not below The Crystal. Finally, an Council Innovation Award consideration, as movement in the towers have a level of friction that means they Wind engineering LS-DYNA time-history analysis checked Construction Productivity – Winner needed to be kept at a minimum for the do not move below a certain force. Under Due to the site topography, which the performance of the isolation bearings comfort of the occupants in the high-rise normal load conditions and level 1 includes rivers and mountains, extensive between The Crystal and the top of the 2020 elements where the residential and hotel earthquakes, the FPBs are fixed and The wind tunnel studies were carried out. The four supporting towers under the wind Council on Tall Buildings and Urban floors are located. Crystal does not move relative to the loads. Both the HFFB and HFPI tests Habitat Structural Engineering and Fire towers. Stresses arising from low seismic were carried out on a 1:500 scale model. and Risk Engineering The baseline case saw The Crystal fixed activity, wind and thermal movements The detailed wind engineering testing Awards of Excellence rigidly to the top of all four towers, are all resisted by the main structure. and analyses determined that the Hong Kong Institution of monolithically linking the buildings. structural design could be developed for Engineers Innovation Award However, this led to a design with However, under moderate or severe lower wind loads than those in the design Grand Prize excessive steel tonnage. The use of earthquake conditions (level 2 or 3), the code, providing a cost saving. movement joints – as used in Marina Bay bearings allow movement and the Hong Kong Institution of Sands – was ruled out because in extreme skybridge can move relative to the Fire engineering firsts Engineers Structural Division seismic events the towers could potentially towers, thus dissipating the energy and The connectivity of the towers, both via Award of Excellence – China move up to 3m apart. The team helping to mitigate the effects of the The Crystal and at podium level, Grand Award – Overseas Project concentrated on exploring design options earthquake. The dampers ensure that presented a number of complex fire 10. 13.

8 1/2021 | The Arup Journal 9 Raffles City ChongqingChongqing, China

The Crystal has many different functions implemented where possible to mitigate slopes gently from south to north, and The foundations for the towers were – it acts as the hotel lobby and a the environmental impact on the building significantly to both the east and west, formed from large hand-dug caissons clubhouse for residents and has many and its occupants. The Crystal’s glazed has varying ground conditions, and is (with pile diameters of up to 5.8m), with public-access areas – so the design of its envelope creates amazing views high constrained by existing buildings, roads tension piles of various length used for evacuation system was critical. With such above Chongqing; however, the quantity and flood protection measures. It is anti-uplift. Where lower loads allowed, high occupancy, the evacuation design of glazing, the skybridge’s south-facing located in a seismic zone and adjacent machinery-bored piles were used. includes 15 egress staircases that merge aspect and the hot weather in the city to the Jialing and Yangtze rivers, which Alternate foundations for the podium into ten staircases in the towers beneath. during the summer presented design have large seasonal fluctuations in water were constructed depending on whether A connecting refuge area was designed challenges. The Crystal’s energy levels (the river water levels are also the slab was founded on soil or rock. below The Crystal to provide sufficient consumption could not be excessive, affected by the Three Gorges Dam, In the soil locations, hand-dug caissons space for people to use each connecting but occupants’ thermal comfort had 600km away). were used under column locations for the staircase and to reduce congestion. to be prioritised. Maintaining indoor compression loads, with tension piles for thermal quality in an energy-efficient The site is made up of fill containing anti-uplift. Where the podium slab was Evacuation lifts in the towers, which way was a complex task. construction waste, silty clay, silt and founded on rock, footings were used are also used for normal circulation, 15. cobbles, above shallow lying rock under columns. were included to improve evacuation Arup carried out a building physics (mudstone and sandstone), with the rock efficiency and facilitate inclusive Arup’s fire team modelled The Crystal and structural modelling was reviewed study to optimise the skybridge head sloping across the site. The rock Although Chongqing is an area of lower evacuation procedures. This allowed a using finite element analysis to optimise and approved by the fire engineering glazing. The design used an alternating also has inclined fissures and interfaces seismic intensity than Beijing or reduction in the overall number of stair the fire protection of the structural steel expert panel review. glazing–cladding combination for a that the design needed to take account of. Shanghai, because of the sloping site cores, increasing the useable floor area under possible fire scenarios. The balanced outcome of skylight visibility Arup used a GIS model to balance out and adjacent rivers, various slope in the towers. analysis identified that a majority of Sustainable building strategy and solar shading. After extensive study the cut and fill so that excavated soil stability analyses had to be carried out structural roof elements did not require Holistic sustainability design strategies of different glare scenarios, fritted from the site was used as backfill to determine the horizontal load and To assess the evacuation strategy, a additional fire protection, resulting in a were adopted, with the aim of achieving patterns of changing densities were elsewhere to reduce cost. design measures required to protect the benchmark was created by conducting a significant cost saving. The smoke a LEED Gold building certification. introduced to the overhead glazing structure from sliding. Plaxis and Oasys comparative evacuation analysis using a ventilation design took into account the Arup developed solutions for façade portion of the envelope to refine visual The site’s sloping nature presented Slope software packages were used, hypothetical design for separated towers impact of the wind due to the building’s optimisation and, working with the comfort – at the apex of the skybridge potential stability problems, which incorporating gravity, groundwater, with no skybridge. The design was based location and the height of the skybridge. building services engineer, WSP, the maximum frit is 50%. The final needed to be addressed in the wind and seismic loads into the design. on a number of conservative assumptions, introduced energy-efficient building design maximised views, ensured a foundation design. A combination including a full maximum occupancy of At the podium level, the fire and services systems, with indoor visual comfortable environment and minimised of foundation types were adopted, Anti-slide stabilising piles of various people on all levels and a fire blocking the structural engineering teams worked and thermal comfort modelling energy consumption. including shallow foundations, raft diameters were used at 4m centres. To widest exit from the skybridge. The together on a design that could conducted to optimise envelope design foundations, rotary-bored piles, the west of the site these ranged from evacuation and fire modelling analysis structurally accommodate the large loads and the heating, ventilation and air Geotechnical challenges percussion-bored piles, and hand-dug 1.6m to 3.1m in diameter; to the east of demonstrated that, under each fire created by firefighting vehicles on the conditioning (HVAC) systems. The geotechnical design for the caissons of various shapes and sizes. the site, 1.5m-diameter anti-slide piles scenario, the building occupants would podium roof, liaising with the local fire development was complex. The site The pile length varied from 7m to 44.5m. were used in conjunction with the piles have sufficient time to evacuate before department on the loading and to ensure Energy-saving strategies include: conditions became untenable, with an there was sufficient space for the vehicles low-emissivity glass to reduce heat gain; 16: Due to the site’s evacuation time shorter than that in the to safely manoeuvre on the roof. The fire a high-efficiency energy centre; high- sloping nature, a benchmark design. engineering analysis for evacuation, fire efficiency HVAC equipment; using natural variety of foundation ventilation where possible; water-side free types were used, including shallow 14: An alternate cooling; air-side heat recovery; high- efficiency lighting fixtures; and daylighting foundations, raft glazing–cladding foundations, rotary- combination was used sensors. These systems meant the project bored piles, percussion- for The Crystal, to achieved a 16.5% energy cost saving in bored piles and allow for both visibility comparison with the American Society hand-dug caissons and thermal comfort of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- 15: The Crystal Conditioning Engineers’ baseline level. By Exploration Deck using recycled air conditioning condensate provides a publicly and rainwater harvesting, 100% non- accessible green potable water sources were used for space and views irrigation, with a 35% reduction of potable high above the city water use by occupants. There is 30% green coverage over the development.

The site’s microclimate was studied to investigate the impact of wind and sunlight, with passive designs 14. 16.

10 1/2021 | The Arup Journal 11 Raffles City ChongqingChongqing, China

for the tower foundations and podium. developed several automation tools to These provided resistance to horizontal improve the design delivery and accuracy. forces and offered additional protection In order to establish an efficient design for the slopes from sliding. Similar to a and production process, Building number of elements of the design, the Information Modelling (BIM) software foundation systems were reviewed by was used including Rhino, Grasshopper, both local and national expert panels, ETABS, Revit and Tekla, with tools which took into consideration the site developed to link the models and generate stability for both static and seismic analysis results. scenarios and for the hand-dug caissons. The tools improved the understanding of Delivering the design digitally the project geometry; allowed greater Considering the scale, complexity, and efficiency of coordination between the tight design and construction schedule for design team; facilitated information this project, advanced digital technology transfer between the geometrical model, 17. was used to deliver the design. Arup structural design model, production model and calculation reports; and gave the client a better understanding of the structural design through visualisation.

Arup used C# programming to develop 9. custom Grasshopper components and generated multiple similar 3D tower models directly from the architect’s 2D plans and elevations to carry out the sensitivity study of the building curvature 19. and structural efficiency. During the concept and scheme design stage, the firm adopted parametric design tools to Authors Building services engineer WSP Patrick McCafferty, Tim McCaul, Thi Minh Nga study the building geometry and column Penny Cheung was the Project Manager. He is a Contractor China Construction Eighth Vu, Phuong Nam Ta, Yen Ngan Nguyen, Minh and core wall configuration, with Revit Director in the Shanghai office (and was formerly Engineering Division and China Construction Nhut Le, Kirk Nosho, Alvaro Quinonez, Dong-Wei used during the design and construction based in Chongqing). Third Engineering Bureau Company Ren, Michelle Roelofs, Ngoc Ninh Pham, Michael stage for the drawing production and Shearer, Pan Shen, Thomas Shouler, Bert Su, Allen Lu-Lu Du worked on the fire engineering design. coordination. Civil, geotechnical, fire, structural engineering and Sun, Jessica Sun, Yi-Bin Sun, Shi-Xuan Tian, Alex She is an engineer in the Shanghai office. building sustainability services Arup: To, Tri Nhan Tran, Huyen Trang Dinh, Tian-Yi Tu, Skyscraper city Gary Ge led the geotechnical engineering design. Andrew Allsop, Anthony Buckley-Thorp, Chao Wang-Long Tu, Ethan Wang, Hong Wang, Hua With six of the towers linked in the air, He is an Associate in the Shenzhen office. Cai, Fang Chen, Ivan Chan, Marco Chan, wang, Michael Wang, Ming-Min Wang, Will Raffles City Chongqing is a mini Chun-Lai Chen, Long Chen, Johnny Cheng, Eric Wang, Yuan Wang, Ke-Quan Wei, Jacob Wiest, Antony Ho led the sustainability design. He is an skyscraper city. The design required Cheung, Penny Cheung, Ray Cheung, Robin Kin-Ping Wong, Chang-Song Wu, Shi-Chao Wu, Associate in the London office (and was formerly innovative approaches across the full Ching, Bao Chung Nguy, Matt Clark, Andrew Young Wu, Guang-Ting Xia, Fred Xiang, Irene Xu, based in Hong Kong). range of engineering disciplines to Cowell, Gary Dodds, Karen Dong, Xiao Dong, Jing-Mei Xu, Derek Yang, Fang Yu Neptune Yu, deliver this landmark development – Michael Kwok was the Project Director. He is the Lu-Lu Du, David Farnsworth, Double Feng, Qian Raymond Yu, Vala Yu, Wenting Yu, Mei-Ling one that serves as a symbol of the city’s Chair of Arup’s East Asia Region Board and a Gao, Gary Ge, Grace Gu, Shi-Yan Gu, Xiao-Juan Yuan, Xue-Wei Zeng, Ben Zhang, Brian Zhang, thriving past, present and future. member of the Arup Group Board. He is based in Han, John Hand, Desmond Ho, Goman Ho, Yue-Qi Bruce Zhang, Forrest Zhang, Kevin Zhang, Li the Hong Kong office. Hou, Eric Huang, Ying Huang, Shao-Lei Jia, Zhang, Oliver Zhang, Tom Zhang, Yan-Qi Zhang, Yu-Huan Jia, Yu-Fan Jiang, Hong-Wei Jiao, Ye Zhang, Yue-Yue Zhang, Zi-Wei Zhang, Bruce Allen Sun led the fire engineering design. He is Ling-Ling Jiao, Yong-Wook Jo, Darren Jones, Zhao, Gui-Lan Zhao Vivian Zhao, Li-Gang Zhu, Arup’s East Asia region fire engineering skill leader Oi-Yung Kwan, Michael Kwok, William Lai, Jin-Lin Zou, Lin-Juan Zou. and is an Associate Director in the Shanghai office. Francois Lancelot, Henry Law, Sam Law, Bill Lee, Image credits 17: Arup used a variety of BIM software, including Project credits Winnie Lee, Sanya Levi, Er-Chun Li, Ji-Cai Li, 1, 5, 15, 19: CapitaLand Ltd (China) Revit, during design and construction Client CapitaLand Jiao Li, Jing-Yu Li, Teng-Fei Li, Xin Li, Zhi-Xiang 2: Google Earth Digital Globe 18: The Crystal features many amenities, including Design architect Safdie Architects Li, Zi-Xuan Li, Jie Liang, David Lin, Benjamin 3, 14: Safdie Architects a swimming pool Executive architects P&T Group Liu, Cherry Liu, Jie Liu, Hai-Xia Lu, Ken Lu, Lu 4, 6–13, 16, 17: Arup Design institute Chongqing Architectural Lu, Zack Lu, Mingchun Luo, Yuvi Luo, Andrew 19: Raffles City Chongqing provides residential 18: Arch Exist units, offices, serviced apartments, a hotel and Design Institute Luong, Billy Ma, Yuan-Jun Mao, Brian Markham, many areas for the public to enjoy 18.

