Protecting the Roman Empire Matthew Symonds Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42155-3 — Protecting the Roman Empire Matthew Symonds Index More Information

INDEX

aedes, 9–10, 51 brigand, 22–23, 56 Agricola, Gnaeus Julius, 59, 67, 71, 96 Brigantes, 59, 77, 81 alcohol, 28, 183, 219 Bristol Channel, 36, 49–52, 216 Alesia, 33 Britons, 22, 56, 98, 126 Altenstadt, 58 Brühl-Villenhaus, 186–187 Am Forsthofweg, 199 Bürgle bei Gundremmingen, 191 amphora, 28, 64, 182 burgus, 12, 23, 199 Anavionenses, 20, 81 Burlaﬁngen, 45, 54, 120, 219 Annandale, 20, 81–85, 146 Burnswark, 87, 98, 137, 146 Antonine Wall, 4, 8, 78, 85, 93, 127–128, 131, 152, 154, 162, 164, 167, 171, 174, 176, 219, 222–223, Caesar, Julius, 34, 36, 42, 48 227 camel, 19–20, 23, 64, 183, 213 Antoninus Pius, Emperor, 125, 137, 150, 154, 163, Careg y Bwci, 62 170 Cargill, 70 Aphrodites Orous, 19, 21, 29 Carronbridge, 86–87, 137, 227 archer, 6, 15, 87, 121 Castle Greg, 72 architectural fragment, 15 Castle Hill, Boothby, 100 artillery, 15, 87, 120, 202, 209 Castleshaw, 9, 73, 76, 91, 189 Asperden, 199–201, 203, 212 cavalry, 6, 18, 20, 22–23, 25–28, 45, 47–48, 52, 137, Augsburg, 57, 189, 191, 195 149, 218–219 Augustus, Emperor, 37 Cerialis, Petillius, 39 auxilia, 6, 17, 47–48, 67, 72, 219 Chew Green, 78, 88, 140, 241 children, 24, 53, 183, 186, 219 ballista, 120–121, 187–188, 209 Civilis, Julius, 39 ballista, lightening, 209 Cleddans, 146, 151 bandit, 16, 22–23, 52, 54, 56, 70, 91, 188, 210, 217, coastline, 193 225, 227 shore, 17, 21, 50, 52, 71, 77, 85, 121–122, Bankhead, 72, 86 149, 179, 192, 198–199, 205, 208, barbarian, 1, 18, 23, 53, 77, 95, 162, 177–178, 182–183, 216, 218 193, 198, 202–203, 212–213, 223, 225 Cologne, 37, 182–188, 195, 202, 210 Barburgh Mill, 28, 51, 82, 85, 89–90 combat, 1, 22, 24, 29, 49, 137, 210, 218, 224 Barnhill, 83 comitatenses, 6, 178 barrack block, 2, 6–7, 20, 25–26, 40, 51, 74, commander’s quarters, 10, 74 113–114, 117–118, 142, 144, 147, 189, Commodus, Emperor, 23 201, 206, 216 Conspiracy, Barbarian, 192–193 Bassus, 1, 20, 25, 214, 227–228 contubernium/contubernia, 6, 25–26, 30, 190 Batavian revolt, 39, 58 convoy, 16, 63, 74, 78–79, 87, 90, 103, 140, 217, Bavay, 183–186, 188, 195, 202, 210, 224 219 Beattock Summit, 83–84 corner towers, 202 Black Hill, 70 counterinsurgency, 225–227 Boudica, 50, 56, 59 craft activity, 28 Bowes Moor, 75, 194–195 Croy Hill, 139–146 bribery, 2, 24, 115 curator, 20–21, 27, 30, 41, 46, 48, 51, 57, 64, 103, 115, bridge, 124 118, 166, 183

