What is the contribution of open data and data gathering to climate change mitigation? Analysis of the Impacts of Climate Change on the indigenous people from "La Guajira" region in Colombia Sarah Osma Peralta*

1 ABSTRACT. KEYWORDS Considering the opportunities posed by open data, the following Climate change, data driven technologies, data mining, open data, document presents an analysis of the impact generated in the migration, Wayuu. Wayuu indigenous peoples of La Guajira in Colombia, due to ACM Reference format: Climate Change and the possibilities provided by open data and data gathering, in the policies implemented by the Colombian Do not remove modify or remove / editorial placeholder for author name. Government to mitigate the effects of climate change at the national 2019. Do not modify or remove / editorial placeholder for paper title. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Theory and Practice of and local level. Electronic Governance (ICEGOV2020), Athens, Greece, March 11-13, 2020, 00 pages. https://doi.org/00.0000/0000000.0000000 Climate change is one of the biggest challenges that countries must deal with in this century and in the upcoming years. It is also one of the key subjects of the Millennium Development Goals, Methodology. especially for developing countries and for the poorest and most vulnerable communities like the indigenous groups. In order to achieve the objective of this study and address the specific research questions in this proposal (and any others that may Therefore, bearing in mind that climate change impacts have arise during the research process), the following methodological diverse and complex consequences, these must be addressed from strategies will be employed: different points of view, such as its social, environmental and cultural effects. This research will also focus on the identification 1.1. A Legal-theoretical study: - Review of the main issues of the barriers restricting the implementation of open data (OD) identified by legal scholars as hampering the implementation regarding environmental matters in Colombia. of open data for environmental purposes in Colombia. - Review of relevant legal literature on the relationship The factors that may prevent the successful use of OD in the between law and innovation and contract theory to develop a environmental sector in Colombia are mainly issues related to lack framework for assessing how regulations can be drafted of the infrastructure needed for a data driven innovations and the (both from the form and content perspective) to stimulate insufficient understanding of the importance of data use from open data developments across sectors. different stakeholders. 1.2. A comparative legal-analytical study: - Review of the This framework will expose said obstacles, as it attempts to experiences of other countries in the development of OD highlight the experience of other countries to finally assess which frameworks in order to map out the main enacted or proposed are the priority factors that must be tackled in order to accelerate rules having an impact on the implementation of OD, in the the implementation and use of alternative sources of data. environmental sectors.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]. ICEGOV2020, April 1-3, 2020, Athens, Greece © 2020 Copyright is held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM. ACM ISBN 000-0-0000-0000-0/00/00…$15.00 https://doi.org/00.0000/0000000.0000000 *Colfuturo Alumni 2014.

ICEGOV2020, 1-3 April 2020, Athens, Greece

Climate Change in Colombia. In a study made by the center for clean water 2 researcher stated that by the year 2070 the average temperature in Colombia will increase between 2° and 4° C, along with changes in the hydrological conditions caused by the reduction of the rainfall, which is estimated to be up to 30%. In view of the above, climate change will affect the quality of life of all Colombians, especially the means of living of the rural population. These effects are already perceived, for instance on the coastal areas such as the chain of Islands next to Cartagena in the northern area and the Tumaco municipality in the Pacific region, where the increase in sea level and floods affect human settlements and economic activities. In addition to the environmental effects of these settlements, all these changes associated to climate conditions lead as well to an acceleration in the process of internal displacements and migrations, which are the main focus of this paper.

Fig.2 Population exposed to inundations in the area of Cartagena. Credit: Nelson Hsu/NPR

Climate Scenarios in Colombia.

The following lines will show, how the Colombian territory is filled with geographic contrasts, for example the Caribbean region is a diverse territory that includes dry ecosystems, tropical rainforest, marine ecosystems, mangrove and all the ecosystems present in the altitudinal area of the Sierra Nevada in the Municipality of Santa Marta.

The ecosystems present in this node are vital to the region not only for its high biodiversity value, but because they provide ecosystem services to other species during the adaptation process. For example the mangrove ecosystem, decrease flooding by preventing coastal erosion in the same way the high mountain ecosystems prevent the likelihood of landslides and overflowing rivers.3 Fig.1. 80% of Tumaco's people live on or alongside the water. Credit: Nelson Hsu/NPR According to the institutional mapping on climate change issued by the United Nations in Colombia, the Caribbean region is suffering in the short and medium term several impacts due to strong variability and climate change. In departments such as Córdoba and Bolivar, more than 10% of rainfall is supposed to be reduced as temperatures increase between 3° C to 4 ° C. per year.

