Flying amphibious cars
IN TRO DUCTION
Traffic jams are the bane of any commuter. Many of us spend an hour or so stuck in traffic every week. The growing population is partly to blame for our congested roads, but the main problem is that we are not expanding our transportation systems fast enough to meet ever increasing demands. One solution is to create a new type of transportation that doesn't rely on roads, which could one day make traffic jams a 20th century relic. To do this, we must look to the sky and water.
WHY WE NEED A FLYING AMPHIBIOUS CAR 1. CARS
Although a little is needed to talk about the turbo engine cars. Even layman has knowledge about the car market, their development, history and evolving technology. People are having car craze nowadays. Car luxary, mileage, safety and costs are always hot topics. But still it has got limited field of use
land cars
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DIS ADV ANTAGES
We cant travel faster than a speed limit It gets busted in traffic jam
2. FLYING CARS:
Twenty years ago, the former engineering professor from the University of California at Davis created Moller International to make flying cars. Moller's latest design, the Skycar M400, is designed to take off and land vertically, like a Harrier Jet, in small spaces. It can reach speeds of 400 mph (644 kph), but will cruise at around 350 mph (563 kph), and it has a range of 900 miles (1449 km). Gasoline, diesel, alcohol, kerosene and propane can be used to fuel the Skycar, and its fuel mileage will be comparable to that of a medium-sized car, getting 20 miles (32.2 km) to the gallon. The initial cost of a Skycar will be about $1 million, but once it begins to be mass produced that price could come down to as low as $60,000.
The four-seat Skycar is powered by eight rotary engines that are housed inside four metal housings, called nacelles, on the side of the vehicle. There are two engines in each nacelle so that if one of the engines in one of the nacelle fails, the other engine can sustain flight. The engines lift the craft with 720 horsepower, and then thrust the craft forward. The Wankel engine replaces pistons of a conventional engine with a single triangular rotor spinning inside an oval-shaped chamber, which creates compression and expansion as the rotor turns. There are three combustion chambers in the Wankel, with a crankshaft between them.
To make the Skycar safe and available to the general public, it will be completely controlled by computers using Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites, which Moller calls a fly-by-wire system. In case of an accident, the vehicle will release a parachute and airbags, internally and externally, to
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sky car
types of sky cars
DISADVANTAGES
These vehicles are yet to be in production They can only fly, that means they can’t be economical to travel always There is still lots of research needed in this field because these type of flying cars are facing lots of mechanical problems
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3 . AM BHIBIOUS CARS
Amphibious literally means thing that can survive on land and even in water. Amphibious cars mean those cars who can travel on land and even run in water surfaces.
Until the late 1920s the efforts to unify a boat and an automobile mostly came down to simply putting wheels and axles on a boat hull, or getting a rolling chassis to float by blending a boat-like hull with the car's frame. One of the first reasonably well documented cases was the 1905 amphibious petrol- powered carriage of T. Richmond (Jessup, Iowa, USA). Just like the world's first petrol-powered automobile (1885, Carl Benz) it was a three-wheeler. The single front wheel provided direction, both on land and in the water. A three- cylinder petrol combustion-engine powered the oversized rear wheels. In order to get the wheels to provide propulsion in the water, fins or buckets would be attached to the rear wheel spokes. Remarkably the boat-like hull was one of the first integral bodies ever used on a car.
Since the 1920s many diverse amphibious vehicles designs have been created for a broad range of applications, including recreation, expeditions, search & rescue, and military, leading to a myriad of concepts and variants. In some of them the amphibious capabilities are central to their purpose, whereas in others they are only an expansion to what has remained primarily a watercraft or a land vehicle. The design that came together with all the features needed for a practical all terrain amphibious vehicle was by Peter Prell of New Jersey. His design, unlike others, could operate not only on rivers and lakes but the sea and did not require firm ground to enter or exit the water. It combined a boat-like hull with tank-like tracks. In 1931 he tested a scaled down version of his invention.
Recently, Gibbs Amphibians has developed a new type of amphibian, one capable of high speeds on both land and water. The vehicles use a patented hydraulic system to raise the wheels into the wheel wells, allowing the vehicles to plane on water. The vehicles can transition between land and
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amphibious car design
amphibious car DISADVANTAGES
Although it is having advantage of being amphibious over the simple car. But still it is not the best solution. These cars need plain shores to enter in water. These cannot enter from the hilly shores. So it has got specific points of entry into water bodies
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FU TUR E CARS : FLYING AMPHIBIOUS CARS INTRODUCTION OF FLYING AMPHIBIOUS CARS
The flying car projects which are in progress of their development are likely to be fictious cars till present. Many researchers and engineers have suggested the possible date for this project available for public service, by 2050. That means there are still three decades wait for these cars to be in market. So we have to wait till 2050, but, we all know the rapid speed of evolving technology so there can be some evolution in the present car system which will meet the requirements of the day of evolution.
