32 THE BOTANICAL MAGAZINE. [Vol. LII, No. 613.

(4) Die Leitung des phototropisehen Reizes wurde von der Blatt- spreite nach dem Stiel beobachtet. Uber die Beteiligung der Wuchsstoff- wirkung bei der Blattbewegung mochte ich in der nachsten Arbeit mitteilen (10). Zum Sehluss mochte ich meinem hochverehrten Lehrer, Herrn Prof. Dr. H. NAKANO,fur seine liebenswurdige Leitung and Belehrung, meinen herzlichsten Dank aussprechen.

Literatur. ( 1) BALL,N.: Phototropic movementof leaves. The function of the lamina and petiole with regard to the perception of the stimulus. Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin. Soc. 17 (1923) 281; zitiert aus RAYDT. (2 ) DARWIN,Cii.: The power of movementin . London 1880, besonders Chapter 1 and 8. (3) HABERLANDT,G.: Die Perzeption des Liehtreizes dureh das Laubblatt. Ber. Dtseh. Dot. Ges. 22(1904), 105. (4) KRABBE,€.: Zur Kenntniss der fixen Lichtlage der Laubblatter. Jahrb. f. wiss. Dot. 20(1889), 211. ( 5 ) MASUDA,T.: Studies on the elongation of petioles in some dicotyledons. Bot. Mug. Tokyo 47(1933), 347. (6) OLTMANNS,F.: fiber positivenand negatives Heliotropismus.Flora 83 (1897),1. (7) RAYDT,ft: Uber die Bewegungeuphotometriseher Blatter. Jahrb. f, wiss. Dot. 64(1925), 731. ( 8 ) VOCHTING,H.: fiber die Lichtlage der Laubblatter. Dot. Zeit. 46(1888), 501, 517, 533 u. 549. (9) WIESNER,J.: Uber die Formen der Anpassungder Laubblatter an die Lichtlage. Biol. Centbl. 19(1899), 1. (10) YAMANE,G.: Tiberdie Beziehungzwischen den Bewegungender Laubblatter von Fatsia japonica and der Wuchstoffwirkung. Dot. Mag. Tokyo (im Druck).

Phytogeographical Distribution of throughout the World.

By

Takuji Koshimizu.

Received October 36, 1937.

In 1930, the author had already issued "Carpobiological Studies of Crinum asiaticum L. var. japonicum BAK." Afterwards the researches of phytogeographical distribution of all species of Grin urn throughout the world have been carried to their consummation, and he again reports here the results thereof. Jan.20, 1938.] T, KOSHIMIZU-DISTRIBUTION OF CRINUM. 33

If the distribution of Crinum throughout the world is considered, the following data are to be seen from the works by BAKER(1877, 1888), BENTIIAM(1861), BOLDINGH(1901), CASTILLO(1886), Botanical nomen- clature (China) (1917), Co0KE(1908) , DUNN and TUTCnER (1912) , DURAND (1901), E NGLER-GILL(1908), HAYATA(1906), HILLEBRAND(1888), IIOOKER and JACKSON(1893-1915), HOSOKAWA(1934), KooRDERS(1911, 1923), Ko- SIIIMIZU(1930), LoRENTZ(1909), MAKINGand NEMOTO(1936), MAR`TIUS (1871), MASAMUNE(1934), MERRILL(1912, 1917), MIQUEL(1862), NAKAI (1930), RIDLEY(1907), ROBERT(1853), SCHUMANN(1901-1905), SMALL (1913), TIIISELTON-DYER(1818), WIGHT (1853) etc. The total number of enumerated species is 164 (containing 4 varieties), 1.6 of which being inland plants, 7 marsh or stream-side plants, and the other all littoral ones, distributed from the tropical to the temperate regions. It is an interesting fact that the Crinurz includes inland, littoral and marsh or stream-side species, and the inland one seems, as in the case of in general, to be the older habitat of the genus. As shown in the following tables, more than 57% of these species, both inland and littoral, occur in Africa, like the majority of other closely related genera. It is highly probable, therefore, that the birthplace of Crinum was the inland parts of tropical Africa, and that from there it has been distributed to other regions. Almost all species of Crinum have the seeds with bulbif orm endosperm, containing much water and air, and they are protected by a thick cork layer. As to the root, so far as several species are concerned, on account of the light weight of the seed, the root of the seedling is not able to penetrate into hard soil at the germination. Even on the sandy shore it is difficult to settle without the aid of the wind, by which the seed is buried in the sand. From these features just mentioned, it may be considered, that the ancestor of Crinum was at first an inland , probably growing on sandy soil. Various species derived from it have been carried to the marshes at stream-sides and to littoral regions, where the gradual growth is allowed and further on, and by the aid of ocean currents they have been dispersed as littoral plants widely throughout the world. The writer wishes to express his sincere thanks for many helpful suggestions to Professor K. KORIBA, Kyoto Imperial IJniversity, under whose direction this study was undertaken. 34 THE BOTANICAL MAGAZINE. [Vol. LII,No. 613.