2 Case Study: Colombia’s National Climate Change Process (2012) development and country programming of the United Nations. UNDP: Available at https://ccap.org/resource/colombias-national-climate-change- Bogotá. ISBN: 978-958-8447-82-7. process/. 3Comprehensive project management of risks and opportunities of climate change and adaptation in the Colombian Caribbean (2012). National

ICEGOV2020, 1-3 April 2020, Athens, Greece

This makes the Caribbean region, one of the most affected in terms indigenous family of both Colombia and Venezuela5 and have tried of water scarcity, other phenomena associated with variability and to preserve their traditions, politics, laws, religious rites and habits. climate change in the region are: Tropical cyclones, forest fires in The Wayuu population in Colombia increased in 40.7 % since 2015 dry enclaves located near Santa Marta and north of the Guajira as 6, nowadays this group is situated in La Peninsula de la Guajira well as sea-level rise4. next to the Caribbean Sea, they live in Colombia and Venezuela. This community is not divided by the frontier located between the Expected Impacts of climate change in the two countries, which take up to 15 300 Km in la peninsula de la Caribbean Area. Guajira Colombia and 12 000 Km in the state of Zulia in 7 The most vulnerable areas in Colombia are Cartagena, San Andres Venezuela . Islands and the Gulf of Urabá, all located in the Caribbean coast as well as Buenaventura and Tumaco in the Pacific, in the first two territories adaptation measures are required given the imminent vulnerability to environmental disasters these communities are exposed to. In the frame bellow the Climate Change and energy Officer for the United Nations evaluated the Climate Risks in Colombia and made an estimation of other impacts of climate change on the population that inhabits the coastal areas of Colombia.

Fig. 3 DANE Wayuu population in Colombia in the census of 2005 and the census of 2018.

The organization of the tribe is based on their ancestral tradition. They are divided into clans or families united by ties of consanguinity in maternal or matrilineal line, and by spiritual ties represented by totemic animals that identify each clan and the mother's maiden name. The Wayuus are organized into 12 clans scattered in eight existing safeguards in the peninsula of La Guajira. The highest percentage of the population is in the clans "Epieyuu"

The Wayuu indigenous tribe. The Wayuu indigenous group is an aboriginal nomadic tribe, this tribe is located in the northern region of Colombia, settlement for other native people such as aruhacos, muiscas, taironas, chocoes and motilones, these groups were settled before Christopher Columbus arrived to America in 1492. The Wayuus are the biggest

4 Cardona, A. (2009). Institutional mapping. Actors involved in addressing 6 Colombian office for national statistics (DANE), (2018) Census, the Climate Change in Colombia. Integration of risks and opportunities of Available at https://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2018/informacion- climate change project processes national development and country tecnica/presentaciones-territorio/190816-CNPV-presentacion-Resultados- programming of the United Nations. UNDP: Bogotá. Guajira-Pueblo-Wayuu.pdf 5 Colombian office for national statistics (DANE), (2018) Census, 7 Blog post ,(2009) Available at https://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2018/informacion- https://indigenouspeople20.wordpress.com/2009/05/11/wayuu-tribe/ tecnica/presentaciones-territorio/190816-CNPV-presentacion-Resultados- Guajira-Pueblo-Wayuu.pdf

ICEGOV2020, 1-3 April 2020, Athens, Greece with 21%,"Ipuana" with 17% and "Uliana" 16.5%. The Wayuu people were shepherds and fishermen, these activities combined with hunt and horticultural gathering of products was inherited from their pre-Hispanic ancestors.9 Nowadays, due to the lack of effective public policy and the imminent effects of climate change, they moved to activities such as the trade of textiles, shaft domestic activities, the elaboration of ceramics that are increasingly obsolete and the exploitation of salt and other unnatural activities for them, like wage labor and petrol smuggling.

The Wayuu still plan and develop their settlements and traditional activities according to the seasons and ecological diversity of the peninsula, always under a concept that derives from the sense of wellbeing, in which dreams and seasons are essential guides for existence.

These aspects explain the success in the Wayuu social reproductive system: The dispersed nature of their settlements in a semi-arid environment; and the way they have managed to solve the water supply challenges of the Peninsula as they distribute family groups by using in a communitarian way the same natural resources.

