The Swiss Cadastral System – Well Prepared for Future Challenges

armasuisse Bundesamt für Landestopografie swisstopo Eidgenössische Vermessungsdirektion

The Swiss Cadastral System – well prepared for future challenges

Geospatial World Forum 2014 Geneva, 8 May 2014

Dr. Daniel Steudler Scientific Associate Content

• Switzerland size, shape, structures • Cadastral system legal basis, basic principles, organisation, geoinformation • Conceptual and technical elements standards, data integration concept • PLR-Cadastre Content

Switzerland size, shape, structures • Cadastral system legal basis, basic principles, organisation, geoinformation • Conceptual and technical elements standards, data integration concept • PLR-Cadastre Size

SWITZERLAND 41'290 km2 26 cantons ~2350 municipalities ~8.1 million people (~196 persons/km2) ~4.0 million parcels

Federal Office of Topography swisstopo GWF 2014, Geneva, 8 May 2014 4 Topography

D Basel F Zurich

FL A Bern

Geneva

Federal Office of Topography swisstopo GWF 2014, Geneva, 8 May 2014 5 Four official languages

G e r m a n

R o m a n s h F r e n c h

I t a l i a n

Federal Office of Topography swisstopo GWF 2014, Geneva, 8 May 2014 6 Federal structure Areas of responsibility 1 Confederation constitution, civil code, federal Foreign affairs, security, legislation, federal parliament, customs, monetary system, government, and administra- law giving, defence, trans- tion portation

26 Cantons cantonal legislations, cantonal Health care, education, parliaments, governments and culture, taxation administrations

~2350 Municipalities Register of residents, civil protection, school, social communal regulations, muni- services, energy, land-use cipal board, administration and planning, taxation staff

Principle of Subsidiarity

Federal Office of Topography swisstopo GWF 2014, Geneva, 8 May 2014 7 Content

• Switzerland size, shape, structures Cadastral system legal basis, basic principles, organisation, geoinformation • Conceptual and technical elements standards, data integration concept • PLR-Cadastre Legal basis

Swiss Civil Code, 1912

Objectives of the legislator: Security of ownership, efficient land market, and mort- gaging of real estates

Art. 942 1 All rights on real estates have to be registered in the land registry. 2 The land registry consists of the main book with its associated maps, the auxiliary registers (in particular the list of property owners), the deeds (records and evidences), the description of properties, and the day book Art. 950 1 Registration and description of the properties in the land register have to be done on the basis of a map, which as a rule, has to be the result of an official cadastral survey. 2 The Federal Council decides on which principles these maps have to be based upon.

Federal Office of Topography swisstopo GWF 2014, Geneva, 8 May 2014 9 Basic principles (as in civil code)

• No ownership without registration (art. 656)

• No registration without surveying (art. 950)

• No surveying without boundary definition (art. 669)

Title registration system Title guaranteed by the government

Federal Office of Topography swisstopo GWF 2014, Geneva, 8 May 2014 10 Two components of cadastral system

Cadastral Surveying Land Register

• main book • auxiliary registers (in particular the list of property owners) • deeds (records and evidences) • description of properties • day book

Federal Office of Topography swisstopo GWF 2014, Geneva, 8 May 2014 11 Organisations involved in cadastral system

Government

Dept. for Defence, Dept. of Justice Civil Protection and Police and Sports Federal Level Federal Office of Federal Office of Topography swisstopo Justice Licensing Commission Federal Directorate Office for Land Registry and for Surveyors of Cadastral Surveying Real Estate Law

Cantonal Governments Cantonal Level Cantonal Cantonal and Regional Surveying Offices Land Registry Offices

Private Licensed Municipality Private Land Surveying Offices Municipal Level Daniel Steudler, 7 Sept. 2011 Notary Offices Federal Office of Topography swisstopo SurveyingGWF 2014, Offices Geneva, 8 May 2014 12 Organisation of cadastral surveying

Level Organisation Tasks

Federal Directorate of Cadastral Supervision, Confederation Surveying strategic management approx. 15 employees Agreements

Canton Cantonal Surveying Operational Offices management

Contracts approx. 300 employees ~270 Private Land Surveying Offices Municipality ~15 City Surveying Offices Execution

approx. 3000 employees

Federal Office of Topography swisstopo GWF 2014, Geneva, 8 May 2014 13 Public-Private Partnership

No. of staff active in cadastral surveying: 3’100 • federal and cantonal administration: 6.9% • other public sector offices: 6.0% • private sector offices: 87.1%

Public Sector Private Sector

• legislation (Federal and • production cantonal level) • maintenance • financing structure • service to clients • setting standards • innovation • supervision • co-ordination • verification

Two Partners !!!

