No. 4074 November 29, 1947 741 British Boiler Availability Committee. Contacts with other countries were sought by this Committee, for OBITUARY the exchange of information and experience, and it was suggested that the structure of the Committee Sir Albert Howard, C.J.E. was worthy of emulation in many countries. BOTANISTS, agriculturists and many others will Four papers were submitted to the session con• learn with regret that Sir Albert Howard died in cerned with the character of national fuel reserves, London on October 20. He was born in 1873 and from Great Britain, Canada, the and educated at the Royal College of Science and at St. France. The British contribution explained how the John's College, Cambridge, where he was a foundation Coal Survey Section of the Fuel Research Organisation scholar. Here he worked under Marshall Ward, who (Department of Scientific and Industrial Research) was then attracting a brilliant group of students to had helped in the production and preparation of coal, some of the newer aspects of botanical science, and and in its storage, distribution and utilization. after taking first-class honours in the Natural Science Great interest was shown in the session concerned Tripos in 1898, he proceeded in 1899 to the Imperial with atomic energy, although few members were able Agricultural Department for the West Indies, then to offer contributions. It was thought possible that newly established with the purpose of applying two kinds of fission furnace may be developed, one science to the difficult problems raised by the to use uranium 238, involving the preliminary con• threatened collapse of the sugar-growing industry version of this substance into fissile material such as there. In 1903 he returned to to succeed plutonium, the other to use directly fissile material, F. Escombe as head of the Botanical Department of such as plutonium, uranium 235 and 233. The second the South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye, Kent. type of furnace would be much smaller than the first, He was not, however, entirely happy at Wye, and but the material used by the first would be much left in 1905 to become Imperial Economic Botanist more plentiful. Only 1/139 of the uranium in the to the Government of , where for the first time earth's crust is directly fissile. If it became possible he found full scope. to use natural uranium, 170 tons per annum would In the same year Howard married Gabrielle Louise satisfy the energy requirements of the world. Dr. Caroline Matthaei, of Newnham College, who was W. Lulofs considered that as the world's supply of already well known fot: her investigations on vegetable uranium would not be inexhaustible, it might be respiration and assimilation, and they worked necessary to look for further sources of energy. For together for nearly twenty years at Pusa in so close example, he wondered if it would be possible to build a collaboration that no one knew which part was up helium from hydrogen, setting free a considerable hers and which was his. Their first work was on amount of energy. Dr. J. D. Cockcroft replied that wheat, and they were fortunate in having available physicists had given such matters considerable an important collection of varieties brought together thought, but with regard to the example cited, the by W. H. Moreland and grown continuously on the necessary extremely high temperature is, as yet, pro• Cawnpore Experimental Farm by J. Haymon, the hibitive of progress. Several speakers considered first deputy director of agriculture, and by Bryce that there had been over-optimistic views all over the Burt. At that time there was a considerable export world regarding the early development of atomic of wheat from India to England, and the Howards energy for industrial use. It is clear that many sought varieties giving better yields than those difficult problems have still to be solved before that commonly grown, and possessing more 'strength' as hope can be realized ; and at this stage the prospect defined by the English millers. Fortunately, one or is that atomic fission will have little, if any, financial both of the Howards had the artist's eye for picking advantage over present methods for the production out the varieties likely to do well and those that of energy. It would, of course, set free very large would not, and their final selections and crosses amounts of fuels for other uses. proved remarkably successful, particularly Pusa 4 Other sessions considered developments in coal and Pusa 12 in the United Provinces and the North mining and coal preparation, economy measures in West Frontier Province. An account of this work the production of gaseous fuels, the transport of gas, was given in "Wheat in India, its Production, the transmission of electricity, and space heating. Varieties and Improvement" (1909), and a general Several papers directed attention to the advantages summary of all their work up to 1929 in "Crop arising from district heating in suitable towns. Production in India" (Oxford University Press). The Netherlands National Committee, and an While at Pusa the Howards in 1912 started a Fruit associated Committee of Ladies, arranged various Experiment Station at Quetta, a district long known technical and non-technical excursions. Facilities for fruit-growing ; it was, however, abandoned in were provided for visits to the refineries and labora• 1919. It was re-started in 1933, but no records of tories of the Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij at the older work could be found, nor were the surviving Pernis, Delft and Amsterdam, the Philips works at varieties suitable for the new conditions. Eindhoven, and the various works associated with In 1924 the Howards left Pusa for the new Institute the Netherlands State Coal Mines near Lutterade. of Plant Industry, Indore, established to provide a Appreciation was expressed by all the members for the farm for Bernard Coventry, agricultural adviser to excellent organisation of the Conference and the the States in Central India. The general principle arrangements made for the visits to works, labora• underlying their administration was that the crop tories, and places of general interest. The exchange was to be treated as a unit and studied in relation of views and experience on the urgent question of fuel to the field and the village ; there was to be no economy was felt to be most valuable and a real con• division of the scientific work into departments. A tribution towards the goal of economic recovery. The joint book, "The Application of Science to Crop Conference had an even greater value in showing the Production", was published in 1929. Unfortunately, benefits that can arise from a meeting of representa• in 1930 Mrs. Howard died, and the long and fruitful tives of the countries of the world in a friendly partnership came to an end. Howard himself left spirit. India in 1931; he was knighted in 1934.

