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Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle Analysis: Milestone Report

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A national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle Analysis Milestone Report NREL/MP-540-40609 November 2006 T. Markel, A. Brooker, J. Gonder, M. O’Keefe, A. Simpson, and M. Thornton National Renewable Energy Laboratory NREL is operated by Midwest Research Institute ● Battelle Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle Analysis Milestone Report NREL/MP-540-40609 November 2006 T. Markel, A. Brooker, J. Gonder, M. O’Keefe, A. Simpson, and M. Thornton National Renewable Energy Laboratory Prepared under: Task No. FC06.2000 B&R Code VT0103000 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy In fulfillment of: FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies Program September 2006 Milestone/Deliverable 6.3 Grid-Connected Hybrid Vehicle Efficiency Improvement Analysis National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: mailto:[email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 phone: 800.553.6847 fax: 703.605.6900 email: [email protected] online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste Preface The Vehicle Systems Team in the Center for Transportation Technologies and Systems at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) performed this work. This report documents completion of the September 2006 milestone as part of NREL’s 2006 FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies (FCVT) Annual Operating Plan with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The objective of the work was to provide objective systems simulations and analysis of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle technologies. This report supports the goals of the DOE/FCVT Program to quantify the potential benefits of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle technology through analysis and modeling. Specifically, this effort supports Task 1: Modeling and Simulation, discussed in the FCVT Multi-Year Program Plan. This work was funded by the Advanced Vehicle Technology Analysis and Evaluation activity in support of the FCVT Program of the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy within the U.S. DOE. We wish to thank our sponsor, Lee Slezak, for his guidance and support. Terry Penney, as NREL’s FCVT technology manager, and Matt Thornton, as task leader for NREL’s Vehicle Systems Analysis Task, supported this project. We would also like to express our appreciation to the members of the FreedomCAR Vehicle Systems Analysis Technical Team: Larry Laws (GM), Mark Biernacki (DaimlerChrysler), and Asi Perach (Ford) for providing technical insight and industry review. Tony Markel, project leader iii Table of Contents Executive Summary Section 1: Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Fuel Economy Reporting Methods Section 1.1: “Measuring and Reporting Fuel Economy of Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles,” presented to the Vehicle Systems Analysis Technical Team, Feb. 1, 2006 Section 1.2: “Measuring and Reporting Fuel Economy of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles,” published at the 22nd International Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exposition, October 2006 Section 2: Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Cost and Consumption Benefit Analysis Section 2.1: “Cost/Benefit Analysis of Hybrid-Electric and Plug-In Hybrid-Electric Vehicle Technology,” presented to the Vehicle Systems Analysis Technical Team, March 1, 2006 (updated May 2006) Section 2.2: “Cost-Benefit Analysis of Plug-In Electric Vehicle Technology,” published at the 22nd International Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exposition, Oct. 26, 2006 Section 2.3: “Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Current Status, Long-Term Prospects, and Key Challenges,” presented at the Federal Network for Sustainability Meeting, July 20, 2006 Section 2.4: “Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Storage Analysis,” presented to the FreedomCAR Electrochemical Energy Storage Technical Team Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery Working Group Meeting, July 25, 2006 Section 2.5: “Plug-In Hybrid Modeling and Application: Cost/Benefit Analysis,” presented at the Third AVL Summer Conference on Automotive Simulation Technology, Aug. 24, 2006 Section 3: Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Real-World Performance Expectations Section 3.1: “Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Current Status, Long-Term Prospects, and Key Challenges,” presented at the Clean Cities Congress and Expo, May 8, 2006 Section 3.2: “Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle Real-World Performance Expectations,” presented to the Vehicle Systems Analysis Technical Team, June 14, 2006 Section 3.3: “Using GPS Travel Data to Assess the Real-World Driving Energy Use of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles,” to be published at the Transportation Research Board 86th Annual Meeting, February 2007 iv Section 4: Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Management Strategies Section 4.1: “Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Storage System Design,” presented at the Advanced Automotive Battery Conference, May 19, 2006 Section 4.2: “Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Storage System Design,” published at the Advanced Automotive Battery Conference, May 19, 2006 Section 4.3: “Dynamic Programming Applied to Investigate Energy Management Strategies for a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle,” to be published at the 22nd International Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exposition, October 2006 Summary v Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle Analysis Milestone Report September 2006 Tony Markel Aaron Brooker, Jeffrey Gonder, Michael O’Keefe, Andrew Simpson, Matthew Thornton In fulfillment of FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies Program September 2006 Milestone/Deliverable 6.3 Grid-Connected Hybrid Vehicle Efficiency Improvement Analysis Executive Summary NREL’s plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) analysis activities have made great strides in FY06 to objectively assess PHEV technology, support the larger U.S. Department of Energy PHEV assessment effort and complementary activities at other national laboratories, and share technical knowledge with the vehicle research community and vehicle manufacturers through the FreedomCAR Vehicle Systems Technical Team and the Electrochemical Energy Storage Technical Team. The key contributions of this activity include: 1. Proposed improvements to the existing test procedure for reporting PHEV fuel economy 2. A thorough exploration of the PHEV design space, including an evaluation of the trade-offs between cost and fuel consumption 3. The application of real-world driving data to quantify the impacts of travel behavior on the potential benefits of PHEVs 4. The optimization of energy management strategies focusing on petroleum displacement. The NREL research team has participated in many key industry meetings, and its research has been documented in eight formal presentations and five technical papers that have been published or have been submitted for publication within the next 6 months. This milestone report is a compilation of these papers and presentations for future reference. The following is a summary of important insights that emerged from the four areas of emphasis. Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Fuel Economy Reporting Methods PHEVs differ significantly from existing vehicles. They consume two fuels (petroleum and electricity) at rates that depend on the distance driven and the aggressiveness of the cycle. The Society of Automotive Engineers J1711 Recommended Practice, created in 1999, provides the fundamentals for measuring fuel economy of off-vehicle charge-capable vehicles (i.e., plug-in hybrids and electric vehicles). Seven years later, with a much better understanding of how PHEVs will likely operate, some improvements to the original procedure are recommended. The team’s specific recommendations are: • Report gasoline and electricity consumption separately, which allows the reported results to be used for vehicle operating cost comparisons, fuel consumption, and
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