12 1/2021 | The Arup Journal 13 Central Interceptor Tunnel Auckland, New Zealand

In recent years, Auckland has Arup has developed a range of innovative with its launch point at Māngere Grey Lynn experienced significant overflows of engineering solutions with the aim of Wastewater Treatment Plant in south Sky Tower wastewater from its sewage system. improving productivity and safety while Auckland and its destination Grey Lynn Tunnelling for Tawariki Street This pollutes the coast and beaches reducing risk. Many of these solutions in northern Auckland. Most of the 2023 and endangers the health of anyone are also geared around making the design passage is through East Coast Bays who takes a dip in the water. Without and construction process more efficient Formation rock, which comprises a cleaner city Auckland Zoo Western Springs resolving this issue, the situation is through the use of digital modelling. sandstone and mudstone. However, at the Rawalpindi 2022 Reserve only set to get worse: the city’s There have been relatively few major start, the machine will encounter Kaawa 2021 Mt Albert War Norgrove Memorial Reserve 2021 Avenue population is projected to grow by tunnelling projects in New Zealand to Formation (part of the Tauranga Group), 2021 St Lukes Shopping Mt Eden 1 million over the next 30 years, date, so Arup’s international experience a soft layer of sand, clay and silt that has Lyon Avenue Centre 2022 putting further pressure on its ageing of constructing wastewater tunnels has lower strength and stiffness than East Haverstock Road Greenlane infrastructure, particularly the been invaluable. Coast Bays Formation rock. To help the As Auckland continues to expand, 2022 wastewater main that runs under machine navigate these variable its infrastructure has to grow with it Walmsley Park the harbour. Boring the tunnel conditions, different types of Dec 2020 New Lynn Mt Roskill The sheer depth of the tunnel is a central reinforcement are being used: softer Sep 2020 Miranda Jul 2020 Authors Jochem Dorst and Andreas Raedle Reserve Dundale To confront this growing problem, challenge, requiring construction at 110m ground will be steadied by a robust Avenue May Road Aug 2019 PS 25 Whitney Keith Hay Park Watercare, the largest water and below ground level at some points. The concrete liner with a mix of steel 2021 Street Jan 2020 wastewater company in New Zealand, tunnel will be excavated using a tunnel reinforcement bars and fibre, while for the 2021 Haycock Avenue is constructing a new wastewater tunnel boring machine (TBM), which will work more favourable conditions, steel fibre May 2020 Onehunga Frederick Street that aims to reduce overflows into inland its way through a variety of soil reinforced concrete will be adequate. 2021 waterways, improving water quality and conditions, ranging from unweathered to social and environmental conditions. moderately weathered rock, and from The pressure that will be applied by the Ghella Abergeldie Joint Venture (GAJV) weak to extremely weak soil. The TBM is TBM has been optimised for every part

Central Interceptor was appointed in early 2019 as the main scheduled to start digging in mid-2021, of the journey. As well as a variety of Ambury Construction site Park contractor, with Arup commissioned by 1: When complete, the Central Interceptor will reduce Construction started GAJV to provide detailed design services Construction start date 3: The TBM will be wastewater overflows by 80% Manukau Harbour and construction phase support for the tunnel and shafts. When completed in launched from the 2: The 14.7km-long tunnel will run from the suburb of Aug 2019 Māngere Wastewater Māngere Wastewater 2025, the Central Interceptor will be the Grey Lynn in Auckland to the Māngere Wastewater Treatment Plant Treatment Plant site Treatment Plant largest wastewater tunnel in New Zealand. 2. 4: Nineteen shafts will be constructed An ambitious plan as part of the project The 14.7km-long Central Interceptor to connect the tunnel will run from the suburb of Grey new tunnel with the Lynn in Auckland to the Māngere existing pipework Wastewater Treatment Plant in the south and other facilities of the city via Manukau Harbour. With an internal diameter of 4.5m, it will run at a depth of 15m below the seabed – in some places as deep as 110m under the surface. The project also consists of 19 shafts, 3. which will provide access and connect the existing pipe network with the new tunnel, as well as a pumping station, sewers, chambers and treatment facilities.

Arup’s project scope includes design management, general geotechnical design, shaft temporary works and permanent lining design (structural and geotechnical), main tunnel lining design, link sewer jacking pipe selection and design, temporary works design for tunnelling operations for the main tunnel, digital engineering and construction phase support. 1. 4.

14 1/2021 | The Arup Journal 15 Central Interceptor Tunnel Auckland, New Zealand

The TBM will be launched in a novel Designing the drop shafts 7: The precast concrete way. Normally, TBMs operate by Sewage is siphoned into the tunnel via tunnel linings elements jacking against a static steel frame. For 19 drop shafts, which have an internal were constructed the Central Interceptor, Arup designed a diameter of between 3m and 12m and off site ‘flying launch’ system: tension bars that reach depths ranging between 12m and 8: Bored pile walls push the machine forward with the help 80m. Arup designed an innovative temporarily support of a pressure ring. This means more system of cascade shelves for these drop the large volumes of efficient use of space at the bottom of shafts, with the aim of improving the ground excavated the shaft, because the pressure ring and construction process. Central to this was during shaft construction tension bars move forward along with building certain elements of the system in the TBM. This method is also faster and a factory, thereby enabling greater control wastes less material, as there is no need over the quality and speed of construction to erect and dismantle a temporary and minimising the amount of time tunnel lining for the static frame. construction workers would need to 7. spend in the deep shafts. Microbes found in sewers can also cause with reinforced concrete sandwiched The pipe jacking system corrosion of the concrete lining, so a between them. Ultimately, FRP was The two link sewers, with an overall The elements constructed in situ include 3mm-thick layer of high-density agreed upon for a number of shafts and length of 4.3km, which channel used the lining and the corbels that carry the polyethylene (HDPE), known to be Arup is undertaking a peer review of the water into the tunnel, will be constructed weight of the cascade shelving system, as resistant against microbial-induced shaft ideas to finalise the design. using the pipe jacking method, also well as the lower part of each shaft wall corrosion, was applied to the inside of the referred to as microtunnelling, using and the lowest shelf. The remainder is 8. tunnel. This was mechanically anchored micro TBMs. Australia and New built as precast elements off site: Safe temporary works to the concrete and the two elements To ensure a safe working environment developed an effective inspection and Zealand standards for link sewers integrated modules comprising the rest of 5. were cast together off site. This single- while the project was under construction, quality control proposal to minimise do not cover pipes constructed the shaft wall and the shelves, which are step process allows greater control over Arup’s geotechnical team worked with human involvement in the construction rock formations, it will cut through significantly deep below ground, as lowered into each shaft. quality and a quicker process than if the in-house rock mechanic experts to of the wastewater environment. different depths of soil, with varying most sewers and cables are placed at a HDPE layer was constructed later on site. develop a temporary rock support system levels of pressure depending on what is depth of less than 5m. Here, however, Reducing corrosion risk that took into consideration the depth of The firm worked to improve the process above – for example, the 1.5km stretch the depth ranges from 12m to 70m. The team was asked to design the tunnel The client had specified acid-resistant the works and the weak sedimentary rock of designing the bored pile walls, which across Manukau Harbour will place the Arup designed the pipe jacking in a and shafts for a 100-year design life, with concrete (ARC) for a number of the drop around them. Arup challenged standard are used to temporarily support the large lowest burden on the equipment. The similar way to a bored tunnel lining: minimum maintenance required. This shafts, but Arup worked with GAJV on an practice in New Zealand by using the real volumes of ground excavated from the tender specification demanded that the rather than using a formula to come was complicated by the aggressive option to construct these using fibre- conditions of the rock – discovered shafts. There is a margin of error as to TBM operate in ‘closed mode’ under the up with a conservative estimate for effects of the wastewater: biogenic reinforced polymer (FRP). This system is through rock support interaction analysis where the piles are placed relative to the harbour. This requires the excavation the load the pipes would have to bear, sulphide causes corrosion and the rapid more durable, easier to procure locally and finite element modelling – rather position set out in the design, which chamber to be fully filled and the face of the effect of ground arching and soil deterioration of ordinary Portland cement and quicker to work with. The firm than working from approximations. This could mean a smaller contact area the excavation to be pressurised to limit lining was considered in the design, and steel reinforcement (which make up carried out a feasibility study on the use took into account factors such as the between intersecting piles and therefore the amount of water seeping in and to resulting in a design specifically suited the tunnel’s concrete lining). of this material for the permanent wall natural relaxation of the rock and the a weaker structure. Calculating the minimise ground settlement on the to the local conditions. lining, internal dividing walls and cascade fractured nature of the East Coast Bay worst-case scenario would normally be surface and seabed. shelves. One of Arup’s concepts, Formation and resulted in a highly a labour-intensive process using CAD Accounting for seismic activity developed in collaboration with the optimised design that will save cost and software and plenty of approximations Greater pressure generally causes cutter The tunnel lining design also needed University of Queensland and drawing on time. And, as less construction activity – a method that can also lead to tools to wear out more quickly, meaning to take into account New Zealand’s the shafts developed by the firm for the needs to take place underground, the inaccurate results. Arup created a digital the boring team has to stop frequently for vulnerability to volcanic and seismic Silicon Valley Clean Water project, was a health and safety aspects of the project tool that used data about the position and maintenance. Arup decided to simulate activity. The requisite standards dual-skinned FRP outer and inner liner have been improved. Arup also potential variation of the piles to generate the actual tunnelling conditions the TBM make assumptions about the lining would encounter to justify applying remaining fully bonded or slipping lower pressure where it was appropriate. completely during an earthquake, 9: Mould of casting Using Plaxis 3D software, the firm whereas the reality is more likely to lining showing the conducted a 3D finite element analysis be somewhere between the two 5: Two link sewers, high-density that breaks down each tunnelling section extremes. Arup went beyond these with an overall length polyethylene used of 4.3km, will be to protect the into discrete parts, then models their requisite standards, carrying out constructed using concrete against performance and the required pressure finite element analysis to characterise microtunnelling microbiologically based on the specific conditions. the potential friction where soil and induced corrosion 6: Arup developed an This meant the TBM could apply a lining meet and get a realistic idea of innovative precast 10: The corrosion significantly lower average pressure, how seismic activity would affect the concrete solution for protection lining thereby minimising wear and tear and tunnel, rather than designing for the the cascade shelves in was applied to the allowing swifter progress. conservative worst-case scenario. the drop shafts inside of the tunnel 6. 9. 10.

16 1/2021 | The Arup Journal 17 Central Interceptor Tunnel Auckland, New Zealand K11 ATELIER King’s Road Hong Kong

11. a CAD-style image to illustrate the possibilities and the concrete strength Authors Fernando, Megan Freeth, Mayurie Gunatilaka, required. These calculations are much Jochem Dorst is the Project Manager. He is an Elizabeth Halsted, Ronald He, John Hildyard, more accurate than they would have Associate in the Auckland office. Kavan Illangakoon, Charles Im, Sanket Jadhav, been if calculated manually. Dylan Jayamaha, Jasper Jiang, Karen Jodinata, Andreas Raedle is the Project Director. Sharyon Jonkers, Shashank Kumar, Thida Kyaw, He is a Principal in the San Francisco office A system built to last Daniel Lambert, Hannes Lagger, Ching Lau, Anna (and was formerly based in Singapore and The Central Interceptor will have a Liu, Mikel Llaneta, Harry Lovelock, Steve Lu, commuting on a regular basis to Auckland since 234,000m3 capacity, enabling the storage, Xiangyue Luo, Rob MacCracken, Gaurav Mathur, 2017 for this project). redirection and effective treatment of Wesley Mauafu, Sue Myocevich, Jake Naran, Andy sewage for Auckland. This will have Project credits O’Sullivan, Christine Park, Tommy Parker, Sarah huge benefits for the health of the Client Watercare Peters, Don Phillips, Seth Pollak, Sue Poo, Andreas 1. population and the environment, Contractor Ghella Abergeldie Joint Venture Raedle, Rajvinder Sethi, Matthew Simmons, Shane through cleaner waterways and beaches Client’s consultants Jacobs, Aecom and McMillen Small, Aoife Staunton, James Stringer, Leo and the restoration of natural habitats. Jacobs Associates Suhaendi, Podianko Surya, Dean Sykes, Sergei As Auckland continues to expand, its Hydrogeology Beca Terzaghi, Michael Tran, Nina Tropina, Yannis infrastructure has grown with it, ensuring Civil and structural engineering, design Vazaios, Francois Vermaak, Chris Vorster, Jack a resilient environment that can meet the management, general geotechnical design, shaft Wang, Citra Wicaksana, Hannah Willis, Ricardo Going green needs of future generations. design, tunnelling design and construction phase Wong, Yi Yang Lee, David You. design services Arup: Image credits George Acuna, Mark Adams, Charles Allen, Renato 1, 2: Watercare This urban development prioritises Alcones, Mariela Angeles, Mia Balogh, Peter 1: K11 ATELIER 3, 4: Ghella Abergeldie Joint Venture King’s Road has been Burnton, Fergal Brennan, Fergus Cheng, Nurul sustainability and wellbeing, enhancing 5–10: Arup awarded a Platinum Chowdhury, Patrick Collins, John Davies, Mahak 11: Once complete, the Central Interceptor will 11: Milosz Maslanka/Shutterstock the city environment Final Certification provide the essential water infrastructure Auckland Dewan, Andy Dodds, Jochem Dorst, Kaveesha rating for both LEED needs as its population rapidly expands Authors Kennis Chan, Tony Lam, Zoe Lee, Ka-Man Miu and Tony Tang and WELL

18 1/2021 | The Arup Journal 19 K11 ATELIER King’s Road Hong Kong

When envisioning K11 ATELIER on A revitalised site glass, including building energy Hong Kong’s King’s Road, property K11 ATELIER King’s Road is a modelling, dynamic thermal modelling development company New World 45,290m2, 125m-tall office development and daylight simulation. Special design Development wanted to create a Vertical in North Point on Hong Kong Island. The workshops were held to review and refine Creative City – an office and business site was transformed into its current form the plans for maintaining the curtain complex containing a host of lifestyle over a period of four years, from the time walling in the most efficient way. amenities, in which entrepreneurs and the land was secured to when the first thinkers would come together to tenants moved in. The 22-storey structure The most eye-catching element of the exchange ideas and drive the city’s includes office space, exhibition and event sustainability plan is the abundance of growth. Arup previously worked with areas, retail outlets, restaurants, bars, a greenery. More than 230,000 plants are New World Development on its sky garden and dozens of other amenities embedded across the building, including K11 ATELIER Victoria Dockside aimed at enhancing the lives of the people 40 different flowering, fragrant and edible development on the Hong Kong who inhabit the building. The design itself species. The plants are scattered across waterfront of Tsim Sha Tsui. The was developed with occupiers’ wellbeing the building’s envelope, including the 4. firm was commissioned on the K11 in mind, and the development has also sky garden and the façade around the ATELIER King’s Road project to enhanced the local cityscape through its 3. podium. This is far above the statutory provide sustainability, mechanical, design and its green façade. requirements, which specify that greenery electrical, plumbing and façade Building Council’s LEED system. needs to equate to only 20% of the site 4: The hybrid solar engineering services. Arup worked alongside a range of It was also the first project in the world area of a structure. In total, the greenery photovoltaic and consultants and subcontractors on the to achieve all measures under the WELL contributes to the carbon sequestration thermal installation This new building is an example of both project, using a communication platform Building Standard Pre-certification of 4 tonnes of CO2 each year and reduces on the roof generates an inspiring and sustainable workplace called the Internet Project Communication scheme, which identifies buildings and the urban heat island effect in this electricity for lighting and a piece of city-centre architecture that Centre to improve productivity and interiors that have outstanding health and high-density neighbourhood. It has also in the lift lobby and benefits the surrounding community – help reduce the amount of paperwork wellness performance. Upon construction promoted local biodiversity, with birds hot water for the bringing greenery and liveliness to the used in project administration. Building completion, the project was the first and butterflies drawn to the structure. showers neighbourhood and fostering a creative Information Modelling (BIM) was building in Hong Kong to achieve 5: Monitoring devices and productive working culture within also used throughout to strengthen both LEED and WELL final Platinum Reusing resources in the lobby track its walls. In creating the building, coordination, minimise wastage and certifications. The design received Much of the sustainability strategy is and display changes sustainability and wellness guided every streamline the project process. support from the Hong Kong authorities based around the generation of renewable in temperature and humidity aspect of the decision-making process. from the beginning – it was the first energy. The measures geared towards 5. More than 70 eco-friendly design features Arup’s work on K11 ATELIER King’s project to receive a loan under the energy efficiency led to a saving of – reflecting six of the 17 UN Sustainable Road was focused around three central territory’s new green financing initiative. more than 30% compared with the energy per year, which accounts for Water conservation has been tackled Development Goals – ensure the building missions: to create a sustainable working local building energy code. Central 1.3% of the building’s total energy use. through various methods. The bleed-off achieves the highest standards of environment; to improve the site context, Arup led the sustainability strategy for to this is the 220m2 hybrid solar By participating in the Hongkong Electric from the cooling tower is used to flush efficiency. Together, these have brought streetscape and neighbourhood; and to the building and achieved these goals photovoltaic and thermal (PVT) Company’s feed-in tariff scheme, it is also toilets, and a rainwater harvesting system the project a host of accolades and set promote green design in the city. using a diverse range of measures at installation on the roof – the largest of supporting the adoption of renewable reduces freshwater consumption by an it up as a standard-bearer of green every step of the development, starting its kind for a commercial development energy on a wider scale. estimated 65%. A differential-pressure construction in Hong Kong and a Green design with the construction process. Wherever in the Australasia region and the first pumping system allows water pressure to model for office developments in the K11 ATELIER King’s Road achieves a possible, Arup specified regionally example of a commercial building in Arup’s design of the building services be automatically adjusted depending on 21st century. Platinum rating under the US Green sourced materials with recycled content Hong Kong adopting this technology. contributes an additional 30% saving demand on taps at different times. and wood that had achieved Forest Comprising a total of 138 panels, the in energy use, compared with the Stewardship Council certification. Glass system generates electricity for lighting standard set by the American Society The drive for sustainability also panels were commissioned in a uniform, the building’s lift lobby and hot water of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- encompasses efforts to promote customised size to ease the production for its showers. The panels have a higher Conditioning Engineers. environmental awareness. To that end, and delivery process. energy efficiency than conventional monitoring devices tracking and photovoltaic systems; this was required Effective waste management was also a displaying real-time changes in As an example of the way sustainability because of the limited amount of surface priority. Recycling facilities have been temperature and humidity have been was built into all aspects of the design, a area available on the tower. provided on each floor, with a dedicated installed in the main lobby. Meanwhile, 2: Over 230,000 curtain wall system with insulated glass recycling storage area located on one of electric vehicle chargers have been plants are featured around the structure units and low-emissivity coating was The PVT installation is complemented by the lower floors so that the cleaning provided in the car parking area to selected for the office areas owing to its a 3kW wind turbine which powers the company has easy access. The volume encourage air-pollution-free motoring. 3: Sustainable heightened energy performance – as well building’s external lighting. The lighting of food waste is estimated to have materials were sourced where possible, as because of its acoustic control abilities, system requires minimal maintenance and been reduced by 85% via a system Wellness including wood with given the noisy urban context. Arup has motion sensors for energy saving. that converts it into environmentally Arup’s approach to wellness on this Forest Stewardship conducted various analyses to determine Together, the PVT and wind turbine friendly fertiliser, about 15kg of which project was an extension of its Council certification the window to wall ratio and type of generate about 77,000kWh of renewable is generated each day for use on site. environmental sustainability proposals. 2.

