Oak forest pests Life cycles, damages and control
©P. Blanchot ©P. Blanchot
Claire VILLEMANT Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR 5202 CNRS European and North African
oak forests Quercus pubescens Quercus cerris Quercus canariensis Quercus tauzae…..
Quercus suber (cork oak) Quercus ilex (holm oak) Quercus coccifera (Kermes oak) Evergreen tress Deciduous tress Xylophagous insects Coleoptera Crematogaster scutellaris Agrilus Chrysobothris Hymenoptera affinis Agrilus Coraebus Xylotrechus undatus antilope
Leptura Lichenophanes tangeriana numida
Cerambyx cerdo
Platypus Cossus cossus cylindrus Xyleborus Lepidoptera monographus Oligomerus
Mamora cork oak forest (Morocco) Villemant & Fraval, 1991 Platypus cylindrus
Mycangia (cuticular cavities containing fungi)
Females can live ♂ ♀ during 2 years Sousa 1 mm ♀ Bouhraoua
- European species of the tropical family Platypodidae - Xylomycetophagous ambrosia beetle (Ambrosia = various genera of ectosymbiotic fungi) Bouhraoua 5-6 larval instars
Jan Fev Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Eggs Larvae Pupae Adults Adult flying and foraging period (Sousa, 2002, Bouhraoua 2003, Sousa et al., 2006) Platypus cylindrus Piqûre noire (black dotted wood)
Entrance adult gallery (white cork ring) Sowdust flows
Primary ambrosia fungi (i. e. Raffaelea, Nodulisporium) are highly host specific : - they are disseminated by Platypus and develop only in its galleries - they induce wood decomposition and thus enable Platypus larvae to exploit wood - they induce production of Platypus aggregative pheromones - they developed efficient mechanisms of host-tree insemination (Sousa et al., 1997; Enriques et al., 2006) Platypus cylindrus
Prefered hosts - weakened trees - big height and diameter Tree host selection - recent cork removing When abundant, - high cork removing index (>2.5) Platypus also attacks Bouhraoua, 2003 healthy Sousa et al., 2005 trees
- Declining to dying oaks - High defoliation index - High foliage discoloration index - Presence of B. mediterraneum fungus Platypus cylindrus
West-Algeria (Bouhraoua, 2006) Morocco (Sousa et al., 2005) Tunisia (Ben Jamaa, 2007) Sardinia (Cao & Luciano, 2005) France (Maures region) (DSF, 2004) Portuga (Sousa, 1999) Spain (Soria et al., 1994)
Increasing impact with the spreading of cork oak decline Cerambyx cerdo
P. Blanchot
Coleoptera 1 cm Cerambycidae
Jan Fev Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Eggs Larvae 28 month larval development Pupae Adults
Adult activity El Hantri, 1999 Cerambyx cerdo C. Cerdo increasing damages in relation to: - Oak sanitary conditions - Development of the Hypoxylon fungus (« cork coal ») Biscogniauxia mediterranea
Marocco (El Hantri, 1999) Spain (Soria et al., 1994) Gallery max.dimensions : 5 cm Ø x 60 cm length 40 larvae / unhealthy tree
1 oophagous parasitoid : Oobius rudewi (Encyrtidae) in Morocco Coraebus undatus France: ~80% of cork unusable for cork stopper factories (Du Merle & Attie, 1992)
Spain: (Soria et al., 1992)
Portugal : (Natividade, 1956) in Spanish: “Crottes de Milan” Coleoptera (hawk droppings) Buprestidae 2 mm
Cork pest
“Couleuvre” (cork snake) “Ver du liège” (cork worm)
2 years larval growth Crematogaster scutellaris
Morocco (Mamora forest): ~50% of unusable cork (Belarbi & Zaimi, 1979)
Sardinia: (Casewitz-Weulersse., 1973)
Portugal : (Natividade, 1956)
Spain : (Montoya Oliver ,1980)
Hymenoptera Formicidae
Cork pest