TABLE I. Species of Crinuin in alphabetical order and phytogeographical distribution of them.' Jan. 20, ] T.KOSHIMIZU--DISTRIBUTION OF CRINUM. 35

TABLE I.-(Continued.) 36 THE BOTANICAL MAGAZINE, [Vol. LII, No. 613.

TABLE I.-(Continued.) Jan. 20, 1938. ] T, KOSHIMIZU-DISTRIBUTION OF CRINUM. 37

TABLE I.-(Continued.)

TABLE II. Distribution of Crinum throughout the world. 38 THE BOTANICAL MAGAZINE. [Vol. LII, No. 613.

TABLE III. Locality and number of species.

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LORENTZ,11. A., Nova Ginea. Vol. 8. 1909. MAKINO and NEMOT'O,Flora of Japan. 1936. MARTIUS, C. F. P. De., Flora Brasili.ensis. 1871. MASAMUNE, G., On the Phytogeography of the Ryukyu Archipelago. Bulletiii of the Biogeographical Society of Japan. Vol. 5. No. 1. 1934. MERRILL,E. D., A flora of Manila. 1912. An Interpretation of RuMPxlus's herbarium Abionense. 1917. MIQUEL, F. A. W., Sumatra Zijne Plantenwereld en 1-lure Voortbrengselen. 1862. MOSELEY, N. 1I., Notes on plants collected and observed at the Admirality Islands. Proceeding of the Linnean Society. Vol. 15, 1875. NAKAI, T., Notulae ad Plantas Japoniae and Koreae 34. Botanical Magazine. Vol. 44. 1930. RENDLE, A. B., The bulbiform seeds of certain Amaryllideae. The Journal of Botany. Vol. 39. 1901. RIDLEY, H. N., Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 1907. ROBERT, W., Icones Plantarum Indian Orientalis or Figures of Indian Plants . 1853. SAFFORD,W. E., The useful plants of the inland of Guam. Contributions from United States national herbarium. Vol. 9. 1905. SCnIMPER, A. F. W., Die indo-malayische Strandflora. 1891. SCIiuMANN, K, and LAUTERBACH,K., Die Flora der Deutschen Schutzgebiete in dci Sudsee. 1901-1905. SMALL, J. K., Flora of the Southeastern United States. 1913. THISELTON-DYER,W. T., Flora Capensis. 1896-1897. TIIISELTON-DYER,W. T., Flora of Tropical Africa. Vol. 7. 1818. TRIMEN, H., Flora of Ceylon. 1898. ULBRICH, E., Biologic der Friiehte and Samen, "Karpobiologie". 1928. WARMINC, Eu. and GRAEBNER,P., Lehrbuch der bkologischen Pflanzengeographie. 1918. WEGER, A., The origin of contents and oceans. 1924. WIGIIT, R., Figures of Indian Plants. Vol. 6. 1833.