20 1/2021 | The Arup Journal 21 K11 ATELIER King’s Road Hong Kong

With any given measure, both the analysis, have made the outdoor space Usually, the bases of office buildings in enrichment of the street experience for environment and the people using and usable all year around – it would Hong Kong are fully enclosed, creating pedestrians over financial returns. living around the structure were taken otherwise have only been tolerable for large, obtrusive bulks at ground level that into account. 54% of the winter. On the rooftop, a block natural ventilation and the visual Additional greenery, designed by P&T weather station monitors the outdoor connection and access between streets. Group, interior designer ESKYIU and The building interior was designed with climatic and environmental conditions, With K11 ATELIER King’s Road, a landscape designer P Landscape, comes these principles in mind. The LED including temperature, solar radiation glazed, transparent entrance lobby is set in the form of a floating ‘green box’ that lighting system is linked to daylight intensity, wind speed and more. This back from the street on three sides to hovers 9.2m above ground level at the sensors for energy saving and equipped information is collected and translated into create a landscaped open space near the base of the office tower’s raised podium. with glare-free luminaires, while the a thermal comfort index for display on a building, creating better walkability and This gives shelter to the people passing high-performance, low-energy glazing sustainability dashboard at the threshold ventilation. The setbacks range from 1.4m through the open space below and adds provides solar control as well as excellent of the sky garden. When stepping out, at the back to 12.8m on the main King’s visual appeal to the structure. daylight. The air-handling units and users can glance at the display to get the Road, the latter of which creates a supply diffusers ensure that the air is of latest updates and recommendations, as distance of 42.8m from the building The ground floor restaurants are open to the highest quality, with air movement well as a rundown of the building’s opposite. This configuration means that the public. The exhibition spaces on the and thermal comfort closely monitored renewable energy generation. on the ground floor only 52% of the site second floor are designed to be and optimised. They also filter out comprises built area, compared with multifunctional, and are equipped with pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10 and The roof also houses a 70m2 span of 100% on most similar properties. measures to support rapid reshaping, such volatile organic compounds (VOC), and urban-farming planters, which means Furnished with greenery, these voids as a computerised lighting control system, 6. use ultra-violet germicidal irradiation to people can take up gardening and enjoy occupy valuable rentable space, but the movable partitions, curtains, and a ceiling eliminate bacteria and mould. Lead- the freshly grown vegetables and fruits at design team decided to prioritise the and column hanging system, all of which restricted building materials and those K11 ATELIER’s healthy-eating-focused with low levels of VOC have been used restaurants and cafés. A 170m-long for the safety of building occupants, and jogging path made of real grass runs sound and smell have been considered alongside the planters, encouraging throughout to create a soothing exercise and an active lifestyle. Each floor experience within the structure. of the building includes a nursing room 8: A floating for new mothers. Several have direct ‘green box’ at the Similarly, the rooftop garden is a green access to balconies, so users can step base of the tower’s feature but also gives those working in the outdoors into the fresh air. raised podium gives building a pleasant environment in which shelter and enriches to spend time and interact with each other, The building also houses a public art the environment for encouraging creative collaboration and gallery, which helps to further promote pedestrians fostering a sense of community. The mental wellbeing. Crafted design 9: Granite stones garden’s microclimate has a comfortable elements add a human touch: granite that were excavated temperature, which is controlled by stones excavated on site during from the site during strategically placed 2m-high shields that construction have been upcycled as a construction were protect the space and its benches from stone feature wall. In addition, the K11 used in the lobby walls winter winds. These measures, designed ATELIER ACADEMY in-house curation 8. using computational fluid dynamics team puts together an eclectic mix of wellness, education and interaction programmes for the workforce. 6: The LED lighting Awards system saves energy 2020 Site planning by being linked to MIPIM Asia Awards As well as considering the needs of the daylight sensors and is Best Green Development – Winner building’s users, Arup also took into equipped with Best Office Development – Winner account how the development might glare-free luminaires affect the people living and working Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 7: The roof garden around the building. K11 ATELIER Structural Engineering microclimate is kept King’s Road is located in a dense part of Best Tall Building 100–199 meters at a comfortable a dense city, and is a towering, visible Award of Excellence temperature year- presence. However, its form and envelope round through the Urban Land Institute Asia Pacific Awards placement of 2m-high were designed to reduce the negative shields that protect for Excellence impact of this presence; rather than being the area from Winner constructed simply of glass and steel, the winter winds aim was to create a green, pleasant view. 7. 9.

22 1/2021 | The Arup Journal 23 K11 ATELIER King’s Road Hong Kong

10. 11. mean the space can easily be transformed Hong Kong is prone to typhoons, which requirements and general practice for different public events. means that planting outdoors at this scale when it came to sustainability and was not straightforward, particularly wellness. Since becoming fully Building envelope because of the building’s height and functional towards the end of 2019, The building’s envelope was designed the risk of greenery falling down. Arup K11 ATELIER King’s Road has with aesthetics in mind – creating conducted computational fluid dynamics already become one of the city’s most appealing views from both inside and analysis to determine the wind pressure prestigious commercial addresses: out. The higher floors that overlook at all points of the building under typical the anchor tenant is a Fortune 500 the sea have a rectangular layout, to Hong Kong typhoon conditions. The firm multinational corporation, which sits maximise the vista, but on the lower used these to create offsite mock-ups, alongside a host of other top local levels, which look over industrial placing the vertical greenery to account brands and global companies. buildings, the façade has been designed for the findings and demonstrating the with irregular shapes and protrusions design’s safety to local authorities. This Vertical Creative City is on which to place greenery, offering Maintenance of vertical greenery is also already giving a boost to this old passers-by and inhabitants the experience a challenge; behind the green surface commercial district and bringing of lush foliage amid this concrete-heavy there are accessible corridors so that business opportunities to the locality. neighbourhood, as well as relief from the the plants can be easily cared for. But perhaps more than that, it has sun. A geometric glaze reflective analysis contributed substantially to the creation was conducted to ensure the surface of A prestigious location of a greener, healthier neighbourhood the building is glaze-free, for the benefit The aim at K11 ATELIER King’s Road and provided an example for future of surrounding buildings. was to go above and beyond statutory office developments to follow. 13.

Authors Tony Tang is an engineer and green Building services and façade engineering, Kennis Chan is an assistant engineer and sustainable building specialist in the Hong Kong office. sustainable building design and sustainability system specialist in the Hong Kong office. consulting Arup: 10: The building’s façade has been designed to Project credits Gigi Kam, Gary Chan, Kennis Chan, Nathan Chan, have irregularities on which to place greenery Tony Lam was the Project Manager and is Arup’s Client New World Development Company Ltd Josh Cheng, Vincent Cheng, Emily Koo, Tony Lam, 11: The roof garden provides a peaceful oasis in East Asia region building performance and systems Architect P&T Group Zoe Lee, Kenneth Leung, Ricky Li, Ka-Man Miu, the busy city skill leader. He is an Associate Director in the Hong Structural engineer CM Wong & Associates Ltd Katsuya Obara, Tony Tang, Jenny Zhao. Kong office. Management contractor New World Construction 12. Arup carried out a computational fluid Image credits Co Ltd dynamics analysis to determine wind pressure Zoe Lee is an assistant engineer and healthy 1, 13: Marcel Lam Photography across the building in a typical Hong Kong Landscape designer P Landscape Co., Ltd building specialist in the Hong Kong office. 2, 4–7, 9, 10, 12: Arup typhoon scenario (Thailand) 3, 8, 11: New World Development Ka-Man Miu is an engineer and renewable Interior design (tower and podium) 13: K11 ATELIER King’s Road opened at the Company Ltd end of 2019 and is a shining example of a energy specialist in the Hong Kong office. ESKYIU sustainable, wellness-focused building 12.

24 1/2021 | The Arup Journal 25 Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility South Dakota, USA

1: The new Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility will expand the existing Sanford Underground Research Facility, located at the former site of the Homestake Gold Mine 2: The LBNF will house the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment detectors, located almost Panning for a mile underground, which will be used to conduct experiments into the nature of neutrinos scientific gold Carving out a world-class scientific research facility a mile below ground Authors Gordon Carrie, Seth Pollak, Richard Potter and Josh Yacknowitz

After operating for 125 years, in which same Homestake mine. A solar neutrino time it yielded over $1bn worth of gold, detector installed then by chemist Ray in 2002 mining operations ceased at Davis from Brookhaven National the Homestake Gold Mine in Lead, South Laboratory at the mine’s 4850 Level Dakota. Since 2006, the mine has been (4,850ft/1,482m below ground) helped lead repurposed in the search for a different to discoveries about the nature of neutrinos; kind of treasure: that relating to subatomic work that earned a Nobel Prize and that phenomena. Arup is enabling Fermilab, will continue at the LBNF. DUNE is a America’s particle physics and accelerator collaboration between over 1,000 scientists, laboratory, to expand the existing Sanford 180 academic institutions and research Underground Research Facility (SURF) organisations from around the world. which is in the decommissioned mine. Located nearly a mile below ground, the Building on its experience from working Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) on deep underground tunnelling for rail will house an experiment that aims to projects, as well as other science and improve our understanding of neutrinos energy facilities, Arup is helping to and their role in the universe. develop all aspects of the facility – both the underground elements and site Funded in part by the United States infrastructure on the surface. The firm Department of Energy and the European is tackling unprecedented engineering Organization for Nuclear Research challenges to help create the massive (CERN), the new facility will be home underground caverns that will house to the Deep Underground Neutrino the detector; designing the cooling and Experiment (DUNE), which will include ventilation systems in the new caverns the world’s largest neutrino detector. for LBNF; and providing power, DUNE’s origins are in the 1960s, in the communications and life safety systems

1. 2.

26 1/2021 | The Arup Journal 27 Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility South Dakota, USA

3: Neutrinos will be beamed 1,300km through the earth from the LBNF Near Site in Illinois 4: Some 725,000 tonnes of rock will be excavated and deposited into the existing Homestake Open Cut 5: The neutrino detector is made up of four cryostats 3. for the scientists who will be working a Arup delivered the final design for the LBNF Far Site Facility, located at SURF. mile below ground. LBNF is located at facility in mid-2019 and major excavation The neutrinos will take just 0.004 seconds 6. 7. the 4850 Level, SURF’s main science will begin in mid-2021 to create the to travel the 1,300km (800 miles) to the area, and is accessible from the surface caverns that will house the experiment. LBNF, where they will be intercepted by The rock properties were further validated for a civil-type underground project. blast method, with explosives placed in through the laboratory’s two main shafts Over the next three years, 725,000 tonnes the neutrino detector, which is made up by an observational and back-analysis This enabled a well-defined 3D rock drilled holes in the rock in a predefined (the Ross and Yates shafts). (800,000 tons) of rock will be excavated of four cryostats – 66m-long, 14m-high exercise that saw the design set of inputs mass model to be developed and used in pattern. All the loose blasted rock will be and removed using the laboratory’s sealed steel tanks that hold liquid argon – (rock mass strength, in-situ stress and so the design, ensuring the caverns could removed from the cavern via loaders and Arup is providing tunnelling, mechanical/ upgraded rock handling system. enabling scientists to observe their on) applied to known cases in the mine of be situated and orientated outside of the taken up the Ross Shaft in rock skips. At electrical, plumbing, fire protection, behaviour. Each of the cryostats will both successful excavations (such as the influence of any rhyolite zones (brittle, the surface, the rock will be crushed and communications and fire/life safety The origins of the universe contain 15,425 tonnes (17,000 tons) of hoist room at the laboratory’s 4550 Level) glass-like intrusions that have the potential transported 1,280m (4,200ft) using the engineering; cost/schedule consulting; DUNE aims to answer questions about liquid argon (equivalent to the volume and ‘failed’ conditions (such as fractured, to shatter upon exposure) and persistent newly installed overland conveyor structural engineering services; civil, the nature of matter and the origins of of eight Olympic swimming pools).. hour-glass-shaped rock pillars or slabbing mineral infilled joint veins (historically a system, before being deposited into the architectural and mine consulting; the universe. It will be looking into tunnel walls). The in-situ observations source of water transmission). As the joint Homestake Open Cut. The Arup team and other specialist services via topics relating to Einstein’s Grand Unified Geotechnical investigation were compared against the modelling veins generally run north–south, their strengthened the steel headframe at the sub-consultants for this 17,000m2 Theory of forces, the birth of neutron stars A comprehensive geotechnical results, with minor calibration adjustments influence is minimised by the orientation top of the Ross Shaft, and designed (4.2 acre) underground facility. and black holes, and why the universe is investigation – involving the use of made prior to undertaking the final design. of the caverns, which are east–west to utilities within the upgraded shaft. A new made of matter rather than antimatter. historical observations and existing match the beamline direction. cage for personnel and equipment, as Arup has worked on the design To help unlock these mysteries, scientists Homestake records, as well as site The rock conditions are well characterised well as new rock skips for transporting development of LBNF at SURF since are studying the behaviour of neutrinos. investigations and laser scans that collated from over a century of mining, as well as Excavating the caverns the excavated rock, were designed and 2013 and has been involved at the site for The experiments have to take place deep as-constructed geometric information – more recent underground civil construction The facility will be housed in some of the constructed by others. over a decade. In 2017, the firm finished enough below ground that interference formed the basis for Arup’s excavation works for SURF. The cavern locations largest caverns ever to be constructed at the design of the enabling works package from cosmic radiation is minimised. The design. Four long horizontal borings were are bounded laterally on three sides by depth. The neutrino detector will be for the pilot tunnel construction, blast LBNF Near Site, located at Fermilab’s made through the future cavern site from existing tunnels (drifts) and vertically placed in two 150m x 20m x 30m-high Building for science door installation, expanded surface site campus in Illinois, will generate neutrinos existing tunnels on the 4850 Level. above and below by adjacent mine levels. chambers situated to either side of a Arup previously worked with Fermilab on the infrastructure and refurbishment of the from its megawatt-class proton A robust laboratory testing programme The ready access to these areas, along with central utility cavern (190m x 20m x 11m Illinois Accelerator Research Center located at former waste rock conveyance system accelerator and beam them through the helped define the strength and stiffness the information gleaned from the new high), with a number of ancillary their campus in Batavia, Illinois. The firm – work that is near completion on site. earth (without the need for a tunnel) to the parameters of the rock. horizontal boreholes and existing historical connecting tunnels and chambers to be provided integrated building engineering services records, meant that Arup had far more excavated to support operations. The for the project’s front-end design and civil detailed data than that typically available chambers will be formed using a drill and engineering to completion. The building has a highly flexible, modular laboratory space that has been designed to support the development of accelerator science and technology that has both research and commercial applications. Arup’s work is continuing at the campus, where the firm 6: The four modules of the neutrino detector will is providing multidisciplinary engineering services be placed in two chambers situated either side of on the Integrated Engineering Research Center, the central utility cavern which is currently under construction. The 7: The Arup team strengthened the steel headframe 8,000m2 (26,250ft2) building is a combination of at the top of the Ross Shaft and designed utilities laboratories, offices and collaborative spaces to within the upgraded shaft support ongoing particle physics research, 8: Rock skips will take the loose blasted rock up including DUNE. the Ross Shaft to the surface 4. 5. 8.

