Algae Volume 21(1): 49-59, 2006

Marine Macro-algae of Orissa, East Coast of

Jnanendra Rath and Siba Prasad Adhikary*

P.G. Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, 751004, India

A total of twenty one species of marine macro-algae were reported from 460 kms long Orissa coast in the east coast of India. Of these 9 species belongs to Chlorophyta, 2 to Phaeophyta and 10 to Rhodophyta. The low species richness compared with southern and western coasts of India was due to lack of rocky and/or coral substratum. Enteromorpha usneoides and Gelidium divaricatum were reported first from India. Enteromorpha linza, E. clathrata, Colpomenia sinuosa, Dictyota dichotoma, Catenella impudica, Compsopogon aeruginosus and Grateloupia lithophila were the new records for Orissa coast.

Key Words: India, marine macro-algae, Orissa coast, seaweed distribution

INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS

India with a coastline of more than 7,000 km harbour Sampling for marine macro-algae was carried out in diverse marine algal species (Oza and Zaidi 2001). These the entire coast of Orissa (19° 06’ 38.1”-21° 35’ 51.9” N occur principally in coastal areas with rocky substratum lat., 84° 46’ 42.3”-87° 20’ 01.6” E long) including the or rich with corals viz. Visakhapatnam in the eastern estuaries of Subarnarekha, Bhudhabalanga, , coast, Mahabalipuram, Gulf of Mannar, Tiruchendur, Devi, Kushabhadra, Rushikulya and Bahuda rivers; Tuticorin and Kerala in the southern coast; Veraval and backwaters of Ramchandi and Gopalpur; rocky Gulf of Kutch in the western coast; Andaman and platforms of Paradeep port and the mudflats of Nicobar islands and Lakshadweep (Umamaheswara Rao (Fig. 1). All the algal specimens 1967; Silva et al. 1996; Sahoo et al. 2001). However, the were collected from the intertidal region for a period of coastal region of Orissa state in the east coast of India, one year from May 2004 to June 2005. The position of covering 460 Km of coastline has not been surveyed for each collection site was determined with a Garmin 12 marine algal forms. Several rivers flow east-wards in this GPS receiver (Table 1). Algae attached to the fishing region of India which fall to the sea (Bay of ) jetties, rocky embankment in the near shores, stones and forming characteristic estuaries. At some of these sites, pebbles, fishing nets and pneumatophores of mangrove e.g. the rocky port area of Paradeep, scattered rock were collected by scrapping in clean tubes and preserved boulders in the coast at certain region and the mangroves in 4% formaldehyde-seawater solution. The examined at the confluence of Brahmani and Baitarani rivers, specimens (vouchers) were preserved in formaldehyde several macro-algae were found growing throughout the solution. Herbarium of algal samples prepared using year. Hence the occurrence and taxonomy of marine standard techniques were deposited at the P.G. macro-algae in the coastal region of Orissa was studied Department of Botany, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar. for the first time and their distribution pattern was Microphotographs of the organisms were taken in a compared with those occur in other parts of the Indian Meiji ML-TH-05 trinocular research microscope fitted coast. with Nikon Coolpix 4800 digital camera and identified following Biswas (1932); Desikachary et al. (1990, 1998) and Krishnamurthy (1999). Ecological notes about the locality, nature of habitat and mode of occurrence along with voucher sample number of each species, date of *Corresponding author ([email protected]) collection and collector’s name was recorded. 50 Algae Vol. 21(1), 2006

Fig. 1. Map of Orissa coast showing 14 collection stations. See Table 1 for co-ordinates. 1 = Bahuda estuary (BE); 2 = Gopalpur-on-sea (GS); 3 = Rushikulya estuary mouth (RE); 4 = Palur channel (PC); 5 = (CL); 6= mouth (KM); 7 = Nuanai mouth (NM); 8 = Kaluni Channel (KC); 9 = mouth (DM); 10 = Paradeep-on-sea (PS); 11= Bhitarkanika mangroves (BM); 12 = Chandipur estuary/ mouth (CE); 13 = Kashaphala estuary (KE); 14 = mouth (SM).

Table 1. List of collecting stations in Orissa coast.