Federal Office of Topography swisstopo GWF 2014, Geneva, 8 May 2014 14 New ordinance in 1993, adding a new and extended purpose

Ordinance on cadastral surveying (1.1.1993) Art. 1: Definition and Objective

1 In terms of the Civil Law, cadastral surveying is considered to be surveying – approved by the Confederation – for the purpose of operating the land registry.

2 The data of cadastral surveying shall serve as basis for the establishment and the operation of land information systems and shall be suited for public and private purposes.

Federal Office of Topography swisstopo GWF 2014, Geneva, 8 May 2014 15 Act on Geoinformation (2008)

Aim • a uniform legal basis for all land information based on the various federal decrees • incl. cadastral surveying, national surveying (topographic mapping), national geology, and the new cadastre for public-law restrictions on landownership rights (PLR-Cadastre)

Federal Office of Topography swisstopo GWF 2014, Geneva, 8 May 2014 16 Content

• Switzerland size, shape, structures • Cadastral system legal basis, basic principles, organisation, geoinformation Conceptual and technical elements standards, data integration concept • PLR-Cadastre Conceptual elements of AV93

Clear definition of the product

Freedom of methods and systems (as basis for tendering)

Independent information layers (link between layers only through geographic location)

Standardized way of data descrip- ili itf tion and data transfer (INTERLIS)

Federal Office of Topography swisstopo GWF 2014, Geneva, 8 May 2014 18 Standardized data modelling

System independent description of TRANSFER Data_Catalogue; MODEL Basic_Data_Set DOMAIN digital data (introduced in 1993) LKoord = COORD2 480000.000 70000.000 840000.000 300000.000; HKoord = COORD3 480000.000 70000.000 0.000 840000.000 300000.000 5000.000; Height = DIM1 0.000 5000.000; Precision = [0 .. 300]; Reliability = (yes, no); Name LetterOrientation = GRADS 0.0 400.0; OPTIONAL Table with table name OwnershipMaintenance Status = (planned, valid); NumPos OPTIONAL attribute name Identifier LimitPoint Identifier Attribute that is unique within the Description table of one topic (exceptionally Perimeter 1 mc together with another attribute) TOPIC Control_Points = Validity OSKey -> Date1 Origin -> Attribute that relates with another Identifier 1 Date2 ...... table (relational attribute) Geometry Date3 PositionPrecision PositionReliability END Control_Points; 1 PointSymbol Origin SymbolOrientation TOPIC Land_Cover = Control points ...... END Land_Cover; Ownership PROJOwnership mc Land cover mc OSKey -> OSKey -> Number TOPIC Ownership = Number Validity Geometry Origin DOMAIN Origin Class Monumentation = (border_stone, plastic_peg, cross, 1 Single objects 1 1 1 not_monumented); OwnershipType = (parcel, distinct_right, Heights PROJOwnershipPosition Parcel DistinctRight OwnershipPosition construction_right, water_source_ c c m m Object -> Object -> Object -> Object -> right); NumberPosition Geometry Geometry NumberPosition NumberOrientation Surface Surface NumberOrientation TABLE LimitPoint = NumberHorizontalAlignment NumberHorizontalAlignment Local names NumberVerticalAlignment NumberVerticalAlignment OSKey: OPTIONAL -> OwnershipMaintenance; Identifier: OPTIONAL TEXT*12; Geometry: LKoord; Ownership PositionPrecision: Precision; PositionReliability: Reliability; Origin: OPTIONAL TEXT*30; Pipelines >5bar SymbolOrientation: OPTIONAL LetterOrientation; !! Default: 0.0 IDENT Administrative subdivisions Geometry; END LimitPoint; END Ownership. END Basic_Data_Set. 8 information layers Data model (UML) Data description language (Possibility to realise the layers (Entity-Relationship-Diagram) separately) INTERLIS (system independent)

With the use of data modelling, the acquisition, use and exchange of digFederalital dOfficeata of iTopographys indep swisstopoendent froDanielGWFm t 2014, hSteudler,e Geneva,br 7a Sept.n 8d May 2011 o f2014 the GIS or software system. 19 Common Data Integration Concept

Legal topic Institution, textual spatial data, Geodata stakeholder information geoinformation Infrastructure (GDI)

Water/noise protection Local government

Environ. protection Environ. dept.