28 1/2021 | The Arup Journal 29 Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility South Dakota, USA

9: A number of liquid form. Originally, the nitrogen SURF’s existing ventilation system, Arup coordinated with the facility teams instruments will be used compressors were intended to be located supplemented by additional fans, to to provide an early warning system upon to measure the rock mass on the surface to simplify the heat exhaust smoke and ensure occupants can detection of a nitrogen or argon leak. deformations in real time and allow comparison rejection and power infrastructure. evacuate safely under different fire events. against the 3D numerical However, during the detailed design Each of the three caverns is its own fire Mining for scientific gold design model process, they were relocated underground. compartment with a separate smoke Creating a modern research campus This eliminated the need to move existing control system. The design was carried nearly a mile below ground in an services in the Ross Shaft to accommodate out to a combination of codes, with abandoned gold mine originally new piping running down the shaft – International Building Codes for the established in 1877 and added to and reducing the overall construction length experiment areas and mining codes beyond expanded over a 125-year period by two years. The systems will be that. Timed egress studies were carried out presented quite a design challenge – with

connected to 6,500kW of water-cooled to calculate the evacuation time. 11. scientific work ongoing nearby further 9. chillers located underground, which reject adding to the complexity. Arup combined Arup will work alongside Fermilab and Cooling and ventilating their heat via a purpose-built cooling In the event a fire is detected, the facility refuge chambers on the 4850 Level its mining and tunnelling engineering the excavation contractor (Thyssen With no common design code framework tower located at the base of the new raise. occupants will evacuate along the tunnels provide spaces where personnel can experience with the civil infrastructure Mining) to assess the condition of the rock for constructing such a facility within the to either the refuge chambers or either of shelter safely in place within a sealed design skills required to develop a in the caverns after each blast against the laboratory, Arup used a combination of Facility infrastructure the shaft stations and travel up the shafts area in the laboratory for an extended world-class science and research facility. design. Permanent ground support mining codes and building codes. A Such a large facility has considerable to the surface. With limited capacity in period of time (up to 96 hours). When complete, LBNF is set to solve measures, such as long steel rock bolts, critical aspect of the design was the control energy needs. The Arup-led team the conveyance – up to 28 people some of the biggest scientific questions will be drilled into the rock mass to retain of the flow of air through the LBNF designed the upgrade of the pre-existing typically, 36 in an emergency – and 15 As DUNE uses both nitrogen and argon relating to subatomic particles, potentially unstable and loose rock blocks. complex to provide ventilation and smoke substation at the surface so it is able to minutes required for a return trip, the – two inert gases that displace oxygen – expanding the realms of our knowledge. A layer of shotcrete approximately 100mm control, and for heat rejection purposes. provide enough power, and of the thick will be applied to all exposed rock The design includes the addition of new medium-voltage conductors that run surfaces to seal the ground and ready the mine doors, with built-in flow regulators, from this substation to transformers space for experiment construction. which were modelled using complex air located inside the central utility cavern Authors ventilation and hydrogeology SRK Consulting; Ibe, Santiago Icaza, Joanne Iddon, Michael flow models developed by Arup’s sub- on the 4850 Level. Arup designed the Gordon Carrie is the Project Manager for the conveyor and crusher design Mincore; Incontrera, Kendra Jones, Onur Kacar, Deepak Arup will have staff on site full-time consultant team and by the South Dakota infrastructure feeding the cryogenic buildings and site infrastructure (BSI) portion of underground logistics Hardrock Hickey; shaft Kandra, Navjot Kaur, Joseph Kim, Galen during the critical excavation stages of Science and Technology Authority. The equipment that will be used to fill the the project. He is an Associate Principal in consultant GL Tiley & Associates Kirkpatrick, Vadim Klugman-Kovalenko, Jacob the project to define support types, map LBNF complex will be connected to the cryostats with argon. The argon is the New Jersey office. Geotechnical engineering; plumbing and fire Koshy, Jaewook Kwon, Alvin Lachhman, David the exposed rock and monitor the existing exhaust system via the new 366m received in liquid form and vaporised protection; cost/schedule consulting; fire and life Lambert, Craig Leonard, Danny Lin, Dennis Seth Pollak is the Project Manager and Engineer instrumentation results. A number of (1,200ft) vertical raise to the 3650 Level, into gas before being sent down the shaft. safety engineering; IT and communications; Lowenwirth, Haiyan Lu, Jeremy Macht, Cecy of Record for the excavation contract. He is an instruments, including multiple point from where the air is directed to the mechanical and electrical engineering; mine Martinez, William Masters, Sarah McDowell, Associate Principal in the New York office. borehole extensometers, will measure existing fan plant located at the surface. Life safety consulting; structural engineering and tunnelling Andrew Mertz, Anna Montoya-Olsson, Chris Muller, rock mass deformations at defined depths The fire protection and evacuation Richard Potter is the lead BSI project engineer. He Arup: Kirk Nosho, David Okada, Austen Paris, Jay Patel, into the ground in real time and allow for The cooling systems were studied in great strategy required careful consideration is an Associate Principal in the New York office. Davar Abi-Zadeh, Francisco Aguirre, Chris Lisa Pazzani, Richard Petrey, Hilary Pherribo, Seth comparison against the 3D numerical detail, and are designed to dehumidify air due to the nature of the facility, with Alincastre, Bielka Almonte, James Angevine, Sahil Pollak, Richard Potter, John Powell, Sara Qais, Andy Josh Yacknowitz is the Project Director. He is the design models. Using this system during to prevent condensation on the outside of its depth below ground meaning the Arora, Stephane Audrin, J Autery, Connor Babbitt, Quinn, Parisa Rajaei, Guilherme Rebello, Ryan group leader in the Seattle office. excavation ensures the ground behaviour the cryostats, remove heat from the evacuation process is not straightforward. Kaustubh Bakare, Mathew Bamm, John Barrot, Redican, Shannon Rice, Julian Safar, Kirsten and support design will be validated long electronic detector racks and remove Arup used computational simulations Project credits Richard Bartholomew, Anthony Bianco, Tony Bisio, Salmins, Natalia Sanabria, Sarah Sausville, Joe before the caverns are opened up to their waste heat from the nitrogen compressor to model different fire scenarios. These Site owner South Dakota Science and Technology Jodi Borghesi, Chloe Bouaziz, Dave Brogan, Cillian Saverino, Lauren Scammell, John Scavelli, Eric Seck, full dimensions. equipment, which is used to maintain the determined how tenable conditions could Authority Brown, Ian Buckley, Nancy Camacho, Alton Luv Sehgal, Juan Manuel Serrano, Samantha Sharma, argon at -184°C (-300°F) so it remains in be maintained in a fire event, utilising Client Fermi Research Alliance (US Department Cannon, Ignacio Carrera, Gordon Carrie, David Ken Shih, Ria Singh, Tom Smith, Kevin Snagg, Ongoing science experiments will be of Energy) Chan, Dominique Chapman, Lingyi Chen, He-In Eugene Stolberg, Kristen Strobel, Art Suhakou, Fabio taking place several hundred metres 10: When operational, Construction manager and general contractor Cheong, Barry Chisholm, Nancy Choi, Anthony Malheiro, Carolina Tello, Matthew Terracciano, away during the cavern excavation, LBNF will assist in Kiewit-Alberici Joint Venture Cortez, Herman Cortez, Craig Covil, Andrew Gordon Thompson, Chanpreya Thou, Colm Tully, and these need to remain undisturbed finding the answers to Excavation contractor Thyssen Mining Inc Crutchfield, Haya Daawi, Eric De Oliveira, Ankit Eric Van Laar, Joshly Varghese, Foteini Vasilikou, by the blasting and construction process. some of the greatest Arup sub-consultants: Desai, George Donegan, James Doody, Katie Doyle, Alessandra Vecchiarelli, Juliet Walker, Guillaume As part of the completed enabling works, scientific mysteries Civil, structural, mechanical, electrical, plumbing Nicole Dubowski, Jelena Durovic, Cristian Espadas, Weingertner, David Weiss, Andrew Wise, Philip six protective blast doors were installed 11: The enabling works engineers – surface installations TSP; civil Zara Fahim, Steven Fairneny, Neema Faryar, Wood-Bradley, Yuanli Wu, George Wu, Wei Xin Lin, to provide protection to these included the installation engineering RESPEC; surface installations Amanda Faryar, Camilla Favaretti, Adam Finkin, Josh Yacknowitz, Haoran Zhang, Asadullah Ziaei. experiments, and a 190m (625ft)-long of six blast doors to architecture Dangermond Keane Architecture; Adrian Finn, Giuliana Galante, Yawo Galley, Bryan Image credits pilot tunnel was formed using the drill protect the existing high voltage systems Power Engineering; Garcia, Jeffrey Garry, Maribel Gibson, David 1, 4, 7, 9–11: Arup and blast excavation method. This tunnel, scientific areas underground architect Davis Brody Bond; Goldstein, Alex Gomez, Anthony Goulding, Andrew currently in operation 2: Matthew Kapust/SURF along with a future raise bore, will cost consulting Hollins Consulting; geotechnical Grigsby, Martha Gross, Eric Guerra, John Han, Chu 3, 5, 6, 8: Fermilab provide a new ventilation route from engineering McMillen Jacobs Associates; mine Ho, Evan Hughes, Anya Huntley, Jon Hurt, Ikenna the 4850 to the 3650 Level. 10.

30 1/2021 | The Arup Journal 31 Jengu handwashing unit Global

potentially attract mosquitos. Tippy Taps Water supply was a key consideration. are also not particularly robust, and soap Jerrycans are ubiquitous in many parts In good is generally not provided. of the world, used extensively for water transportation and storage. To avoid a Raised tanks with taps are another situation where people were having to hands common form of handwashing unit. refill a top tank, the team wanted to As with the Tippy Tap, these are easy create a unit that could be supplied to source and set up. However, as the directly from a jerrycan or larger Along with the British Red water tank is raised, it must be refilled container. Logistics and fabrication were at a height. The basin that catches the two other key questions. The unit had to Cross, Arup has developed water is low, meaning that most adults be easy to deploy and easy to construct a resilient, effective have to bend down to use the unit. anywhere in the world. The ability to Having a tap creates potential for fabricate the units locally was important handwashing apparatus contamination, as users have to touch too. Arup learned that skilled metal that also promotes dignity the tap before and after washing their fabricators tend to be found worldwide, hands. And the tanks need to be placed and so decided that a metal handwash Authors Stephen Philips, Iñigo Ruiz- on level surfaces so that they don’t topple unit would be an apt choice. Apilánez and Martin Shouler 2. over; in informal settlements, it can be hard to find appropriate level ground. Arup spent some time devising the best presented their ideas and were granted way to deal with wastewater from the According to the UN High Commissioner funding. Arup’s product design, Arup’s behaviour change and product unit. It was designed so that water can for Refugees, there are 40.8 million international development and human design specialists conducted interviews be drained away, either into a drain or internally displaced people in the world factor teams, as well as material and water with refugees in Kyangwali, both young into a soakaway (where an area of today, 21.3 million refugees and engineers, were involved in the project. and old, to find out more about their ground is excavated and a tube from 3.2 million asylum seekers. Around a handwashing habits and the kind of the unit inserted, before soil and loose third of these individuals are living in The first step in developing an effective designs that would be most familiar to material is returned over the top). informal settlements, where diseases such handwashing unit was conducting desk them and therefore likely to be used. Arup as cholera, pneumonia and diarrhoea can and field research. Arup looked at the knew it was important to create a unit that The British Red Cross requested that spread quickly. Handwashing with soap is various handwashing units used in would be globally recognised and found the units include a mirror and a space an effective way of preventing the spread informal settlements around the world to through its interviews that the typical sink for soap. Best handwashing practice of such diseases, with evidence showing weigh up which designs seemed to be with tap would be most familiar. involves using soap and water, not only that it can reduce the risk of infection by most popular and which were most to remove pathogens from your hands up to 50% in post-emergency situations. effective. The team reviewed over 30 Refining the design but because using soap improves the different units, giving each scores across Following the desk and field research, handwashing experience and encourages The British Red Cross wanted to develop several categories. They also went out Arup knew which elements were essential good practice: it leaves a pleasant smell a handwashing unit for emergency use into the field, visiting Kyangwali Refugee to the handwashing unit. It should not be and gives a feeling of cleanliness. and approached Arup to help create one, Settlement in Uganda. This is a long- gravity-fed, as these models tend to be with the brief that the unit had to be established, well-organised settlement difficult to refill. The unit should allow The mirror was deemed an essential part centred around the user, portable and that is currently home to many refugees wastewater to be drained and should not of the unit. Research conducted by the resilient. Along with the London School from the Democratic Republic of Congo. have a tap, to remove a potential London School of Hygiene and Tropical of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Arup contamination point. Medicine found that the inclusion of a developed the Jengu handwashing unit, One of the main handwashing units used which has been dispatched to informal worldwide is the ‘Tippy Tap’. This is settlements and – since the outbreak of simple and easy to set up: the structure COVID-19 at the start of 2020 – also is created by positioning two branches used around the UK. upright in the ground and laying a third branch between them; this third branch First steps is threaded through a water bottle handle, Arup’s annual Community Engagement which is thus suspended above the Global Challenge Fund is available to ground. A string attached to the water 2: Raised tanks are Arup staff and partners for projects bottle runs to a piece of wood on the often used in that look to solve some of the biggest ground, allowing it to be tipped up and handwashing units challenges of our time, with the aim of for the water to fall. Although easy 1: The Jengu handwashing 3: The ‘Tippy Tap’ is developing innovative, scalable solutions unit is robust, easy to fabricate to construct, the flow of water can be another common form that address systemic challenges. The and user-friendly unsteady and, with no basin, wastewater of handwashing unit in team working on the handwashing unit falls to the ground, where it can informal settlements 1. 3.