The reasons behind the precarious conditions of the indigenous Fig.4 Wayuu population by clans. people of la Guajira are diverse, but mainly due to political, economic and environmental factors. Said factors are important, The tribe is ruled by a legal system based on compensation and but we are focused on the implications of climate change due to authority and all the fundamental decisions are taken by the most global warming. prestigious members of the tribe, who are selected based on their wealth and values or correct behavior. Traditionally in the Wayuu culture, the elderly could foresee events such as rain, cold and heat, based on natural indicators like the As a community, the Wayuus keep alive many of their traditional presence of certain animals and crops. This cosmogonic logic still values, especially those related to language, dance, attires, food and leads all the activities developed by the Wayuu, the distribution of funeral rituals. fences, the harvest season, the ceilings of the houses, the disposition of their boats, and their actions. It is worth to mention that industrial activities have had a deep effect in the region (smuggling trade, salt mining or coal), and Previously the members of the tribe could easily detect climatic through these activities, the Wayuu tribe have been the most events, which is impossible to do today because the weather is affected on their traditional breeding methods. constantly changing. Which means drastic changes in the indigenous communities: diseases, more poverty, forced According to the Colombian office for national statistics (DANE) displacement, land abandonment and loss of crops, among others. in the national census of 2018, 380,460 people recognized themselves as belonging to Wayuu tribe, a number that positions The droughts have made every task more difficult, for example, the tribe as the largest amount of indigenous people of the country. now the process of water recollection is carried out more often, In which 48.2% are men (132,180 ppl) and 51.8% females (138,233 which means that the men of the tribe have to leave the household ppl). more for longer periods of time, increasing the house expenses for every family, another effect is that the livestock is dying and as the Throughout the Guajira region two languages are spoken: Spanish droughts increase the families have to migrate, usually lead by a and wayuunaiki. The Wayuus are mostly bilingual, but there is a group of young men accompanied by some women, leaving behind large sector, especially in the Middle and Upper Guajira that is monolingual, they only speak their own language, which is a mixture of two dialects that do not impede communication between their speakers: the wayuunaiki of the higher area, and the wayuunaiki of the lower area. 8

8 Ardila, Gerardo, (2009) "Approaching the prehispanic history of the 9 Goulet, (1999) Ways of knowing: experience, knowledge, and power Guajira" in Ardila, Gerardo and several authors, op. cit., pp. 59 ss. among the Denen Tha.op. cit., p. 13

ICEGOV2020, 1-3 April 2020, Athens, Greece the poorest members of the family that can’t afford the population that inhabits these municipalities, primarily children, is mobilization. 10 an acute respiratory infection, which may be related to coal.12

Since the coal mining project started, it has involved around 7,800 Coal, and the Effects on the Wayuu population of hectares of land, changing the use of the land, resources and the the Cerrejón project. landscape. Affecting the flora and fauna of the Region. One of the most evident effects is the drought and the lack of rain, due to the

absence of vegetation and the installations by private companies of Carbones Del Cerrejón is the company that does the open-cut irrigation systems to make the water outlets reach the river faster in extraction of coal in the Cerrejón mine, located in the northern part the absence of flow and direction. In the case of wildlife, some of La Guajira. farmers say that hunting some species that used to be native of this In 1976 the Cerrejón reserves were divided into North, Central and area like iguanas now it is almost impossible. Other native species South zones. CARBOCOL and INTERCOR signed the Association of birds have lower their population or disappeared. Contract for the development of the North Zone.

By the year 1985 the production began in the northern region, with The operation of the Cerrejón Company requires exorbitant an annual production of 20 million tons on average since 2001 .11 amounts of water. Their management plan indicates that Cerrejón

extracts 17 million liters each day from the Rancheria River to water the roads where the trucks move the coal from town to town, trying to keep the dust down, an activity that always pollutes water sources and the air. Meanwhile, the average person in the high Guajira, according to the Ministry of health of Colombia, uses everyday water that is not potable for human consumption. 13

Another impact upon the communities is the noise caused by the operation of equipment, which is directly perceived in the Provincial Indigenous of La Reserva and the population of Albania, communities located close to the project. 14