247

248 INDEX

Dalkingen, 171–172 assault on, 52 Danube, 12–13, 23, 33–34, 42–47, 50, 54, 58, 68, 72, concentric, 50, 52–53 91–93, 97, 152, 158–159, 162, 165–166, 177, corner towers, 54, 217 182, 186, 189–191, 197, 199, 201, 203, 209, 212, defences, 2, 50, 53, 73, 76, 88–91, 117, 144, 157, 214, 216, 224–225, 227 161, 186–187, 191, 194, 201, 210, 217, 227 De Balije, 37 definition of, 5–10, 178–179, 199 deer, 46–47, 51 design of, 15, 18, 36, 52, 155, 217 defence in depth, 179, 186–187, 192, 195, 201, 210, 224 garrison hierarchy, 20–21 defence, forward, 123, 131, 151, 175, 179, 197, 203, garrison size, 7, 25–26, 44, 54, 74, 142, 187, 201 221, 223, 225 ‘interval’, 59, 69–70, 73, 77, 84, 91, 101, 145, Degerfeld, 157 150–151, 169, 219, 222 Dere Street, 56, 78, 81, 88, 112, 128, 182 interval tower, 45–46, 54 desertion, 64–65, 188 lifespan of, 11, 23, 91, 210, 219 Didymoi, 19, 21, 27, 182 outwork, 51–53 diplomacy, Roman, 129 size of, 6–8, 19, 44, 62, 74, 91, 142, 155, 173, 178, dog, 47, 208 208, 214, 216–217, 225 donkey, 28, 30, 57, 183 spacing system, 81, 136, 151 Dumnonii, 49, 53 subdivision of, 16–17, 216 Duntocher, 133, 135, 139–144, 146, 151 fortress, 5–7, 9–11, 16, 20, 34, 36–37, 54, 74, 92, 194, Dura Europos, 25, 40 197, 217–218 Durisdeer, 82, 85–86, 89–90, 191 fortress, vexillation, 6 duty roster, 26, 28, 30, 51 France, 3, 33, 77, 210 duty, customs, 44, 161 Frittlingen, 58 Froitzheim, 186–188, 202 Eastern Desert, 1, 10, 16–20, 24–25, 27, 40, 46–47, 57, 63, 65, 76, 78, 115, 182, 184, 213, 226 Galates, 1, 213 Egypt, 1, 12, 17–20, 22–28, 30, 41, 45–48, 51–52, gambling, 28, 219 57, 62, 76, 78, 103, 115, 147, 182, 184, 191, 203, game, wild, 19, 46 213, 219, 226 Gask Ridge, 65–71, 75, 92, 101, 108, 131, 145, 162, Eining, 42, 178, 191 220 Elslack, 73 Gatehouse of Fleet, 71 Elvanfoot, 84 Gemsheim-Allmendfeld, 58 Engers, 202 Germany, 3, 34, 36–37, 39, 55–58, 68, 77, 91, 100, Erglodd, 62 120, 150, 152–176, 210, 216, 222–224, 227 escort, 27, 90, 92, 218 Gillam, J.P., 133–135, 138, 140, 149 Exmoor, 21, 36, 51, 68, 149, 203, 205, 216, 218 Goldsberg, 191–192 expansions, Antonine Wall, 138–139, 147 Goldsborough, 201, 203, 205, 207–208, 212 Graben, Upper German, 165 feriale Duranum, 40 granary, 7, 39, 74, 103, 191, 217 Filey, 203, 205, 207–208, 211 Groot Zandveld, 37 fish, 27, 46, 64 guerrilla, 22, 54, 57, 90, 213, 226–227 foederati, 178 fort, 5–12, 15–18, 21–23, 25, 29–30, 33–34, 37, Haardorf-Mühlberg, 46–48, 54 39–40, 42, 46, 48, 50–51, 53, 56–57, 59–63, Hadrian, Emperor, 113, 116, 131–132, 136, 154, 65–71, 73–74, 76–77, 81, 83–85, 89, 91–92, 96, 162–163 98, 100–101, 106–108, 114, 116, 121, 123, 128, Hadrian’s Wall, 95–133, 135–138, 142, 144–155, 132–133, 136–140, 142, 144–145, 147, 149, 152, 164–165, 167–168, 171–176, 181, 192, 194, 209, 158–163, 165, 167–169, 175, 192–193, 197, 207, 211, 220–225, 227 210, 216–219, 221–223, 225 Hafan, 59 outpost, 3, 151 Haltwhistle Burn, 100–103 fort decision, 106–107, 112–114, 116–118, 122–124, Hanau-Mittelbuchen, 57, 160 127–128, 131, 135, 142, 175, 222 hangover, 28 fort, late, 10, 130, 178, 189, 191, 193, 195–196, Haselburg, 157, 167, 170 198–199, 209–210, 225 Hayton, 56 fort, Numerus, 160, 163 Hirfynydd, 62 fortified landing ground, 203, 208–210, 225 homosexuality, 25 fortlet horse, 19, 47 annex, 78–79, 140 horses, 52, 126, 149, 187–188