32 1/2021 | The Arup Journal 33 Jengu handwashing unit Global

4–5: Arup developed Arup has started development of a unit Large, robust mirror that won’t peel, 7: Every element of the Jengu handwashing unit a number of design ake o or crack. Encourages people was designed to be user-oriented and resilient for use by people of reduced mobility. to use the handwashing facility concepts, which the Low ow water supply provides For wheelchair users, the legs of the 8: A woman uses a prototype Jengu unit in team presented to a enough water for eective hand unit are positioned to one side to allow washing while not wasting water Kyangwali Refugee Settlement workshop of NGOs them access to the basin. For individuals and WASH Liquid soap bottle dispenser option with 9: During the COVID-19 pandemic, units were

practitioners who have lost their legs, the unit can cable to deter theft deployed around the UK, including to West Lea be adapted so that they can support Bar soap option. Available with wire School in north London cable to deter theft and ensure Liquid soap with pump dispenser option themselves on it using their arms and there is always soap at the facility

can pump the water using the flat of their forearm. Arup is continuing to develop the design for other forms of reduced Basins can be plastic or stainless Anti-theft features. steel, whichever is available locally mobility, with the aim that all people Unit is pop riveted together, will be able to use the unit with ease. to deter theft of parts

Compact – measures just Deployment 72cm x 72cm Prototypes were manufactured by UK fabricator Aldermans, and the Jengu 4. 5. Anti-theft feature. Can work o jerry cans or a larger handwashing unit was then tested in the Units can be anchored to the water supply container mirror made people more likely to wash handwashing practice because they’re field, first by the British Army during ground their hands. A mirror acts as a prompt, able to use the unit together. their training manoeuvres on Dartmoor. Soft rubber pump can be used encouraging people to use the unit because Arup’s human factors team received with or without shoes and by children 9. Disc feet allow the facility they can also check their appearance at the The unit has space at the side for either feedback from the troops about their use Foot-controlled water supply to be stable on any surface reduces likelihood of hand same time. It also promotes human dignity liquid soap or bar soap – whichever is of the product, allowing the team to and prevent it from sinking re-contamination in an environment where too often this can preferred or more easily available in the understand more about how it would into soft ground Authors be seen as an optional extra. region the unit is deployed. In informal actually be used and what was and wasn’t Stephen Philips led the research, concept design settlements, soap theft is common, so the working. Prototypes were also tested Unit suitable for transportLoremation. ipsumand detailed design phases of the project. He is Leg frames can stack Taking these factors into consideration, soap can be secured to the unit, either by outside Arup’s London office in Maple Drainage hose for waste water. Arup’s global product design leader and an Unit comes with guidance on Arup refined and developed its designs using a cable threaded through a bar of Place in order to see how children would how to create a soakaway Associate in the London office. and held a workshop, with attendees soap or by attaching a bottle to the side interact with the unit, and then in the The unit is not gravity fed like most Iñigo Ruiz-Apilánez was the Project Manager. He including NGOs and WASH (water, of the unit. The foot pump provides just Kyangwali Refugee Settlement. other handwashing products and so it is more stable is a senior civil engineer in Arup’s International sanitation and hygiene) practitioners. enough water for users to wash their Robust – made from stainless or coated steel 7. Development team in the London office. At the end of the workshop, participants hands, helping to reduce water wastage. Twenty units were deployed to Uganda voted on their preferred unit. The faucet is curved and positioned and Haiti. Then, at the start of 2020, the to community organisations, one to that encourages handwashing and makes Martin Shouler was the Project Director. He is an so that the unit is suitable only for COVID-19 pandemic broke out. One of Newcastle County Council and one to it easier for people in many different Associate Director and leads Arup’s water Creating the Jengu handwashing unit handwashing, not for filling containers. the easiest ways to prevent infection is a mobile mountain rescue centre. This circumstances to maintain handwashing business in the London office. Once the final design was selected, washing your hands regularly. Arup had deployment has demonstrated the unit’s hygiene, not only preventing the spread Arup carried out in-depth CAD The unit comes in two heights: one that is 50 units manufactured in Plymouth to be flexibility and how easily it can be used of disease but helping those in tough Project credits British Red Cross modelling using SolidWorks software. suitable for adults, and another at a shorter deployed around the UK. Thirty went to in varying circumstances. situations to create a semblance of a This enabled drawings of every height so that children find it easy to use. schools, twelve to homeless shelters, six normal routine. Jengu is an open-source London School of Hygiene and Tropical component to be generated and sent to The Jengu handwashing unit is a robust, blueprint design, meaning it can be Medicine fabricators. The handwashing unit is easy to fabricate and user-friendly unit manufactured by any company or Arup: open-source design, meaning it can be individual with the right materials and Lucie Barouillet, Douglas Brierley, Sara Candiracci, used by anyone around the world. equipment (the blueprint can be found Jo da Silva, Eleanor Earl, Martin Findlay, Sophie at jengu.org.uk). It doesn’t require any 6: The Jengu Fisher, Miriam Kennedy, Chris Miller, Paula The basin is circular and shallow, as with plumbing and so can be easily set up handwashing unit Morcillo de Amuedo, Callum Newman, Tom a typical sink. In their field research, the in challenging environments. The unit can be adapted so Norton, Mei-Yee Oram, Stephen Philips, Caroline Arup team had found that washing-up that it can be easily has had great success so far and looks Ray, Max Resnick, Iñigo Ruiz-Apilánez, Martin bowls were widely available locally, and used by children set to be used ever more widely. Shouler, Maria Sunyer Pinya, Roman Svidran, Aliki so a unit in which a bucket or washing-up and people with Save the Children has commissioned Vaina, Peter D Webster. bowl could be used would provide people reduced mobility 250 units to be manufactured and with more choices. A shallower basin deployed to informal settlements in Image credits also prevents splashback and allows Nairobi, Kenya, and Arup will be 1, 6, 7: Jengu/Arup users to see the dirt wash away from their investigating how to manufacture 2–5: Arup hands. The basin is circular, as it makes these units locally. In addition, the 8: Greg Rose handwashing a communal activity and Red Cross is also deploying units 9: West Lea School means parents can teach children good in Sierra Leone and Lebanon. 6. 8.

34 1/2021 | The Arup Journal 35 Ken Rosewall Arena Sydney, Australia Game changer

With a constrained 12-month turnaround, Arup adapted a stadium to create a multipurpose venue used year-round 1: The Ken Rosewall Arena was Authors Jake Cherniayeff, Andrew Johnson, Hannah Lazenby and Xavier Nuttall upgraded, including the creation of a new enclosed roof, in only 12 months

In late 2018, Tennis NSW approached Arup with a challenge – was it possible to fully enclose the Ken Rosewall Arena in 12 months?

In 1998, Arup engineered the award-winning Ken Rosewall Arena, the central court of a new tennis precinct constructed to host the Sydney Olympics tennis events. Although the original design won prestigious awards, the open-air stadium lacked versatility in legacy mode and soon became underutilised, hosting only one major event annually in the lead-up to the Australian Open in Melbourne.

Twenty years later, Tennis NSW secured the rights to host the inaugural ATP Cup in January 2020; however, the Ken Rosewall Arena needed to be transformed in order to hold the event. A major requirement was to provide full roof coverage over the court, while still maintaining the stadium as an outdoor venue (to meet the International Tennis Federation’s event requirements). The new roof offers protection from inclement weather, minimising any disruption to play (which would impact the tournament schedule, broadcasters and ticket sales), and provides a more comfortable environment for players and spectators.

Tennis NSW returned to Arup for a creative solution. The team enabled the upgrade to be designed, constructed and commissioned within 12 months – including transforming the stadium into a multi-purpose venue to facilitate netball.

Arup was responsible for structural, civil and geotechnical engineering, building services, building physics, fire safety, sports lighting, access and maintenance, and acoustic and audio-visual services 1.

36 1/2021 | The Arup Journal 37 Ken Rosewall Arena Sydney, Australia

7. 8.

2. 3. from concept to completion. Cox Avoiding new foundations was critical; fast programme by avoiding a traditional 6. 9. 10. Architecture and Fabritecture were the 12-month design, approvals and drawing delivery; instead, Arup key design partners. A W Edwards construction period did not allow for developed and delivered connections in a these results used to alter the roof presenting the live 3D model of the 6: The new structure was clad in PTFE fabric was the managing contractor. the possibility of new piled foundations 3D environment, which formed the basis geometry and minimise net downward design as it developed to allow the wider 7: Contours of velocity at 1m above the ground disturbing the originally contaminated for the contractor shop detailing. pressures – critical in reducing additional project team to understand the new An innovative roof solution land that had been remediated and capped vertical loading on the existing structure aspects of the building and its functions. 8: Spot cooling CFD studies, court-level The circular form developed for the during construction of the Olympic arena. Arup’s understanding of the original and piles. To further future-proof the With the parametric workflow already set temperatures Olympic arena was fundamental to structural strategy and construction venue, discrete tangential bracing was up, client feedback could be incorporated 9: Contours of temperature at 1m above the floor the original design, and retaining this With only three months available for the sequence informed its solution for the integrated into the design to meet seismic into the design in real time. 10: Spot cooling CFD studies, high variance circular philosophy was key to unlocking design process, the structural team used removal of the existing perimeter roof and design code changes introduced since velocities restricted to court edges an effective new roof design. Arup’s an automated digital workflow to design the design of the new roof. Utilising this the arena’s original construction. Fire Creating an ambient atmosphere 11: Thermal analysis was conducted to solution was to remove the existing the roof. This parametric approach knowledge, the team developed the form engineered solutions were used to assess The addition of the roof required a new ensure conditions were comfortable for perimeter canopy roof and replace it generated the roof geometry and staged and stiffness of the new roof structure the supporting steel frame and omit the ventilation and fire engineering strategy, playing sport year-round with a 100m-diameter self-contained structural analysis models of the existing such that final prestressing of the radial need for fire protection, creating time as it was necessary for the arena to be radial cable net structure, clad with PTFE structure and new roof, and set out the roof cables replaced the support for the and cost savings. naturally ventilated in both tennis (open) fabric. The radial cables, which overlap pre-camber and fabrication geometries. upper bowl structure originally provided and netball (enclosed) modes. Once it to minimise the overall height of the A collaborative multidisciplinary module by the tension ring of the now-demolished Mixing indoor and outdoor was decided that the stadium would host structure, are restrained by twin internal was built into the Grasshopper parametric roof. The final ‘neutral’ condition was While the initial plan was for the stadium both sports throughout the year, thermal tension and perimeter compression design script. This enabled the structural achieved during construction by propping to be used only for tennis in ‘outdoor’ comfort was a key aspect of the design. rings, the latter supported on the existing team to fine-tune the geometry of the and hydraulically lifting the raker tips mode – the ATP Cup is an outdoor event The venue’s location – in western columns and foundations. The first roof central oculus – the raised roof section to destress the existing ring tie, lowering – shortly after the project began the venue Sydney – experiences extreme of its kind in Australia, this lightweight 25m in diameter – with Arup’s building the rakers and, finally, prestressing the owner, Sydney Olympic Park Authority temperatures of up to 45°C, coinciding solution replicated the existing roof physics and fire engineering teams. new roof – which in turn lifted the rakers (SOPA), proposed that the stadium be with up to 60% relative humidity load path through the superstructure, It was possible to seamlessly integrate from the temporary props back to their configured to also host ‘indoor’ netball between November and March. Arup leading to only a minor load increase the natural ventilation and smoke original position. games year-round. This needed to be conducted extensive thermal analysis to on the existing piles, with calculations management requirements with the done without converting fully to an understand the environmental conditions demonstrating that the subsequent geometry of both the primary and central Time histories were used in wind tunnel indoor arena, as planning and building for playing sports throughout the year. settlement increase could deliver the raised oculus roofs. The digital workflow testing to generate simultaneous pressure code reasons precluded that change. How hot would it get in summer for the additional required geotechnical capacity. enabled the team to achieve the extremely coefficients across the roof surface, with The transformation into a multipurpose tennis players? And in winter when teams venue altered the functional, technical were playing netball, how might and environmental requirements condensation impact the space, and how 2–3: The existing perimeter significantly – with solutions required could this be prevented on a cool night? canopy roof was removed and replaced with a to accommodate thermal comfort, self-contained radial cable glare control, and moisture thresholds Tennis has a great deal of flexibility net structure necessary for international netball and when it comes to playing in hotter 4: Arup developed broadcasting. These requirements played weather, but netball has strict heat and delivered connections a major part in shaping the project’s final policies. The possibility of adding an in a 3D environment technical solutions and outcome. air-cooling systems solution for the arena to expedite the in enclosed mode was limited due to two fabrication process Collaborative working sessions were held factors: statutory restrictions on energy 5: An automated digital with key stakeholders including Tennis supplied for cooling an unsealed and workflow was used to NSW, Tennis Australia, Netball NSW, uninsulated building, and the preference design the roof SOPA, host broadcasters and Channel 9, for a passive environmental solution. 4. 5. 11.