Despite the environmental programs implemented by Carbones Del Cerrejón15, it is clear that the damage suffered by the land and the communities is irreversible. For instance, after 30 years of *Fig. 5 Graphic from “Anglo American’s dirty energy lobby and permanent operations, the living conditions of neighboring its false climate solutions”, Report, November 2014 communities to the coal mine, especially the Wayuus, have not improved, quite the opposite, members of this indigenous tribe had This extraction of coal results in the generation of coal particles, to move from their territories due to the new environmental 16 due to equipment and vehicle traffic in mining roads. Although conditions and the decreased quality of life. records of emissions from air monitoring networks show that they are within the limits set by national and international regulations, Migration due to Climate Change the effect on nearby towns is evident. According to reports from the According to the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre health department of the municipalities of Hatonuevo and (IDMC), 4.5 million people were displaced by environmental Barrancas in la Guajira, the leading causes of diseases in the hazards in the Americas in 2017 alone, standing for 23.8% of the overall throughout that year.17

10 CETIM (2007) Human rights violations committed by transnational 14Oliver Balch for the Guardian Newspaper (2013) corporations in Colombia, Human Rights Council - 6th session http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/cerrejon-mine- http://www.cetim.ch/es/interventions/288/violaciones-de-los-derechos- colombia-human-rights humanos-cometidas-por-las-empresas-transnacionales-en-colombia 15Cerrejon De Colombia, (2010) 11BNAMERICAS, (2019) Available http://www.cerrejon.com/site/Portals/1/Documents/pdf/sustainability_repo https://www.bnamericas.com/es/perfil-empresa/carbones-del-cerrejon-ltd rts/Cerrejon_Sustainability_Report_2010.pdf 12 ABColombia, (2019) Available https://www.abcolombia.org.uk/signs- 16 Friends of the earth International (2014) Report: Anglo American’s dirty letter-cerrejon-14august/ energy lobby and its false climate solutions”, Report, November (2014) 13 Report by the Ministry of health of Colombia, monitoring the quality of http://www.foei.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/17-foei-corporate- drinking water in Colombia, (2012) capture-report-eng-lr.pdf http://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/IA/IN 17 Andreola Serraglio Diogo, Addressing the Linkages Between Climate S/Informe%20Vigilancia%20Calidad%20Agua%20a%C3%B1o%202012[ Change and Human Mobility: An Analysis From Latin American National 1].pdf Climate Policies, 2019, available at https://www.uea.ac.uk/law/research/international-law-blog/- /asset_publisher/bS26fAaA3cQa/blog/addressing-the-linkages-between-

ICEGOV2020, 1-3 April 2020, Athens, Greece

This chapter of the research aims to show the progress made to disaggregated data; machine readable; use nonproprietary expose the links between climate change and human migration, it formats; downloadable; free and open licensed21. also attempts to show how data collection may help to monitor and mitigate this effect of climate change by providing governments In addition, we consider that following the guidelines developed by with information about problematic regions where intervention is World Resources Institute and the Open Data Charter, in the draft required. “Open Up Guide: Using Open Data to Advance Climate Action del WRI” 22 Colombia should open the following categories of data: As part of the overview of countries in Latin America that have Threats and natural impact, agriculture, climate vulnerability and addressed climate change and the relocation of population such as greenhouse gas emissions. the Wayuu indigenous tribe, reports have shown that neither Colombia nor Paraguay have listed human mobility as one of the This research also proposes the use of Cellphone Data as one of the impacts of climate change18. tools to monitor and tackle human mobility caused by climate conditions. This tool has shown how effective it is, in studies such This part of the findings also showed that in order to avoid as the Bangladeshi23 and the Colombian24. population getting into an impoverishment cycle due to climate change, a more harmonized international legal framework is The study developed in Colombia by Telefónica showed the necessary, as well as the development of efficient public policies potential of using big data and open data to study human mobility strategies. caused by climatic events. One of the conclusións of this report noted that “while natural disasters produce immediate changes in Open data, data collection and research proposal the population, climate change events produce changes much more 25 slowly” , therefore the approach by the affected countries must be proactive not reactive as in the recent past. Given the societal benefits of big data and data recollection, in the following lines we will analyze concepts regarding big data, open The results also indicate that migrations caused by climate change data and human mobility. To begin with, data is considered open if can be largely explained by traditional models that are based on the anyone can “access, use, modify and share it freely for any purpose, concept of economic opportunity26. Given that in the case of with the exclusive obligation to carry out security measures to keep extreme drought in rural environments the effect on the living it open and the authorship and origin clear” 19 conditions are direct, hence migrants seek new environments that