“Fourmi du liège” (cork ant) Integrated protection against xylophagous insects - No biological control methods against xylophagous insects - Necessity to safeguard oak forests by: • correct management practices • good practice of cork removal • no cork removal in driest years or after a defoliation • control of overgrazing and illicit wood cutting - Necessity to increase our knowledge : • xylophagous insects / pathogenous fungi interactions • factors inducing oak tree decline Root pests Acorn pests
Lepidoptera Tortricidae
Morocco (Villemant & Fraval, 1991) Algeria (Chakali, 1999) Cydia fagiglandana
Coleoptera Scarabaeidae
Curculio elephas
Sphodroxia maroccana
High mortality of seedlings Hodebert
Morocco (Ghaioule, 2003) Coleoptera Curculionidae Phyllophagous insects Coleoptera Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Cujrculionidae Hymenoptera Cynipidae Lepidoptera
Periclista Lymantria andrei dispar Tenthredinidae
Orgyia trigotephras Tortrix viridana
Catocala Phalera nymphagoga bucephala
Mamora forest (Morocco) Villemant & Fraval, 1991 Phyllophagous insects
Periclista andrei Thaumetopoea processionea
Hymenoptera Tenthredinidae Mazziali Thaumetopoeidae
Orgyia trigotephras
Lymantriidae Sugus Euproctis chrysorrhoea
Cul-brun Lepidoptera Lymantriidae
Pélouard
Pelouard Pélourad Pélouard
Jan Fev Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Eggs Larvae collective nest collective nest Pupae Adults Malacosoma neustria Lepidoptera Lasiocampidae
Bombyx livrée
Lacroix Pélouard
Pélouard
Pélouard Pélouard
Jan Fev Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Eggs Larvae Pupae Adults Tortrix viridana
Lepidoptera Torticidae
Tordeuse verte ACIA Hagen
Istrice
Marziali
Jan Fev Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Eggs Larvae Pupae Adults Luciano et al., 1995 Lymantria dispar
Lepidoptera Lymantriidae INRA INRA
male femelle
Bombyx disparate
Gypsy moth Laroka, Bougfa Corica Lymantria dispar June 2002
Gypsy moth
pupa
male
Femalefemale laying eggs July Bombyx April disparate hatching 9 months diapausing embryo March - April 300-800 eggs / egg mass
L1 larvae wing dispersion
July
female sex pheromone
only male flies
June Lymantria dispar
Jan Fev Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Eggs Larvae Pupae Adults The same life cycle as Mallacosoma neutria Gypsy moth larvae attack more than 300 tree species oaks pines cork oak cedar holm oak exotic trees : Eucalyptus shrubs : Arbutus unedo…. oak beech chestnut tree Arbutus maples limes poplars
Photo willows INRA ruit trees….. beech Lymantria dispar
Cambini, 1971 Luciano et al, 2005
Wood ring width Heighth increase
Cork productivity loss
nd 1st year 2 year Defoliation impact on cork exploitation Forests resist to defoliation…. If they do not suffer from other stresses Gypsy moth in North Africa and Europe - widespread oak pest - numerous different local names
Germany, Austria, Switzerland: Schwammspinner Danemark : LøVstraesnonne Spain : Zig-zag (moth) Lagarta peluda (larva) Finland : Lehtinunna France : Bombyx disparate, Spongieuse Hongary : Erdei gyapjaslepke Italy : Limantria ; Bombice dispari Morocco : Laroka Algeria : Bougtefa Netherlands : Plakker Portugal : Lagarta peluda Romania, ex-Yugoslavia : Gubar Slovaquia : Mniska vel’kohlava Sweden : LöVskogsnunna Tchec Rep. : Bekyne velkohlava United Kingdom: Gypsy moth infestations between 1990 and 1999
Infestations between 2000 et 2007 Gypsy moth in Bou Hani Morocco Khemis Sahel
Aïn Felfel
Mamora