Station name & code for voucher Latitude Longitude Habitat

S1-Bahuda estuary (BE) N19° 06’ 39.1” E84° 46’ 41.9” Lagoon (Estuarine) S2-Gopalpur-on-sea (GS) N19° 18’ 11.7” E84° 57’ 57.8” Sandy & rocky (Marine) S3-Rushikulya estuary (RE) N19° 22’ 54.7” E85° 04’ 56.2” Sandy (Marine) S4-Palur channel (PC) N19° 27’ 59.9” E85° 08’ 23.8” Estuarine/marine S5-Chilika lake (CL) N19° 38’ 45.4” E85° 25’ 25.4” Lagoon (Estuarine) S6-Kushabhadra river mouth/Ramchandi estuary (KR) N19° 49’ 09.6” E85° 54’ 35.4” Sandy (Marine) S7-Nuanai mouth (NM) N19° 51’ 11.9” E86° 03’ 14.3” Sandy (Marine) S8-Kaluni channel (KC) N19° 56’ 31.1” E86° 16’ 44.7” Estuarine S9-Devi river mouth (DR) N19° 58’ 58.7” E86° 19’ 25.7” Sandy (Marine) S10-Paradeep-on-sea (PS) N20° 17’ 34.0” E86° 42’ 59.3” Sandy & rocky (Marine) S11-Bhitarkanika mangroves (BM) N20° 42’ 23.7” E87° 02’ 13.5” Estuarine S12-Chandipur estuary/ Budhabalanga river mouth (CE) N21° 27’ 07.1” E87° 02’ 26.6” Mud flat (Marine) S13-Kashaphala estuary (KE) N21° 30’ 40.5” E87° 07’ 45.8” Sandy (Marine) S14-Subarnarekha river mouth (SR) N21° 32’ 49.3” E87° 12’ 01.9” Sandy & muddy (Marine)

names of the collectors (JR - J. Rath; SPA - S.P. SPECIES DESCRIPTION: Adhikary)”.

Description of the examined specimens has been Chlorophyta depicted with ecological notes. Voucher number was 1. Chaetomorpha linum (O.F. Muller) Kützing (Kützing, assigned to each specimen along with field data as F. T. 1845) (Fig. 2) follows – “the first letter for collection site, followed by Filaments long, free floating, cells cylindrical, cell serial no of collection, date of sampling and abbreviated inside the filament distinct, 15 to 30 µm broad, 125-210 Rath & Adhikary: Marine macro-algae of Orissa coast, India 51

