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Impact of Small-Scale Irrigation on Household Food Security: the Case of Walmara District, Finfinnee Surrounding Oromia Special Zone, Ethiopia

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Impact of Small-Scale Irrigation on Household Food Security: the Case of Walmara District, Finfinnee Surrounding Oromia Special Zone, Ethiopia IMPACT OF SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION ON HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY: THE CASE OF WALMARA DISTRICT, FINFINNEE SURROUNDING OROMIA SPECIAL ZONE, ETHIOPIA MSc THESIS GADISA MULETA KORME SEPTEMBER 2020 HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY, HARAMAYA Impact of Small-Scale Irrigation on Household Food Security: The Case of Walmara District, Finfinnee Surrounding Oromia Special Zone, Ethiopia A Thesis Submitted to the College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Agricultural Economics and Agri-business Management HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCES IN AGRICULTURE (AGRICULTURAL AND APPLIED ECONOMICS) Gadisa Muleta Korme September 2020 Haramaya University, Haramaya APPROVAL SHEET POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM DIRECTORATE HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY As thesis research advisors, we hereby certify that we have read and evaluated this thesis prepared under our guidance and direction, by Gadisa Muleta Korme, entitled, “Impact of Small- Scale Irrigation on Household Food Security: The Case of Walmara District, Finfinnee Surrounding Oromia Special Zone, Ethiopia”, and we recommend that the thesis be submitted as it fulfills the thesis requirements for the degree of Masters of science in Agriculture (Agricultural and Applied Economics). Mengistu Ketema (Professor) ______________ _______________ Major Advisor Signature Date Beyan Ahmed (Ass.Prof.) ________________ ______________ Co-advisor Signature Date As members of the Examining Board of the MSc Thesis Open Defense, we certify that we have read and evaluated the thesis prepared by Gadisa Muleta Korme and examined the candidate. We recommend that the thesis be accepted as fulfilling the thesis requirements for the degree of Master in Collaborative Master of Sciences in Agricultural and Applied Economics. Million Sileshi (PhD) _________________ _________________ Chair Person Signature Date Ketema Bekele (PhD) _________________ _____________ Internal Examiner Signature Date Sisay Debebe (PhD) _________________ _____________ External Examiner Signature Date Final approval and acceptance of the Thesis is contingent upon the submission of its final copy to the council of graduate studies (PGDP) through the candidate’s department or school graduate committee (DGC or PGDP). ii STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR By my signature below, I declare and affirm that this thesis is my own work. I have followed all ethical and technical principles of scholarship in data collection, data analysis and compilation of this Thesis. All sources of materials used for this thesis have been properly acknowledged. This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for collaborative Masters of Science degree at Haramaya University in Agricultural and applied Economics and is deposited at the University Library and available for users and borrowers under the rules of the Library. I confidentially declare that this thesis has not been submitted to any other institution anywhere for the award of any academic degree, diploma, or certificate. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the School of Graduate Studies when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author of the thesis. Name: Gadisa Muleta Korme Signature: _______________ Place: Haramaya University Date of Submission: September 04/2020 iii BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH The author was born in August 27, 1988 in Oromia National Regional State, West Showa Zone, Gindeberet District, from his father Mr. Muleta Korme and his mother Mrs. Ayelu Lata. He attended elementary, high school and preparatory school at Kachisi elementary school and Gindeberet secondary and preparatory school. He then joined Haramaya University in 2009 and graduated with Bachelor of Arts Degree in Economics in 2013. After his graduation, the author was employed in Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research in 2014 as a Junior Researcher. He served the institute for five years until he joined Haramaya University in 2019 to pursue his MSc degree in Agricultural and Applied Economics. iv ACKNOWLDEGMENTS First and foremost, I thank the Almighty God for being with me from the start to the end of my works and for giving me the opportunity and the capacity to realize my aspiration. