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ReportNo. 11784-ALI Albania EnvironmentalStrategy Study june 11, 1"3
Public Disclosure Authorized Energyand EnvironmentDivision CentralEuropean Department Europeand CentralAsia Region MICROFICHE COPY Report No.:11784-ALB Type: (SEC) Title: ENVIRONMENTALSTRATEGY STUDY - Author: SCHREIBER, H. Ext. :36910 Room:H12013 Dept. :EC2EE Public Disclosure Authorized
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US$ 1.00 * Leks 94.00 Leks 1.00 * Us$ 0.011 (March, 1993)
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
Metric System
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
BOD - Biological Oxygen Demand CEPP - Committee for Environmental Protection and Preservation CST - Committee for Science and Technology DA - District Administration EBRD - European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EwL - ELC-Electroconsult s.p.a. PAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FYR - Former Yugoslav Republic GRF - Global Environment Facility GOA - Government of Albania LGO - Local Government METAP - Mediterranean Technical Assistance Program MOA - Ministry of Agriculture MCC - Ministry of Construction, Housing, and Settlements MOE - Ministry of Economy MOR - Ministry of Health MOI - Ministry of Industry, Mining, and Energy MOT - Ministry of Transport NGO - Nongovernmental Organization PPM - Parts per Million RBB - River Basin Board TA - Town Administration TEI - TEI Ingegneria Dell'Ambiente s.p.a. MNDP - United Nations Development Program UNEP - United Nations Environment Program UNI - University of Tirane WHO - World Health Organization
FISJAL VAuR
July - June FOROFFCIL USEOM! 7
ACKNO, ,TSM
The Albania Environmental Strategy Study was carried out under a grant fron the Italian Consultant Trust Fund for Special Studies administered by the World Bank. The Environmental Strategy Study is the first of its kind for Albania, and is one in a series of environmental strategy studies which have been and are being carried out for all of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The Study was carried out from May L992 to June 1993.
The World Bank study team was composed of Messrs. Relmut Schreiber (Task Manager) and Mark Xosmo (EnvironmentalEconomist) together with the support of the Italian consulting firms of ELC-Blectroconsult s.p.a. (BLC) and TEX Ingegneria Dell'Ambiente s.p.a. (TEX). The team of consultants included Messrs. Gianfranco Grancini (Project Manager), Gianandrea Crema (Industrial Specialist), Ugo Meloni (AgriculturalSpecialist), Giulio salossi Restelli (Agronomist), Raffaello Picc4 (Legal and institutional Specialist), Claudio Prigioni (Natural Resources Specialist), and Roberto Puppo (Project Coordinator in Milan).
In addition, the assistance of our counterparts from the Cowmittee for Environmental Protection and Preservation was invaluable, as were the inputs from several Albanian specialists who worked closely with the World Bank team. The World Bank team gratefully acknowledges the assistance of the Government of Albania, and particularly the Committee for Environmental Protection and Preservation which coordinated all activities in Albania and assisted the World Bank team when it was in the field.
The following individuals from Albania participated in the study:
SAPFF AT THE CONMITTEIEFOR ENV RONKENTAL PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION
Dr. Lirim Selfo -- Chairman
Mr. Gani Deliu -- Vice-Chairman
Ms. Drita Dade -- Information Management
Mr. Fatos Lulos -- Lawyer
Mr. Andrea Matua -- Toxicologist
Mr. Richard Shllaku -- Water Quality Specialist
Ms. Festime Trebicke -- Economist
Mr. Ilir Vesho -- Agronomist
Dr. Shaban Ramberi -- Vice-Chairman (Through September 1, 1992)
Ms. Blida Metaj -- Information Management (Through September 1, 1992'
Thiodwoument has a restrcted distibution and my be usd by recipients only in the poefomance of toir oflcil duties Its contents maynot othrwisebe disclosedwithout WofidBank authoriztion. NATIONALSTAPF FROmOTHER INSTITUTIONS
Ms. Shpresa (eali Ministry of Agriculture and Food Agriculture
Mr. Hiuzi Dauti Institute of Hydrometeorology Meteorology
Mr. Romeo Eftimi Hydrogeological Enterprise -- Hydrogeology Tiran&
Dr. LekG Gjiknuri Faculty of Natural Sciences -- Natural Biology Department Resources
Mr. Dalip Habili Forestry Directorate Forester Ministry of Agriculture
Mr. Gezim Hajdini Albanian Copper Corporation Industrial Engineer
Mr. Nuri Hasa Metallurg4cal Institute -- Elba,ar. Industria; Engineer
Mr. Petrit Hodo Forestry Directorate Forester Ministry of Agricuilture
Mr. Viktor Ljarja Ministry of Industry, Mining Industrial and Energy Resources Engineer
Mr. Role Malay Forestry Directorate Forester Ministry of Agriculture and Food
Mr. Niko Pano Institute of Hydrometeorology Hydrology
Dr. Veli Puka Institute of Hydrometeorology Water Quality
Dr. Perikli Qiriazi University of Tirane -- Geography Geomorphology
Mr. Hrgjin Samimi Cartographic Institute Cartographer
Dr. Bamir Topi Institute of Veterinary Research Agriculture Ministry of Agri?ulture and Food
Me. Tefta Zaka Ministry of Justice Lawyer
Me. Linda Kinney Zherka Committee for Environment Environmental Protection and Preservation Law Advisor m UAIRRNBTALMMR= STUDY
Executive Sumeary ...... i
1. Introduction ...... 1
1.1 Historical Background ...... 1.2 Overview of Key Environmental Issues ...... 1 1.3 Summary of Recommendations and Ten-Point Plan of Action . . . 3
2. Developing Environmental Strategies ...... 6
2.1 Overview ...... 6 2.2 Identifying Barriers and Constraints to Improving Environmental Management ...... 6 2.3 Guiding Principles for Environmental Management ...... 7 2.4 Instruments for Environmental Management ...... 9 2.5 Environmental Financing ...... 9
3. Existing Framework for Environmental Management ...... 12
3.1 The Economic Environment for Environmental Management . . . . 12 3.2 Legal and Regulatory Framework ...... 16 3.3 Institutional Roles and Responsibilities ...... 2a
4. Environmental Problems in Albania ...... 31
4.1 Summary of Environmental "Hot Spots" and Problems ...... 31 4.2 Soil Erosion and Degradation ...... 31 4.3 Deforestation ...... 34 4.4 Water Pollution ...... 37 4.5 Marine Pollution and Coastal Zone Management ...... 41 4.6 Natural Resources Management and Sensitive Ecosystems . . . . 42 4.7 National Parks and Protected Areas ...... 43 4.8 Air Pollution ...... 44 4.9 Solid and Hazardous Wastes ...... 47 4.10 TransaboundaryPollution ...... 48
5. Towards a National Environmental Action Plan ...... 49
5.1 Economic, Legal/Regulatory, and Institutional Framework . . . 49 5.2 Role of CEPP ...... 49 LIST OF TALES
Table 1 A Ten-Point Plan for Improv:.ng Environmental Management in Albania v
Table 2 Summary of Key Environmental Problems in Albania ...... S
Table 3 Summary of Environmental Legislation in Albania ...... 18
Table 4 Institutional Respons?a> lities for Environmental Management in Albania ...... 25
Table S Environmental "Hot Spots" and Problems in Albania ...... 30
Table 6 Developing EnvironmentalStrategies: Detailed Plan of Action . . 53
LIST OF BOXES
Box I General Criteria for Setting EnvironmentalPriorities in Central and Eastern mirope ...... 11
Box 2 Lconomic Restructuring and the Rural Environment ...... 15
Box 3 Institutional Strengthening for Environmental Management . . . . . 29
Box 4 Watershed Management in the Shkumbini River Basin ...... 37
Box S Industrial Water Pollution in Albania ...... 40
Box 6 Environmental Management in the Karavastase Lagoon/Divjak& National Park ...... 44
Map Environmental Problems and "Hot Spots" in Albania
LIST OF FIGUlES
Figure 1 Existing Structure for Committee for Environmental Protection and Preservation...... 24
Figure 2 Proposed Structure for Committee for Environmental Protection and Preservation.5.1...... S1
Figure 3 Proposed Staffing for Committee for Environmental Protection and Preservation . . . . .52 ...... 52
LIST OF TECHNICAL A1-NIES
Annex 1 Final Report from Phase 1 of Environmental Strategy Study (11/1S/92) Annex 2 Final Repcrt from Phase 2 of Environmental Strategy Study (06/30/93) Annex 3 Detailed Set of Maps Accompanying Phase 1 and 2 Reports
Note: Technical Annexes which provided the basis for the Albania Environmental Strategy Study, were not reproduced for World Bank publication CONTE OF CHNICIALAMES
Annel 1 Fa1 Ie=ort from Phase 1 of£Eniout Stratega Study (11/15/92)
1L INTmpaumm
1.1 General Purpose of the Studies and Objectives of Phases I and XI
1.2 Descriptionof the Methodology 1.3 Major EnvironmentalProblems 1.4 RecommendedPriorities for Pbase II Study
2. COUTY'S GEEL SITATION
2.1 Public AdministrationStructure 2.2 Legal Framework 2.3 Demography and Social Background 2.4 General Hconow±c Policies for Sustainable Development
3. GENERALDESCRIPTION OF THE PHYSICALENVIRONMENT
3.1 Geomorphology 3.2 Geological Setting 3.3 Soils and Lands 3.4 Climatology and Meteorology 3.5 Watere
A.. DESURIPTIONOF NATURALRESOURCES AD ECOSYSTEMS
4.1 Oil, Gas, and Mineral Resources 4.2 Water Resources 4.3 Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems 4.4 Fauna and Flora 4.5 Protected Areas and Natural Monuments 4.6 Especially Sensitive Areas 4.7 Historical Environment 4.8 Landscape
1. MU109M ==IOND I8LATtZ
5.1 InstitutionalFramework and Responsibilities 5.2 General Legislationfor the Bnvironment 5.3 Regulations and Standards 5.4 Economic Incentives 6.u ECWAIC ACTIVITIM AMD RElaVN XNVWROMENTAL 2=P9&=IOS
6.1 Oil Extractionand Refining 6.2 Coal Produktion 6.3 Metal Ores Mining and Procesaing 6.4 Electric Power 6.s Industrial Production 6.6 Agricultureand Forestry 6.7 ConstructionActivities 6.8 Public Facilities 6.9 Fisheries
2, xIDENTIFICATIONOF NMAJORENVIRON6iENTAL PROBLE
7.1 Deforestation,Hill Cultivation,and Soil Brosion 7.2 Hazardous and Toxic Wastes 7.3 The Quality of Waters 7.4 Air Quality 7.5 Ecosystem Quality 7.6 Safety and Health Problems Related to EnvironmentalConditions 7.7 The Trans-BorderPollution 7,8 Technology Improvements for Pollution Abatement, Environmental monitoring, and Information Systems
Lz REGONUNDATIONK
8.1 Environmental Protection and Preservation Strategy for a Sustainable Development 3.2 General Recommendations for the Preparation of NEAP 8.3 Recommended Priority Actions
Annex 2 Final Igsort from Phase 2 of Environmentl1 Strategt Study (O6/3i0931
Developing New Environmental Legislation, Regulations, and Standards
Institutional Strengthening for Environmental Management (CEPP)
Integrated Environmental Management in the Shkumbini River Basin
Natural Resources Management in the Divjake National Park and KaravastasG Lagoon
Note: Detailed Table of Contents for the four Phase 2 Reports are not provided here, but are available on request along with the reports BffVIRSKUWxL 8TATEG STUDY
Intrduction
1. Recent historic politicaland economic changes in Albania have revealed a nation which suffers from many of the same social and economic problems as its Central and Eastern European neighbors which are undergoing similar reform. These problems include, among others, environmental degradation. As in other former coimmuist countries, one of the legacies of central planning in Albania has been serious environmental degradation and poor natural resource management which was wrought by decades of economic mismanagement.
2. With over 60% of the population (3.3 million) residing in rural areas, and approximately 50* of GDP derived from agriculture and forestry, problems such as deuforestation and soil degradation have important social and economic implications. Looking forward, sound natural resource management will be imperative as Albania seeks to develop sectors such as tourism, agriculture, oil, and mining. Unlike its more industrialized neighbors, Albania depends heavily on its natural resource base, and thus sound environmental and natural resource management must form a cornerstone for future development plans and policies.
3. Other forms of environmental degradation and pollution in Albania also have led to adverse effects on human health, agricultural productivity, and the natural environment. In urban areas, unreliable and unsafe water supplies pose the most serious environmental problem because of their implications for human health. Air pollution, on the other hand, is less significant than in the more industrialized countries of Central and Bastern Burope because of the smaller transport fleet and industrialbase. However, with the number of old vehicles from Europe increasing exponentially in Albania, air pollution from transport will become an increasingly important problem in the future.
Objectives
4. Environmental problems are only beginning to be understood in Albania as the country emerges from decades of self-imposed isolation. Although a fair amount of technical analysis had been done in the past, no systematic analyses of the causes and effects of environmental degradation in Albania had been carried out until now. Lack of monitoring resources limited the government's ability to identify and prioritize problems, and lack of financing limited investments and technical assistance for environmental protection and natural resource management.
5. As in other Central and Eastern European countries, there is a need to improve the understanding of the financial, economic, and administrative aspects of environmental management. Moreover, little effort has been made to study the ii
importance of strengthening the legal and institutional framework environmental for managementin Albania. Consequently, the institutional capability for identifying environmental problems and designing policies and programs to address them needs improvement.
6. With these limitations in mind, the primary objecti-es of the Albania Environmental Strategy Study were to: (i) Assess the general environmentalsituation of the country, identify major sources of pollution and environmentaldegradation and their adverse effects on human health and environmental quality, and identify the most seriouslyaffected areas with a view to clearly prioritizingenvironmental and naturalresource management problems; (ii) Review existing environmental legislation, regulations, and standards, and assist in the preparation of new environmental legislation,regulations, and standardsin the areas of air, water, soil conservation,natural resources management, agriculturs,and hazardous wastes;
(iii) Provide recommendationsto the Governmenton setting priorities in the environmentalfield, on policiesand strategiesfor reductionof existing levels of pollution and their avoidance in the future, and help the Governmentto develop a Three-YearNational Environmental Action Plan for 1994-1996;
(iv) Strengthen the Committee for Environmental Protection and Preservation (CEPP)and other governmentorganizations responsible for various aspects of environmental and n,%tural rescurce management through both design of a new structure for CEPP (including staff and skill mix), and identification of appropriate training requirements; (v) Conduct an integrated analysis of environmental problems and management in the Shkumbini River Basin, in order to develop a framework for integrated environmental management throughout the rest of the country; and (vi) Carry out an analysis of natural resources management in the Karavastase Lagoon/Divjak6 National Park area in order to develop a general framework for strengthening the management of national parks and protection of biodiversity throughout Albania.