In this context there is a suggestion of new evolved car concept “flying amphibious cars”. These are the cars suggested from the existing technology to meet the future requirements. And they will act as linkage between the existing technology and the future technology
future car
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AR CHI TECT AND DESIGN
The machine is simply a four wheel car with a turbo engine, to drive the car on roads. In addition to that we do make a special aerodynamic design of the body having two collapsible airfoil wings, which are meant for helping in flight of car, and two high power turbine engines which provide necessary thrust for the car to make it fly. In addition to all of these it has a hydraulically operated expandable and collapsible stand which has got water skates mounted on it , so as to provide the necessary buoyant force while travelling through water. Even in water, thrust provided to our car is by the turbine engines
design of flying amphibious car
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PRINCIPLE OF CAR
1) FLOATING PRINCIPLE Floating of our car simply derived from the archimede’s principle of buoyancy which states that the body immersed in a fluid is buoyed or lifted up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. The body apparently loses as much of its weight as the weight of fluid displaced by it. A floating body of fluid just sufficient to balance its weight.
2) PRINCIPLE OF FLIGHT The principle of flight is simpler but little bit complex to understand than floating principle. The principle of flight can be explained by two ways Newton’s third law of motion Bernoulli’s principle
NEWTONS THIRD LAW OF MOTION: It states ‘to every action there is equal and opposite reaction’. Aerodynamics engineers and researchers have observed experimentally that the wings do make a downward movement of air, thus putting a downward thrust. So according to the newton’s third law of motion there must be a opposite thrust in upward direction, which would result in uplift of car , this is the same case as happens in lifting of chopper. Experiments of proof for this explaination have been done in wind tunnels. Although there have
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airfoil and movement of air
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE: Bernoulli’s principle state that potential energy, kinetic energy and energy due to pressure of a moving fluid is constant, unless it is added some energy externally.
+ ℎ + =
If the datum reference is taken as zero, we can reduce the above equation to
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+ = +
It also can be summed as
= −
Where
ῤ= density of working fluid p₁ and p₂= pressure on either sides of airfoil v₁ and v₂ = velocities of working fluid on either sides of airfoil g = acceleration due to gravity
V = volume
C= constant
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lift of body 1 - is called the lift, and it does depend upon the difference of the squares of velocities. Velocities above and down the airfoil are treated as different and there is some difference between the velocities. This principle is called as ‘principle of equal transit times’ , which state that the velocity above the wing pane is greater than velocity down pane because the distance travelled by the air above the pane is greater than the down velocity and to meet again at equal transit time at the trailing end, velocities need to be different.
Bernoulli’s principle is treated as the major principle in system of flight. It is being taught as the primary principle responsible for uplift of flying machine. Although principle of equal transit times gets violated in case of gliders which have flat wing panes.
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TH EOR Y OF FLIGHT
There are four types of forces that are responsible for the bodies to fly in air
Weight Lift Thrust Drag
When lift exceeds weight, flying body gets flight in air and vice versa
When thrust exceeds drag flying body propels and vice versa
1) WEIGHT : it simply refers the weight of body which poses a downward thrust or force 2) LIFT:
It is one of the remarkable force in aerospace science. Engineers are mainly dealing with it i.e, how to generate a lift agianst nature’s force of gravity. It is a controllable force which makes the course of flight possible and that too under our control and according to our wish.Numerically we can calculate the lift required by the following equation
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= ∗ ∗ ∗ 2 Where
Cl = lift coefficient
V = velocity
A = area of wings
ῤ = density of air
lift coefficient Cl is being determined experimentally in the wind tunnel test of flying machine and for low speeds it is usually neglected. 3) THRUST:
Thrust is a force created by a power source which gives forward motion. Thrust is a force generated so as to overcome the drag force acting on plane. Usually in flying machines and aeroplanes, thrust is primarily provided by turbine engines because of their high power to weight ratio property over turbo engines. 4) DRAG: Drag is a counter force of thrust, which resists the forward motion of flying machine. This is actually resultant of frictional force and thrust posed by air having high kinetic energy. Drag can be reduced to very large extent by modifying the design of flying vehicle. It is designed in such a manner so that the air flowing around the vehicle moves in a streamlined fashion and that results in reducing the drag on the flying vehicle
Mathematically drag is given by the following relation
= ∗ ∗ ∗ 2 Where Cd is known as drag coefficient and is being determined experimentally
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Her e are typical values of Cd for few shapes
Air foil 0.45 Bullet 0.295 Sphere 0.07 to0 .5 WORKING
The flying amphibious car is a multi state car which can run on roads, it can fly and even swim in water. Actually it is a hybrid of a car, aeroplane and a ship, which delivers upto the mark in the time of evolving technology. A car gets started simply by ignition of the turbo, powerful and high power to weight ratio engine. It can even fly at appropriate place, this can be done by expanding the collapsible wings which are hydraulically operated. For higher acceleration we switch on two high power turbine engine which accelerates it to the appropriate velocity at which it can fly. Later then it acts a normal aeroplane, it can land on simple road or runway and also in any large water body by expanding the water skates. To stop it in very less distance we can use parachute which de-accelerates it rapidly. If it can lead in water body then it must also take off from water body. The cabin of car is water tight and it can swim like a common amphibious car.