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my major advisor professor Mengistu Ketema, and my co-advisor Mr. Beyan Ahmed, whose contribution is immense, and without their involvements, the accomplishment of this research would have been difficult. Besides, their kind and gentle guidance and advisor-ship from the early design of the research proposal to the final write-up of the thesis by adding valuable, constructive and ever-teaching comments highly improved the contents of the thesis. Thirdly, my heartfelt thanks go to the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research for giving me the chance to join the MSc program. Besides, I would like to thank National Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center and Holeta Agricultural Research Center’s staff members, more particularly Mr. Obsi Desalegn, Dr. G/rufael Girmay, Mr. Adisu Getahun, Mr. Takele Mebratu, Mrs. Yewubdar Tadese and Mr. Shumet Embiale Fourthly, it is my pleasure to appreciate African Economic Research Consortium (AERC) for their financial support to accomplish my MSc study at Haramaya University and University of Pretoria. Finally, I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to my beloved daughter Situnaf and her mother Hawi who withstand loneliness when I was apart from them and gave me endless love and courage during my thesis work. v ACCRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AE Adult equivalent AERC African Economic Research Consortium ATT Average Treatment on Treated CIA Central Intelligence Agency of America CSA Central Statistics Agency EHNRI Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute EIAR Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research FAO Food and Agricultural Organization FCS Food Consumption Score GDP Gross Domestic Product GTP Growth and Transformation Plan HDDS Household Dietary Diversity Score HH Household HHH Household Head IFC International Finance Corporation IMF International Monetary Found IPC Integrated Food Security Phase Classification Kcal Kilo calorie PSM Prosperity Score Marching SSI Small-scale Irrigation TLU Tropical Livestock Unit UNDP United Nation Development program UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund WFP World Food Program vi TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR iii BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH iv ACKNOWLDEGMENTS v ACCRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS vi TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF TABLES xi LIST OF FIGURES xii LIST OF TABLES IN APPENDICES xiii ABSTRACT xv 1. INTRODUCTION 2 1.1. Background of the Study 2 1.2. Statement of the Problem 3 1.3. Research Questions 5 1.4. Objectives of the Study 5 1.5. Significance of the Study 5 1.6. Scope and Limitations of the Study 6 1.7. Organization of the Thesis 6 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2.1 Definitions of Basic Concepts 7 2.2 Food Security Status in Ethiopia 9 2.3 Theoretical Framework of the Study 10 2.4 Measuring Household Level Food Security 13 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 2.4.1. Food consumption score (FCS) 13 2.4.2. Household consumption and expenditure survey (HCES) 14 2.4.3. Household dietary diversity score (HDDS) 14 2.4.4. Coping strategy index (CSI) 15 2.4.5. Household hunger scale (HHS) 15 2.4.6. Individual’s daily calorie intake (DCI) 16 2.5. Irrigation Schemes Development in Ethiopia 16 2.6. Impact Assessment Methods 17 2.6.1. Propensity score matching (PSM) 17 2.6.2. Difference-in-difference (DID) 18 2.6.3. Randomized selection methods (RSM) 19 2.6.4. Regression discontinuity (RD) 19 2.7. Empirical Literature Review 20 2.7.1. Determinants of household participation in small-scale irrigation 20 2.7.2. Impacts of small-scale irrigation on household food security 21 2.7.3. Determinants of household food security 22 2.8. Conceptual Framework of the Study 23 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 26 3.1. Description of the Study Area 26 3.1.1. Demography 26 3.1.2. Climate 27 3.1.3. Agriculture 27 3.1.4. Description of irrigation schemes in the district 27 3.2. Data Type, Sources and Method of Collection 28 3.3. Sampling Technique and Sample Size Determination 29 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 3.4. Methods of Data Analysis 30 3.4.1. Descriptive statistical analysis 30 3.4.2. Econometric analysis 31 3.4.2.1. Factors affecting household participation in small-scale irrigation 31 3.4.2.2. Factors affecting household food security 31 3.4.2.3. Impact of small-scale irrigation on household food security 32 3.5. Variables Definitions and Hypothesis 35 3.5.1. Dependent variable 35 3.5.2. The outcome variables 36 3.5.3. Independent variables 36 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 42 4.1. Descriptive Results for Demographic and Socio-economic Variables 42 4.1.1. Descriptive results of dummy variables 42 4.1.1.1. Participation in irrigation 42 4.1.1.2. Household food security status 43 4.1.2. Descriptive results of continuous variables 45 4.1.2.1 Participation in irrigation 45 4.1.2.2 Household food security status 47 4.1.3. Summary of food consumption score by participation in irrigation 49 4.1.4. Summary of daily calorie intake by participation in irrigation 50 4.2. Econometric Results 52 4.2.1. Factors affecting household participation in small scale irrigation 52 4.2.2. Factors affecting household food security 56 4.2.3. Impact of small-scale irrigation on household food security 61 4.2.3.1. Estimation of propensity score 61 4.2.3.2. Restricting the common support region 63 ix TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 4.2.3.3. Choosing the matching algorithm 66 4.2.3.4. Assessing the matching quality 67 4.2.3.4.1.
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