may provide economic opportunities. Developing open data regarding climate change requires active interest on behalf of governments and institutions, 20a report Bearing in mind the studies exposed in this paper, this research developed by Imaflora in Brazil exposed the criteria to establish if finally tries to balance the convenience and challenges brought up data can be considered open or not, therefore to consider data as by the implementation of big data and data analytics as mechanisms open data they must be: Available Online; metadata; updated data;

climate-change-and-human-mobility-an-analysis-from-latin-american- federais SP: Imaflora, p 32. Available here national-climate- http://www.imaflora.org/downloads/biblioteca/5a1dad18c4364_perspectiv policies?inheritRedirect=false&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uea.ac.u a_dados_imaflora_aprovacao_2811.pdf k%2Flaw%2Fresearch%2Finternational-law- 22 World Resources Institute and the Open Data Charter, draft “Open Up blog%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_bS26fAaA3cQa%26p_p_lifecycle Climate Data: Using Open Data to Advance Climate Action (2019), %3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id https://open-data-charter.gitbook.io/open-up-guide-using-open-data-to- %3Dcolumn-3%26p_p_col_count%3D1 advance-climate-a/ 18 Sarmiento-Erazo, J.P. (2018). Migración por cambio climático en 23Lu X., Wrathall D.J., Sundsoy P.R., Nadiruzzaman M., Wetter E., Iqbal Colombia: entre los refugiados medioambientales y los migrantes A., Qureshi, (2016) Unveiling hidden migration and mobility patterns in económicos. Revista Jurídicas, 15 (2), 53-69. Available at DOI: climate stressed regions: A longitudinal study of six million anonymous 10.17151/jurid.2018.15.2.4 mobile phone users in Bangladesh, Global Environmental Change, 38, pp. 19 Durán, G. (2019). Guía: Datos Abiertos sobre Cambio Climático. (J. 1-7. Available at Atenas, D. Villatoro, J. M. Casanueva, & F. Scrollini, Eds.). San José de https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378016300140 Costa Rica: Escuela de Datos e Iniciativa Latinoamericana por los Datos 24 Frías-Martínez Enrique, (2018), Cómo los teléfonos móviles pueden Abiertos. ayudar a estudiar el cambio climático available at http://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2560546 https://blogthinkbig.com/como-los-telefonos-moviles-pueden-ayudar-a- 20 MORGADO, Renato Pellegrini. BEZERRA, Marcelo Hugo de estudiar-el-cambio-climatico Medeiros. Perspectiva Imaflora, Número 5 - Piracicaba, (2017) Dados 25 Frías-Martínez Enrique, (2018), Cómo los teléfonos móviles pueden Abertos em Clima, Floresta e Agricultura: uma análise da abertura de ayudar a estudiar el cambio climático available at bases de dados federais SP: Imaflora. Available here https://blogthinkbig.com/como-los-telefonos-moviles-pueden-ayudar-a- http://www.imaflora.org/downloads/biblioteca/5a1dad18c4364_perspectiv estudiar-el-cambio-climatico a_dados_imaflora_aprovacao_2811.pdf 26 Frías-Martínez Enrique, (2018), Cómo los teléfonos móviles pueden 21 MORGADO, Renato Pellegrini. BEZERRA, Marcelo Hugo de Medeiros. ayudar a estudiar el cambio climático available at Perspectiva Imaflora, Número 5 - Piracicaba, (2017) Dados Abertos em https://blogthinkbig.com/como-los-telefonos-moviles-pueden-ayudar-a- Clima, Floresta e Agricultura: uma análise da abertura de bases de dados estudiar-el-cambio-climatico

ICEGOV2020, 1-3 April 2020, Athens, Greece to ease the effects of climate change upon the wayuu population, quality, is the gathering of data from mobile devices, as it can help as summarized in the tables bellow: identify migration caused by climate conditions.

The advantages of using open data to mitigate climate change In the words of Victoria Tauli-Corpuz the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples to the UN "There is a direct *Data is Reliable relationship between the two issues precisely because indigenous peoples have solutions to the problems of climate change. * Data is collected more often than in a government census, Furthermore, indigenous peoples are those who have lived more which takes up to 4 years. appropriately with the environment and are also those directly suffering the effects of climate change. Indigenous peoples are * Samples of data are massive. most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because they live 28 in very fragile ecosystems." * The collected data is detailed in terms of the origin and spacial resolution. Finally, models of data analytics are only the beginning regarding the tools and procedures to asses and measure migrations caused by climate events. These events will be increasingly frequent and long lasting, therefore the availability of tools to measure and model their effects will be essential to minimize their impact on the population. Data, metadata and the traces of mobile telephones can Challenges of using open data to mitigate climate change also be one of the most powerful instruments to achieve climate

change mitigation. * Climate migrants are often poor, elders and kids, therefore

they lack access to the devices and technologies, required to

track their mobility.