Sumuary of Key EnvironmentalIssues
7. The results of the Environmental Strategy Study indicate that the following are the most important environmental problems which need to be addressed in the near future: (i) Soil erosionproblems in many rural areas which are associatedwith poorly maintained hillside terraces and overgr'-zingof livestock, and deforestation in both peri-urban and rural areas because of unreliableenergy supplies and uncontrolledcutting of trees; iii
(ii) Contamination of soil and groundwater supplies (some of which are used for irrigation) in some rural areas bemause of misapplication of fertilizers,pesticides, and other agriculturalchemicals;
(iii) Contaminationof surface waters (especiallyin urban areas) because of uncontrolleddischarges of industrialand domesticwastewater and the complete absence of sewerage treatment throughout Albunial
(iv) Contamination of the soil, groundwater, and surface water which is attributable to liquid discharges and solid and hazardous wastes from mining and energy operations in some locations;
(v) Emissions of toxic gases and particulates from thermaj power plants and industries in a limited number of industrial areas; ar.d
(vi) Loss of biodiversity due to lack of resources for sound environmental management of coastal resources, national parks, forests, and protected areas.
8. The geographic distribution and severity of these environmental problems are summarized in Table 5 in Chapter 4 which provides a list of the environmental "hot spots" in Albania (See Map in Annex). The most important "hot spots" which need to be addressed as a priority are Elbasan, DurrGs, Vlore, Fier, Ballsh, Kuk&s, Lac, and Tirani. From a po'licy perspective, these areas are considered to be the most important for a variety of reasons including:
Ci) They include several of the largest cities and important agricultural areas, and thus are more important with respect to potential economic and human health impacts;
(ii) They include the most important cz,astal areas of Albania which will form the basis of any future tourism development, and require improved environmental management to protect future economic values; and
(iii) The institutional capability for addressing environmental problems is generally greater in the more populated areas, and thus any programs would more likely be successful and could serve as a model for environmental and natural resource uanagement elsewhere in Albania.
Summary of RecomEndations And Plan of Action
9. Broadly speaking, there are three categories of instruments or interventions which are available to the Government of Albania for promoting environmental and natural resource management. These include:
Mi) Institutioal Measures; (ii) Indirect Interventions; and (iii) Direct Interventions. iv
Institutionalmeasures includemeasures such as training,increasing the number of staff working on environment, and changes in the legal and regulatory framework governing environmental and natural resource management; indirect interventions include policy interventions which are not directly aimed at environmental management but can still yield substantial environmental benefits (e.g., removing subsidies which encourage wasteful resource consumption); and direct interventionsinclude those measures aimed at specific environmental problems (e.g.,coastal zone management,industrial air pollutionabatement, and water and sewerage treatment).
10. The challenge for a country like Albania will be to find the appropriate mix of these types of instruments. Given the limited amount of resources available for environmentalmanagement and investment,it is argued that Albania must focus its initialefforts on institutionalstrengthening and indirectpolicy interventionssince these are likely to yield far more benefitswith lower costs. Work carried out under the EnvironmentalAction Program for Central and Eastern Europe has demonstrated that this is the most cost-effective approach to improving environmental and natural resource management (Box 1).
11. To effectivelytackle its environmentalproblems, the Governmentof Alhania first will need to address the economic, legal, regulatory,and institutional frameworkgoverning environmental management in Albania. These are the building blocks upon which further environmentalinitiatives will need to be based. Once these measures have been taken, more detailed effortscan be made in other areas as summarizedin Table 1 whichprovides a Ten-PointP;an for addressingAlbania's environmentalproblems. Specifically,the most crucial first steps will entail:
(i) Restructuring r.-onomicincentives to encourage more efficient resource utilization by removing subsidies for fuelvood, electricity,coal, and water;
(ii) Carefulpreparation of environmentallegislation which would include general laws concerningprotection of the environmentand specific laws, regulations,and standards (e.g.,air, water, forests);
(iii) Institutional strengthening of the Committee for Environmental Protection and Preservation (CEPP), since it has primary responsibility for implementation of environmental policy and overall environmentalmanagement in Albania; and
(iv) Strengtheningof other governmentagencies which have environmental responsibilities (e.g., Forestry Directorate in the Ministry of Agriculture,the Ministzy of Construction,Housing, and Territorial Planning, and the Ministry of Industry, Mining, and Energy). 12. Because environmental management capabilities are severely constrained by budget constraints and the uncertainties of the economic transition, periodic review and reassessmentof what can realisticallybe achieved will be required. The Ten-Point Strategy which follows provides an overview of the major issues which need to be addressed,and assumes that adequate resources will be made available over the next three years. In the event that this is not the case, those items which are marked in bold are consideredto be the top priorities. v
Table 1 -- A Ten-Point Strategy for Developing and Implementing a Three-Year National Environmental Action Plan for Albania
Required Acti
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Prear:i Pr.e. t dveet ftt>atc 4 1,.'.~~fl~f,.'a&''t''*t'', Park t'-',.i' th ix _-_ E E _ E an ±tw.etant *. -: ). , S and = aii; Not:niialStpstosetupdeig the National Evrnetbo Action Planne to b beoretakn he ed of199, o eifollowed by imlaaem enthat&ionof Thre Yea Naionlnvionmnta AtionL Plabfoma94-96 Note~fof all the abov resposibiltyfo coordnatin effotsah of Govornment4 Miitriesenggdi environmentaland~ natra ~ ~reorc angment.~ The Deale* ln4pofAction~ {Tabeinluds.comendtios 6 on Minsteiat rsonsibiities, and amr comleedscipionofth actionswhih willa~ nee to be take over. thnx prioritiesin Albania reomnatinsshouldofes en viewds as prossidilg ba8i8annal orupdtes t Alai' Naioa Envrometa Acio Plan. Albania: Environmental Strategy Study 1 ALUNIA ENVIO1OTL STRAlTGY STUDY 1. IntErductlon 1.1 Hlstori¢alBAckprcud 1. Recent historic political and economic changes in Albania have revealed a nation which suffers from many of the same social and economic problems as its Central and Eastern European neighbors which are undergoing similar reforms. These problems include, among others, environmental degradation. As in other former communist countries, one of the legacies of central planning in Albania has been serious environmental degradation which was wrought by decades of economic mismanagement. 2. Systemic factors contributed to the environmental problems of the Albania. Central planning and price controls, accompanied by soft budget constraints, led to low efficiencyof resource utilizationand historicallylittle emphasis on protectingthe environment. Meanwhile,the policy of virtual isolationismfrom the rest of the world encouragedcontinued use of antiquatedtechnologies, and limited the ability of policymakers to benefit from advances in knowledge concerning environmental management made outside of Albania. 3. Environmental problems are only beginning to be understood in Albania as it emerges from decades of self-imposedisolation. Although a fair amount of technical analysis had been done in the past, no systematic analyses of the causes and effects of environmentaldegradation in Albania had been carried out until now. Lack of monitoring resources limited the government'sability to identify and prioritizeproblems, and lack of financinglimited investmentsand technical assistance for environmental protection and natural resource management. 4. As in other Central and Eastern Buropean countries, there is a limited understanding of the financial, economic, and administrative aspects of environmentalmanagement. Moreover, little effort has been made to study the importance of strengthening the legal and institutional framework for environmental management. Consequently, the institutional capability for identifying environmental problems and designing policies and programs to address them is fairly weak. 1.2 Overview of Kea Environmental Issues 5. Although environmental degradation is not as extensive as in other countries in Central and Eastern Europe, environmental problems exacerbate poverty in many rural areas and have significant health implications in urban areas. Soil erosion, deforestation, and pollution from fertilizer and pesticide 2 Albania: Environmental Strategy Study runoff are notable throughout large portions of the countryside, and are economically significant since approximately 75% of the country's land resources are devoted to agriculture and forestry activities and these sectors account for approximately 50% of GDP. In addition, urban areas have suffered from water supply shortages, lack of sewerage treatment, and, in some cases, localized air pollution from nearby industrial operations. 6. With a population of 3.3 million, per capita GDP in Albania was only $294 per capita in 1992. In addition, GDP decline 70* from 1989 to 1992, so resources for environmentaland natural resource management will be scarce in the near future. This will be compounded by the fact that Albania has Europe's highest population growth rate (2.0% during the 19805 and projected at 1.5% during the 1990s), and an unemployment rate of 20-25%. Urban-relatedenvironmental problems are likely to grow in significance since the urban population growth rate in the 1980S was 2.4%, and continuedurbanization will continue to put pressure on the existing infrastructure. 7. The results of the EnvironmentalStrategy Study indi4catethat the following are the most important environmental problems which need to be addressed in the near future (Tables 2 and 5 depict the geographic distribution of these problems): (i) Soil erosion problems in many rural areas which are associated with poorly maintained hillside terraces and overgrazing of livestock, and deforestation in both peri-urban and rural areas because of unreliable energy supplies and uncontrolledcutting of trees; (ii) Contamination of surface waters (especially in urban areas) because of uncontrolled discharges of industrial and domestic wastewater and the complete absence of sewerage treatment throughout Albania; (iii) Contamination of the soil, groundwater, and surface water which is attributable to liquid discharges and solid and hazardous wastes from mining and energy operations in some locations; (iv) Contamination of soil and groundwater supplies (some of which are used for irrigation) in some rural areas tecause of misapplication of fertilizers, pesticides, and other agricultural chemicals; (v) 8missions of toxic gases and particulates from thermal power plants and industrial operations in a limited number of industrial areas; and (vi) Loss of biodiversity due to lack of resources for sound environmental management of coastal resources, national parks, forests, and protected areas. Albania: Environmental Strategy Study 3 8. In light of their widespread effects on the population, it is believed that (i) deforestation, (ii) -soil erosion, and (iii) contamination of surface and groundwaters (in both urban and rural areas) are the most significant environmental problems in Albania. Each of these needs to be addressed by the Government of Albania, and the international donor community. Soil erosion and deforestation are acute in many rural and peri-urban areas, while contamination of water and unreliable water supplies pose the most serious environmental health problem in cities and towns. 1.3 SuRmar' of RecomMendatioa nd Ten-Point Plan of Action 9. Table 1 in the Executive Summary provides a synopsis of the proposed ten- point plan for improving environmental management in Albania. Table 6 in Section 5.2 provides the Detailed Plan of Action on which the ten-point plan is based. Rather than summarize these tables in detail, it is important to highlight some of the most salient points. 10. It must be emphasized that addressing Albania's environmental and natural resource management problems will require that efforts are made first to strengthen the legal and regulatory framework for environmental protection, Mn4 those institutions charged with environmental management in Albania. Without addressing these foundations for environmental management first,Albania will not be able to address adequately the specific environmental and natural resource management problems identified above. II. In addition to legal and institutional strengthening, efforts to remove economic distortions which encourage wasteful resource use must also continue in Albania. Efforts to remove subsidies for petroleum products, pesticides, and fertilizers have been successful, but further restructuring of economic incentives to encourage more efficient utilization of fuelwood, electricity, coal, and water are needed. Changes in pricing policies and other broader "macro-policies"are crucial because existing distortions will continue to undermine even well-intentioned "micro-policy" efforts in environmental management. 12. The challenge for the Governmentof Albania and the internationaldonor community will be to be realingLj concerning the rate at which economic and pricing policies will change, the rate at which the legal and institutional framework can be strengthened, and, in turn, the rate and order in which Albania's environmentalproblem can be addressed. Given the limited absorptive capacity of Albania for receiving technical assistance and investment in environmental management, efforts which are overly ambitious could prove to be counterproductive in the long-run, especially if they do not take account of the existing economic situation and any proposed policy shifts. 13. Snvironment and natural resource management issues in Albania must not only be approached from the perspective of correcting past mistakes. Preventive 4 Albania: Environmental Strategy Study action is at least as important as corrective action. Albania', relatively unspoiled coastline is a potentially valuable source of tourism earnings provided that an infrastructure to accommodate tourism is developed in an environmentally responsible manner. Similarly, for a country which relies heavily on agriculture, policies and practices which are preventive as opposed to corrective (e.g., soil erosion prevention, lower use of agricultural chemicals) will not only better serve to protect the environment in the rural areas, but also agricultural productivity. Thus, for Albania, sound and sustainable development will require managing coastal and agricultural resources in a way which not only protects its environment,but also its long-run economic potential. Albania: Bnvironmental Strategy Study s XaJlj4 - - Summary of Key Environmental Problems in Albania 1/ 3E~~~~~~~~~I ;=~~~~~~~~~~~;R j M~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1/ Distri¢ts are divided into two groups for each category -- those most critically affected, and tbose significantly affected (See Table 5) 6 Albania Environmental Strategy Study 2. DgU*lg2nb Frneh1 AntZlStrateggW 2.1 ovairy 14. Because Albania relies heavily on its natural resource base for economic activity with over 60* of the population living in the rural areas and §0% of GDP coming from agriculture and forestry, sound environmental and natural resource management is of paramount importance. Moreover, with plans to develop coastal tourism, offshore and onshore oil, mining, and forestry, the country's future development plans in these sectors will also depend crucially on sound resource management. This is more true for Albania than for any other country in Central and Eastern Europe because although it is relatively less industrialized, the country is rich in both mineral and natural resources. In addition, since hydropower accounts for 87% of electric power generating capacity, the effects of the power sector on air pollution are considerably less than in the rest of Central and Eastern Europe. 