design of flying amphibious car
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DE SIGN OF FLYING AMPHIBIOUS CAR Here calculations made are not 100% sure. These are just to present the feasibility of the project MATERIALS USED : We do use the material which is light weight but having high strength e.g, materials used in fabrication of Boeing A380
CALCULATIONS:
CALCULATION OF WORKING VELOCIT
There are few assumptions for this test type of flying amphibious car and we will use simpler equation of bernoulli’s principle Weight of car is restricted to 600 kg, the dimensions of car are 2.5 meters in length and 1.5 meters wide . the wings are of 0.75 area each with 2 meter span and 0.75 meter base and triangular in shape.
Thus
Approximate area of car along with wings = 5.25 Pressure exerted by car p₁ = 114.28 pascal Assume the difference between the speeds above the air foil and below the air foil is mere 5% that means v₁ is 1.05 times v₂
⇒ − = . −
⇒ − = . ∗
∗ ∗ ⇒ v₂ = – ∗ . Let us assume pressure difference is 40 pascal then v₂ = 79 m/s with density of air as 1.24 kg/
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⇒v₂ = 284.4 km/hour And v₁ = 300 km/hour Speed of design is 300km/hour or 84 m/s
CALCULATION OF DRAG We know = ∗ ∗ ∗ And take Cd = 0.45 ῤ = 1.24 kg/ v = 84 m/s assume area of drag to be the maximum values, although it can be reduced by laminar flow design of vehicle so A = 5.25 then Drag =22KN Therefore thrust needed shall be more than 22 KN. So we need to have a thrust providing engines which can give thrust of more than 22 KN. Let us take it as 50% more as factor of safety then thrust needed shall be 33KN which equals to 45 HP. Thus two turbine engines of 22.5 HP is needed .
CALCULATION OF SKATE DIMENSIONS
We know weight of car = buoyant force =weight of volume of water displaced by immersed portion of skates
Thus
600 N = specific weight of water * volume displaced Take specific weight of water = 10 KN/ ⇒ 600 N = 10 * volume ⇒ volume displaced = 0.06
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We can generate the dimensions according to this volume, so I suggest 20 cm as height of skates 1 meter as length of skates And 30 cm as breadth of skates
SAFETY MEASURES Airbags for road, sky and water safety A big parachute for emergency landing in case of any mechanical or electronic failure of car in air Car will be air tight to avoid any accident in air or water Case hardened body for cabin safety shock proof cabin, which absorbs mechanical shock either by springs or viscious dampers , so that shock might not get transferred to the driver cum pilot cum sailor ADVANTAGES
it is a three in one inbuilt car. Thus it would be quite economical than the three different separate set ups it can take off and land within little distance it is air to land, air to water, water to air, water to land, land to air and land to water. Thus highest degrees of freedom of movement. The two turbine engines add up the acceleration property. We can use the engines even on land to travel fastest
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FI ELD S OF APPLICTION
it is an emergency car, most appropriate job for this car will be as ‘ambulance’ it can be used as a personal car it would be used in light combat operations it would be a good police car. Even in field of sports, this car will get proved as best It would be also used in transport of goods It would be used as emergency car in case of any natural calamity It could be quite luxurious car in initial stages It would be quite economical than other future cars. Thus a bright future in market It can be used as a pure road car, or pure plane or just mere a boat
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CO NCL USION
In the era of technology and expanding economies, we need to have the faster means of transport and the best fastest means of transport is the need of hour. The flying amphibious car is the best option available to us. It has got the highest degrees of freedom of movement, as it can move in water and sky and also on land. this car is quite safe and easy to operate that is one of the main reason why this car should be the next possible future car. These cars have not got only future of being as cars but it will also move in other locomotive versions like trucks and buses. Although it would be quite bulky and huge but these will get evolved with course of time.
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BI BILO GRAPHY
⦋2⦌ http://www.grc.nasa.gov
⦋3⦌ www.tajamul.blog.com
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