µm long, chloroplast reticulate with many pyrenoids. Remarks on taxon: Reported from Visakhapatnam Vouchers: CL1, 12 Dec. 2004 (JR and SPA); CL10, 23 (Umamaheswara Rao 1990), Pulicat lake (Radhakrishnan Feb. 2005 (JR and SPA); CL25, 24 Feb. 2005 (JR and SPA); 1976), Mahabalipuram (Krishnamurthy and Joshi 1969), DR1, 16 Jan. 2005 (JR and SPA); BM1, 17 Feb. 2005 (JR Krusadi island (Chacko et al. 1955), Mandapam and SPA); epiphyte on hydrophyte plants. (Jayasankar and Ramalingam, 1993), Andaman and Remarks on taxon: Reported from Krusadai island, Nicobar islands (Krishnamurthy and Joshi 1969), Mandapam (Rajendran et al.1991), Nicobar islands Tuticorin (Maruthamuthu et al 1990), Mangalore (Jagtap 1992), Tuticorin (Maruthamuthu et al. 1990) and (Vidyavathi and Sridhar 1991), Goa (Untawale et al. 1983) Jalleshwar and Veraval (Subbaramaiah 1971). and Okha (Ohno and Mairh, 1982). 2. Cladophora glomerata (Linn.) Kützing (Kützing, F.T. 4. Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linn.) Neesa (Nees, C.G. 1843) (Fig. 3) 1820) (Fig. 5) Thallus attached to rocks, stones, boulders or other Plant up to 25 cm high, attached to the substratum by solid substrate by means of rhizoids, rarely free floating, a basal rhizoidal portion and later floating when torn long, frequently branched, green to slightly yellowish- away from the substrate; deep green to yellowish green; green in color, branches connate at the base, feather like, fronds clavate, tubulose, often contorted, more or less curved inwards towards the upper part, branchlets many compressed, with apices often perforated, sometimes and are of several order, older branches sometimes found gradually increasing in width; branched, branches falsely dichotomous, primary branch varying from 60- and branchlets shortly club-shaped, inflated towards the 125 µm in diameter, intermediate branches from 25-75 apex, cells in surface view rounded, polygonal, µm and apical branches from 20-35 µm, cell membrane irregularly arranged throughout thallus, 10-14 µm long, thick, fibrillose, apical cells obtusely rounded. 6-10 µm wide, cell contents granular with one nucleus, Vouchers: BE1, 23 Jan. 2005 (JR and SPA); PC1, 31 Dec. one parietal chloroplast and one pyrenoid per cell, 2004 (JR and SPA); CL3, 12 Dec. 2004 (JR and SPA); elliptic, tilted towards the apical side of the cell. CL12, 23 Feb. 2005 (JR and SPA); KR1, 16. Jan. 2005 (JR Vouchers: BE2, 23 Jan. 2005 (JR and SPA); CL5, 12 Dec. and SPA); KC1, 16 Jan. 2005 (JR and SPA); epilithic in 2005 (JR and SPA); CL14, 23 Feb. 2005 (JR and SPA); PS2, sand/mud covered shallow pools in intertidal zones and 24.12.2004 (JR and SPA); epilithic on intertidal rocks, also attached to hydrophytes. boulders and stones of fishing jetties. Remarks on taxon: Reported from Okha (Untawale et Remarks on taxon: Reported from Krusadai island al. 1983). (Chacko et al. 1955), Kerala coast (Nair et al. 1982), 3. Enteromorpha compressa (Linn.) Neesa (Nees, C.G. Karnataka coast (Agadi 1985), Lakshadweep (Untawale 1820) (Fig. 4) et al. 1983), Goa (Zingde et al. 1976), Maharashtra coast Plant dull-green or yellowish-green, membranaceous, (Dhargalkar et al. 1980), Gopnath (Sreenivasa Rao and 5 to 20 cm long, 2-5 mm broad, attached at first by a Kale 1970) and Okha (Ohno and Mairh 1982). short cylindrical stipe, later sometimes detached and 5. Enteromorpha usneoides (Bonnem.) Agardh (Agardh, floating; cylindrical or expanding above, more or less J.G. 1883) (Fig. 6) inflated, often much crisped and contorted, branched Thallai strap shaped to filiform, two layers, from gradually contracted stalk-like basal portion, compressed, more or less wrinkled and lubricous, narrow at the base and gradually expanding into an medium to dark green, branched, having relatively obtuse or rounded apex, mostly tubular at base, broad thallai with branches concentrated in the basal compressed above, cells minute, rounded or polygonal, region, axis gradually narrow towards the base; medium arranged irregularly, 10-20 µm long, 6-14 µm wide, cell to dark green, plants up to 20 cm high, branches 0.5-25 contents granular with one nucleus and a parietal cm long, cell wall 1-3 µm thick, chloroplast parietal with chloroplast, pyrenoids 1-2 per cell. numerous starch grains, cells arranged in distinct Vouchers: GS1, 31 Dec. 2004 (JR and SPA); GS2, 23 Jan. longitudinal rows, pyrenoid 1-2 per cell. 2005 (JR and SPA); PC2, 31 Dec. 2005 (JR and SPA); CL4, Voucher: CL15, 23 Feb. 2005 (JR and SPA); epiphytic 12 Dec. 2004 (JR and SPA); CL13, 23 Feb. 2005 (JR and attached to hydrophytes. SPA); PS1, 24 Dec. 2004 (JR and SPA); CE1, 14 Jan. 2005 Remarks on taxon: Reported for the first time from (JR and SPA); epilithic on intertidal rocks and at the Chilika lake in the Indian coast. edges of rocky pools. 6. Enteromorpha linza (Linn.) Agardh (Agardh, J.G. 52 Algae Vol. 21(1), 2006