15. Albania is now embarking on a fundamental transition from a centrally planned economic system to a market-oriented one. The actions and policies to support this transition need to be intricately linked to those for improving environmental management if either is to be effective. Thus, improving environmental quality in Albania by integrating a new environmental ethos into the country's developmentplans will be one of the major challengesfor Albania over the coming decade. For more industrialized countries, the issue of environment is often one of clean-up and correcting past mistakes, but for Albania a forward-looking aevelopment strategy must incorporate the economic value of its undeveloped natural resources (i.e., coastal zone, forests, hydropower, mineral resources) since these will form the foundation for its economic development. 2.2 ldentiftbg BarTlorsand Constants to Imprvin Envirometal Nauss== 16. Relevant barriers and constraints to improving environmental management first must be identified before appropriate environmental strategies and policies can be designed. In Albania, as in all of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, there are a host of barriers and constraints which militate against sound environmental management. Not all of these barriers apply equally to all countries,but, in general, they include: (i) Pricing and economic policies which encourage excessive resource use, and operation of antiquated technologies in industry and agriculture; (ii) Environmental legislation which is often incomplete, and lacking in effective implementing regulations and standards; Albania: Environmental Strategy Study 7 (iii) Institutions with inadequato capacity for designing, coordinating, and implementing environmental policies and programs; (iv) Pollution standards which are too strict and numerous to be enforceable; (v) Lack of use of ti^e "polluter pwys principle" in the past to encourage more envir.nmentally responsible behavior; (vi) Incomplete environmental data and information, and inadequate pollution monitoring; (vii) Inadequate resources for financing environmental programs and investment; and (viii) Uncertainty concerning liability for environmental damages from past pollution by former state enterprises which are presently being considered for pr'vatization. 2.3 GUidina Princuleas fcr Knyironrental NaPnaement 17. Environmental protection and preservation goals can only be achieved over the long-term in Albania, and for that reason a stable and enduring system for environmental and natural resource management must be established. Environmental protection must be balanced and integrated with economic development objectives as zarefully as possible, and environmental objectives must be achieved at the lowest practicable costs. In this regard, an environmentally benign development strategy should be a major underlying objective of the Government's overall strategy for economic tr-ansition. 18. The cornerstone of environmental management in Albania should be that it first promoteo those measures which simultaneously increase environmental quality, improve human health, and enhance economic productivity through improved resource conservation and recovery. Foremost, these would include low-cost measures such as pricing reform and improved operation and maintenance of equipment ("housekeeping"), more efficient use of raw material inputs such as fuelwood, energy, water, and agricultural chemicals, and improved resource and product recovery (e.g., of cement dust, sulphur from 802 emissions for making sulphuric acid, etc...). In the long run, this will be far more beneficial to the economy and the environment, and less expensive than clean-up through end-of- pipe technological fixes. 19. Before detailed environmental strategies can be developed, however, a comprehensive set of guiding principles and criteria for improving environmental protection and management is needed. In addition to the principle of low-cost approaches already mentioned, seven other guiding principles for environmental management are put forward. These include: 8 Albania: Environmental Strategy Study (i) Measures should yield tangible beneSits such as improvements in public health,agricultural productivity, and/or the overall quality of the environment; (ii) Measures which encourage more efficient use of resources (e.g., resource recovery, recycling, and energy conservation) should enhance the competitivenessof agriculture and industry, and not detract from it; (iii) Measures should focus on minimizing the adverse effects of environmentaldamages rather than poliution levels, larze, since the former are more importantfrom a public policy perspective; (iv) Institutional roles and responsibilities need to be clearly specified so that a well integated and coordiaod, but yet deceniaulzed, approach to environmentalmanagement can take root; (v) Environmental planning should be forward looking and take into account that future environmental and natural resource management problems are likely to be different from present ones because of ongoing economic restructuring and future economic growth; (vi) Environmental policy and management must not only take into account the linkages between economic restructuring and the environment, but also be integrated closely with macroeconomic, agricultural, and industrial policies to maximize the environmental benefits from economic restructuring;and (vii) Measures should increase the predictability and stability of the business climate by establishing clear standards and liability, and be sustainable in the long-run by realistically taking into account the economic climate and pace of market reforms. 20. The sequencing of policy reforms, legal and regulatory instruments, institutionalstrengthening, and environmentalinvestment will need carefullyto take into account institutional, technical, economic, and financial constraints along with the overall process of economic restructuring and political reform. In this way, integratedenvironmental strategies can be developed. Strategies which do not carefully integrate the above guiding principles and the various instrumentsfor environmentalmanagement are likely to fail. For example, in a country like Albania where market philosophies and privatization are only beginning to take place, it would be unreasonable to expect that pollution charges and fines could be as effective as in countries such as Hungary and Poland. Albania: Environmental Strategy Study 9 2.4 Instruments for Environmental Mansaspmnt 21. Broadly speaking, there are three categories of instruments or interventions which can be used to promote environmental and natural resource management. These include: (i) Institutional Measures; (ii) Indirect Interventions; and (iii) Direct Interventions. Institutionalmeasures include measures such as training, increasing the number of staff working on environment, and changes in the legal and regulatory framework governing environmental and natural resource management; indirect interventions include policy interventions which are not directly aimed at environmental management but can still yield substantial environmental benefits (e.g., removing subsidies which encouragewasteful resource consumption);and direct interventions include those measures aimed at specific environmental problems (e.g.,coastal zone management,industrial air pollutionabatement, and water and sewerage treatment). 22. The challenge for a country like Albania is to find the appropriate mix of these types of instruments. Given the limited amount of resources available for environmental management and investment, it is argued that Albania must focus its initial efforts on institutional strengthening and indirect policy interventions since these are likely to yield far Wn'A net benefits than direct interventions. Work carried out under the Rnvironmental Action Program for Central and Eastern Europe has demonstrated that this is the most cost-effective approach to improving environmental and natural resource management based on the criteria for establishing environmental priorities (Box 1). 23. in more industrialized countries, the focus of environmental policy necessarily requires more direct interventions because of the technical complexity of the issues, and the need to often invest in expensive end-of-pipe control technologies to meet strict pollution control standards. in Albaasia, however, because monitoring and enforcement capabilities are limited, aid economic incentives are still being rationalized as part of the economic refc,rm process, it would premature to engage in extensive pollution control and clean-up at the source. Instead institutions, such as CEPP, must first be strengthened in order that environmental laws, regulations, and standards which will be written over the near future can be implemented and enforced. Simultaneously, removing subsidies for power, fuelwood, and water will encourage more "self- monitoring" of pollution, and improve environmental and natural resource management by encouragingless wasteful resource consumption. 2.5 Dnzkgromentak.l1nancln 24. in order to finance environmental protection in Albani2, bold steps will need to be taken. This is because there is virtually no money available for 10 Albania: snvironmentalStrategy Study environmentalprotection and natural resource management,with the exception of donor-supported programs. Among the options available are pollution charges, specific taxes of which a portion of the revenues would be earmarked for environmental investment, and a small percentage of the revenues from privatization proceeds could be used to finance government clean-up of sites and plants/factories which will be privatized. In addition revenues from royalties, profit-sharing, user fees, and extraction licenses for mineral and natural resources could also be used to finance programs in environmentalprotection and natural resource management. 25. In a country like Albania, pollution charges and any revenues from privatization will have very limited potential for the foreseeable future. This is because it will take time before a large private sector which would respond to the incentives of pollution charges will be developed (presently omly 2.5t of the labor force is employed in the private sector), and the legal and regulatory framework (along with monitoring and metering) for implementing and enforcing fines is established. Pollution fines have had limited impact in the past since they were rarely assessed (no information is available on revenues collected), and fines generally could not exceed 100,000 Leks ($1,000). 26. In the near-term, the only viable options for environmental financing in Albania will include earmarking of any revenues from environmentaltaxes, user fees, and revenues from the extractionof naturalresources. Environmentaltaxes could be assessed on the use of raw materials or on finished p.>oducts. Pricing of services such as water, waste collection and treatment, and energy will be the most effectivemechanism for municipal and governmentagencies to raise revenues which could be used to take care of their environmental management responsibilities. Albania: Bnvironmental Strategy Study 21 Box: 1 -I General Criteria for Setting EnviroimentalPriorities in Central and Eastern Europe aXios ie,x~Iniat~~ Ea*Ji E~u.~ i i 4ir a un g N,. ~~~O ~~t4 ~ ~~O ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MQ M2~E*IAWKR ~ LU1O9I1 _w_ ...... IT MpL~ .. __m s_ _ ._ib&*A - SH-' - .p 12 Albania: EnvironmentalStrategy Study 3. IaM tmocfo njgan 3.1 MMe conomcEnvirfoment for Envroenl Nan8antu 27. Nacreonomimavi.odnui . In Albania, as in the other countries of Central and Bastern Europe, the macroeconomic environment is not conducive to sound environmental and natural resource management. Because of the Government Is continuing budgetary problems, there is a critical lack of resources available for investments and programs to improve environmental and natural resource management. This is true both with respect to the ability of parastatal and municipal enterprises to self-finance investments which would reduce pollution and/or improve environmental management, and with respect to the limited amount of resources made available to the Committee for Environmental Protection and Preservation and other government agencies with various environmental and natural resource management responsibilities. 28. Although exchange rates have been decontrolled in Albania, environmental investments which require foreign exchange to purchase equipment and spare parts will undoubtedly be low on the government's priority list with respect to any allocation of foreign exchange. This suggests that environmental policy and management should focus on low-cost investment and technical assistance measures which minimize requirements for foreign exchange and budgetary allocations. These would include general operation ard maintenance in industry, water supply, and agriculture and forestry activities. 29. Pricina Policies. Pricing policies which encourage wasteful use of natural resources have also contributed to poor environmental and natural resource mangement. Although Albania has made progress by liberalizing the prices of fertilizers and pesticides, and not subsidizing most petroleum products; subsidies for water, electricity, kerosene, coal, and fuelvood persist. Among other things, these subsidies contribute to excessive water losses (especially in urban areas), and exacerbate energy-related environmental problems such as deforestation throughout the country. Subsidies for household fuels are particularly noteworthy, since, as of April 1993, household kerosene was subsidized at a rate of 78%, electricity at 80-90% (includingnon-household uses), and household fuelwood and coal at around 90%. 30. Puelwood subsidies are especially important since they exacerbate fuelwood shortages, and provide additional incentive for uncontrolled cutting of trees to provide firewood. Low prices discourage the transportation of fuelwood to locations where it is most needed, and this increases deforestation pressures in already vulnerable areas. Kerosene subsidies could be justified in the short- term (less than two years), to the extent that kerosene and fuelwood are substitutes and greater kerosene demand reduces the demand for fuelwood. However, kerosene subsidies also depress the price of fuelwood, and, in turn, may reduce the incentive for replanting, and therefore should be phased-out over the medium term. Subsidies for electricity also have led to excess demand and Albania: EnvironmentalStrategy Study 13 serious supply shortages (especially in the winter-time), which further contributed to the need fcr families to cut trees to provide fuelwood for heating. 31. Water prices are also only a fractionof economic costs in most locations since the country has one uniform tariff for domestic water use (despitevastly varying supply costs). In general,therefore, water prices bear no relationship to the economic costs of providing water in different parts of the country. In DurrGs, as in most places, water prices cover operating and maintenance costs, but not capital costs. Irrigation pricing will reqyire careful examination in the future, since agriculture accounts for over 3/4 of water usage in Albania. However, as with industry and household use, metering and billing procedures will need to be improved in order to ensure that consumers will actually respond to price incentives. The first step will require that municipal/district water utilities be allowed to set water prices independentlyin order to encouragemore self-financing. 32. Because subsidiesfor energy and water are well over 50%, the demand-side effects of pricing policy reform are potentially large. If long-run demand elasticitiesare assumed to be unitarj, then eliminatingsubsidies could also reduce the long-rundemand for water, fuelwood,and energy by 50*. Clearly, such large reductions would also reduce waste streams and related pollution and environmentaldegradation. In this way, it would be possible for Albania to experience economic growth during the 1990s without increasing its natural resource consumption, and its associated adverse effects on the environment. 