© 1947 Nature Publishing Group 742 NATURE November 29, 1947 Vol. 160 At Indore, Howard had worked with Y. D. Wad and Gardening for Health or Disease" (1945), and on . These have long been known in the they were ably and persuasively set out in "The East, and they have the double advantage of sup• Earth's Green Carpet" (1947) by his second wife, plying much-needed organic matter to the soil, and Louise E. Matthaei, an associate of Newnham of affording tho means of keeping the villages cleaner College and formerly chief of the Agricultural Service than would otherwise happen. No new principle was of the International Labour Office, Geneva. What• involved in the work, but his enthusiastic, even ever the fate of these ideas, they have caused scientific passionate, advocacy served the valuable purpose of workers in agriculture to re-examine the foundations greatly extending the use of composts. Howard, on which their hypotheses are based-always a however, went further and introduced ideas regarded useful exercise. by scientific workers as going beyond the experi• Howard was activealmosttotheend. Foradayortwo ment,al evidence. He embodied these in two book.'!, he had been slightly unwell, then came a heart attack "An Agricultural Testament" (1940) and "Farming from which he did not recover. E. ,JoHN RussELL

NEWS and VIEWS Scientific and Technological Man-Power in Great veying, microbiology and entomology; the engineer• Britain ing inquiry is well under way ; and those into physics and geology have been commenced. It is hoped to THE report of the Committee on Scientific Man• set up a further committee in the immediate future Power (Cmd. 6824), it will be remembered (see to inquire into the future demand for chemists and Nature, June 15, p. 704, 1946), was based on metallurgists. the work of the Barlow Committee ; both reports emphasized the vital need for increasing the output of trained men of science and technol• Committee on Science and its Social Relations ogists in Great Britain. In order that the part THE Committee on Science and its Social Relations, which universities and technical colleges will be instituted by the International Council of Scientific called upon to play in this connexion may be estim• Unions in April 1937, held its first post-war meeting ated with greater accuracy than has been possible in London during September 11- 12. The members hitherto, the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy from the United States and from China were unable has asked for the help of the Technical and Scientific to attend, but Dr. V. Weiskopf from Cambridge, Register of the Ministry of Labour and National Mass., was present. A considerable part of the meeting Service in measuring the existing in the was devoted to a discussion of the dangers facing scientific and technological fields ; to do this a com• the world from the possibilities of misusing science prehensive questionnaire is being sent out. The for war. The failure thus far to establish a world purpose of the survey is solely to obtain as complete control of atomic (nuclear) energy is extremely an analysis as possible of the existing scientific and -embarrassing. Every effort towards a better under• technological man-power in the and standing of the issues and dangers ahead must be overseas in respect of its distribution in age groups supported by all means. Equally menacing dangers between Government, industry, university and school are connected with the possibilities of using bacterio• teaching, and to use this analysis for estimating in logical infections or poisons, control of which is far which of the sciences it will be necessary to take more difficult than that of atomic energy. It is special steps for increasing the output of the univer• important that those responsible for the strategy sities and technical colleges because of exceptionally governing the armed forces of the United Nations heavy demands for home and overseas posts, previous should bear fully in mind the implications of these and continuing shortages, or the high average age of new weapons and of the speed with which they can any particular group. In asking for the completion be brought into operation. Equally, it is important of the questionnaire, the Ministry states categorically to develop throughout the world a public opinion that the information provided will in no circum• fully informed of the danger and strongly supporting stances be used as a basis for any form of adminis• measures leading to peace and international under• trative control or direction. It is not being sought standing. Thll whole future of the world depends on as a means of revising the Technical and Scientific this. Much attention was also devoted to the position Register of the Ministry of Labour. in which science has arrived through the legal secrecy A complementary inquiry is being conducted by restrictions now introduced in a number of countries ; the Ministry of Labour by specially appointed sub• and through the support of scientific research by committees of the Technical Personnel Committee grants from military authorities and from industry. presided over by Lord Hankey. These inquiries are The Committee decided to resume the work started designed to establish as nearly as possible the demands before the War of making surveys of the social likely to be made by industry, teaching and Govern• position of science in various countries. For this ment service, both at home and overseas, in the purpose the organisations adhering to the Inter• various branches of science and technology during the national Council (national academies and the like) next five to ten years, and committees have been set will be asked to set up eommittees in each country up to deal with chemical engineering, architecture and to collect a number of specified data. Such a surveying, engineering, microbiology, entomology, national committee, consisting of private individuals, geology and physics. The Committee on Chemical already exists in Denmark and has done extremely Engineering completed its work last year; draft valuable work there. Help will also be asked of the reports have been prepared for architecture, sur- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

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