Figs 2-12. Photographs showing marine macro-algae of Orissa coast: 2. Chaetomorpha linum, scale = 30 µm; 3. Cladophora glomerata, scale = 30 µm; 4. Enteromorpha compressa, 5. Enteromorpha intestinalis, 6. Enteromorpha usneoides, scale = 30 µm; 7. Enteromorpha linza, scale = 30 µm; 8. Enteromorpha clathrata, scale = 30 µm; 9. Ulva lactuca, 10. Ulva fasciata, 11. Colpomenia sinuosa, 12. Dictyota dichotoma. Rath & Adhikary: Marine macro-algae of Orissa coast, India 53

1883) (Fig. 7) (Maruthamuthu et al. 1990), Tiruchendur (Balasundaram Plants up to 10 cm high and 3 cm wide, attached by 1985), Kovalam (Maya and Nair 1992), Lakshadweeps basal disc, fronds linear lanceolate, simple, broadened (Untawale and Jagtap 1984), Mangalore (Vidyavathi and above with the two cell layers adhering to each other Sridhar 1991), Goa (Agadi and Untawale 1978), Bombay except at margins, unbranched, frond with long stipe, (Boergesen 1935), Karwar (Bopaiah and Neelakanthan usually 50 µm thick, cells in section taller than broad, 1982), Malwan (Dixit 1941), Porbandar, Diu cells in surface view vertically elongated in basal portion, (Krishnamurthy and Joshi 1969), Jalleshwar cells uninucleate, chloroplast with one pyrenoid. (Subbaramaiah 1971) and Okha (Bhanderi and trivedi Vouchers: GS3, 23 Jan. 2005 (JR and SPA); DR2, 16 Jan. 1975). 2005 (JR and SPA); PS3, 24 Dec. 2004 (JR and SPA); BM2, 9. Ulva fasciata Delile (Delile, A.R. 1813) (Fig. 10) 18 Feb. 2005 (JR and SPA); epilithic on intertidal rocks. Plants attached by small circular disc, lamina up to 40 Remarks on taxon: Reported from Gopnath cm, 10-40 cm wide, deeply divided into several linear (Krishnamurthy and Joshi 1970), Kerala coast (Nair et al. lobes, 1-3 cm wide, frequently with undulate margins, 1982), Gujarat coast (Sreenivasa Rao and Kale, 1970), cells in surface view polygonal, palisad like, cells Lakshadweep (Jagtap, 1987) and Kovalam (Maya and uninucleate, chloroplast plate-like filling outer part of Nair 1992). cell and having two pyrenoids. 7. Enteromorpha clathrata (Roth) Greville (Greville, R.K. Voucher: CL18, 23 Feb. 2005 (JR and SPA), epilithic on 1830) (Fig. 8) intertidal rocks. Plants yellowish-green, 700 µm broad, filiform, Remarks on taxon: Reported from Visakhapatnam profusely branched throughout; branches all around, (Reddy et al. 1992), Mandapam (Umamaheswara Rao tubular, ending in rounded smooth apices, cells in 1990), Krusadai island (Chacko et al. 1955), Andaman surface view longitudinally elongate, arranged in series and Nicobar islands (Jagtap 1992), Kerala coast (Sindhu throughout