33. Role of Economic Restructurinag and PFivatixation. The market economy is still in its embryonic stages in Albania, especially in the industrialsector, and thus producers and consumers are only beginning to be responsive to economic incentives. However, it will take time before a well-functioningprivate sector which might respond to economic incentives to improving environmental management will be in place. Because privatization has moved much more rapidly in agriculture, the potential for improving environmental management in this sector is perhaps greater, provided that issues germane to common property management are adequately addressed (See Box 1). x 34. Albania has suffered from a virtual collapse of industry over the past two years, and now suffers from an unemploymentlevel of 20-25*. Perhaps the only benefit of this decline has been that industrial air and water pollution has been abated. In the city of Elbasan, where dust emissions were on the order of hundreds of thousandsof tons per year and includedhigh levels of heavy metals, the air is the cleanest it has been in 15 years. In the future, however, it remains to be seen the extent to which old factories (such as the metallurgical combine in Ulbasan) will be economically viable in a market economy, and thus it will be awhile before the full effect of industrial restructuring on pollution levels can be evaluated in Albania. 14 Albanias Environmental Strategy Study 35. Before rational decisionsconcerning industrialpollution control can be made, it will be necessary to evaluate the long-run -viability.-of individual enterprises. investmentsand measures aimed at pollution abatement are unlikely to be economic at a plant which will not continue to operate, althoughpolitical pressures to reduce unemployment may also prolong the life of acm otherwise unviable plants. In the event that plants do remain operating for political and/or social reasons, limited short-term measures to redure environmental and safety risks may be justified on a case-by-case basis. Still, in the long rim, economic restructuring should be beneficial to the environment by encouraging firms to use resources more efficiently, adopt more appropriate and modern technologies, and to be more responsive to any pollution charges and fines which might be assessed in the future. 36. In the past, because of soft budget constraints, direct subsidies and/or cost-plus pricing measures most enterprises responsible for environmental degradation did not have any incentive to employ mitigating measures. Frequent exceptions to fines were also granted. On the other hand, the various state or parastatal enterprises cannot be considered liable for past pollution since they worked within a rigid system that assigned top priority to the attainment of specific national production targets set by the Central Government. Under the conditions there was no room for the manager of the state enterprises to adopt measures to improve equipment and/or adopt more modern and efficient technologies, and much less so to introduce those adjustments/innovations that could mitigate adverse environmental impacts. Consequently, the government will have to develop provisions and assume liability for any costs of cleaning-up past environmental damages, in order not to deter privatization of existing state enterprises. a: twirotal 8twateSyStudy 15 . . _ . . . . . 1= | -- BcoaomivRentructurhy ai the Rural kirt ii E EE | ES| . | .P|E | ; iE| g g| g .g l| i E| g| E E .| gN Ei E .N tE . fi| gg E ; _ | | | | | t | i E| | | ; i i iS . g EN E g| ; .| . , | Ei i gN E g | | N| | | E. g 0. g| g g ==_S; g ii i fi| i | ! | !| F| | l| E| E E| |E | g| ,S | g| S, | E gE 1E .§ § N § § E !§ | | E R <:E ;! __u==== | 2 | 2 | | | .| 3 | | | | | | _=e= _ g | Eg | g | .EE | E| EE | g | | g E| | E| g E g S E== g | | N EE E ,g E | g| | z EX g gCg E | E Z 2X ! | CR, CsS C g | | ,l I | SX I | | S, SE | | EE E | E | ,| E | N| ES E g | | E| | . | _ 16 Albania: EnvironmentalStrategy Study 3.2 IAa1 andl1emgUato, Framvork 37. BackSgWd. Environmentallegislation in Albania dates back to the 19708 when the economy was strictly centrallyplanned. At that time, the formulation and approvalof laws and regulationsfor the environment,although recognized in principle, was not a priority, since production was the primary objective, whether or not at the expense of natural resources. The need for updating these rules was not recognized in the past. Consequently, most environmental legislation is obsolete, and in some cases (e.g., irrigation water use, and pesticide and fertilizer application) nonexistent. The legacy of this past is that a legal and regulatory framework for sound environmental and natural resource management in Albania is sorely lacking. 38. The first laws issued on environmentin 1973 containedvague references to a general obligation for everybody "to protect the environment,water, air and soil". Laws regarding specific sectors, such as forestry management,national parks, and fisheries were conceived in rather general terms and did not cover operations in these sectors adequately. More specific laws covered industrial effluent and waste discharges, and standards were set for the protection of environment. However, the laws often did not specify any penalties, or inadequate ones, for transgressors. 39. in 1985, the Council of Ministers, after reviewingthe performanceof each of the Min-ctries on environmentalissues, assigned specific tasks to several Ministries and other institutions, including executive committees, agricultural cooperatives, and other agencies, aimed at reducing pollution and improving environmental and natural resource management. In the same year, the Commission for Environment and Protection, which was dependent on the Ministry of Health and Environment Protection, became directly responsible to the Council of the Ministers and its functionswere redefined. On January 5, 1991, a new decree (Decree #7451) issued more specific rules and established the Committee for RnvironmentalProtection and Preservation(CBPP) in its present structure. (See Section 3.4 for a detailed description of the roles and responsibilitiesof CEPP) . 40. Reaulations and Standards. Detailed regulations for ambient air quality, drinking water quality, and industrial wastewater discharges do exist. However, because the standards are unrealistically strict, and monitoring is virtually nonexistent because of limited resources, they are not enforced. In addition, although pollution fines and the "polluter-pays-principle" are recognized in principle, there is no evidence that pollution charges have ever been assessed and collected in Albania. Moreover, pollution fines are too low and unadjusted for inflation,so as to have no deterrenteffect on pollution. No general standards exist concerning disposal of hazardous wastes,with the exception of limited controls on industrial and mining wastes which might affect agriculture, and no regulationsexist concerningthe utilizationof agriculturalchemicals. Albania: Environmental Strategy Study 17 41. N&Jor Piece1 of Envsronment"l eI&asLt"Lon. Albania is in the process of rewritingits environmentallegislation with the assistanceof the World Bank and other organizations,and a new general/umbrellalaw reflectingthe transitionto a market economy was passed in early 1993. Now that general environmental legislationhas been passed, the primary objectivesare to prepare specificlaws, regulations,and standardsgoverning pollution of the air, water, and soil, and prepare laws and guidelines concerning environmental impact assessment, land tenure, coastal zone management,mining, petroleumexploration and development, disposal of solid and hazardouswastes, applicationof agriculturalchemicals, and use of irrigation water. 42. In addition, forestry legislation is also under preparation with the assistanceof the Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations (FAO). Its objective is to improve the management of forests and national parks; to enhance the protection of natural resourcesincluding animals, particularly rare species; and to adopt appropriate rules for hunting, in accordance with models and strategies adopted by industrial countries. 43. Table 3 summarizes the major existing environmental legislation in Albania (not including the recently passed umbrella law). Once again, although there is extensive legislation pertaining to environmental and natural resource management, there are four major flaws: (i) legislation is obsolete and poorly enforced, if at all; (ii) implementing regulations and standards are often lacking; (iii) the role of the Ministry of Justice is not adequatelyspecified; and (iv) not all important environmental management issues are addressed. 44. With regard to the future, CHPP will not prepare much of the new legislation since this will largely be the responsibility of the relevant sectoralministries. However, CEPP should co-signany legislationwhich pertains to environmental and natural resource management. CUPP primary responsibility would be to ensure that any new legislation is realistic, enforceable, and incorporates principles of public participation. is Albauia: nvixrommental Strategy Study Zsbls 3 -3 Summary of Bnvironmental Legislation in Albania 1i~~~~~~~4 et*w ik m ii ~ b~nIt4aMOM MIi L m GS_9B v !~~~~iEA~ lg # il~X | |* £~5 p i~~~~~* .w A um .~~~. .5~~ . * ae.o1 ~ t Albas Enviroental Strategy Study 19 ...... S i 10111 A Eo 2f Ioo~~titji~o~*. ;*I,S t.... !g1 E B -i . ' . Study 20 Albania: Bnviraonntal Strategy Zaq.o~w, im~ E ww~. = a4 ...... .. . ______. w... g~~~ ~~ i* E EpI0bS I i*11 izi oii ~~ ~iZ** L O~k Nze S~O ~ 0~ ~*i4~ 4igi Bill'4ofw4~ ~ *j I -g 21 Albania: Environmental Strategy Study 2 2E ~~~~~~~~~~.00 .:...... :, Troatken. participationin 45. Internatioal,lnvlonmentl hasbeen varied.Albania's8 Forexample, Albania did internationalenvironmental treaties Convention on not sign the Fr _ work Convention on Climate Change or the Biological Diversity, and has not signed the vienna Convention on the Protection Ozone of the Ozone Layer, the M1ontrealProtocol on ubstances that Deplete the 4ayer, or the International Convention on Provention of Pollution from Ships for (MARPOL 1973/78). Being a party to these agreements would be important under the Albania I potential to participate in activities and receive assistance itGlobaltnvironment Facility and other internationalprograms. 46. Albania is a party to the Conventiono oncerningthe Protection of the World the Ciltural and Natural Heritage, and the Convention for the Protection of Albania Mediterranean Sea against Pollution (Barcelona Convention). rn 1992, igned the Conventionon the Protectionand lse of TransboundaryWatercourses and Effects Of International Lakes, as well as the Convention on Tranofolutdiry IndustrialAccidents. Albania also has longstandingbilateral agreements with the former Republic of Yugoslavia. It signed an agreementat Belgrade in 1956 of concerning boundary water economy questions establishing the Statute Yugoslavia-AlbanianWater t conomy Commission,and a Protocol oncerning fishing in frontier lakes and rivers. 3.3 Itrraneanuta1Rgies and Rolsonal o v.Lt2A s7. theContenfort non thePntalotetonaend aUd fTranaboundy (Wa=. The CePP is a semi-autonsmouscommittee within the Ministry ofoealth. At this time, CEPP These soven is componed of a Chairman, Vice-Chairman,and seven sections. sections include: (i) Air quality; 22 Albania: EnvironmentalStrategy Study (ii) Water pollution control; (iii) Protectionof soil, flora, and fauna; (iv) Toxicologyand epidemiologyof the environment; (v) Finance and planning; (vi) Information;and (vii) Administration. 48. The Committeealso uses the servicesof five technicalcommissions, which have the function of advisory bodies. These commissions are composed of technical staff from variousbranches of the university,research institutions, and government ministries,and are based on the followingfunctions: (i) Planning,legislation, and environmentalfinancing; (ii) Environmentalimpact assessment; (iii) Monitoring of air, water, and soil pollution; (iv) Toxicology and epidemiology of the environment;and 'v) Protection of flora, fauna, and forestry. 49. The five primary functions of the Committee are to: -i) Prepare environmental legislation, and issue implementing regulations and standards; *ii) Ensure the enforcement of laws, regulations, and standards pertaining to the environment; (iii) oversee all activities related to the carrying out and implementation of Environmental Impact Assessments; (iv) Coordinate and monitor all activities related to environmental managementwith other government agencies; and (v) Establish environmental investment priorities and financing requirements. 50. In the area of EnvironmentalImpact Assessment, CEPP is responsiblefor (i) collecting pre-planning documentation related to public and private economic development; (ii) providing advice to applicants to ensure that the project documents contain all necessary information concerning potential ecological risks and proposed means to reduce or avoid such risks; and (iii) final authority for approving environmental impact assessments. 51. Monitoring is also a primary task of C$PP. According to existing rules, the monitoring program at the local level should be entrusted to Permanent Commissions for Environmentwhich are under the supervision of CEPP. However, these commissionshave not yet been established and, at present, the program is carried out at the district level without any supervisionor controlby the CBPP, and with no coordinationwhatsoever. Finally, although an InformationSection Albania: Environmental Strategy Study 23 exists within the CUPP, a centralized information system has not yet been established. 52. CEPP has a full-time staff of only seven professionals,and is severely understaffeddespite the supportof the 17 advisorymembers of the Committeewho serve on its technical commissions. moreover, because the advisory members are not employed or paid by CBPP, they are less responsive to its needs. The CBPP and the Ministry of Health have expressedthe strong desire to increase the size of the CEPP to as much as 20-25 professionals,and would like to see the Committee become independentof the Ministry of Health before the end of 1993. This would both strengthen environmental management and improve the capacity of the Ministry of Health to focus exclusivelyon health issues. 53. The history of the CEPP is that it has been a relatively small organization with limited powers, which has been transferred frequently among different branches of the government. It was established initially in October 1973 as a small unit within the Ministry of Health. In 1985, with the increased emphasis on environment, it was transformed into a Central Commission for Environment Protection, and became directly responsible to the Council of the Ministers. On January 5, 1991, the Commission was transformed into the present Committee (CEPP), and on May 16, 1992 it was decided that CEPP would operate under the responsibility of the Ministry of Health and Environment Protection. However, its capabilities remain limited due to staffing and budget limitations since its budget for 1992 was only 1 million Leks ($10,000). 54. Other NInistries. Table 4 below summarizes the major roles and responsibilities for the other government agencies in Albania which have certain specific responsibilities for environmental and natural resource management. it must be emphasized, however, that many of these responsibilities are under review and may change, since one of the major efforts of the Albania Environmental Strategy Study is to reshape institutional responsibilities concerning environmental and natural resource management in Albania. 55. It is worth noting that the monitoring and enforcement capabilities of all of these organizations is very limited not only because of incomplete regulations and standards, but also due to lack of adequate equipment, personnel, and training. This problem is especially pronounced at the local level where monitoring and enforcement would ultimately need to be carried out. The Government of Albania will need to not only build up the capability for environmental and natural resource management in its Central Ministries in Tirane, but ultimately will need to also expand the resources available for capacity building, implementation, and monitoring and enforcement at the local level. Withotut this commitment, in the long-run, well-intentioned institutional strengthening at the central level will be insufficient for improving environmental and natural resource management. 