38 1/2021 | The Arup Journal 39 Ken Rosewall Arena Sydney, Australia

12: Automated qualitatively experience the anticipated hydraulic folding acoustic conditions in the arena, allowing doors 4m in height it to make informed decisions on can be opened and treatment and audiovisual overlays. closed as necessary

13: Arup drew on A high-speed digital approach its knowledge of the There was only 12 months from project arena’s original design strategy to develop the conception to completion, with the ultra-lightweight roof inaugural ATP Cup an immovable date. Arup worked collaboratively with the roof sub-contractor from the start, aligning and proving the firm’s proposed construction methodology for both 12. the removal of the existing roof and construction of the new roof. Procurement The raised central oculus provides a thermal comfort. This overlay system of the wire rope and PTFE fabric was 3m-high louvred opening around the of semi-permanent design for the court critical – both materials have long lead full perimeter of the pop-up roof. cooling strategy and backup power times – and within the first week Arup Combined with the 4m-high opening at supply is utilised for events in the warmer committed to a quantity and diameter, the back of the bowl, this was critical in months only, reducing capital, operational and the order was placed. The team 14. 15. the provision of sufficient free area for and maintenance costs. This strategy then had only three months to complete Grand Slam venues, raising the perimeter reconfiguring the structure through existing structure; its integration of digital natural ventilation and smoke extraction. means that the arena remains the detailed design and develop the of the roof based on the players’ desire high-quality engineering and workflows to optimise the design and Hydraulic folding doors 4m in height run predominantly naturally ventilated. fabrication geometry of the roof structure. to see more sky between the bowl and construction-based solutions, Arup improve the speed of project delivery; the full perimeter of the bowl and have Arup also specified a designated controls Creating an efficient digital workflow was roof at the eaves, and the additional helped created a multi-purpose venue and its consideration of buildability. individual automated controls to provide system that gives the client a high level crucial. It was agreed that the structural roof loading from the netball monitor with less than 30% of the embodied All provided the basis for the firm to the open and enclosed modes required for of autonomy in managing the building. design would be delivered to the client scoreboard. The workflow enabled the carbon of a similar new build. make sound decisions and judgements to the two sports. This allows the external/ in a 3D modelling environment, without design to be rapidly reconfigured and the benefit of the project and the client. environmental aspects of glare (affecting 2D CAD drawings. Arup used Rhino, Acoustic simulation structurally optimised parametrically. Arup’s contribution to the success of the play and broadcasting) and wind-driven Arup’s acoustic team developed acoustic a 3D modelling programme, linked with The digital design and delivery redevelopment lay in its knowledge of the Ken Rosewall Arena is now used year- rain for netball to be effectively managed. models of the arena and presented the Grasshopper and the firm’s form-finding environment was intrinsic to the original design strategy and its skill in round, as an anchor venue for the ATP With the doors closed, a 900mm-wide predicted acoustic environment to structural analysis software GSA, to allow project being delivered on time. utilising the stadium’s original form to Cup, and as the home of the NSW Swifts horizontal slot remains for ventilation. stakeholders, professional tennis players the structural geometry and architectural conceive an ultra-lightweight roof that and GIANTS Netball teams. It is an and client representatives in the firm’s requirements to be optimised within the alleviated the need for new foundations excellent example of repurposing an older Arup used computational fluid dynamics SoundLab in the Sydney office. This tight timeframe. The Rhino geometry An improved arena The project was delivered as planned for and significant strengthening of the building to give it a new lease of life. (CFD) to model air movement within the allowed them to experience immersed also formed the foundation for the the inaugural ATP Cup, with the venue roofed stadium, in both open mode for simulations of the reconfigured arena. connection design, which was detailed transformed through the addition of a tennis and enclosed mode for netball, and The team developed auralisations of by Arup in 3D and issued to the shop new roof, a full building services in combination with thermal modelling, to scenarios using sound sources from detailers for direct preparation of the roof Authors acoustics, building physics and thermal comfort, upgrade, refreshed seating, upsized assess spectator and player comfort. Using capacity crowds, PA vocal fabrication drawings and to the architects Jake Cherniayeff was the Project Manager and led acoustic, civil and geotechnical, access and configurable video screens and anti-glare a mix of analysis and strategic placement announcements, music/performance and for coordination and visualisation. the building services design. He is a senior engineer maintenance, sport lighting, audio-visual Arup: LED sports lighting. Systems were also of smoke separation, the fire engineering rain noise from the uninsulated PTFE in the Sydney office. Rowan Boltman, Tom Brickhill, Bonnie Chang, put in place to allow broadcasters to team determined that the proposed natural roof. This was a valuable exercise for Building services were closely Jake Cherniayeff, James Cho, Katelyn ‘plug and play’ their equipment without Andrew Johnson was the Project Director. He is a ventilation strategy would be sufficient to Tennis NSW, which was able to coordinated and set out in the 3D model Commerford, Jethro Dickens, Johnny Gian, requiring significant additional cabling or Principal in the Sydney office. clear smoke from the arena without the during detailed design to allow early Oliver Gibson, Phillip Greenup, Sina Hassanli, power requirements. The design team requirement for an active smoke exhaust procurement of the structure before Hannah Lazenby worked on the structural design. Daniel Hinds, Guy Hopkins, Petunia Huang, maximised the reuse of the existing system within the lightweight roof. appointment of the building services She is an engineer in the Sydney office. Vincent Hurley, Andrew Johnson, Jorg Kramer, venue, and in regenerating and sub-contractors. Cabling and services Henry Lam, Hannah Lazenby, Ben Moore, Xavier Nuttall was the lead structural engineer for the To manage extreme conditions of high within the bowl were closely considered Alistair Morrison, Owen Myers, Xavier Nuttall, roof design. He is an Associate in the Sydney office. temperature and/or humidity and low and minimised to accentuate the Tiffany Or, Livia Renhe, Tom Salkild, Len wind speed, a solution was developed lightweight roof structure and avoid Project credits Samperi, Adam Segall-Brown, Mathew Simon, with Tennis NSW and SOPA to provide shadowing on the court surface. Client Tennis NSW Yuanyuan Song, Qian Wang. freestanding, portable, low-load air 14: The 4m-high hydraulic folding doors Architect Cox Architecture Image credits conditioning units at courtside during the The digital workflow meant the design run around the perimeter of the arena Managing contractor A W Edwards 1, 12–14: Martin Mischkulnig warmer months, operated only when could evolve to incorporate changes, such Roof contractor Fabritecture 15: The upgraded arena was completed in 2–11, 15: Arup extreme conditions demand. In-line fans as the client request for additional court time for the inaugural ATP Cup and is used Structural engineering, building services, fire safety, were installed around the perimeter for clearance above ATP minimum to match for sporting events year-round 13.

40 1/2021 | The Arup Journal 41 Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Bridge Kilkenny and Wexford, Ireland

New connections Ireland’s longest bridge improves regional, national and international connectivity

Authors Mike Evans, Cian Long, Alfonso Ramirez and Marcos Sanchez

The opening of the Rose Fitzgerald Civil Ltd. and Dragados Ireland Ltd. was Kennedy Bridge in January 2020 awarded the contract, with construction completed a critical new section of beginning in early 2016. Arup was Ireland’s N25 road, a crucial component appointed by the JV as the lead design of the country’s transport infrastructure. consultant for the national road, and the The new dual carriageway route includes firm partnered with Spanish bridge 14.9km of national road as well as specialist Carlos Fernandez Casado the new bridge, which combines cable (CFC) on the bridge design. stay and pier support and provides breathtaking views of the Barrow River Arup designed numerous features along area. At 887m in length, the bridge is the 8.7km of N25 dual carriageway, 5km impressive in scale and slenderness. of N30 dual carriageway and 1.2km of It is Ireland’s longest bridge, with the two N30 tie-in single carriageway. The design main 230m spans making it the longest included a grade separated junction, three concrete extradosed bridge in the world. at-grade junctions, a bridge over the disused New Ross/Waterford railway This new transport link forms part of line, 11 local road bridges and 13 minor the strategic N25 New Ross bypass in structures. Arup provided highway, County Wexford, providing a safer route bridge and geotechnical engineering and improving traffic flow in the town design services, as well as environmental and the surrounding area. New Ross, consultancy, hydrodynamic modelling, around 25km upstream from the sea, site supervision and project supervision used to be the last fixed crossing over for the design process services. the River Barrow before the sea and attracted significant traffic on the single Extradosed bridge carriageway through the town, leading A critical component of the route was the to frequent congestion. Following the design and construction of the Rose opening of the Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Fitzgerald Kennedy Bridge, connecting Bridge, shorter and easier to predict Pink Point in Kilkenny to Stokestown in journey times are now benefiting Wexford at a location where the Barrow commuters in the area, improving River is 300m wide. The three-tower quality of life and supporting economic structure is an extradosed bridge: it growth in the region. combines the main elements of both a prestressed box girder bridge and a The N25 road and bridge contract was cable-stayed bridge. The extradosed tendered as a public–private partnership design uses much shorter towers than a scheme. The joint venture (JV) of BAM cable-stayed bridge and a significantly shallower deck than a box girder, resulting in a bridge that is less obtrusive 1: The Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Bridge and therefore more sympathetic to its connects Pink Point in Kilkenny with surroundings. At 36m above the mean Stokestown in Wexford, providing a crucial high-water spring tide in the river, the crossing over the Barrow River bridge provides the required 120m-wide 1.

42 1/2021 | The Arup Journal 43 Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Bridge Kilkenny and Wexford, Ireland

5: SOFiSTiK software was used to develop 3D finite element models to analyse transverse behaviour in the deck 6: The bridge abutments are supported on spread foundations 7: The bridge central support is founded on a 27m x 14m x 4.5m pile cap

2. 5. navigational channel clearance for clearance, and the requirement that cantilevers to minimise the cross- with a configuration of pairs of pot 9 and 11 degrees, and a spacing of 6.5m structural analysis were carried out to shipping into the port of New Ross. concrete be used for the deck and towers sectional weight. All these changes were bearings at every other support line and in the deck and 1.1m in the towers. There demonstrate the capacity of the structure for durability reasons. These constraints focused on achieving a balanced span four bearings used at the abutments. are eight cables in the lateral towers against progressive collapse. Following With the east bank of the river lower than limited the detailed design changes arrangement and a cross-section that was (which both rise to a height of 16.2m this assessment, the only additional the west, the bridge’s vertical alignment allowed, but Arup carried out a value as narrow as possible in order to reduce Owing to the durability requirements and above the deck) and 18 cables in the requirement in the final design was the has a 5% change in slope. The bridge engineering exercise identifying a number the impact of the self-weight, given that a elevated compression loads due to the central tower (which is 27m above the installation of thermal blankets around consists of nine spans: the approach of areas where cost savings could be full concrete deck was required. shallow cable arrangement, and with the deck). Each cable in the approach spans the lower part of the cables as a spans vary from 36m to 70m and the four made. Small adjustments in the vertical aim of minimising the deck depth to reduce at the lateral towers has 109 strands, with protective measure. main spans comprise two 95m and two and horizontal alignment optimised the Deck self-weight further, high-strength concrete 124 strands from the central tower. The 230m spans. The central 650m that longitudinal behaviour of the bridge and The bridge deck carries a dual was used to construct large sections of the individual strands were coated with a Foundations crosses over the river and floodplain is reduced the overall length by 8m. The carriageway and comprises post- deck box. C80/95 concrete was used in the black high-density polyethylene (HDPE) Five of the bridge piers are supported on spanned with only three supports. number of supporting cables was reduced, tensioned in-situ reinforced concrete main spans, C70/80 in part of the back sheath and provided with a petroleum piled foundations, with the remaining with a single set of cables used to support trapezoidal box sections, with widths spans and C50/60 for the approaches. wax protective filler in the interstices three, along with the bridge abutments, The planning constraints and contractual the deck instead of pairs or three cables in varying from 20.9m to 23m. The cross- between the wires comprising the using spread foundations. The central conditions set out the number, location parallel. In addition, Arup incorporated section is a single 8m-wide prestressed Cables strands. The cables were then enclosed support for the bridge is founded on a and height of the towers, the navigation precast concrete panels in the deck in-situ concrete box with 6.5m-long During the design development stage, by an outer HDPE protective pipe. The cantilevers on either side. This is Arup reduced the number of cables cables went through a full-scale 2 million supported by precast panels to reduce the transversally and also incorporated cycle fatigue test in a laboratory in cantilever length, minimise the self- saddles for the cable to run continuously Chicago, one of only two labs worldwide weight of the deck and provide a smooth over and through the towers. This that can test cables of this size. appearance. The shallow deck is 3.5m arrangement allowed the towers to be deep at mid-span, 8.5m over the central reduced from 4.3m x 2.6m on plan Wind and fire analysis tower and 6.5m over the side towers. from the tender design to 4.3m x 1.6m, The design required that the bridge be meaning that the overall width of the able to remain open under the maximum The anchor of each cable produces bridge could also be reduced. wind conditions resulting from a five- significant bending on the top slab of year return period. Specific wind studies the deck, meaning that the transversal The maximum cable length during were carried out on the bridge design, in behaviour had to be carefully investigated. construction was 278m between active addition to the conventional wind studies In order to analyse this, different 3D finite anchors in the deck. The cables are on the overall bridge stability. These element models were developed using arranged in a harp configuration, with additional studies were experimental, 3. SOFiSTiK and Abaqus. This resulted in a shallow angle to the deck of between using a wind tunnel, and numerical, 6. transversal post-tensioning of the deck, taking into account the results of the 2: The three-tower in addition to prestressing longitudinally wind tunnel tests. They demonstrated the extradosed bridge has only three supports at and prestressing of the cables. Internal wind effects on both the structure and the steel props, which connect the central Awards vehicles on the bridge. As a result of this its central 650m stretch 2020 anchor to the webs of the deck at their analysis, it was proven that no specific Association of Consulting Engineers 3: The bridge’s vertical bottom corners, were also used to wind shield was required at the edges of alignment has a 5% of Ireland distribute the transverse load. the bridge, with only a small wind shield change in slope, as the Overall Project of the Year west bank of the river panel around the towers necessary. is higher than the east As the central tower is located close to Engineers Ireland Engineering Infrastructure and Buildings Joint 4: The deck cross- the mid-point of the bridge longitudinally The bridge design also included an section is a single and receives a larger vertical load, a Winner assessment of a 50MW fire on the bridge 8m-wide prestressed monolithic connection between the deck Engineering Excellence Digital Series Winner and the resulting impact on the cable in-situ concrete box and the tower at that location was used, system. Fire modelling and non-linear 4. 7.

44 1/2021 | The Arup Journal 45 Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Bridge Kilkenny and Wexford, Ireland

Arup and CFC developed the erection 11: The bridge opened in January 2020, engineering and geometry control during and has improved congestion and national construction, with the design refined and international connectivity using state-of-the-art structural analysis tools, such as explicit time-dependent curves and step-by-step non-linear iterative analysis. Two independent models – one developed by each consultant on the design team – with more than 450 construction stages were which provides improved regional, used and updated with real data as the national and international connectivity.