INDEX 249

Huntcliff, 203, 208–209, 212 milecastle 29, 109 hunting, 28, 39, 54, 219 milecastle 31, 128 husbandry, animal, 28, 47, 219 milecastle 33, 121 milecastle 34, 121 illness, 24 milecastle 35, 112–114, 117–118, 130–131 immunes, 26 milecastle 37, 117–118, 128 in der Harlach, 166 milecastle 39, 21, 130 infantry, 6, 21, 23, 25–28, 45, 53, 87, 218 milecastle 40, 128 intelligence, military, 22, 90, 203, 218–219, 226 milecastle 42, 109 Intercisa, 12, 23 milecastle 47, 112, 114, 117, 128, 142, 167 Inverquharity, 69–70 milecastle 48, 112–114, 117, 142, 167 Iovis, 10, 41 milecastle 50 Turf Wall, 117–118 Ireland, 59, 71, 85, 216, 225 milecastle 52, 119 Isny, 189–191 milecastle 80, 121–122 milecastle, Westgate Road, 128 journal, postal, 30, 63 milefortlet Antonine Wall, 133–135, 139 Kinneil, 139–144 Cumbrian Coast, 121–122, 147–148 Kirwaugh, 71 spacing system, 122 Knag Burn, 121, 172 milefortlet 1, 122 Krokodilo, 27, 29, 48, 63, 76 milefortlet 17, 122 milefortlet 21, 122 Ladenburg, 202–203 milefortlet 23, 122 Lahn, 169 Milton, 82–83 Lantonside, 82, 84–85 missile troops, 45–46, 54, 70, 120–121, 174–175, latrunculorum / latrunculi, 23 209, 217, 220, 223 Laurieston, 136 Moers Asberg, 199–201, 203, 208, 212 limitanei, 6, 178 Mollins, 68, 72 Llanfair Caereinion, 89 Mons Claudianus, 19, 27, 78 Llety canol, 62 Murder Loch, 83, 85 logistics, 46 Myos Hormos road, 19, 29, 63–64 Lurg Moor, 147–149, 151 Neckarau, 202 Maiden Castle, 73–76, 91–92, 132, 192, 194–195, Nepos, Titus Haterius, 20 218–219, 222 Nero, Emperor, 39, 49 Marcus Aurelius, 98, 151, 164–165 Nersingen, 42–44, 55 Marktveld, 39–40 Netherlands, the, 3, 37, 120, 177, 216, 222 Martinhoe, 26, 48–53 Nithsdale, 71, 81–87, 146 Maximianon, 20, 24, 28 Nunnery, the, 203–206, 211–212 metalworking smelting, 48, 130, 219 Oberstimm, 42–44 milecastle, 4, 96, 106–125, 127–132, 137, 140, Ockstadt, 199 144–146, 167–168, 175, 222 Odenwald, 15, 155, 159, 161–163, 172 altars nearby, 41, 219 Offenburg-Rammersweier, 58 demolition, 117 Ohrenbacher, 58 design, 15, 109, 133, 142, 149, 171, 192, 220, 222 Old Burrow, 48–53, 149, 211 garrison size, 25, 115, 117, 123, 129, 171, 220 Outerwards, 85, 147–149 gateway, 16, 109–111, 113, 117, 121, 123, 125, outpost, deﬁnition of, 3 127–128, 130–132, 150, 167, 171, 223 Oxton, 78, 140 size of, 109, 119, 123–125, 142 spacing system, 77, 106–108, 111, 114, 120, 125, Palmersheim, 186, 188 131–132, 220–221 Passau, 212 milecastle 9, 117–118 patrol, 27, 36, 51, 90, 92, 203, 218, 220, milecastle 10, 112, 167 226 milecastle 14, 112, 167 pax Romana, 4, 22, 31, 126, 132, 195 milecastle 22, 128 Peel Gap tower, 120–121, 128 milecastle 23, 112, 167 Pen Llystyn, 62, 74 milecastle 27, 112, 167 Pen y Crocbren, 62, 90