24 AUm=na: Kvwxonental Stratasy Stud7 Zlnu L... - - EzIstlng Structue for Cmlttes for ZmLro=2*utal *tot.ctIu and Pr.sevtLon - -CE;PP ,FP-t4 i. g~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A. . } i ; X 01Rl"0,wt. | . WMcg*x" Albania: Environmental Strategy Study 25 ZsMle 4 - Institutional Responsibilities for Rnvironmental Management in Albania .~~~~~~nE E E E E~ ~~nA V4E ...... a..A1 i~ im~ioniniw~ ~b~S i 4.|t | *~~~~~~* .~~ ~ ~ ~ "0 N 26 Albaia: Envronmetal Strategy Study .. ~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... I E; ; , .=N|z 1~~~~~~~~M Abanias nvironmental Strategy Study 27 i|I~ i~~~ is *f | | aI!~W~I~~j!b aeei~tnW ! g GsE>;SE it E.g..L .... I! 7 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:7 w#_. !~ ~2v ib1ak '4k ai~~ I.*. tw. '*U ~gLm~. N 1.4MI ' 28 Alballlas 8ndrommental 8trategy Study i 0 "- .' 7Xg I 2 _e . W<;;o sssssess I 1-=. l E ! ! . E a 2 E ' z z x a z z E ;gAem>>X+.S>X=u= ,=2^c. ;. U t ;,, ,4. i | | | .| : ! ! im n n NN s S . . 2 F 9F99eR'l g ¢. ¢ . W9Z. g g : gE g. g . g . .'g g 9 MXSAXE N . gf f | 'Sf W . l i 11 m | | | (, | , | E | J l . , , g g Fg g | | | M E i_ _@ Sa g l E E | _===g _= g :'.: :-5,s syrV ...^. X.g _ N _=N_ E_E_L * a Albania: Environmental Strategy Study 29 Box 3 -- Institutional Strengthening for Environmental Management 3va. , 2 fi =Q m= a~~~~~~g, ! l; X i li g~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 ;Z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~k-" Naaaa~~~~~a.aWaS.~~~~~a~~a ------~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~I...... - - I Albania: BnvironmentalStrategy Study 31 4, Envionmental Problems In Albania 4 2.1 SVENa=! of Enwrnena "Mot pots" and ProbIm 56 Precise quantification of environmental problems in Albania is problematic since detailed data on all environmental issues and problems are not available. Nevertheless, the informationgathered during the course of C%.eEnvironmental Strategy Study can be used broadly to rank environmental problems throughout the districts of Albania. Table s summarizes the most severely affected districts for each of Albania's most serious environmental problems, and provides a basis for prioritizing future investment and technical assistance aimed at addressing particular environmental and natural resource management problems (See Map). 57. The most important "hot spots" which need to be addressed as a priority are Elbasan, Durr6s, Vlore, Fier, Ballsh, Kuk6s, Lag, and TiranA. From a policy perspective, these areas are considered to be the most important for a variety of reasons including: (i) The y/ include several of the largest cities and important aS :icultural areas, and thus are more important with respect to potential economic and human health impacts; (ii) They include the most important coastal areas of Albania which will form the basis of any future tourism developmunt, and require improved environmental management to protect future economic values; and (iii) The institutional capability for addressing environmental problems is generally greater in the more populated areas, and thus any programs would more likely be successful and could serve as a model for environmental and natural resource management elsewhere in Albania. 4.2 Soll Erosion and Degradatlion 58. Land Use Patterns. The effects of agricultural policies and activities on the environment are potentially quite serious. Over 60% of Albania's population resides in the countryside, and is thus directly affected by such land-based environmental degradation as soil erosion, deforestation, and soil and water contamination from agricultural chemicals, and contaminated irrigation water. Since this portion of the population is also the most poverty-stricken and vulnerable, and relies on the natural resource base for its livelihood, it is imperative that new policies and programs aimed at improving the sustainability of natural resource management in the rural areas be developed. s9. The agriculture sector as a whole, including crops cultivation, animal husbandry and forestry, is the dominant sector of national economy. In 1989, 32 Albania: EnvironmmntalStrategy Study before the economiccrisis, it accountedfor about 50* of the nation's employment and about 32% of net material output. Presently,it accounts for about 50* of GDP. Agriculture and forestry activities are carried out on over 2.1 million hectare, or about 75% of the country land resources, as shown below: 1000 ha - Crops and pasture land 1 121 S2 . Cropland 704 33 . Meadows and pastures 417 19 - Forest and brush land 1 047 48 Total 2 168 100 60. Out of a total of 704,000 hectares of arable land, about 80% are annually cultivated. About 57% of the arable land is irrigated -- 50* from large multipurposereservoirs, 25% from small reservoirs, and 25% from run-of-the-river diversion works. About 15% of the arable land is located in the hilly eastern areas of the country, and bai slopes steeper than 30%. 61. Tree crops and wheat are found in the hilly areas of the eastern side of the country, where they are often grown on terraces built on steep sloping lands, while citrus trees are mostly cultivated aleng the coast of Ionian sea in Valona and Sarand6. Forage crops, wheat, and other cereals are grown all over the country but in particular in the plains that border the Adriatic and Ionian seas, such as Imbish Kodres, Bunel, Bzadrimes, Rkruj&s, TiranA, Durr&s and Myzeqese plains, as well as in the plateau of Kor96, where deep and fertile soils and availability of irrigation water allow the growth of a large variety of crops. 62. Aal ba Sry.Animal husbandry has substantially increased during the last decade. From 1980 to 1990 the number of heads of livestock increased by about 40%. Livestock inventory and its variation from 1980-1990 is shown by the followingdata: 1980 1990 Increase Heads (1000) I Heads (1000) % t . cattle 606 9 633 7 4 . sheep 1 253 19 1 646 18 31 . goats 810 13 1 145 13 41 . pigs 179 3 220 2 23 . horses, donkeys 119 2 181 2 52 Albania: Environmental Strategy Study 33 Sub-total 2 967 46 3 827 42 29 .poultry 3 491 54 S 259 58 51 Total 6 458 100 9 084 100 41 63. This steady increase of livestock, and in particular that of sheep and goats has implicationsfor the environmentsince overgrazingwould exacerbate existing soil erosion problems. Excluding poultry, the density of livestock increased by 32* (from 2.64 to 3.41 of heads per hectare of crop land and pasture). In addition, the increase of the pressure of sheep and goats on pastures and meadows also increased by around 27W (from 4.92 to 6.69 heads per hectare). This has exacerbated soil erosion, especially in hilly and mountainous areas which are particularly prone to erosion because of their steep slope and high clay content in the soil. 64. T rracgng. With respect to hillside terracing,as much as 60% of observed hillside terracinghas been detrimentalto the environment,although no precise figures on the extent of soil erosion are available. The problem is not so much one of improper terracing (althoughthis certainlyexists nearby to roads which were cut through the mountains, and in other areas which have been put under excessive cultivation for wheat and tree crops), but rather inadequate resources available to farmers for maintenance of hillside terraces. In addition, where hillside terraces are in close proximity to grazing lands, further pressures on erosion clearly exist. 65. Rather intense erosion is reported to occur in the districts of Diber, Elbasan, Pogradec, Korqg, Tiran6, Shkod6r, Berat, Tropoje, and Fier, where extensive orchards are grown on terraced steep land. The poor design of the terraces and the inadequacy of cultural practices have given rise to the insurgency of sheet and gully erosion which have become extensive. Uncontrolled erosion deprives the soils of their uppermost layer which is generally rich in nutrients and organic matter, drastically reduces their fertility and productivity potential, and contributes to increased sedimentation and siltation reservoirs, irrigation canals, and lowlands. In the most of nearby water bodies, 2 extremely eroded areas, soil erosion ranges from 9,000-18,500 tons/km /year. 66. Fertilizer and PesticideUse. For fertilizersand pesticides,the averages rates of use in Albania were 200 kg/hectare and 9 kIg/hectare of cultivable land (active ingredient), respectively, in 1990. These high rates of utilization were due in part to misguided pricing policies which historically subsidized agricultural inputs, and because no rules exist concerning the use of fertilizers and pesticides. In some cases, the distribution of fertilizers was irregular and sometimes farmers received excessive quantities which were improperly used, resulting in an excessive concentration of chemicals in the soil. 67. There was only small variationin the rate of fertilizerapplication across districts. The lowest rate was recorded in Tepelene district (154 kg/hectare), 34 Albania: Environmental Strategy Study located in the south-west mountainous area; and the highest in Sarande (250 kg/hectare),LushnjG (238kg/hectare), and Kruj6 (230kg/hectare) all located in the coastal plains. The most common fertilizers are urea, anmonium nitrate, and simple superphosphate. Use of pesticides and weed control chemicalsvaried from 2.7 kg/hectare in the Permet district to the 26.2 kg/hectare in Tirane. Approximately 70 different commercial products are produced and sold, out of which a few are highly toxic and dangerous and have been already banned from use in most of western countries (e.g, Lindane and Netilparation). 68. More strict control of the doses currently applied and of the characteristics and toxicity of the active components of agricultural chemicals in the country in badly needed, in order to (i) protect the health of their users, (ii) avoid the contamination of the crops and consequent poisoning of humans and animals feeding on them; and (iii) reduce contamination of both surface and ground water resources from agricultural runoff. In addition, the problem of the safe storage and disposal of agricultural chemicals is also one which needs to be sorely addressed since leakages can contaminate the soil and groundwater. Many toxic pesticides in storage are no longer suitable for agricultural use because their shelf-life has expired. 69. Oualltv of Water Used in IrriLation. With agriculture accounting for 76% of water consumption and 59% of all cropland irrigated, contamination of irrigation water and the efficiency of its use are important issues. The waters of many rivers, in particular the Fani, TiranG, Shkumbini, Gjanica-Osumi-Semamn, and Viose, receive substantial discharges of untreated urban and industrial wastes which are loaded with organic and inorganic pollutants. The continuous use of such water for irrigation could contaminate the crops and their products and cause the progressive accumulation in the soil of chemical compounds. This could further cor&.aminate the food chain, and have long term harmful effects on the fertility and production potential of the soils. 4.3 D2eforstation 70. Descriution og Forests. Albanian forests cover about 1. 047 million hectares, or about 36% of total land resources of the country. Approximately 80% of the forests are located in the eastern mountainous section of the country on land with slopes of 20-50%, and thus are highly susceptible erosion and play a very important role in the protection of the land throughout the country. The forests are generally divided into 3 main types: Area (1000 ha) Distribution (%) . high forest 481 46 . coppice forest 304 29 . shrub forest 262 25 Albania: Environmental Strategy Study 3S 71. High forests are mainly composed of beeches, oaks and black pines, which togethermake up about 76% of the high forests. High forests are used to obtain lumber used in the mines (pit-props), in the construction sector,and in the wood processing industry. A small part of this type of forest (about 9,300 ha, or 0.9* of all forested land) fall within the limits of 6 National Parks. 72. Coppice forest is mainly made up of oaks (more than 80%) and beeches (6%) mixed with several other broadleave species. Its output, is mostly used to produce fuelwood, resulting from periodic cuts carriedout on a 40-yearrotation, and biomass for fodder. 73. Shrub forest is made up by woody species of small size, among which hornbeams and arbutus are the most common. Also this type of forest is used to produce fuelwood, from periodic cuts, and fodder. 74. The total standing stock of Albanian forest,according to current official estimates,amount to some 82 million m3 (corresponding to an average of 78 m/ha), out of which 78% are high forest, 13* are coppice forest, and 9* shrub forest. The average standing volume of high and coppice forests is estimated at 200 m3/ha, and their annual growth around 1.5 m3 per hectare per year, which is substantially lower than the maximum average annual increment (MAU)which is 4.0 m3 /ha. The corresponding sustainable yield is estimated at 2.8 million m 3 /year of which about 1.8 million m3/year is for fuelwood. However, the amount of fuelwood which is practically available is likely to be less. 7S. jMst Mnagean. Deforestation is a serious problem in peri-urban and rural areas of Albania, and is perhaps the most visible evidence of poor natural resource management in Albania. Unreliable energy supplies over the past two years have led to uncontrolled cutting of trees throughout the country, which is now littered with areas of stumps. The problem is especially pronounced in the more accessible forest areas, while deforestation in less accessible mountain areas is not a serious problem. Although the annual forest offtake for timber and firewood is probably close to the sustainable yield, there are serious regional imbalances. The coppice and shrub forests are the most seriously degraded, while the beech and high forests are less affected. 76. The management of the forest in the past 4-5 decades has sought to accommodate the increasing demand of the mining, construction, and wood processing industries, and household fuelwood demand since wood provides the energy needed for heating and general uses to about 90% and 100% of all urban and rural households, respectively. To satisfy this demand, the Forest Enterprises have been involved actively in the preservationand regenerationof the national forests. In the last 4-5 decadesnearly 100,000hectares (30,000hectares in the 1980s) of new forests have been planted, mostly using species wlth rapid growth such as pine, robinia, poplar, willows, and chestnut. 77. In spite of this, in the last 40 years the forested area has decreased by about 280,000 hectares (21%),because of overexploitationfor commercial uses, 36 Albania: EnvironmentalStrategy Study clearing of forests to provide agricultural land, and illegal cutting of fuelvood. Some recent estimates indicate that the ratio of trees felled to planted could be as high as 3 to 1, and that as much as 600,000 m3 of fuelwood were cut illegally by the rural population in 1991. Some of the deterioration of part of the shrub and coppice forests is also due to the increased need for grazing ground for sheep and goats (and to a lesser extent cattle) which increasedtheir population by 27% and 19%, respectively,since 1980. The number of sheep and goats per hectare of forest land is approximately2.6 head/hectare, which is somewhat higher than the average in the Mediterraneanareas. 78. Particularlyprecarious are the present conditions of about 21* of the national forests. The most seriouslyaffected areas are the districtsof Berat, Elbasan, Skrapar, Gramsh, P6rmet,and Tiran&,which suffer from serious erosion since the soils contain more clay and are thus more susceptible to erosion. These forests have a fairly low crown density (ratioof area covered by tree tops to surface area of the ground) of around 0.4 and can no longer protect the soil against erosion. Losses of up to 468 m3 per hectareper year have been reported. Of equal importance for the near future is the situationof another 31* of the national forest which now have a crown densityof 0.5-0.6. These forestsalready experience erosion in the event of heavy rains. Although lower crown densities, per se, do not imply susceptibilityto soil erosion, it should be noted that in Albania, because of excessive grazing, the ability of the land to regenerate vegetative cover which would lessen the potential for soil erosion is reduced. 