8. 9. cantilever construction developed. Deck Not only easing congestion for the deflections up to 700mm for a single residents of New Ross, the bypass links 27m x 14m x 4.5m-deep pile cap, Construction stage were predicted and observed at the Cork and Waterford to Rosslare Europort, supported by 42 rotary-bored piles 1.2m Climbing formwork was used for latest cantilever stages. with its ferry connections to the UK and in diameter and 31m long. The support is constructing the bridge piers, which range continental Europe. It also links the N25 70m from the riverbank – outside the from 10m to 39m in height and are Due to the single plane of cables 11. with the N30 New Ross to Enniscorthy navigational channel, but within the tidal typically 6m x 2m on plan. The larger located in the central median, transversal route, two of Ireland’s key commercial range. The design requirements included 6m x 3m central pier, due to its location post-tensioning – in addition to the main Constructing the bridge required construction-design team was used on the and tourist routes. the assessment of an impact load on the in the river, contains stainless steel cables and conventional longitudinal significant temporary works, including project. In addition to the conventional substructure from a 6,000-deadweight reinforcement for durability purposes. The post-tensioning – was part of the chosen two temporary piers and a temporary design site representatives, senior bridge The bridge represents a state-of-the-art tonnage ship travelling at eight knots – deck for the main spans was constructed solution developed at the detailed design artificial peninsula formed to facilitate designers from both Arup and CFC were achievement in terms of extradosed a load of up to 17MN. The detailed in 6.5m sections using four form stage. This required a combination of construction of the main central pier. permanently based on site during the final bridges. At 230m, the two main spans analysis considered the configuration travellers. Two travellers progressed using global and local modelling and analysis, Reviewing the temporary works design two years of construction, providing are the longest of this type in the world of the ground conditions and the the balanced cantilever method from using 3D finite element non-linear was a critical part of Arup’s role ad-hoc specialist services and dynamic for a full concrete deck. The bridge dissipation of the energy of the ship either side of the central tower, and the models with time-dependent properties coordinating health and safety in the feedback to the construction team during meets strict requirements in terms of while approaching the foundation, along other two started from the lateral towers. and non-linear properties. To accelerate design process. Given the nature of the the cantilever construction. aesthetics, having a distinctive profile with the non-linear behaviour of the This method allowed all construction the final stages of construction, an construction method, with its balanced owing to its three low towers of soil-structure displacements during the activities to take place without interfering analysis tool overlapping the final cantilever and the complexity of each Landmark bridge different heights and its sloped profile impact scenario. A small rock revetment, with the river’s navigational channel. The stressing of the cables simultaneously construction cycle – with post-tensioning The Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Bridge is a and slender deck, meaning it blends in which also serves as scour protection, approach spans were built using with the placing of the superimposed in both directions – a fully integrated critical part of the N25 New Ross bypass, with the local surroundings. was placed to reduce the forces in the scaffolding for the main box and, for the dead load was developed. This enabled piles to within their design limit. precast panels and side cantilevers, a wing the cable forces to be updated in traveller was used, supported from the real time, substantially reducing With the Barrow a candidate Special already complete section. construction time. Authors Third party checker Eptisa and SYM Hornshøj, Albin Ingmarsson, Michal Jajesnica, Area of Conservation due to it being Mike Evans was the Project Director. He is Arup’s Road safety auditor PMCE Tomasz Jaworski, Jen Kennedy, Jennifer Lee, home to rare habitats and species, and Europe region highways business leader and a Ecologist Flynn Furney Environmental Cian Long, Esther Madden, Gillian Madden, the River Barrow estuary a proposed director in the Dublin office. Consultants Kieran Malone, Kinga Marecik, Luis Matamala, Natural Heritage Area, Arup carried out Bridge, civil and highways engineering, Nathan Maxwell, Maeve McElligott, Alba Cian Long was part of the design team based on 2D hydrodynamic modelling on the river environmental consulting, geotechnics, Menendez, Ed Mullen, Rafal Nowak, John site during construction. He is a senior engineer in for the construction and completed hydrodynamic modelling, project supervisor design O’Donovan, Pawel Ogonowski, Aoife O’Riordan, the Dublin office. structure stages. This analysis helped process services, site supervision, and sustainable Alan Pettit, Tomasz Pietruniewicz, Alessandro ensure minimal disruption to the Alfonso Ramirez was part of the design team infrastructure design Arup: Rama, Alfonso Ramirez Marchena, Ignacio waterway and the river ecosystem. based on site during construction. He is a project Yalda Acar, Martin Allen, Ozgur Alper, Ian Rivero, Zacarias Rosillo, Diego Rubio, Rinalds engineer in the Dublin office. Anderson, Greg Balding, Antonio Barrias, Kevin Rublis, Jose Ruiz, Marcos Sanchez, Claudia Barry, Conor Beades, Jenna Beckett, Roland Sanroman, Anna Skwarek, Sergey Tatuyko, Marcos Sanchez led the bridge design. He is Bourke, Chris Bradish, Diarmuid Brennan, Cian Benoit Thomyre, Janice Topley, Daniel Verdugo, Arup’s Europe region bridge and civil structures Buckley, Marcin Bulkowski, Finian Burke, Frederik Vind Jensen, David Wallace, Daniel leader and a director in the Dublin office. 8: Four form travellers were used to construct Gokhan Cakan, Alan Callan, Aidan Cleary, Walsh, Lukasz Wozniczka, Greg Zabicki, Pablo the deck for the main spans in 6.5m sections Project credits Thomas Connell, Ole Daetz, Jade Daloyoc, Heinz Zalvide Hernanz. 9: Two travellers started from either side of the Client New Ross Joint Venture delivering to Engela, Mike Evans, Alan Finch, Marie Fleming, Image credits central tower, and two started from the lateral towers Transport Infrastructure Ireland Sean Fox, Annmarie Gallagher, Rachael Gannon, 1, 2, 4–8, 10: Arup Bridge sub-consultants Carlos Fernandez Casado Heather Gibbons, Claudio Grandi, Georgia Hall, 10: Arup carried out 2D hydrodynamic modelling 3, 9: Ian Cahill/insta_mavic S.L. Gerard Hall, Mariusz Heczko, David on the river to ensure minimal disruption to the 11: Royston Palmer waterway and ecosystem during the construction Contractor BAM Civil Ltd. and Dragados Ireland Ltd. Hetherington, Lukasz Hetmanski, Pernille and completed structure stages 10.

46 1/2021 | The Arup Journal 47 Great Western electrification UK

On the right track

Leading the design to transform an essential part of the UK’s railway infrastructure

Authors Luke Cooper, Nigel Fletcher, Michael Nops, Dan Raynor, Peter Richardson, Tarek Sadek, Austin Smith and Gareth Thompson

Electrification of the Great Western sections covered 57km of multiple track Railway mainline between London through complex areas of the route, and Cardiff has been a major element of taking in the major stations at Newport The Greater West (TGW) enhancement and Cardiff, and the 7km Severn Tunnel programme and the largest rail that connects England and Wales. electrification project undertaken in the UK since the 1980s. The £3 billion The Bristol to Cardiff electrification work programme, substantially completed in was delivered through design and build December 2019, has transformed the (D&B) contractor partners ABC Great Western Railway, introducing Electrification (a joint venture comprising electric trains and enabling a completely Alstom, Babcock and Costain), and new timetable. The result is shorter subsequently Balfour Beatty, with journey times and more frequent AmcoGiffen delivering the tunnels services, with an extra 15,000 seats each contracts. Arup worked as the lead weekday between Cardiff and London. designer alongside design partners Tata It has also brought environmental Special Projects (which produced most benefits, reducing noise pollution and of the standard ‘open route’ designs), improving air quality. The Hitachi and was supported by sub-consultants Intercity Express trains used on the route Furrer+Frey (F+F), SNC Lavalin, WSP, are 18% more energy efficient than Opus and COWI. diesel class trains, and it is estimated that the electrification of the Great Western Lead designer Railway network will result in the As lead designer for sections 8 and 9, reduction of over 40,000 tonnes of Arup led the multidisciplinary design CO2 equivalent emissions each year. of the overall electrification works. The scope of work included the overhead Arup had been centrally involved in line equipment (OLE) and associated TGW since undertaking feasibility electrification components, OLE support studies directly for Network Rail in 2011. structures and foundations, tunnels, This work included route clearance bridgeworks, and the coordination and studies and optioneering of electrification integration of all lineside infrastructure. solutions in the tunnels. Arup was appointed in 2014 as the lead designer Arup mobilised a multidisciplinary for sections 8 and 9, extending from team from its rail business, with Patchway on the outskirts of Bristol, support drawn from all sectors, covering through Newport to Cardiff. These all technical disciplines and internal project management services. Over 450 Arup staff across 21 offices provided input on the project.

Project Management Office 1: The Greater West enhancement programme has To enable delivery of the works, Arup transformed the Great Western Railway collaborated with Network Rail and ABC 1.

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to establish a Project Management Office (PMO) to provide leadership and management of the whole pre‑construction process, including surveys, design and assurance. An integrated programme of work was established to allow construction to proceed in parallel with finalising the design; this was essential in meeting the programme deadlines. To assist ABC, members of the Arup team were seconded into the PMO to form a co-located project team in Newport.

One of the main challenges was working within a live railway environment, with the railway remaining operational 2. 4. 5. throughout the project. Most of the works were done in heavily congested Arup worked closely with ABC and project interfaces and stakeholders 9 of the route, and were then adopted by These digital tools generated significant, foundations were required along the full railway corridors with existing Network Rail to establish a project-wide and setting up interface controls to Network Rail on further sections of TGW. quantifiable benefits in terms of improved length of the Bristol to Cardiff section. Victorian-era structures and a multitude assurance strategy, allowing progressive ensure technical coordination of safety and carbon reductions. It was Significant challenges faced and of lineside equipment and buried design submissions and acceptance to designs and implementation of works. All parties with access to the web viewer estimated that over 6,000 hours were overcome included: services, with little information on their run in parallel with site activities. benefited from being able to see map saved by removing onsite paper-based location or asset condition. The PMO This enabled the PMO to manage the BIM and digital tools data, site photos, 2D and 3D geometry, trial pit records and associated datasheet - lack of surveys – including model allowed integrated planning combined design and construction Arup led the BIM strategy for the Bristol 360° imagery – including a railway processes and resources. During the topographical, ground investigations of access arrangements for surveys, programme. Assurance functions and to Cardiff route section, working in version of ‘streetview’ – point clouds, design phase, the web viewer is estimated and buried services data; design and assurance, and subsequent systems engineering activities included: collaboration with Network Rail and trial pits in real time, pile foundation to have saved 13,000 work hours and - limited access available to construction activities within track ABC. This involved creating innovative installation and as-built survey data. resulted in a 70% reduction in design undertake surveys; possessions (when the railway was - technical assurance to follow and powerful data collection and team site visits. - varying ground conditions; and closed to trains for a period of time, Network Rail procedures, enabling visualisation tools, which greatly reduced A specific function of the app on hand- - constraints on OLE mast/ either a few hours or up to several days). acceptance of integrated designs by the number of surveys and site visits held devices was used to validate OLE The success of these innovative tools foundation locations. Major blockades of up to six weeks the relevant Network Rail disciplines required and helped to streamline the mast/foundation positions through the has been recognised through industry were arranged to enable large packages and asset owners; design process. By using 3D, web and use of trial pits on site. The tool allowed awards, including the 2017 Constructing Arup arranged site investigations to of site works to be completed efficiently. - requirements management, including mobile technology, the project team was real-time visibility of trial pit information Excellence (National) Digital allow ground models to be developed validation and verification processes able to capture a large array of data to be shared between the site team and Construction Award. and to identify the main ground hazards. Another primary PMO function was the against the contract requirements; quickly and easily and share it via a designers. Not only could foundation These investigations included trial pits, management of interfaces with other - safety management, managing inputs common data environment. locations be validated easily, but any OLE foundations boreholes and dynamic sampling Network Rail projects and integration for a project-wide hazard register to iteration needed to adjust design positions The design and installation of the methods, with additional investigations of the design with works being delivered assess risks and provide system safety The digital tools comprised three to avoid buried services could be done foundations for the OLE were significant carried out in areas of greater ground risk by others, including high-voltage (HV) evidence in support of design elements: efficiently. The app was also developed elements of the overall scheme – 13,000 or uncertainty. This work also informed power and distribution, signalling and submissions; and - a relational database linking and to capture as-built data, automatically route clearance works. - interface management, identifying all integrating previously separate digital feeding this into the database, with platforms, existing data sets and visibility through the web viewer. ever-expanding volumes of site data; - an app that captured real-time 2: Arup was lead geotechnical investigation trial pit designer on TGW data, which fed directly into the sections stretching database and interfaced with design from the outskirts of software; and Bristol to Cardiff - a rail-specific web viewer that enabled 4: Driven steel circular hollow section piles were 3: Through the use of multiple stakeholders to view, access the preferred type of OLE foundation web, 3D and mobile and interrogate various data sets from 5: In areas where there were significant headroom technology, the large constraints, such as beneath station canopies, project team could any device and location. mini-pile foundations were used capture and share a wide range of data in These processes and tools were 6: 3D imagery was used to obtain statutory real time developed specifically for sections 8 and consents from planning and heritage authorities 3. 6.

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structures and signals. The creation of the initial concept design allowed mobilisation of the ground investigations for foundation works at an early stage, which was critical in meeting the overall programme timescale. The detailed design included traction bonding design and overall coordination with lineside civils infrastructure and earthing and bonding designs as part of the electrification system.

Major stations 7. 8. The major stations at Cardiff Central and Newport presented unique challenges in the investigations necessary to confirm conditions was an important consideration ground conditions encountered. incorporating electrification systems that 10. the form and condition of the existing from the early stages. In many instances, this allowed the would have minimal impact on the station structural assets, many of which date adequacy of the installed foundations infrastructure and railway operations. Risk assessments were undertaken to retaining structures. These necessitated back to their original construction in Collaboration with Network Rail and to be demonstrated, avoiding the need ensure all station operations and bespoke solutions, not just for the OLE the mid-19th century, and to assess the piling subcontractors and designers for expensive remedial works. Arup worked closely with Network Rail, maintenance activities could be done itself, but for support structures and potential impacts of the OLE system across other sections of TGW allowed station operators and local authorities safely and that minimum clearances to associated lineside equipment. and its foundations on these assets. the teams to develop a better collective A bespoke automated software tool to develop bespoke OLE structure any live electrical equipment were understanding of the limitations and integrated with geotechnical software solutions. These were integrated within maintained. An example of this approach Tunnels electrification The preferred OLE foundation comprised capabilities of the construction plant. design tools ALP and PIGLET was existing platforms and canopies, was the autotransformer feeder (ATF) Electrification of TGW mainline tunnels driven steel circular hollow section Based on these findings, Arup developed developed during the project, which minimising the impact on heritage cable and routing design. Following presented two main challenges: (CHS) piles, favoured due to their an innovative small diameter bored piled enabled improved productivity by structures and on station usage for both optioneering studies, Arup developed integrating electrification design within relatively high installation productivity option that could be readily installed using allowing the mass production of location- train operators and passengers. Where solutions using insulated ATF cables, the constraints of the existing Victorian- rates and low relative cost. Groups of available plant. This significantly reduced specific foundation designs. As the possible, OLE structures were placed mainly routed behind the station era tunnels and implementing the works mini-piles were also adopted within areas the number of abortive foundation surveys, design and construction away from areas of passenger flow and buildings to avoid the platform areas. within limited railway possessions. Arup of significant headroom constraints, for installations in areas of stronger shallow activities progressed together, all data situated to avoid conflict with signal undertook feasibility studies for Network example beneath the station canopies in rock, improving productivity, reducing was held in a ‘single source of truth’ sight lines. Extensive consultations were OLE designs on the approaches to both Rail to establish the preferred design Cardiff and Newport stations. costs and helping to protect the wider schedule, combining the OLE and necessary to obtain statutory consents major stations were highly complex due to option for each of the six tunnels between programme of delivery. foundation designs in a single model. from planning and heritage authorities, the narrow, congested railway corridors, Bristol and Cardiff and one other tunnel Difficulties with the installation of involving the use of 3D imagery to including frequently opposing constraints at Chipping Sodbury to the east of Bristol foundations to design depths was a critical There were a small number of OLE design demonstrate the mitigation measures presented by the proximity of over and (which was subsequently added to the programme and cost risk for the scheme. foundations that did not achieve the The OLE equipment range implemented introduced to reduce visual impact. under bridges, railway junctions and Arup scope). Each tunnel required a Understanding the ground conditions and defined design depths due to refusal on on the Great Western mainline was Series phased approach to undertake surveys, the limitations of available construction hard strata. The Arup team undertook 1, developed by F+F for national Furrer+Frey conductor 10: In the Patchway design and construction works, all in rail with modified plant in installing different types of back-analyses of these foundations based electrification projects on routes above support arrangement tunnels, track had to close collaboration with Network Rail be lowered by as foundations within these differing ground on the specified piling records and 110mph. The benefits of using Series 1 Existing signalling and Earth wire and AmcoGiffen as the D&B contractor telecommunications much as 400mm included a reduction in the standard OLE cables fixed on Insulated for the tunnel works. components, which minimised hangers autotransformer 11: The Patchway feeder cable 7: 3D modelling was installation times and track possessions, tunnels required a Innovative electrification designs used to integrate the and reduced maintenance requirements. modified ROCS to were introduced through close liaison design with station suit the tunnel profiles with the OLE design partner F+F. infrastructure and for Arup worked with F+F to develop OLE and to minimise A rigid overhead conductor rail system safety assessments track lowers solutions for the complex sections of the (ROCS) developed by F+F was typically 8: Bespoke OLE Bristol to Cardiff route, allocating the used, to provide optimum solutions structures and foundations were Series 1 design range and using inputs within the limited space available. required on the on HV power feeding and sectioning Existing cable The ROCS consists of an aluminium congested station arrangements provided by Network Rail. troughing conductor rail which holds the contact approaches The OLE design process involved wire in place, eliminating the need for producing preliminary layouts to enable Lowered track tensioning equipment and thereby 9: A rigid overhead Existing buried conductor rail system foundation selection, followed by cable troughing improving safety and reliability. In the was installed in detailed layout plans and design, material 4km-long Chipping Sodbury Tunnel, Drainage TGW tunnels schedules, and clearance assessments for the design was the first application in 9. 11.