Land-use planning Planning dept.

Corporations, Collective land rights tribes, clan

Land valuation Government

Public-law restrictions Government

Land registry, National government State government cadastre Local government

Four basic principles for 1) to respect the legal / institutional independence of stakeholders a common data 2) to use a standardized data modelling concept integration concept: 3) to use a common geodetic reference framework 4) no logic relations to objects in different topic except through Federal Office of Topography swisstopogeographic locationGWF 2014, Geneva, 8 May 2014 20 Independent information layers

Advantages: • stakeholders can look after their own data sets, they only have to respect the defined basic principles • the fear of stakeholders – losing control over their data – can be overcome • work flow and data flow can be clearly defined and managed for each stakeholder independent from the others

Federal Office of Topography swisstopo GWF 2014, Geneva, 8 May 2014 21 Content

FIG-Commission 7 - Working Group 1 (1994-98): • identify trends • develop visions

booklet presented at the FIG- Congress 1998 in Brighton, A VISION FOR A FUTURE CADASTRAL England SYSTEM Jürg Kaufmann - Daniel Steudler translations into some 25 with the Working Group 1 of FIG Commission 7 languages since July 1998

http://www.fig.net/cadastre2014/

Federal Office of Topography swisstopo GWF 2014, Geneva, 8 May 2014 23 Flood of restrictions

Ortstermin in Ursenbach BE, Freitag, 20. August 2004 : 101 Gesetze, Verordnungen und Vorschriften müssen allein in dieser Alltagszene beachtet werden (aus FACTS, 2.9.04)

Federal Office of Topography swisstopo GWF 2014, Geneva, 8 May 2014 24 Landownership: the macro-economic dimension

The Swiss cadastral system helps to secure mortgages in the order of CHF 700’000’000’000 (~EUR 580’000’000’000).

Federal Office of Topography swisstopo GWF 2014, Geneva, 8 May 2014 25 Landownership: legal security

Landownership

secured through restricted by

Federal Office of Topography swisstopo GWF 2014, Geneva, 8 May 2014 26 Aim of PLR-Cadastre

Federal Office of Topography swisstopo GWF 2014, Geneva, 8 May 2014 27 Start with 17 Public Law Restrictions

PL-Restriction Institution, textual spatial data, PLR-Cadastre stakeholder information geoinformation

Cantonal and municipal use planning Land-use planning Dept.

Project zones National Highway Dept. Construction lines Project zones Railways Construction lines Project zones Construction lines Airport authority Aerial obstacles

Hazardous waste Environmental Dept.

Ground water protection zones Water Management Ground water protection perimeters

Noise levels Environmental Dept.

Forest delimitation (in constr. zones) Forest Dept. Forest distance lines

Federal Office of Topography swisstopo GWF 2014, Geneva, 8 May 2014 28 Introduction of the PLR-Cadastre

In two phases: 2012–2016: 8 pilot cantons 2016–2020: remaining cantons

Federal Office of Topography swisstopo GWF 2014, Geneva, 8 May 2014 29 PLR-Cadastre: data from 8 pilot cantons

www.cadastre.ch/be /ge /ju /ne /nw /ow /tg /zh

Federal Office of Topography swisstopo GWF 2014, Geneva, 8 May 2014 30 Thank you for your attention!!!

Federal Office of Topography swisstopo GWF 2014, Geneva, 8 May 2014 31 Federal Office of Topography swisstopo GWF 2014, Geneva, 8 May 2014 32 Coverage of cadastral surveying data

31.03.2014

Federal Office of Topography swisstopo GWF 2014, Geneva, 8 May 2014 33