79. it should be noted that, on averAe_, the above districts are the most seriouslyaffected. However, this is not to say that there are not surplus wood districts within each of these districtswhich could be exploited to alleviate stress on other more degraded areas. More detailed analysis will have to be undertakenas part of the World Bank ForestryProject to determinemore precisely those specificlocations which are most seriouslyaffected by forest degradation. 80. Since wood accounts for over two-thirds of household energy consumption in Albania, sound management of fuelwood resources takes on added urgency. improving forestry practices and energy polices to reduce the pressure on fuelwood demand will be criticalfor Albania'sfuture. This will requirecutting of 500,000 m3 fuelwood from wood surplus areas over the next few years (until more substitution of tilectricity and kerosene for fuelwood becomes practicable), in order to alleviate pressures on already degraded areas. In addition, improved harvesting, transport, and distribution of fuelwbod will also be critical for alleviatingpressures for cutting fuelwood from already degraded areas. 81. The issue of private property rights and management of forests and trees to prevent deforestation and soil erosion must also now be addressed in the context of ongoing privatizationplans. For example, the recent importationof 300 chainsaws by the Forestry Enterprises under a grant from the European Community will require that serious efforts are made to ensure that these saws are not used for personal and uncontrolled cutting of fuelwood. 37 Albania: Environmental Stratey Study DMt i -- Watershed Management in the Shkumbini River Basin wie ** . ..,p...,,. IN~...... i since the. cut in ... rs rc with 3.08thouand o Rw Vw00rN-13 rla('1tth tmi1g Ati s~ U~~~~~~~ z.= bt! pcs* dt&n E W 4t X i S a E. | E E t" t401Z .tdt4,w~ -lti~i y t~Ii~e _ | A= ; - = A== g†=... .A.'AlAAA A SAmA::::~..A.AA~ meespr aia which fis ~ hihsthe wietral# Eastrn fut ope, an anua withdra ealnl beqato aoutiti ofp%oavalbeM ae reorcs in bothurban and uralarwwwatr suplie ar unreiable~'t because ofelosses in t 4.4 Water Pollution 82. WaterSnoplies. Por Albania,tne water supply problem is a cruel paradox since the country is guite rich in water resources with 3.08 thousand cubic meters per capita, which is the highest in Central Eastern Europe, and annual withdrawalonly eqyal to about 1% of availablewater resources. In both urban and rural areas, water suppliesare unreliablebecause of losses in the 38 Albania: RnvironmentalStrategy Study distributionnetwork. This has increasedthe costs of supplyingdrinking water in many locations, and water is generallyonly availablefor a few hours in the mornings and evenings because water pressure is often too low. Apartments on the upper floors of buildings have even more limited access, and families frequently have to obtain water from neighbors who live below them. Unless water treatment, supply, and distribution are improved, future water supplies will have to be obtained from more remote locations throughout Albania at higher cost. Improved pricing and metering will be necessary. 83. In the whole country only two plants for water treatment exist: in Durres (Pjesshkeza plant, on the Brzen river), and Tirane (Brari, on the Tirane river), built some 50 years ago. Both plants have a treatment capacity of 35 liters/second,while in Tirane the average flow is ranging between 1,450 and 2,100 liters/secondand in Durres it is about 720 liter/second. In addition, diarrhea outbreaks have occurred in many areas because of contamination of drinking water with raw sewage, and contaminatedirrigation water has also led to soil and food contamination. In Kushova, an epidemic of intestinal typhoid in early 1992 was attributed to lack of chlorine for water treatment. Water disinfection is practiced manually with hypochlorite, but lack of hypochlorite has contributed to a deteriorationof drinking water quality throughout the country. 84. 80wera&e. No cities and towns in Albania have sewage treatment,and this is thus the most importantenvironmental issue from a human health perspective. Untreated sewage is dischargedinto rivers and lakes, and in the case of coastal cities, into the sea. Generally, the sewer networks drain both clean and waste waters, and untreated sewage is also used in irrigation. This has led to health problems, as well as adverselyaffecting soil quality, vegetation,and aquatic resources. Moreover,due to corrosionof old pipe systemsand improperlocation of sewer pipes vis-a-vis the water supply system, drinking water has been contaminatedin certain areas, such as Tiran& where 800 points of infiltration of drinking water with sewage water have been reported. 85. Pollutionof the Rivers. Monitoringof the pollutionof Albania's rivers began in 1988, when samples of water were taken from 20 stations twice a year. The number of the stations is now 40, and monthly samples are collectedfor the Tiran& and ShkumbiniRivers. The water of the Tirani River before its entrance into the city has the characteristicsof drinkable water. Combined with industrialand public discharges,however, it becomes dark with a content of BOD up to 100 milligrams per liter (mg/l), nitrites up to 6 mg/l, ammonia 4 mg/l, nitrates up to 25 mg/l, and a high content of iron. 86. As a result of pollutiondischarges and decompositionof the organicmatter in these waters, nitrites, ammonia, and nitrates are present and in the rivers of Kiri, Lana, Shkumbini,Gjanica, and Dunavec. The Shkumbini is particularly affected by its proximity to the industrial activities of Elbasan, where large quantities of industrial effluentsare discharged directly into the river, and Albania: Invironmental Strategy Study 39 solid and hazardous wastes are stored along the river banks. Most of the tims the treatment equipment is not working in the metallurgical combine so the pollution levels of the water of Shkumbini river are unacceptably high. Cyanide levels in the discharges of the complex are as high as 2.56 mg/l or over 200 times existing wvAtewater discharge quality standards, while ammonia concentrations are as high as 500 ug/l or 100 times existing standards. 87. The Gjanica is one of the most polluted rivers of Albania. Its pollution begins with crude oil in the village of Visoka, where oil discharges form a layer on its surface. the pollution of the Gianica becomes more pronounced after the discharges of the oil refinery at Eallsh and the fertilizer factory in Fier. In this case, the quantity of crude oil increases in the waters of Gjanica, but it also increases the content of nitrites up to 10 mg/l, of nitrates up to 31.5 tg/l. Ammonia concentrations are as high as 250 micrograms per liter (ug/l). 40 Albaia: Envirownuental Strategy 8tudy S -g - Industrial Water Pollution in Albania __temn e3lf~t'w i lw all Wo . tsij EvaE t. . !,i EIO~ :m/~. aec¶ (g al $ of l~, u*!i g~.e * ~?~~pat1 WI. .. .~~~~m~.. . u.ucm~ .t s~t .. fo kc Albania: Environmental Strategy Study 41 4.5 Marine Pollution mad Cog.tal Zone MNanagamnt 88. Aaskaxound. Albania has 470 km of coastline (lagoonsexcluded) of which 284 km belong to the Adriatic sea. The Adriatic coast is flat with beaches, sandy dunes, lagoons, and swampy estuaries, while the Ionian coast presents abrupt and deep sea floors with rocky cliffs and narrow gritty beaches. The coastal areas are relatively unpolluted with the exception of localized pollution in Durr6s, Vlor6, and Fier. in urban areas, sewage is untreated, and the collection and disposal of solid waste also warrants improvement. Approximately 1/3 of the population lives along or near the coast, so coastal zone management will have wide-rangingimplications for a large portion of the population. 89. There are several important natural areas and historicalmonuments located along the coastline (e.g., Butrinti and Apollonia). Management of natural resources and protected areas in the coastal zone is virtually nonexistent, although several of the country's national parks are along the coast. In addition, several important natural areas (e.g., Karavastas& Lagoon) are not included in existing protected areas, but should be considered to be included in new protected areas in the future. 90. With plans for increasing tourism, fisheries output, and shipping, procedures for reducing marine pollution and protecting the coastal environment will become more important. Although tourism could become a significant source of foreign exchange, because Albania has some of the few sandy beaches existing along the eastern shores of the Adriatic Sea, coastal water pollution could threaten future tourism development plans. Realization of tourism potential will require careful environmental planning and regulation, and the development of an appropriate tourism infrastructure, which is presently nonexistent. 91. Narine3 oll.tQ. Considerable quantities of nutrients and organic matter are discharged into the marine waters of Albania from rivers, industrial and urban effluents, and agricultural runoff. A number of industrial enterprises also discharge directly into the maritime waters, especially in Fier, Vlor&, and 3 Durres. The paper factory at Lezbh discharges about 500 m /hour of polluted waters with fibers and organic matter, or about 30 tons of organic matter per day into the sea. Along with industrial discharges, the untreated sewerage discharges of the cities of Durres, Vlore, Fier, and Sarande flow into the marine waters of Albania, along with the runoff of nitrogen, phosphorus, and pesticides from agricultural activities in the coastal area. 92. NarLtim TrAR=. Albania has four sea ports. In order of importance, they are Durr6s, Vlorb, Sarand& and Shengj in. Only Durres is a sizable port, and it handles over 80* of the total traffic. The other three ports have very little shore facilities. To date, there are no serious marine pollution issues associated with maritime transport, but plans to expand operations at the port of Durres will require that environmental implications are taken into account. 42 Albania: Environmental Strategy Study 93. FiLheries. Fisheries are a potentially important economic activity for Albania, although fishing resources are currently underexploited. This is mainly due to the limited number of fishing boats, since the fleet comprises only 100 fishing boats of which 70 are at work. The marine fishing stock has been assessed at 12,000 tons/year, but exploitationis only 6,500-7,000 tons/year. In the lagoons and lakes the main species fished are eels and mullets. Mussels production is 4,000-5,000tons/year in the Butrinti lagoon, and some damage to mussels production has probably been caused by the high level of hydrogen sulphide and toxic pollutants which have been recorded. 4.6 atural &e2soces NAn emt ad Sensitive Ecosvstems 94. BlodfersLUy. Because Albania,s topography changes dramatically from the Adriatic Coast to alpine mountains, it is rich in biodiversity considering its small size. The loggerhead turtle has been observed along the Ionian coasts where narrow virgin beaches are suitable sites for laying of eggs. In addition, the Dalmatianpelican is a threatenedspecies with a populationestimated at only 700-1,100. The Karavastas6Lagoon is the only nesting site in Albania with 11 nests in 1985, 35 in 1988, and about 50 in 1992. In addition to the coast, the mountain and alpine forest systems are rich in biodiversity. The higher areas are dominated by beech and pine forests, and preserve a large number of endemic and sub-endemic plant species. 9s. Lakes and Lagoons. Lakes and lagoons in the coastal zones constitute especially sensitive areas since they are particularly susceptible to environmentaldegradation. Moreover,because these areas will be importantfor attracting tourism in the future, effectiveprotection is important. The four most important lakes in Albania are the lakes of Shkod6r, Ohrid, Prespe, and Butrinti. The low concentrationof phosphorousand nitrogen and transparency suggest that the lakes of Ohrid and Shkod6r are oligotrophic (i.e., having abundant dissolved oxygen). The Xaravastase Lagoon covers 4,330 hectares and borders on the southern part of Divjak6 National Park, while the Nartes Lagoon is situated between the outlet of the Vjos River and the Gulf of Vlor&. It covers a surface of 4,180 hectares of which 1/3 are salt-pans having a production of 120,000 tons/year. Marehy vegetation and fish are particularly abundant and is similar to that in the Karavastaselagoon. The Butrinti Lagoon near Sarandfi is well known for its mussels production. 96. HistlricalSites. As Albaniabegins to develop tourism in the future,care will need to be taken to protect historical sites from environmental degradation. Although this is not yet a problem, the ancient Illyrian sites of Apollonia (near Fier), and Butrinti (near SarandG) will warrant particular attention. Albania Environmental Strategy ' .4y 43 4.7 National Parka and Protected Areas 97. National Parka. Albania has 6 national forest parks covering a total surface of 8,040 hectares (ha) which is about 0. S of the forest area, and contain 1.S million cubic meters (m3) of wood. These parks include: Lura (Districtof Peshkopi) 800 ha 266,000 m3 Divjak6 (Districtof LushnjG) 780 ha 15S,000 n3 Llogara (Districtof Vlor6) 810 ha 155i000 n3 Bredhi i Drenov6s (Districtof KorO) 830 ha 140,000 m3 De Thethi (Districtof Shkod6r) 2,430 ha 463,000 m3 Dajti (Districtof Tiran4) 2,390 ha 317,000 nR 98. Theoretically,no permanent human activitiesor exploitationare allowed in those paWks. Hunting is forbiddenand ancientgrazing rights were eliminated, although local villagers are permitted to gather dead trees. Tourism is alAo encouraged,and motorizedaccess is permitted. Unfortunately,there in virtually no management of these national parks to regulatehuman activity (e.g.,fuelvood cutting)or animal activity (e.g.,grazing). Consequently,the rich biodiversity and touristic value of these parks may be reduced in the future unless measures are taken to improvemanagement.. For example,grazing and fuelwoodcutting have been observed in the Dajti National Park, while Italianhunters have been allowed to come to the Divjak& National Park to hunt the endangered Dalmatian Pelican. 99. Nature 8erse8M. There are twenty-four nature reserves in Albania, of which rnie are type A reserves and fifteen type D. Their total surface is about 35,000 hectares. Type A reserves are areas strictly protected for nature conservation. Hunting, grazing, and forest exploitationare all prohibited. In type B reserves recreationalfishing is permitted,and hunting is regulated. 100. All of the type A reserves are located near the coast, except for Malig near Kor,6; they are usually wetlands, saltmarshes,and/or coastal forests with Mediterranean shrubs and pine forest in prevalence. The type A reserves are listed below: Naliq Korq6 Forest Velipoje Shkoder Forest Rune Lezh& Wetland Fushe Ruqe Patok Lezhl Saltmarsh Karaburun-Llogara Vlore Forest pishe-Poro VYore Coastal Forest Rrusbkull Durr&s Coastal Forest Divjak6 Lushnj4 Coastal Forest P. Zeze Bregdet Fier Coastal Forest 101. A total of 200 nature monuments also have been established. The districts of libasan, Gjirokast6r, Kor96, and Vlor& are those with the largest numzbe. of 44 Albaniat EnvironmentalStrategy Study nature monuments, while Korq6, LezhA, Fier, and LuahnJ6 account for the bulk of the typo B reserves,which are generally zones covered with broadleaves forest. Ba6 - - EnvironmentalManagement in the KaravastasgLagoon/Divjak& National Park ; 2 EEg: ...... ti Ra f...... g ~'j. | E . E| - e l 'las t m u combine whic empo 1... pe | II~gk | I | . (e.g.,4.8 Ai PluigEiEiiirRlaoa VlrG', hi Fier) *and~Iaccouted7 for aproiatelyy 809%o i poluiourngthg~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 98s.Nimer |m bcus.- mc of th icountys s| 1indstioal caactyisnw ide tee rblm hvbe reduced for thetime beig.Fo 102~.Idsrlarpluinhsbe probtleminsoe areas inf*the ps (e.g.,~~i~ Blaa,Vo4ir,adacunte for~aprxmtl 80a ofai aao idl an tisa hepe to reuc the seriw.:.-.:uiopob emsfo pollutlond ran 1988.the owver bcause muho theucoutrythnusra 4 * ide andoltiona epdtordc h eiosarpluio rbesfo Albania: Environmental Strategy Study 45 particulate emissions which exceeded standards by as much as 5-10 times in the past. 103. Future plans for mitigating industrialpollution and its adverse effects on human health will need to take carefully into account the effects of industrial restructuring. In addition, interim standards (perhaps using BC/WHO standards as a starting point) and compliance schedules will need to be adopted to govern industrial investment and rehabilitation during the next 2-3 years. This is because it will take time before more permanent regulations and standards can be put in place, but at least some environmental standards will be necessary to ensure that investments and rehabilitation are undertaken with clear guidelines concerning environmental requirements and liability. 