length of thallus, 32-40 µm long, 10-25 µm and Panikkar 1995), Kovalam (Maya and Nair 1992), broad, cells uninucleate, chloroplast lining cell-wall with Lakshadweeps (Jagtap 1987), Goa (Dhargalkar 1985), two pyrenoids. Maharashtra coast (Dhargalkar et al. 1980), Veraval Vouchers: GS4, 23 Jan. 2005 (JR and SPA); RE1, 31 Dec. (Krishnamurthy and Joshi 1969) and Okha (Bhandari and 2004 (JR and SPA); PC3, 31 Dec. 2004 (JR and SPA); KR2, Trivedi 1975). 16 Jan. 2005 (JR and SPA); KC2, 16 Jan. 2005 (JR and SPA); CE2, 14 Jan. 2005 (JR and SPA); epilithic in upper Phaeophyta and mid-littoral rocks facing the open sea. 10. Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbés et Remarks on taxon: Reported from Porto novo (Kannan Solier (Derbes, A. and Solier, A.J.J. 1851) (Fig. 11) and Krishnamurthy 1978), Nicobar islands (Jagtap 1992), Plants sessile, hollow, attached to the substratum by a Kerala coast (Nair et al. 1982), Karnataka coast (Untawale basal disc, young thalli vesicular, fertile thalli dark et al.1989), Lakshadweep (Untawale and Jagtap 1984), brown, highly folded, irregularly expanded with a Goa (Untawale et al. 1983), Karwar (Bopaiah and diameter of 4 to 12 cm, Neelakantan 1982) and Porbandar (Kale 1966). Voucher: BM4, 17 Feb. 2005 (JR and SPA); epiphytic, 8. Ulva lactuca Linn. (Linnaeus, C. 1753) (Fig. 9) attached to pnematophores of mangrove and also Thallus attached by basal disc, lamina much broader attached to pebbles. than long, 5-10 cm, rounded, often somewhat lobed with Remarks on taxon: Reported from Mandapam undulate or ruffled margins; cells in surface view (Jayasankar and Ramalingam 1993), Krusadai island polygonal, closely packed, 13-15 µm in diameter, cells (Chacko et al. 1955), Andaman islands (Jagtap 1985), rectangular with rounded angles, 13-15 µm broad, 20 µm Tuticorin (Boergesen 1934), Lakshadweeps (Qasim et al. high; cells uninucleate, chloroplast cup shaped, pyrenoid 1972), Karnataka coast (Agadi 1985), Goa (Agadi and 1-2 per cell. Untawale 1978), Ratnagiri (Untawale et al. 1980), Bombay Vouchers: CL17, 23 Feb. 2005 (JR and SPA); BM3, 17 (Boergesen 1934), Jalleshwar and Veraval (Subbaramaiah Feb. 2005 (JR and SPA); epilithic on intertidal rocks. 1971), Porbandar (Krishnamurthy and Joshi 1969) and Remarks on taxon: Reported from Visakhapatnam Okha (Ohno and Mairh 1982). (Umamaheswara Rao 1999), Krusadai island (Chacko et 11. Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) Lamouroux al. 1955), Mandapam (Jayasankar et al. 1990), Tuticorin (Lamouroux, J.V.F. 1809) (Fig. 12) 54 Algae Vol. 21(1), 2006