* Data protection regulation.

* Collection of data is carried out by companies that do not

share information due to its commercial value.

Conclusions

In order to help the adaptation process of indigenous peoples to climate change, it is necessary to have knowledge of their perception of the climate-society relationship, as well as their ancient knowledge about weather and climate.

The use of this knowledge and the mobility data provided by open data analytics, can improve adaptation actions or at least make them easier, respecting this community´s interpretations and feelings about the region. This approach would comply with the guidelines given by the Inter-American system of Human Rights specially 27 when it comes to the respect of the Indigenous people’s rights .

Academic research is constantly trying to find and understand possible responses to climate change but often predicts a gloomy future. Hence to get better predictions regarding climate change related impacts on a vulnerable population, new approaches are required. One of the approaches that provides certainty and data of

27G. Borrini-Feyerabend, A. Kothari, and G. Oviedo, (2004), Indigenous 28DeJusticia, published in the Espectador newspaper (2014) and Local Communities and Protected Areas. Towards Equity and http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/medio-ambiente/los-indigenas-dan- Enhanced Conservation Guidance on Policy and Practice for Co-managed soluciones-al-cambio-climatico-articulo-533003 Protected Areas and Community Conserved Areas (Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), p. 12.

ICEGOV2020, 1-3 April 2020, Athens, Greece

RIDE/IA/INS/Informe%20Vigilancia%20Calidad%20Agua %20a%C3%B1o%202012[1].pdf [14] Oliver Balch for the Guardian Newspaper (2013) http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/cerrejon- REFERENCES mine-colombia-human-rights [1] All references are numbered sequentially, on the left, using the [15] Cerrejon De Colombia, (2010) format “[x]”, where “x” stands for the reference number. Add http://www.cerrejon.com/site/Portals/1/Documents/pdf/sustai as many lines as necessary to accommodate all references of nability_reports/Cerrejon_Sustainability_Report_2010.pdf your work (the numbering is automatic when you use the style [16] Friends of the earth International (2014) Report: Anglo “REF_TEXT”). The ACM reference formatting is available American’s dirty energy lobby and its false climate solutions”, here: www.acm.org/publications/authors/reference-formatting Report, November (2014) http://www.foei.org/wp- [2] Case Study: Colombia’s National Climate Change Process content/uploads/2014/11/17-foei-corporate-capture-report- (2012) Available at https://ccap.org/resource/colombias- eng-lr.pdf national-climate-change-process/ [17] Andreola Serraglio Diogo, Addressing the Linkages Between [3] Comprehensive project management of risks and opportunities Climate Change and Human Mobility: An Analysis From of climate change and adaptation in the Colombian Caribbean Latin American National Climate Policies, 2019, available at (2012). National development and country programming of https://www.uea.ac.uk/law/research/international-law-blog/- the United Nations. UNDP: Bogotá. ISBN: 978-958-8447-82- /asset_publisher/bS26fAaA3cQa/blog/addressing-the- 7. linkages-between-climate-change-and-human-mobility-an- [4] Cardona, A. (2009). Institutional mapping. Actors involved in analysis-from-latin-american-national-climate- addressing the Climate Change in Colombia. Integration of policies?inheritRedirect=false&redirect=https%3A%2F%2F risks and opportunities of climate change project processes www.uea.ac.uk%2Flaw%2Fresearch%2Finternational-law- national development and country programming of the United blog%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_bS26fAaA3cQa%26p Nations. UNDP: Bogotá. _p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode %3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn- [5] Colombian office for national statistics (DANE), (2018) 3%26p_p_col_count%3D1 Census, Available at https://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2018/informacion- [18] Sarmiento-Erazo, J.P. (2018). Migración por cambio climático tecnica/presentaciones-territorio/190816-CNPV- en