104. The primary sources of industrial air pollution in the past included the metallurgical industry (e.g., steel, copper, chromium, nickel), thermal power plants, cement factories, and chemical plants. Virtually none of the plants have operating air pollution abatement equipment such as electrostatic precipitators. Moreover, because coal is characterized by a high ash content of 50-60%, and a sulphur content of 3*, air pollution can also be exacerbated by inefficient energy consumption. 105. In Albania, systematic monitoring of atmosphericpollutants is lacking. Nevertheless,some data are available, with estimated dust precipitation in the atmosphere of TiranG is about 90 ton/km2 per year. For dust emissions, the distributionof emissions in 1991 was: Thermal Power Stations 42,500 tons/year MetallurgicalCombine in Elbasan 44,800 tons/year Cement factoriesof Fushe KrujG, 27,000 tons/year Elbasan, Vlore The contributionof S80 emissions in 1991 was: Thermal Power Stations and Refining 150,000 tons/year Copper Factory of Rubik 41,000 tons/year Copper Factory of Kuk&s 96,000 tons/year MetallurgicalCombine in Blbasan 31,000 tons/year Chemical/Metallurgical 56,000 tons/year Combine in Lag It should be pointed out that estimates for 1991 undoubtedlyoverstate present air pollution levels (perhaps by more than 100l), however, since industrial production capacity is largely idle and coal production declined by approximately 2/3 from 1991-1992. 106. As in the rest of Central Eastern Burope, there have been some notable cases of air pollution damages in Albania. In both Rubik and Lag, ambient 802 concentrations during the 198os were as high as 190 ug/m3 . Elbasan was by far the most seriously affected city because of the large metallurgical combine 46 Albania: Environmental Strategy Study located in the middle of the valley next to the city. Respiratory illnesses among workers and residents of the city are high, and it is estimated that 3* of all work days were lost at the metallurgical combine because of eickness related to pollution in 1909 (Unfortunately, reliable epidemiological data on other environment-related health problems in Albania is not available). Despite the cutback in production at the Zlbasan metallurgical combine, emissions from the coal firing power plant and the cast iron plant still contain enormous amounts of: (M) Fine iron-nickeldust 30-50 g/m 3 or 70,000 ton/year; (ii) Ash 25 g/m3 or 25,000 ton/year; and (iii) s0a 16 g/m 3 or 16,000 ton/year. 107. Other towns and cities were also affectedby air pollution. In cukAsand Rubik, all emissions from copper smelting are directlyblown into the atmosphere without treatment, causing considerable damage to human health and about 1,500 hectares of forests. Near Laq, all of the trees on one side of the mountain facing the nearby copper smelter were destroyed, with the effects being particularlydisastrous within a radius of 3 km. Within this area the natural vegetation is almost destroyed and the productivityof the crops is about 50% lower than in the nearby areas. Also the health status of the people working in and/or living near the plants is badly affected by respiratory problems. In Cities such as Kor 9, Fier, and TiranG, black smoke is emitted by thermal power plnts, and in colder cities such as Kor*G, the pollution is so bad that the snow within 1 km of the power plant can turn black in the winter. 106. Some data on air pollution from key factories is available. It is summarized below for a number of plants, each of which lacks air pollution abatement control: Mi) The Soda-PVC factory in Vlor& discbarges about 700 Nn3/h of emissions, containing: CO (70%), C02 (15), and dust (100 mg/m3); (ii) The NitrogenousFertilizers Factory in Fier discharges40,000 Nm3/h, 3 containing NO + N02 (0.12%) and NH3 (25 - 30 mg/m ) -- equipment for the recovery of ammonia was never put in operation; (iii) The Phosphatic Fertilizer Factory in Lag discharges into the atmospherefrom differentoutlets: 22,000 Nm3/h containings 02 (0.4t) and 6203 (from 0.005S up to 116 mg/Mi); 1,9S0 NtO/h containing around 1,lS0 mg/m3 dust, and 1,200 N3u/h containingdusts (aroundSo mg/n3) and Fl (0.19 mg/ml3) (iv) The Pesticides Factory in Durris contains high concentrationsof toxic components (inside the plant) such as: sulphur dust (50-60 3 3 mg/le),H 25 (4-7 mg/m ), 502 (10-25mg/m3), CS2 (8-20 mg/m ), N0+N02 3 (6-SO mg/r ), as well dusts of Cu(OCl)2 (20 mg/m3), CaCO3 (50-80 mg/m3) and pesticides (40-60mg/r 3); and Albania: Unvirounental strategy study 47 (v) Inside the Tiran& Chemicals Factory produces gaseous emissions of: phenol (40 mgJm3), formaldehyde (12 mg/t 3 ), benzol (32.6 mg/m3 ), 3 propane (9 200 mg/rn), butane (2 200 mg/m=)5 NO + NO2 (30 mg/r ) and 3 3 dusts of ZnCrO4 (270mg/m ) and Fo20C (20 mg/m )a emissions from the detergents division are often loaded with dusts (3-30 mg/rn). .09. TranMr. Transport equipment, like most other equipment in Albania, is obsolete. Some 70-80O of equipment is fully depreciated and has long exceeded its economic life, resulting in high energy consumption, frequent break-downs, and high maintenance and repair costs. However, since no private cars were allowed until 1991, the effectsof the transportfleet on air pollutionhave been minimal. In the future, however, the effects of increased vehicle use on air pollution in cities which are boundedby mountains (such as TiranG) will need to be considered. The number of vehicleshas been growingexponentially since 1991, and most of these vehicles are old, inefficient, and have no emission controls. 4,9 Solid nd Hazardous Wastes 110. olgJ,4AWastes. Urban solid wastes management is the responsibilityof the municipalities,and in all towns and cities wastes are collected in unprotected containers. With the exceptionof Tiran6, all towns and cities even use horse- drawn carts to collect solid wastes. In the rural areas, no regular garbage collection is done. Although solid waste management does not represent a leading environmental problem at the moment because of relatively low waste loads, collection and disposal need to be fully reorganized. 111. Industrial and hazardous wastes are collected with domestic wastes, and separate disposal is not foreseen. Moreover, all of these wastes are dumped in uncontrolled and unlined areas, and thus pose a threat to contamination of nearby soil and groundwater supplies. Disposal arers also are often located by the sea shore or by the rivers, and thus occasionally induce uncontrolled water contamination. 112. Average waste generation in TiranG is 0.4 Kg/per capita/per day (about 100 tons/day). Disposal is made in a field located ome 20 Km northeast of Tirane, called "the field of fertilizers", but this location is unsafe because of its proximity to the Tirane river. A more suitable location needs to be developed. Inorganic substances such as glass, plastic or metals are manually separatedfrom the organic fraction, that is left to dry-up on the open air and is eventually sold to farmers to be used as organic fertilizer. Under communism, the farmers were obliged to use this fertilizer, but now they refuse because of the low nutrient content. 113. N&rdM Wastes. The precise quantity of hazardous wastes generated in Albania is unknown. However, seeral large industrial and mining concerns are known to generate toxic wastes, and there is virtually no treatment or control over their disposal. Solid industrial wastes are accumulated in open dumps 48 Albania: snvironmental Strategy Study without any previous treatmentand precaution,and some of these wastes contain toxic componentswhich threaten both workers and the populationof nearby areas. Thus, although the environmental effects are unknown, the potential for environmental degradation from uncontrolled disposal of hazardous wastes exists. As an example, contamination of the groundwater from mining wastes near Ror9& has been documented. 114. The primary sources of hazardous wastes in Albania include: (i) oil extraction and refining; (ii) mining and metal ores processing; and (iii) industrialproduction. Oil extraction and refining in Eallsh contribute 1,500- 2,000 tons/year of hazardouswastes, while for mining no figuresare available. The Eallsh refinery has an inventory of 2,000-3,000 tons of hydrocarbon and acidic sludges stored in open, unlined pits since most of the hazardous wastes are dischargedwith wastewatereffluents . The fertilizer and pesticides factory in Fier and Durrgs, and the PVC plant in Vlore, all have no equipment for the treatment of hazardous wastes. Moreover,these plants generate large quantities of dusty solid wastes which are stored in open containers and thus spread around by the winds, posing the threat of respiratory diseases to workers and nearby population. 115. The soda-PVC factories produce about 30,000 tons/year of sludge containing most various percentages of CaCO3 , Ca(OH)2, 8i0 2, NaCl,Na 2CO3, HgCl2, and coke, of them stored in a special dump located near the plant. Coke dust stored near the phosphatic fertilizer factory produces about 32,000 tons/year of dusty wastes containing iron oxide (about 90* Fe3O4). The chemical plant of Durr4s produces about 5,000 tons/year of wastes containing various toxic componeuts which are stored in a nearby dump -- 3,000 tons of Al2S04.18H 2O with 1.5% 804; 1,000 tons S20, and 25% Ca; and 400 tons Of CaB2 containing34% sulphur, 1.76 SiO2, 1.97% Na2 3 chromiumoxides (with 8.9% Cr) mixed with 2% Na2 804 and 1.5% Al(OH) 3. 4.10 ranWuMarWM Pollution 116. Transboundarypollution is not a major environmentalproblem in Albania. Due to its location in southeasternBurope, there is virtuallyno tranaboundary air pollution or evidence that Albanian forestshave sufferedany adverseeffects water from acid rain. There is also little evidence of major tranaboundary pollution, although the Drini and Vjosa rivers originate outside of Albania, and the lakes of ShkodAr, Ohrid, and Prespo are shared with Montenegro, Macedonia, and Greece. 117. ln the future, Albania may need to take into consideration transboundary water pollution along the Adriatic Coast near Montenegro since the waters in this area are characterized by slow circulation. Monitoring of the lakes along its borders for eutrophication may also be warranted. Finally, because Albania is the poorest country in Eastern Europe, there will likely be pressure on it in the future to accept hazardous wastes for disposal. Clearly, effective monitoring of efforts to ship and dump hazardous wastes to Albania will be warranted. Albania: Environmental Strategy Study 49 118. With respect to global environmental problems such as global warming and ozone depletion,nothing is known about Albania's contribution. However,because it is a mall and relatively nonindustrializedcountry, its contributions to these problems is most certainly low. M4ore importantly, from Albania's perspective, these problems are unlikely to pose any concern when compared to the other economic and environmental problems faced by the country. S. Towards - National Environmental Action Plan 5.1 Economic. le-all-e ulatorv. and Institutional Eramework 119. To effectively tackle its environmental problems, the Government of Albania first will need to address the economic, legal, regulatory,and institutional framoworkgoverning environmental management in Albania. These are the building blocks upon which furtherenvironmental initiatives will need to be based. Once these measures have been taken, more detailedefforts can be made in other areas as summarizedin the Detailed Plan of Action in the next section. Specifically, the most crucial first steps will entail: (i) Restructuring economic incentives to encourage more efficient resource utilization by removing subsidies for fuelwood, electricity,coal, and water: (ii) Preparation of now environmentallegislation which would include general laws concerningprotection of the environmentand specific laws, regulations,and standards (e.g.,air, water, forests); (iii) Institutional strengthening of the Committee for Environmental Protection and Preservation (CBPP), since it has primary responsibility for overall environmental management in Albania; and (iv) Strengthening of other government agencies which have environmental responsibilities (e.g., Forestry Directorate in the Ministry of Agriculture,Vice-Mlinistry for Communal Enterprisesin the Ministry of Construction, Ministry of Industry, Mining, and Energy). 5.2 The Role of CZP 120. The CBPP should be separated from the Ministry of Health as soon as possible since environmental issues transcend health, and thus many important environmental issues (e.g., deforestation, soil erosion) will be less likely to receive their warranted attention so long as the CFPP is under the Ministry of Health. In addition, charging the Ministry of Health with oversight of the CFPP distracts the Ministry from focussing on its primary responsibilities in the health sector. Looking forward a few years, Albania might consider creating a Ministry of Environment as has been done throughout Central and Eastern Burope. SO Albania: Bnvirouustal Strategy Study 121. CUPs professional staff should be increaed so that it can more adequately achieve its mandate for coordinating and improving environmetal and natural resource management. Figures 1 and 2 outline the World Bank,s proposal for a new structure and staffing requiremnts for CU P. The new structure would include three directorates, a legal office, and local offices in each of the prefectures. The number of recommended directorates was limited to three since administrative restrictions limit the number of directorates which would likely be approved by ptxliamsnt. Albana: lawirm@utal 8tratW stidy SI. *. Popo.si Stmetue for Coa.tt o for E 1@ttc£1u au4lr.evait.u .~~~~~~ . .mrwmNIR.9P NEITEN -. lXCNMCAL,.@MMIII@IWO 1| 'UCI4NICAL COMIU I NWR. OIRA7O. . _ .... _ '-i l-DlgA . _ .m .A _ ,. . I.'td ,. I 52 AlaI: BuYlrumsutal S>trtg Uttu4 r * . Proposed StafflaS for t t fo lS _g Pro tectio n d 1r.s.L-OtI .b - * * - . _____ * : *. F *L . ., . W . * -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ffi ffi *~~~~~~ P . .i mik * i. * TW1 - * * !T AIS0a.WSu%Ns.i&Vb'S. R.aLJ j ,, __ . - _ .' wX .~~~~~ _~~ 0. 53 T&Ue 6 -- AITA NATIONAL ACTIONPLAM: DSDAIL PUN 01 ACIOE 1. P Rdcufo O a* W ANDECONOfC Peicingoicy" Minitryof Economy WorldBank/l Raiseprioe of Begioto dwevep Ensuethat economic hielwoodto 50%of syt of dcging pcn pdrncIpI are oocovevln,g bsvdl fo soddand fovbsd eo that pbze hazariow wat for nura rsoure Ralepd o r oort- dWpowd,and o at dxspS houshod abdt _waseae e_wt sesvl nct_to to oovwrcosts Nd dciwe rlncresing - co cw Raiseprie of Ra pdoesof ful costsof supply kesne to 50%of huiwod,domi and seviss, and r the pducer pde , oal, and a td for in"ion war to hUos Incrs water prices oy levls Reduce reganceon to reducedemand raonin of supps and nrmo selfa Remoe any of wa andener, fnanin capabilit of rema subsidie and bncea reanc ______~~~~~~~~~~~~~~waterenerprise forkerosene onmarcoke nsbwnenfts Privatuatlon Misty of Economy WorldBank/lMF Beginpdaaon Coninueprbvazaton Compet pr_vatalin and rsucat anwidr_tctur and reanctu progamnfor lW pogram for l poamafor ar entrpries Wftd ewepri and eteprs into accout i of coniu caryi out onvonw abit nntronm audPs anc da-up of any as anptegral patof pas pOduion thehdusi proom ______. . truci 54 ;- S ------S- - i ElwbaabiM and My of Ecoom Foegniwesamen EC Pass bon Establsh Ministyof Justioe enurn doar Devop and CEPP thh mpenenun mrlemnwtpokicie to enviMm enbbty rgusuon and ehcoeftrein forpas podlon g_idlnes oncri nesmentnd damgs Isbomr by w*onmsn liabity promotelna thegovemrer so and cany o beeene as o to g d_ourg e inmal auts freign and domesti pdwslzon to mm pas companiestoprvide - fbomfandt awkctwwal i- pI beingr4i conideredfo 8** d CEPP anSokd __~~ _ Devlp gwwAo Mk*Mne8d-_s8iPU onSa Dpd pngj kw awwoimnmtpolioj soometiMondy PIIoI* stgemetwith -tI,lM priM iten lightof areaswide cortinuin for set WoIse impod _fomn to aus and use focs and adopted VWcorwinuiag epheds on oea cahdaforese chan Ineconoic pdote prowamp- - eli wiA*the Nional En AcrwwdtAbon Pan Ensureervironmental bpemwOn of Reoise conoew secor polcie am newsecor polies on a peiodic rgied basi to hnthe whih iYlct relot d ns In desi of new w secor pn cp beo and pa nocgmi and lote n_on - s~~~~ustabubi ______d_v__ Iop_e e_ 55 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~< "C i A...... / / - $ w i , 2. LEGALAND Enm e,is LI_lo)on CEPP,diity of EC Pro deer Prepare c F e popaton of Oab Lw So Jue andSeoal g _ fordren bg_lo (tobe co- datlegWaon wtrAM Mebles legledo concernin s%pd by CEPP)In has not been kistiMloni roleSand the ormof dory, coded and rwAew ,Ipo nblkiss od wd hardou loldon to, - andd "ism Mw"Mos gsP and a -fcrcgemioa Useof agdc*ualx lssus/InlIs/re Mreronuu a -- for chenlosle6k9dgstln eAdiotvbe nedto o*svmmtrl knpae wao, slr wd wor beaddresed p~ - 8wg_rvedcand and man8 merd andole PAenalie, aNW coauotva*moof awhmnuU nowal (s_ EvwlrnvmsrasRogAidtons CEPP,Miitrfy of EC Begi revlwof Proer Mknplmuing*Revis Inplenwfti andSwadards Juftcsand Sea*ora enironment reguAsionsand regulton totel. Mkibiftre reMiM"nand ItandarslIftmthe wor h gagounWgb FO tandadsto Iuy of b tre sol and onquadly aif,no,a w .la musvtbe hrdos was a onmd fbu addssed once raw muneemer%us f an humanhedft awIrcuwmU agdm*ubc"hmdigo'ls I glsibin isbpassed lini%om,water aik Wmnd- qu*y. A sAdas-opk4te. anpd mumomsmui MOe and GMplc mIconsraaon of gomn nisudresoure dllztmwsoudikdaso wowo IndoiN 'In ___ ... .