Thallus yellowish brown, apex bifid and rounded, a single row of cortical cells, central cells connected to branches narrowing towards the tip, plenty of each other by pit-connections. adventitious branches developed from the margins and Voucher: GS5, 23 Jan. 2005 (JR and SPA); epilithic in surface of the thallus, margin dentate-wavy, bundles of upper and mid-littoral rocks facing the open sea. indusiate hairs scattered on the thallus surface, thallus Remarks on taxon: Reported from Gopalpur-on-sea 10-20 cm high, branches 10-12 mm broad below the (Sahoo and Vijayaraghavan 1986), Visakhapatnam dichotomies and 2-5 mm broad near the apices, cells of (Umamaheswara Rao and Sreeramulu 1970), Mandapam the superficial layers small, rectangular, 25-50 µm x 15-45 (Kalimuthu et al. 1992), Krusadai island (Chacko et al. µm in size. Vouchers: CL6, 12 Dec. 2004 (JR and SPA); 1955), Tiruchendur (Krishnamurthy 1980), Jalleshwar, CL19, 23 Feb. 2005 (JR and SPA); BE3, 23 Jan. 2005 (JR Veraval (Subbaramaiah 1971) and Goa (Untawale et al. and SPA); epilithic in sand/mud covered shallow pools 1983). and also floating in shallow estuarine habitat. 14. Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss Remarks on taxon: Reported from Visakhapatnam (Papenfuss, G.F. 1950) (Fig. 16) (Umamaheswara Rao and Sreeramulu 1970), Mandapam Variety-I (yellowish, long filament) (Umamaheswara Rao 1990), Krusadai island (Chacko et Thallus form a small disc-like hold fast, filiform, al. 1955), Andaman and Nicobar islands (Gopinathan cylindrical, 15-35 cm long, primary branches pinnately and Panigrahy 1983), Tuticorin (Varma 1961), feather like branched, lateral branches sometimes Tiruchendur (Krishnamurthy 1980), Karnataka coast undivided, partly un-branched towards the upper part, (Untawale et al 1989), Goa (Agadi and Untawale 1978), long whip like, thin, rounded at the apex, main branches Maharashtra coast (Dhargalkar et al. 1980), Pamban furnished with smaller branches below, towards the top (Subbaramaiah et al. 1977), Dwarka and Okha with simpler branchlets, branches and branchlets (Krishnamurthy and Joshi 1969). irregularly arranged, never dichotomous, discoid chloroplast that occupying almost the entire volume of Rhodophyta the cell, cystocarps on long branch or branchlets 12. Ceramium diaphanum var. elegans Roth (Roth) (Roth numerous, hemispherical, deep or pale purple in color. A. G. 1806) (Fig. 13) Vouchers: CL8, 12 Dec. 2004 (JR and SPA); CL21, 23 Thallus form floating reddish patches in the water Feb. 2005 (JR and SPA); CL22, 24 Feb. 2005 (JR and SPA); column, bristly or hair like, regularly dichotomously BE4, 23 Jan. 2005 (JR and SPA); PC5, 31 Dec. 2004 (JR and branched, fronds up to 7 cm, branches gradually SPA); KC3, 16 Jan. 2005 (JR and SPA); epilithic on sand- attenuated, branches rather sparse, the terminal pairs mud mixture with pebbles and stones. forceps shaped, cells towards the lower parts older, Remarks on taxon: Reported from Krusadai island primary branches 2-5 times longer than diameter, upper (Chacko et al. 1955), Mandapam (Umamaheswara Rao cells are equal or shorter than the diameter, cell length 1970), Andaman and Nicobar islands (Gopinathan and 30-50 µm, breadth 20-60 µm, interstices of transverse Panigrahy 1983), Tuticorin (Boergesen 1937) and Bombay zones at the joints somewhat pellucid, lateral wall (Boergesen 1934). fibrillose. 15. Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss Vouchers: PC4, 31 Dec. 2004 (JR and SPA); CL7, 12 (Papenfuss, G.F. 1950) (Fig. 17) Dec. 2004 (JR and SPA); CL20, 23 Feb. 2005 (JR and SPA); Variety-II (dark red, bushy) KR3, 16 Jan. 2005 (JR and SPA); PS4, 24 Dec. 2004 (JR and Thalli pale brown to dark brown, radially branched, SPA); epilithic on rocks, attached to rocks and boulders branches cylindrical, irregularly alternate, variable in in the intertidal regions of estuary. length, tapering towards apices and bases. Remarks on taxon: Reported from Chilika lake (Rath Vouchers: CL9, 12 Dec. 2005 (JR and SPA); CL23, 23 and Adhikary 2005) Feb. 2005 (JR and SPA); CL24, 24. Feb. 2005 (JR and SPA); 13. Centroceras clavulatum (C. Agardh) Montagne epilithic on sand-mud mixture with pebbles and stones. (Montagne, C. 1846) (Fig. 14) Remarks on taxon: Reported from Chilika lake (Rath Thallus 1-3 cm in high, repeatedly branched to form and Adhikary 2005). regular dichotomy, bifurcate branches are incurved, axis Two varieties of Gracilaria verrucosa were collected consists of nodes and internodes and with conspicuous from different study sites of Orissa coast. Critical spines, thallus with a row of central cells surrounded by analysis of these two varieties showed that these were Rath & Adhikary: Marine macro-algae of Orissa coast, India 55