Colombia: entre los refugiados medioambientales y los presentacion-Resultados-Guajira-Pueblo-Wayuu.pdf migrantes económicos. Revista Jurídicas, 15 (2), 53-69. Available at DOI: 10.17151/jurid.2018.15.2.4 [6] Colombian office for national statistics (DANE), (2018) Census, Available at [19] Durán, G. (2019). Guía: Datos Abiertos sobre Cambio https://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2018/informacion- Climático. (J. Atenas, D. Villatoro, J. M. Casanueva, & F. tecnica/presentaciones-territorio/190816-CNPV- Scrollini, Eds.). San José de Costa Rica: Escuela de Datos e presentacion-Resultados-Guajira-Pueblo-Wayuu.pdf Iniciativa Latinoamericana por los Datos Abiertos. [7] Blog post ,(2009) http://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2560546 https://indigenouspeople20.wordpress.com/2009/05/11/wayu [20] MORGADO, Renato Pellegrini. BEZERRA, Marcelo Hugo u-tribe/ de Medeiros. Perspectiva Imaflora, Número 5 - Piracicaba, [8] Ardila, Gerardo, (2009) "Approaching the prehispanic history (2017) Dados Abertos em Clima, Floresta e Agricultura: uma of the Guajira" in Ardila, Gerardo and several authors, op. cit., análise da abertura de bases de dados federais SP: Imaflora. pp. 59 ss. Available here http://www.imaflora.org/downloads/biblioteca/5a1dad18c436 [9] Goulet, (1999) Ways of knowing: experience, knowledge, and 4_perspectiva_dados_imaflora_aprovacao_2811.pdf power among the Denen Tha.op. cit., p. 13 [21] MORGADO, Renato Pellegrini. BEZERRA, Marcelo Hugo [10] CETIM (2007) Human rights violations committed by de Medeiros. Perspectiva Imaflora, Número 5 - Piracicaba, transnational corporations in Colombia, Human Rights (2017) Dados Abertos em Clima, Floresta e Agricultura: uma Council - 6th session análise da abertura de bases de dados federais SP: Imaflora. http://www.cetim.ch/es/interventions/288/violaciones-de-los- Available here derechos-humanos-cometidas-por-las-empresas- http://www.imaflora.org/downloads/biblioteca/5a1dad18c436 transnacionales-en-colombia 4_perspectiva_dados_imaflora_aprovacao_2811.pdf [11] BNAMERICAS, (2019) Available [22] World Resources Institute and the Open Data Charter, draft https://www.bnamericas.com/es/perfil-empresa/carbones-del- “Open Up Climate Data: Using Open Data to Advance Climate cerrejon-ltd Action (2019), https://open-data-charter.gitbook.io/open-up- [12] ABColombia, (2019) Available guide-using-open-data-to-advance-climate-a/ https://www.abcolombia.org.uk/signs-letter-cerrejon- [23] Lu X., Wrathall D.J., Sundsoy P.R., Nadiruzzaman M., 14august/ Wetter E., Iqbal A., Qureshi, (2016) Unveiling hidden [13] Report by the Ministry of health of Colombia, monitoring the migration and mobility patterns in climate stressed regions: A quality of drinking water in Colombia, (2012) longitudinal study of six million anonymous mobile phone http://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/ users in Bangladesh, Global Environmental Change, 38, pp. 1-7. Available at

ICEGOV2020, 1-3 April 2020, Athens, Greece

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S09593780 16300140 [24] Frías-Martínez Enrique, (2018), Cómo los teléfonos móviles pueden ayudar a estudiar el cambio climático available at https://blogthinkbig.com/como-los-telefonos-moviles- pueden-ayudar-a-estudiar-el-cambio-climatico [25] Frías-Martínez Enrique, (2018), Cómo los teléfonos móviles pueden ayudar a estudiar el cambio climático available at https://blogthinkbig.com/como-los-telefonos-moviles- pueden-ayudar-a-estudiar-el-cambio-climatico [26] Frías-Martínez Enrique, (2018), Cómo los teléfonos móviles pueden ayudar a estudiar el cambio climático available at https://blogthinkbig.com/como-los-telefonos-moviles- pueden-ayudar-a-estudiar-el-cambio-climatico [27] G. Borrini-Feyerabend, A. Kothari, and G. Oviedo, (2004), Indigenous and Local Communities and Protected Areas. Towards Equity and Enhanced Conservation Guidance on Policy and Practice for Co-managed Protected Areas and Community Conserved Areas (Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), p. 12. [28] DeJusticia, published in the Espectador newspaper (2014) http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/medio-ambiente/los- indigenas-dan-soluciones-al-cambio-climatico-articulo- 533003