__ . . .______an. -_ _ _ 56 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MIt Air Standard CEPP,Misty of EC;Wold Hea Begin reviw of Developambiet air Implment new Hea, Mnsy of Orgnzaion exstn amiet air qualt strmandards,an ambientsir qudty Transpot, Mitry od qualy s a and point oeenio san dards bnkssy. Mni and p dit-scemiaioln Ibm which are Enwrgy rfeIc and Developregional sir Implemenrgonal air managenwntManagement Emit-_so goa- ambien resieknta mara airqualty sandards canbe met, and ______b d e b _ _ ___ swemsdes for re WateStardads CEPP.Mkdty of EC,Wodd Hesith Beginrview of Developanbent mpmentnew Heh Mrsay of Og0izaton xstng ambiet waterquaiy ambientwater qualy Oonstrulio, Miniby watw qualty standrds, and poin- standwds of bIky, , st rs and poit so efflet* Ebmts and Energy soumeefflut limt wh awe relti and wnforeable Deveop SWteof hnplemmpeMd" permittinfor systemfor kxduida industrialand aLd Murk" wat mw*dpdlwatr P foasi poldti whichIs fr on mot serously conitentw m a mdresienda __b_et stndrds are : tid1111 Ii WFtil k ~i ______ .f. S so IntsmdonalEiWIronmu~ai CEPP. Mkd*y of EC s;ai signhama*lw Trestiss Jue nmoyof A_m raUs8an dhIda ~~~ Maire ~~~~~~~~~~~~dNrkm dmt, gebhgacm0 and mawhupeibsion to Awe..posla o p atdpk acilis ---hlaasunderthe GObMErn*oflwmn Fadilyand other E ronuiU mpsd CEPP,Sorkl C,Ar Esabh EIA Ealf_h FulAnpl m of Assesmet AMin Ass_t h RKegAlmand rgaIaoa wft to ElAproedu to deeo fictnaland - ERAb eaAIN tOmmuh ERAs P ,,IEIA b ps onand am cwded CA Wt pist,_prnds d asJp padof ri -o nt forfhue _ _ _ __~~~~~~~~~~P -w . __ M II 'iii I j J I I~~~~I 'IIIII'IIift II[ gIi 11111 |1~ |11 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~* I I I a Ia I I i _ a _ l a_I_ . 1 I I t f. so V I I ^ . 1 -;- . ... Ib .. -. __ .. v.. Tr,*"i aNdHuman , CE,, Ssmora I. UNDP,Woul , Bank , ReviewAMuii need Dewobp mlemenwt Ruowerm Mb*tre anddraw up plan for conrmp mdO=rehenIesafomruluuivsta managedgror*h of deveopmetpOa develomentla i. Iou1sei 1n 1fnnaitofea Inaf eresou t oMfor ut ofI educeoni shstmd I I I IgonMaing_~~~~~~nuwwrf dwd gh" sgIpommode8dd v% Iopap*xCO frsipvOp Iow~ and Irc ap U w Ie IIok Iofeof no wandpcI hle_and I Irwnn 1f sstmaf to I arrangIemtsb ,h w* Es w" o ey I~~ ~ ~~~~~~~*uMIclf CEPwonshli_ NWPOW l~~~~~~~~~W tmf fconbs pab Id* I nl rdo I m_ t I _ _ _ _ _ I~~~~~~~~~adfIU lWmbh WM _ wPsad49W_ _ _ or th pibskio S I I I l~~~~wvAmf I If I~~~~~~~~~mtI 1 - I I _.1 ._ I I 1 1 1 1 , U~~gwvc 1';^111 iilloY I. 0'S gI. i tI 62 |gEml~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~---| | --- NMI=~~~~~~ cow Sd Eruoon uA AW ub I Wcdd EC. IdkJo* udithg Evaki_sthpalatIa Cor wesoa FAO pakmo,l,on s and of uing Vtvr Gas oomss einAnon In IIFNIO of we to rubmihsteo a mo wkuua Iroon Ih hOn h Iand_leie sal afsd _ms andI INa mostIsevrel erosioa In th mos bh * d eop fict and - _wdwkx* Iatrely afted for a NIN for In nwtl - 'Id aol #Kduahusao eOsnio cagosugvnodist. Id No advIu hinplmmt POc an pI dve aes ftm affecsAa Ines im ar a*olaumvuoon.ft worude Inles Improsmlseamns adead ames Dew"ppoay co os oh uace|n moh|d - mvaid WMvean IiI appo- N vel a - andNW I~~~~~~o ItvScOA loamybre I ad_ to ulsol p ahiten it htrade as d PIoecIon eIforts Iaccounto tesn pontial prag for nw Rffgowon sad erosion bildounrsme/ss Devslop Itrn to ms now soi pIagrIm #orn Ielm consevatonad aWnd - bwe mandag t |a Ingener aplapcts of -ONIdud I onI mmtd and __ I emgtescumI ____na_ ' E-W s 'l I~~.Ill11 k11 II I 1 iis,I1 111I11 ! sfI fuli is 'h I I ii ifbII i I II I I______ I~~~~I a Is 64 I I . I . . . , 5 DUFOUSTAnION Fort mnrgsnut Minibyof AgkukLm WoddBank FAO Idenf editn tanp t Bae Comple - Foresty Dieto patt ceas and for redudng of orestation thee Intng t 9 0d de and scImete ersy pous ar commeMst d (rea and rducs ndu measrst allided, anddevelop * and bV4om p sofand prorcs a sbpoeyfor dcnntd obr hsttood ton emswe estdl t fnlethe mllereose by bmenta use ar- and tae mlme per pmn _ONSMbg(o rwo a) lrouc nesmt theaandla_Io_bry oft emhafsfing ltmet -sof rs tomeasures mi*nhztodo hpove fomsrest/ .p k _ao ewotnd xoogbfdf ai andR v padfod rffeswooanagement,azfr oxs and of "ae to provide rfesti p r Aphoi andtmenhpaizep Iofb reves force to pu onrvatn f the dblk of anhstVky advese toevuat. menures snditieadk ne enVironmentalnd Reviewbred mmfnpOnf Appoteto ih toemdhsk bS tak km pi bmain of advrwto ek x.vkf PM poiieand rgg and te use of aspeds offuby to promot sol and ______management ~~~~~~~~~~wateconservedon ____ 65 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- ~~~~~~...... S. URBANPOLUTION _,, ,, : WaterMana dmentand Minitry of WorldBank METAP, Carryout assemnt Ayze sourcesof Beginpilot proet Poludon Corstrucio CEPP, WHO of Instiutunal urbm pollutonand for consructonof Muniipaes, Ministry srng1t devebpleast-cost waterand werg of Healfth requrementsIn water sategy for reduction trneaent plants,with management In a demonstation p114AMnentof Incding brigaon) prolecty Industrialwastes Conductneeds Evaluatothe health ReviewMd revise sunrvyfor water effec of groundand designcieria for supplyad sewerage surfacewater wasewatertreatment management,and poktdonIn major levels ievelopnational cies (andrural areas) stratgy Induding In orderto establish Developprogram for technicalassiane, potes for water nsw municpalwater iwestment,and poRuonabatement, supplyand trainngfor Irmproving w g systems, wastewatertreatment watermanagement and treatmentof proectsbased on and reducinglosses drinkingand igat relatie risks, of unacountedwater water hftonal capability, and sefffinancing Implenerdsewerage Implmentpolky and capability(e.g., in chargesto reduce technicalmeasures to Tbani, Durn§s) demandson national rationalzeper capita budget,and tansfer waterconsumption rsobty to set wateruser charges Improvedrinking (Industrialand waterquality through municipal)to dcistct inmped monitoing and/or local andwater treatment utrtiwes in orderto enourageself finandcng J 66 ::'.* :, : . ;,pnkaua Oertvatuw - , .il..., ;..ReuW wasteManagemet Mnisy of METAP,Italy Delop a sategy for .mpeent strategy FFdailca_e Consa_udon,CEPP, soNdwaste for munirpa waste implem of Municipalities,MinW mt In urban management,t munipal waste Of H-hv areaswhich tae kwo ac0oountOm m dmwwservioes, kIo acoourtthe poea for inckudingboth prvae increasingwaste priatzng waste and pubic povion strem whichwill collecdonand of services,which are accompanyeoonomic diposal servie self-fn and se- developmet - Developprot plans for sebeted die whichwotdd kInude deost proect for wate waste diposal, and Air Polluton CEPP, Munipalt. EC,Bral Developtnspor Analyzenaht, Developand Miity OfHealth, Assitance polic and pins ent, d impacdof implment urbanair Miitry of Tranpo whichminimize hneasig industrial quat pns in dependenceon amct and poldion selected cities,as privatevehices (e.g., on urbanair qualy necessay though more use of buses,txis, and Analye nature, Consideradopting a bicycles)in orderto aftet andimpac of systemof vehicle prevt air pollution bicesn use of emission.irmits should from reaching pvivaevehcles on vehioulareomisios unheat lves in the urbanair qualiy becomean Iasing .Xfuture P 67 .~~~~~ , , ..... aion ,_. :.. .e 7. lNDUSTRIAL,ENERGY, ANDMllNG POWLUTON Induty CEPP,Minist of EC Appointmentof high Developtraining Developlnags 1ndtr, Mining,and leveltask foce plus urculum for boete Energy adviserin enbwy, enrmnTul audit, enonmental audts industry,andmiing provie guidelines and rik assm wih would evaluate aWftndn to bnkagesof actvtles e _ t oonduct Revw pbions for in these sectors to e aus, and begin pit idustri wastewater envronment pogrm d industial treant based on envonmentalaudits rehe rsks Detmine priority econ vay of Inesmet for major Evaluaewaste eneprie, andself- pols (e.g., disposalpracts of finaig capblt cemet plant) bndstyand minn in agriculuraareas to As partof dustrial asceroanthe hM and economic on soi coraminalo restrurn effots, establshproiies, detf whbh and develop enepri are Mley gidebe fr to be viable,and miimizig damageto whichsectors are the sol likelyto accorufor largershares of futue F____ loads __ 68 Thm/oI1-'au "I '1'Reapnalbt 'cmane ' cRtionanId . .: . , ~ ~ Ogaizmlo Oganeto' .*, . . |~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.yr : ;|:IL4ys 1 34i ______. Countennfrcmet reat MUin CEPP,Ministy of EC,World Bank Reve intttoa Deiet mnrl Deopaeat lnuty, Minin, andfrewpWsspo t Ene. monoinEg and and slraibX and truh barnir and . ~ ~efrceen Prea pvbo of nosy complac environmentalnom, laboratorytaties and guidelines governingminin _ _acies Enery CEPP,Ministry of EC,World Bank Reviewoptons for Begin repaationand Full-scale Industry,M, and conroing eir.water, implementationof Implementationof Energy and wastepolkfton energyconaenvatlon ener consevation from refining programin dalsects pogram oprtons in Ballsh Develop pln for Reviewopions fr mitigat cotrolin air environmental -o from hemial iMPaCt omfrnUe pow pan in Fier offshoe and nshore andBaish oildeeopment HazardousWastes CEPP,Ministry of Beginto develop elop MasterPan mlemen mar Industry,Mining, and hazardouwaste fr safedisposal of Planfor safedisposal Eney infomon systern esng industrialand of industriaard for dasscfitn and hazarouswastes, hazardouswates developingInventory includingmixing wih of hazadous wasts anyimpoted Upgradeinvties ilndustialwastes of productionof toxic Preparepocy and hazardouswastes concerningimpoft Begn effortto dean- and past dumpsites, reticons of up pastdumpsfltes, includingscreeng chemicaland and evauatepotental for relativersks hazardouswastes fo privatesector to assistin hazardous I . ______w astest_ disposal ______69 . . . . CoawWps. Onor- 1MMMdo Amd. .ell4 R. .. . ^~~~ I Oralzlon' ... :.. . ______. , ,'_.___...... '.. SheSTenn , Itedm .Tn L rTm ' .,' a NATURALRESOURCES M- WateshedMAgemt CEPP,Ministry of EC DevelopMaster Plan Impemnt Master Drawup riverbasin Agrcultu for rnegrated Planfor kinegrated waterqualty watershed watershed m pla managementIn the managementIn the incuhd normpint ShkumbinRhver ShkumbinlRiver sourcesand .. ______Basin Basin groundwaIue _ CoastalZone Manageent CEPP,Mn.stby of METAP,UNEP/MAP, Identifymajor coas Developmaser plan Begi Implementation Constructon,Miniry EBRD zonemanagement for coastalzone of MasterPlan for of Tourim issues and manaement, tourism coastalzone infrastructure deveopmnt, and managementand requirementswhich environmenta tourismdevlpment needto be addressed protectonin the in preparationfor developmertof possibleEBRD loan ofhhoreand onshore for tourism .______mineral resources development Preservationof Culturat Ministryof Culure, Identifymajor histodc Pre sategy for Impmet stategyfor Propey and Histi Ministryof Tourism soeswhich are/wil be prevaton of preseation of Monuments subje to historcsites and historicsites and envonmentalstress culurl properly, culturalpropery, incWudingpilot whichtakes into programnsfor key accountpotenti areassuch as Butrnti impas of tourism .______,______.___ and/or Apooa _ TlFTl111}giiS dII{Xil |I!| 1111XIi X"'ii I Pgiltlvjg~ h __ I I .- j I. :X 71 Th.me/Tople/lsau _ epoaslbo - . .euP Don*r R..d A 'I e mnw Oinow - Ru |d J Sheit-Temn l t o-Teenn 9. ENVIONMENTAL FMANCNGAND PoflutionCharges CEPP,Misy of EC Review and im_ment air and Undertke aralysis to Economy swengten famework water pollution estimatelevels of for the collecion and hages, waste polo charge use of polution and dsposal fees, and which .ouldmore user charges, tai ere that ftheseWe closely r long Into acoournthe Indexedto Iflkaon so term pollution liiations on the use that teir ncente damages and bmpmntatio effects are not of these nstuments reduced over time so long as the prive sectoris notwel- de-eped, and m aongand meting capabiti are limied Tae CEPP. Miniy of EC Reviewsoope for and Preparea sysm of _ei appli Economy,Miniy of hmpmtaxation royalties,profit. system of royales Industry, MIig and measureswhich sharing,fees, arnd and othr payments Ener would also have exacton likees for to the extacton of benefii revenue rnheral and natural naural resources effect (e.g., output resources toxes, tm on raw materis,tes on petroleumproducts, taxes on toxdc wastes an producdon poessgeneating ______~~~~~~~toxicwastes)______== I,1It .j1j.- q,lii ..~,11 aSgjilII - -: - I,.::Mllli I 7 j*2 hu II I 1 I040| fid_ I b ._ 74 Thme/ToPlajl/sm.e Rwponglbfe I1Couu u Dono . R _com.nded Actions and Opios lRequired . . Xh~Ogaiestion OrmlslS° _ ROsourCS . . . . ShortTerm MediumnTewm Long-Term '______- __ *______j,.j' .. 0 -lytre l-3y ttl 3 -ly re . _ _ _ __y 10. PUUC PARTICIPATIONAND INFORMATION PublicPa_it_paon CEPP UNDP,UNEP Establshpolicy on Incorporatepublic Reviewissues of publicaccs to participationmodels publicpautcpaion in environmental In designand developingpolicy, information,and buidk establshmentof settingfees or formalpubric diWct and local standards. Participatiointo envronmentalentities enforement and polc and standards monitoing and detelpmt Oesignand inie evaluation Reviewrole of NGOs publicpaftipafion and areen Party,and programs developpolicy for financa and Establishpolicy on institutonalasssane publicaccess to to NGOs environmental monkoring data Environmet Montoring CEPP UNDP.UNEP Dsvelopnatonal Completeconceptual Compteteacquisitin and Information enironmental designof of monitoring informationsystem comprehensive equipmentand whic wouldinclude monitng, satsics, implementlaboratxy comprehensiveplans information,and capability for improving disseminationsystem monitoringof air, whichbuilds on Reviw research water,and soll, and existingcapabliffes prioritiesand centraled oollection inftion needsto and disseminationof flnetune information ,______.______.______.data by the CEPP andmonitoring effort 75 Thswr*/Toplo 9sar ...... I . Coimt,paut Donor .... ARecommendedionssnd Options Re qw Shaoft'Term Medim-Term Long-Term ______~0-lyre -3 yrs34 PubUcInformation CEPP UNDP, UNEP Develop plans to Designsrateg fo Develop plans to work togher wfih disserninationof include environwrm nongovemmental environmental educaton in the oranizations to inbfration though curricuum of prkriary ncerea the public's nwsmeer, brochures, and secondary awarenessof an environmenal schools, and at the environmentaiissues yearbook, and/or Universitylevel through television and technical joumals radio, the print media, journals, periodicals, Developplan to coneences, and rationalizeresearch technical seminars data systemsand and workshops analytica/laboatory needs,to belter coordinateefforts of Universts, Academy of Scinces, and the Governmentin the collection and disseminationof environmental researchand informatn 'Counterpat Donor Ogn n to he coimled durn the discussionof the National EnvironmentalAction Plan with fe Govemmentand Ineratinal Donors In July, 1993 2 Required Resourceswil be detemned durin the discus of the NationalEnvironmental Acthon Plan with the Govemmentand InternationalDonors in July, 1993 R FED.F RIEPA0 UGOSLAVIA 21° i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o /< i Hof 42' ADRIATIC SEA A L B A N I A ENVIRONMENTALSTRATEGY TPeshAF'.Y. R. STUDY t$>+i F .R MAJORENVIRONMENTAL AND NATURALRESOURCE KA MANAGEMENTPROBLEMS OF SURFACEWATER FOLUTION _,___ > \ MACEDONIA & INDUTIAL DISCHARGE O MINE, OIL OR GASFIELDS O DOMESTICWASTEWATER _0*% MOSTHEAVLY POLLUTED MR SEGMENTS , A41CONWANATION OF SOILAND GROUNDWATER Ch,id 3 CONTAMtNAT)ONFROM AGRIULTURAL CHEMICALS O EM1SSIONOF lQ)C GASES, SOIL EROSIONAREAS MOST EAVLYDECRAM FORE AREAS 0 SELECrEDOWNSAND CMES b> NAtiONAL CAPIAl AIRPORTA + mFoRTS \ ' '' .\)6sk' #-NTERNATIONAL BOUNDRES Pe ITALY Y" 08 16 24 j d~Z~d 19ER_ R>OA t ti < > y E~~~~1921 ~~~~~~~~~~~4~~~~~~~~~ 2 i2r *er * I'