Mamora 1986 Mamora cork oak forest (135 000 ha QS) 1918 : first recorded defoliation Cyclic gradations (10-15 years) Bou Hani 1985 - 1919-26 Oophagous parasitoid Ooencyrtus kuvanae - 1932-41 introduced en 1924 - 1943-59 - 1972-81 : defoliation (20 000 ha) Regular BtK spraying since 1990 - 1994-04 : treatment (17 000 ha) in 1994 - 2006-07 : treatment (11 820 ha) in 2006 Gypsy moth in Algeria
1921-27 : Edough, Kabylie, Mitijda, Oran region 1934 : Tlemcen region 1961 : East Kabylie 1976-78 : North Constantine region (+20 000 ha defoliated en 77-78) 1985-87 : Annaba to Tizi Ouzou (+12 000 ha defoliated) 1992-96 : Régions d’Annaba, Tlemcen, Sud Oranais, Kabylie 2002-2006 : Région de Jijel,Tizi Ouzou, Blida, Chréa Edough 1924 Edough 1925 : Calosoma release; 2006 : BtK treatments Gypsy moth in Tunisia
Gradations (Kroumirie) 1903-04: Aïn Draham 1921-1930 (+ 20 000 ha in 1929-30) 1945-1955 (3 000 ha) 1966-75 (+7 000 ha in 1968-69) 1986-1999 (+10 000 ha in 1991-93) 2006-2007 : Belif
Control -1924-40: egg mass destruction -1950-72): DDT treatment - Biological control Ooencyrtus kuvanae introduction (1947) BTK treatment (1997) Gypsy moth in Sardinia
Galure
Logudoro 90 000 ha of cork oak forests Marghine Gradations Mandrolisai -xommon(5-6 years) - periodic (8-9 years) - ocasional (10-12 years)
1951-53 : 30 000 ha defoliated 1963 : 11 000 ha Since 1980 : BTK control Luciano et Prota, 1995 Gypsy moth in France
Fontainebleau 1994
- 1880 (Ventoux) - 1901-06 (Fontainebleau , Orléans) - 1932-33 - 1944-48 - 1951-55 - 1960-66 - 1970-76 (1974 : 100 000) - 1980-86 - 1989-95 - 1999-2005
1990-94, 2004-2005 : BTK treatments Gypsy moth in Corsica
2000-2003 last infestation 2007 : sexual confusion essay
Gradation periodicity: about 10 years Gypsy moth in Spain and Portugal
Spain - 1860-83 : Salamanque - 1920 et 1928 : Cordoue, Badajoz, Madrid (90 000 ha) - 1934-36 : Caceres (35 000 ha) Portugal - 1951-60: Gérone et Cadix, Salamanca (125 000 ha) 1845-48: South of Tage - 1965-71 : Madrid, Tolède, Avila, Cadix, Salamanca 1974, 1982 et 1984 : South of Tage - 1993-95: Cadix (41 000 ha en 1995) 1998: Rio-Frio - 2005: Cadix (3 500 ha) 2006 : Rio-Frio Regulation by trophic factor
June : total defoliation Next avril
INRA Regulation by natural enemies
Pupal parasitoids predator hyperparasitoids
larval predator parasitoids
oophagous parasitoid Gypsy moth oophagous enemies
parasitoids predators progradation : 10-20% des œufs progradation : 10-20% des œufs rétrogradation : 30-45% rétrogradation : 40-90%
Dermestes lardarius
Ooencyrtus kuvanae
Morocco Tenebroides maroccanus Villemant, 1993 Aglossa caprealis Gypsy moth larval and pupal enemies
Cotesia st nd melanoscela Braconidae (1 and 2 instars) Tachinidae (prepupae and pupae) Calosoma (larva and pupae)
Tachnidae
Calosoma sycophanta Gypsy moth pathogens
Bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis
Baculovirus Nuclear polyedrosis virus Fungus Entomophaga maimaga Biological control against gypsy moth
INRA Bacilllus thuringiensis
three conditions for an efficient treatment :
1 – almost all eggs hatched
INRA 2 – oak foliage at the « lengthening » stage
3 – larvae began to fed
Martin et al. (2002) Biological control against gypsy moth
Morocco (Mamora forest)
1986 : Baculovirus
Sardinia
Survey design: 282 stations (40 trees/station)
BTK : Foray 48 2001 (10 000 ha) 2002 (4 000 ha) ; 2003 (3 200 ha) 1994 and 2006 : + 15 000 ha treated with BtK
BTK effect on oak non-target Lepidoptera = defoliation by L. dispar (Luciano et al., 1999) Sexual confusion ?
Photo INRA
Photo INRA
Photo INRA Martin et al., 2007 © Philippe Blanchot Villemant & Blanchot Portraits d’insectes Editions du Seuil, 2004 MERCI