250 INDEX

Penmincae, 59 slingshot Persou, 19, 64 sling bullets; sling stones, 15, 38–39, 45, 87, Philokles, 29, 76 120–121 Phoinikon, 19, 64 South Danube road, 191 pig, 27, 47 South Shields, 25, 51 pimp, 29, 76, 219 Stainmore pass, 73–77, 92, 132, 146, 162, 192, pirate, 54, 71, 192, 208–209, 217, 225 194–195, 210, 218, 220 population, indigenous, 93, 135, 175, 220 Stanegate, 98–104, 106–107, 124, 138, 144–145, 162, Germany, 91, 176, 221 182, 195, 215, 220 Scotland, 227 Summerston, 145, 151 population, local, 2, 42, 87, 95, 126–127, 135, 148, supply, 6, 16–17, 27, 36, 39, 47, 54, 63, 67, 176, 214, 220 71, 74, 85, 92, 103, 151, 181, 184, 188, 198, Germany, 170, 176 202 Scotland, 87, 151 surveillance, 5, 15, 36, 38, 51, 62, 67, 69–70, 75, population, nomadic, 19 92, 112, 114, 118, 121–122, 128, 131, 147, Portgate, 109, 128 168, 172, 174–176, 183, 195, 218, 220–221, praesidium / praesidia, 2, 10–12, 20–21, 23–24, 27, 223 29–30, 33, 40, 46–47, 53, 62–63, 68, 76, 78, Switzerland, 3, 34, 58 115, 182–183, 191, 218–219 principia, 9–10, 40, 74, 140, 178, 191 tabellarii, 27 prostitute, 2, 21, 28, 219 Taunus, 57, 68, 154, 158–161 Pumpsaint, 62, 73 temporary camp, 5, 7, 71, 79, 83, 86, 90, 144, 194 tesserarius, 20, 24, 26 Raetian limes, 154, 159, 164, 166, 169–171, 173–174, Teufelmauer, 165, 171, 175 222, 227 textile production, 48, 54, 219 raider, 192, 198, 201, 209, 217, 224–227 threat, low-intensity, 23, 115, 151, 177, 179, 216, 223 Redshaw Burn, 83–84, 90 Throp, 100–101, 123 Regensburg-Harting, 186 Tiberius, Emperor, 21, 37, 42 relief, 24–25, 30, 191 Tipalt-Irthing gap, 112, 123–125 Rey Cross, 194, 235, 242 Tisavar, 9, 41, 199 Rhine, 33–34, 50, 53–54, 58, 70, 91–93, 152, 158, tower 167, 177, 182–183, 187–189, 197–202, defences, 38 214–216, 224–225, 227 design of, 7, 12–15, 37–38, 161, 163, 165, 174, rider, 6, 27, 52, 64, 145, 150, 218–219 199, 202, 205, 208 Romulus Augustus, Emperor, 212 garrison size, 15, 54, 171 Roper Castle, 75 in fortlet, 10, 187–188, 199, 202, 205–207, 209, Rötelsee, 157, 170 211, 224 Rough Castle, 8, 133–135, 139 late, 184, 191, 198, 208, 224 Rövenich, 186–188 lifespan of, 23 overseeing gateway, 171–172 Saalburg, 160–161 size of, 194, 214 satellite, 53, 70, 75, 83–84, 101, 146, 150, 195, 218, tower 10/8, 161 222 Trajan, Emperor, 10, 65, 97, 159, 162, 168, 214, 221, Scarborough, 203–208 227 Scotland, 20, 65–68, 71–73, 77–92, 96–98, 100, 123, Trajan’s Column, 13, 15 125, 129–130, 136–137, 150–151, 177, 184, 214, turret, 96, 105, 107, 112, 114, 116, 119–121, 123, 125, 217, 219, 226–227 127, 130–131, 135, 137, 146, 149, 167, 175, 192, Seabegs Wood, 142–145 220, 222 Seaton Carew, 203, 206 demolition, 117, 127–129, 131, 175, 223 self-sufﬁciency, 46–48, 50, 54, 219 design, 109–110 Septimius Severus, Emperor, 29, 129, 165 garrison size, 15, 115, 118 Sibyllenspur, 159 reconstruction of, 13, 109 signalling, 5, 15, 51, 69, 107–108, 145, 150, 171, shooting from, 120 207 spacing system, 106–108, 120, 125, 131–132, 174, Silures, 49, 58–59 220–221 skopeloi, 12, 16, 147 surveillance, 107, 114 slave, 29 turret 44a, 119

INDEX 251

turret 44b, 118, 121, 123, 128, 130 Walensee towers, 34, 58 turret 45b, 118, 121, 123, 128 Wales, 36, 49, 53, 58–63, 68–69, 73, 87, 89, 91–92, turret 48a, 123 101, 184, 214, 219, 222 turret 48b, 123, 130 Watling Lodge, 144–145 Waun-ddu, 61 Upper German limes, 14, 58, 93, 154, 158–160, Wetterau, 57, 68, 92, 155, 157, 160–161, 163, 169, 173–176, 182, 188, 198–199, 220–224 172, 176 Urbicus, Q. Lollius, 77, 137 Whitby, 203, 207 Utrecht, 37–38, 46, 54, 70 White Type, 83 wife, 29 Valentinian I, Emperor, 198–199, 208 Wilderness Plantation, 139, 143–145 Valkenburg, 39 women, 24, 29, 186, 219 Vallum, 117–118, 121, 125, 136, 144 workshop, 7, 10, 74 Vespasian, Emperor, 39, 160 vexillum, 10 Year of the Four Emperors, 39 vicus, 76, 91 Vindolanda, 6, 10, 17, 22–23, 56, 76, 98, 100, 226 Zandweg, 37–39, 46 Vitellius, Emperor, 39 Zülpich, 183–189, 195–196, 199, 210, 224