Figs. 13-22. Photographs showing marine macro-algae of Orissa coast: 13. Ceramium diaphanum var. elegans, scale = 30 µm; 14. Centroceras clavulatum, scale = 200 µm; 15. Polysiphonia subtilissima, scale = 30 µm; 16. Gracilaria verrucosa var-1; 17. Gracilaria verrucosa var-2; 18. Catenella impudica; 19. Gelidium divaricatum; 20. Grateloupia filicina; 21. Grateloupia lithophila; 22. Compsopogon aeruginosus, scale = 50 µm. 56 Algae Vol. 21(1), 2006 two ecotypes of the same organism occurring in this coast. Those which occurred in the sea coast attached to region. Where there was high wave action along with rocks were either dark red or greenish red, long with availability of rocky substratum for attachment, G. slightly flattened thallus with less branching, where as verrucosa was long and reddish. Where as when the wave those occurred in the Chilika lagoon at 6-10 ppt salinity action was low and the substratum with a sand-mud were greenish red, short and busy with less flattened mixture it was bushy and whitish or yellowish in color. thallai. Variation in the thallus structure of the alga at 16. Polysiphonia subtilissima Mont. (Montagne, C. 1840) different localities of India showed that there exist a lot (Fig. 15) of polymorphism in G. filicina of Indian coast which Reddish or somewhat blackish purple, patches might be due to different nature of the substratum / attached to rocks of the islands, thread like, filament 5-10 habitats along the coast line. cm long, elongated, thin, narrow, primary branches 18. Grateloupia lithophila Børgesen (Børgesen F. 1938) decumbent, intricate, root like at the base, secondary (Fig. 21) branches somewhat erect towards the upper part, 5-6 Plant bushy, green in color, gelatinous and slippery, 5- small filaments, bifurcated, thallus with three rows of 10 cm in high, erect, linear, flattened, tapering to apex, pseudoparenchyma cells, cells in the primary branches shortly stipitate and anchored by small holdfasts. twice as long as broad, 20-50 µm broad and 100-125 µm Voucher: PS6, 24 Dec. 2004 (JR and SPA); epilithic in long, branchlets 75-135 µm long, 20-40 µm broad, cells upper and mid-littoral rocks facing the open sea. gradually shorter towards the tip, the terminal siphon Remarks on taxon: Reported from Visakhapatnam more or less wedge-shaped. (Umamaheswara Rao and Sreeramulu 1964), Mandapam Voucher: CL25, 23 Feb. 2005 (JR and SPA); attached to (Kalimuthu et al. 1992), Krusadai island (Boergesen rocks and boulder in the intertidal regions of estuary. 1938), Tuticorin (Krishnamurthy and Joshi 1969), Cochin Remarks on taxon: Reported from Chilika lake (Biswas (Chennubhotla et al. 1987), Tiruchendur (Balasundaram 1932) and Pulicat lake (Radhakrishnan 1976). 1985), Kovalam (Sobha et al. 1988), Mangalore 17. Grateloupia filicina (Lamouroux) Agardh (Agardh, (Vidyavathi and Sridhar 1991), Karnataka coast C.A. 1822) (Fig. 20) (Untawale et al. 1989), Goa (Dhargalkar 1985) and Plants bushy, brown to greenish or purple in colour, Bombay (Lewis and Gonzalves 1962). often gradually becoming violet and merging into green 19. Catenella impudica (Montagne) Agardh (Agardh, to yellowish green at the tips, thalli composed of several J.G. 1852) (Fig. 18) upright blades, developing from a common discoid Frond decumbent, slightly flabellately expanded, holdfast, branches linear, tapering towards the apex, articulate with deep constriction between the segments, fronds compressed with a shield- like flat foot, older irregularly di-or trichotomously branched, branches specimens as long as 15 cm, linear, attenuated at both subterminally formed, tips of ultimate segments being ends; pinnately branched at the base, often naked at the prolonged into terete acuminate apices, segments apices, sometimes slightly bifurcate at the tips with the obovate, young segments scattered. margins baset with acute proliferations, branches long, Voucher: BM5, 17 Feb. 2005 (JR and SPA); epiphytic, linear, tapering towards the apex, ending acuminate into attached to pnematophores of mangrove and barnacles. a sharp point or bifurcate, about 2 mm in diameter. Remarks on taxon: Reported from Godavari estuary Vouchers: CL26, 23 Feb. 2005 (JR and SPA); PS5, 24 (Rao and Narsimha 1995) and Gopnath (Sreenivasa Rao Dec. 2004 (JR and SPA); epilithic in mid-littoral rocks and Kale 1970). facing the open sea and also in lagoon. 20. Compsopogon aeruginosus (J. Agardh) Kützing Remarks on taxon: Reported from Visakhapatnam (Kützing F.T. 1849) (Fig. 22) (Umamaheswara Rao and Sreeramulu 1970), Mandapam Thallus length variable, about 20 cm long, mature (Kalimuthu et al. 1992), Mahabalipuram (Srinivasan plant up to 1.5 mm in diameter, young thalli green in 1960), Cape-comorin (Boergesen 1938), Tuticorin colour, changing to blue-green or grey and purplish at (Krishnamurthy and Joshi 1969), Tiruchendur the end of growth period, fairly well branched, main axis (Krishnamurthy 1980), Mangalore (Vidyavathi and up to 0.5 mm thick, branches usually erect. Voucher: Sridhar 1991), Anjuna coast (Agadi 1983) and Malwan KC4, 16 Jan. 2005 (JR and SPA); epilithic and attached to (Dixit 1940). cemented poles of a bridge in an estuary. Two varieties of Grateloupia filicina occurred in Orissa Remarks on taxon: Reported from Gujarat coast Rath & Adhikary: Marine macro-algae of Orissa coast, India 57