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20-00021fig02 Barking Dog Art Great Western electrification UK

12: The Bridge Street bespoke OLE support structures. These overbridge was included portal gantries attached to the Authors James Blyth, Dominic Blythe, Ed Boss, Mark Sophie May, Suzanne McColgan, Colin McCreath, replaced in a single steelwork of the Usk Viaduct and six- Luke Cooper led the BIM implementation on the Brayshaw, Chris Brieger, Alex Briggs, Mike Brizell, Rory McEwan, Joseph McGenn, Kelly McKay, lift operation track portal gantries between Cardiff project. He is a senior analyst in the Cardiff office. Matthew Brown, Tansin Brown, Lukasz Bugajski, David McShane, Victoria Megraw, Maurizio Mele, 13: It is estimated Central and Cardiff Queen Street, Mollie Bullock, Steff Bullock, Amanda Bulmer- Nette Mijares, Laura Millar, Nicola Millard, Saeed Nigel Fletcher led the original feasibility studies for that the electrification spanning the split-level tracks of the South Thresh, Mike Burke, Peter Burns, Amanda Burrows, Mojabi, Philip Morgan, Phil Morley, Annabel Morris, Network Rail and the initial Lead Design Team as of the Great Western Wales mainline and the Valley Lines. Andy Button, Flavia Cappelletti, Juan Carlos Glyn Morris, Sam Moss, Andrew Murnane, Blake Railway will result in Contractor’s Engineering Manager. He subsequently Ascanio, Neil Carstairs, Agnieszka Cepok, Laura Murnane, Jonny Murrells, Tom Mynors, David Nash, the reduction of over led the Assurance Team for ABC Ltd and was the Lessons learned Chatwin, Alpesh Chauhan, Mei Cheong, Martin James Nicholls, Michael Nops, Chris Norman, Stine 40,000 tonnes of Project Manager for the tunnels contracts. He is an The first electric train services between Chibhebhe, Les Church, Lewis Cleverley, Barrie Norskov, Paul Nottage, Caroline Nurse, Clare CO2 equivalent Associate Director in the Bristol office. emissions annually London and Cardiff commenced on Coles, Paul Cone, James Connell, Luke Cooper, O’Connell, James O’Dwyer, Henry O’Grady, Nonso 5 January 2020. This was the culmination Michael Nops was the Project Manager for the main Mark Cooper, Jack Copner, Matt Crawford, Matt Okoye, Kwesi Okutu, Ed Olivier, Marcel Onwuka, of many years of collaborative effort OLE contracts, and part of the PMO. He is an Cresswell, Jamie Crispin, Sebastien Crompton- Michael Orr, Anthony O’Shea, David Overall, Chris 12. within a challenging programme across Associate Director in the London office. Roberts, Wilma Cruz, Ross Cullen, Joe Daly, Anna Owen, James Park, David Parks, Tom Partington, numerous contracts. Arup helped to David, Ceri-Ann David, Rob Davies, William Richard Patten, Jonathan Payne, Jamie Pearce, Sean Dan Raynor led the geotechnical design of the OLE the UK of a conductor rail OLE system tunnel linings and to undertake trial fixings transform this vital UK rail corridor Davies, Tomas Davis, Lee Davis, Mark De Melo, Perryman, Anthony Peters, Aled Phillips, Gareth foundations. He is an Associate Director in the on a 125mph mainline railway. and pull-out tests. Standard designs, using into an environmentally sustainable, Alan Dean, Rachael De’ath, John Dell, Rory Pierce, Anton Pillai, Miguel Pinto-Ward, Chris Pope, Cardiff office. proprietary bolts and chemical grout electrified railway. Deuchar, Brian Devlin, Alexia Dimitriou, Tim Dixon, Daniel Potts, Liam Power, Annie Price, Caitlin Price, The Patchway tunnels north of Bristol products, were subsequently developed to Peter Richardson was the Contractor’s Responsible Peter Dodd, Shaun Doherty, Kieran Dolan, Mark Christopher Price, Natalie Price, Linda Pring, Declan presented a unique set of challenges. suit a range of load cases and structural Innovation was at the heart of Arup’s Engineer for Bridge Street overbridge reconstruction, Douglas, Georgie Durell, Amit Dutta, Mark Easton, Prior, Jacek Przysiezny, Maria Qabaha, Mario These twin, single-bore tunnels have conditions likely to be encountered. work – the team developed bespoke the ATF fixings in the Severn Tunnel and many of the Amy Edmonds, James Edwards, Rowen Ekermawi, Querol, Sara Quintana, Antonio Raya, Dan Raynor, particularly tight spatial constraints. The Fixings were then installed using software and visualisation tools to civil structures adjacent to Newport and Cardiff Iolo Ellis, Sue Elias, Qusay Elshawa, Andrew Paul Richards, Tara Richards, Peter Richardson, tracks needed to be lowered by up to innovative drilling rigs specially developed integrate site survey information with Stations. He is a Senior Engineer in the Cardiff office. Emmerson, Chris Evans, Ioan Evans, Jayne Evans, Jonathan Ridley, John Riley, Gill Ritchie, Colin 400mm to provide the required space for by AmcoGiffen for TGW tunnels. These design models, as well as developing Kieran Fargher, Mike Farrer, Lindsey Fletcher, Nigel Roberts, Richard Robertshaw, Duncan Robertson, Tarek Sadek led the Patchway Tunnels stability the OLE, with temporary excavations in enabled rapid, safe installation within the pioneering OLE foundation design and Fletcher, Jonathan Fowles, Matthew Fox, Will Elliott Robinson, Joanna Rothwell, Tarek Sadek, analysis and geotechnical engineering to enable the excess of 1m deep needed in places to tight spatial and time constraints. electrification solutions. Francis, Matt Fry, Alex Fullerton, Catherine Gainey, Paddy Samengo-Turner, Luqman Samiruddin, Aaron track lowering works. He is an Associate in the replace the track, formation and tunnel Ana Gallego, James Gibbons, Rob Giles, Elena Sammutt, Richard Sharp, Keelan Shelton, Dmitry Bristol office. drainage. Rock bolts (4.5m long at 2.5m Bridges and civil structures Many lessons have already been Gogou, Rob Gordon, Martin Gormley, Felicity Sidorenko, Mark Skinner, Tom Skinner, Matthew centres) were installed where required to Along the route, major clearance works learned from TGW, not only for Arup Austin Smith was the Programme Director. He is a Graves, Josh Green, David Gregory, Daniel Griffith, Skuse, Ian Smiley, Austin Smith, Daniel Smith, Joel provide lateral restraint to the base of the were required including bridge renewals. but for the entire rail industry. The firm Director and is the Bristol office leader. Stuart Haden, Zoe Haigh, Dave Hamblett, Colin Smith, Matt Smith, Matthew Snell, Rob Snell, Sam tunnel walls, in advance of the autumn Most significantly, Arup undertook the has contributed to developing strategies Hanford, Jim Harbord, Alison Harper, Phil Harrison, Soltesz, Katie Southway, Andrzej Stanulewicz, Gareth Thompson was the lead Contractor’s 2016 six-week blockade for the main full design of the replacement of the for future electrification schemes Shaun Hartley, Chris Harwood, Mike Haughton, Tomasz Stawiarz, Gillian Steele, Tony Stimpson, Responsible Engineer for OLE design. He is a senior track lowering works. 39m-span Bridge Street overbridge in through industry-wide bodies including David Hay, Dave Heard, Welayat Hosany, Daniel Nikki Stockbridge, Darren Styles, Xiying Sun, engineer and technical lead for the OLE team, based Newport. The 120-year-old bridge had the Railway Industry Association. Howse, Will Hughes, Alastair Hume, Dave Hunt, Mohan Sundharam, Jakub Szkaradzinski, Davyd in the Manchester office. At approximately 7km in length, the insufficient vertical clearance for the Arup has since applied its learnings James Hunt, Richard Hunt, Andrew Hurst, Simon Tamrazov, Ji-Jian Tang, Lucy Taylor, Lee Taylor, Severn Tunnel is the longest rail tunnel in electrification works. It was removed in from TGW on major rail projects Project credits Hurst, Salma Hussein, Andy Illingworth, David Aodhan Teague, Anna Thiele, Toria Thomas, Gareth mainland UK. With the added complexity a single lift operation and replaced with elsewhere, including HS2 and the Ultimate client Network Rail Ingram, Scott Ingram, Bob Irvine, Val Ismaili, Chris Thompson, Tim Thorne, Stuart Tillett, Dan Timmins, of crossing beneath the River Severn a new single span weathering steel- Transpennine Route Upgrade. Direct clients/contractors ABC Electrification Ltd Jackson, Hywel James, David Jarvis, Tomasz Philip Todd, James Tomnie, Andrew Tryhorn, Will estuary, water management measures concrete composite road bridge that met (JV with Alstom, Babcock and Costain), Balfour Jaworski, Jaroslaw Jendrzejczak-Jendrzejewski, Turton, Catherine Tyldsley, Mike Tyrrell, Jaunius were necessary to minimise the effects the clearance requirements. The design Beatty and AmcoGiffen Erqin Ji, Sally John, Darren Jones, Andrew Jones, Urbonas, Ben Urry, Rob Varley, Marios Venieris, Ian of water ingress on the OLE system. The of the new superstructure consisted of BIM, bridges, civil, digital services, electrical Chris Jones, Mathew Jones, Neil Jones, Rosheena Walker, Louise Walley, Kirstin Walling, Alex Walton, electrification equipment was installed in prefabricated steelwork and precast engineering, environmental consulting, geotechnical Jugdhurry, Chris Justice, Dan Kang, Zach Kanter, Jonathan Ward, Mick Ward, Tom Watkinson, Chris phases, with the main ATF cables and concrete deck and parapet elements that engineering, highway design, programme and project Rahul Karunakaran, Karen Kennedy, Jack Kerr, June Webb, Joanna Wei, Lisa West, Simon Westwood, ROCS system installed during the 2016 allowed works to take place during short management, railways, structural engineering and Khine, Andrzej Kocmierowski, Maciej Kolodziejski, Simon Wheat, Barry Whitehead, Barbara Wielgo, blockade. This allowed subsequent possessions to minimise rail disruption. transport planning Arup: Alexandra Koutsouki, Kamil Kroplewski, Irek Dan Wilcox, Tim Wilkinson, Sam Wilks, Keith monitoring, inspections and testing to The original substructure was assessed Obie Achigbu, George Acuna, Sara Ali, Pete Allott, Kryczka, Michal Kurzewski, Nameeta Lal, Joe Williams, Nick Williams, Sion Williams, Mark take place to assess the effects of the and retained with some modifications to Alina Alvarez, Allen Amin, Josh Archer, Dave Landers, Phil Landrey, Jordan Laraway, Robin Wilmot, Emily Wilson, Ivan Wong, Alastair adverse environmental conditions within improve stability. The increased load Ashurst, Sylvester Atiba-Davies, Clive Aubrey, Larcombe, Witold Laszcz, Jasmine Lau, Simon Woodland, Marie Wright, Dunshun Yang, David the tunnel, enabling additional mitigation capacity of the superstructure allowed Victoria Aviomoh, Hamza Baayu, Jacek Bacinski, Lawrence, Jakub Lech, Mariusz Leszczynski, Charlie Zhao, Ying Zhou, Susanne Zocher, Lutalo Zuberi. and protection measures to be applied the removal of the previous weight Grace Baird, Charlie Baldwin, Sam Baldwin, Samila Levett, Oliver Lewis, Bogumil Lipiecki, Philippa Image credits prior to final commissioning. restrictions for traffic on the bridge and Bandara, Raphaelle Barbier Saint Hilaire, Chris Long, Emiliano Lopez, Luis Lozano, Sinéad Lynch, 1: Gareth Willey/Shutterstock the footpath widths were increased to Barker, Patrick Barry, Ben Baty, Stephen Baxter, David Lynesmith, Evan Ma, Ian Mach, Jack 2–8, 10, 12: Arup For the design of the structural fixings into improve pedestrian access to the city. Rachel Beal, Anne Bearne, Jon Beech, Darragh Macnaghten, Panagiotis Manis, John Manning, Sarah 9, 13: Network Rail the tunnel lining, intrusive investigations Beirne, Lucy Bell, Claire Bennett, Nicholas Berg, Maplesden-Jenkins, Daryl Marshall, Charlie Martin, 11: Arup/ICE were made in the early design stages to Various bridges and viaducts required Andrea Bertoneri, Robert Best, Ellis Blackmore, Shannon Martin, Zoe Masterson, Giulia Matteoni, assess the condition and integrity of the modifications to accommodate the 13.

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1. Raffles City Chongqing, Chongqing, China: CapitaLand Ltd; 2. Central Interceptor Tunnel, Auckland, New Zealand: Arup; 3. K11 ATELIER King’s Road, Hong Kong: Marcel Lam Photography; 4. Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility, South Dakota, USA: Matthew Kapust/ SURF; 5. Jengu handwashing unit, Global: West Lea School; 6. Ken Rosewall Arena, Sydney, Australia: Martin Mischkulnig; 7. Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Bridge, Kilkenny and Wexford, Ireland: Ian Cahill/insta_mavic; 8. Great Western electrification, UK: Network Rail. Front cover image: Raffles City Chongqing, Chongqing, China: CY Tang.

The Arup Journal Printed by Geoff Neal Group Vol.56 No.1 (1/2021) Produced on FSC® paper Editor: Macdara Ferris and printed with vegetable- Designer: Wardour based inks. Email: [email protected]

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