Fig. 23. Map showing distribution of marine macro-algae in the Orissa coast and also their occurrence in other coastal zones of India.

(Desikachary et al. 1990) to Phaeophyta group. Enteromorpha usneoides and 21. Gelidium divaricatum Martens (Martens G. von. Gelidium divaricatum were reported first from India. 1868) (Fig. 19) Enteromorpha linza, E. clathrata, Colpomenia sinuosa, Thalli purplish brown, somewhat cartilaginous, small, Dictyota dichotoma, Catenella impudica, Compsopogon 5-8 cm high, creeping and decumbent, filiform, aeruginosus and Grateloupia lithophila were the new bipinnately or tripinnate branched, rather irregular at records for Orissa coast. All these marine macro-algae times, fronds flattened, 0.5 to 2 mm wide. occurred in abundance during the period from October Voucher: PS7, 24 Dec. 2004 (JR and SPA); GS6, 31 Dec. to February in the coast of Orissa when the air 2004 (JR and SPA); GS7, 23 Jan. 2005 (JR and SPA); occur temperature was moderate between 20 to 32°C. During as dense mat or clump on upper intertidal rocks. summer from April to June, when the air temperature Remarks on taxon: Reported for the first time from was invariably in the range of 35 to 45°C, the quantity of Paradeep port and Gopalpur-on-sea of the Indian coast. all these algae was decreased, and certain taxa e.g. Dictyota dichotoma, Grateloupia filicina, Ulva lactuca and DISCUSSION Ulva faciata did not occur indicating that these were temperature sensitive forms. Further, the low species Totally 21 species of macro-algae (seaweeds) were richness of the Orissa coast compared to southern and reported from the coastal region of Orissa state. Of these western coasts of India is due to fewer rocky and/or 9 species belong to Chlorophyta, 10 to Rhodophyta and 2 coral substratum in this region. In general, the Orissa 58 Algae Vol. 21(1), 2006 coast harbour a complex variety of marine algae, many Rhodophyta Vol.-I, Part-A & B. Madras Science Foundation, of which have their distribution in other parts of Indian Chennai. coast (Fig. 23). Diversity of marine algae in the coast Desikachary T.V., Krishnamurthy V. and Balakrishan M.S. 1998. Rhodophyta Vol. II Madras Science Foundation, Chennai. showed that members of Rhodophyta were dominant Dhargalkar V.K., Jagtap T.G. and Untawale A.G. 1980. followed by Chlorophyta which follow a tropical Biochemical constituents of seaweeds along the distributional pattern of marine algae in this region. Maharashtra coast. Indian J. Mar. Sci. 9: 297-299. Dhargalkar V.K. 1985. Studies on photosynthesis and ACKNOWLEDGMENTS respiration in some marine macro-algae of the Goa coast. In: Krishnamurthy V. and Untawale A.G. (eds), Marine Plants. Seaweed Res. Utiln., Chennai. pp. 79-88. We thank Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Dixit S.C. 1940. Algal investigations in the Bombay Presidency. (CSIR), New Delhi for financial support to carryout this Curr. 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