University of California Cooperative Extension Fresno County

October/November 2009 Issue

• New Invasive Pests Found in California • Keeping Herbicide Sprays on Target to Reduce Potential Spray Drift Injury Vine Lines • New Variety is Resistant and Good to Eat • Spotted Wing Drosophila, A New Potential Pest for Stephen J. Vasquez, Farm Advisor • Local Meetings and Events • Publications from the University of California

New Invasive Vineyard Pest Found in California Stephen Vasquez, Walt Bentley, and Lucia Varela European grapevine (aka nating from overseas. Currently, moth, L. botrana, have a mosaic European grape berry moth; the Napa County Agriculture shaped pattern with black-brown, (Lobesia botrana) was recently Commissioner is working with the cream, and gray-blue ornamenta- found in Napa County, a first CDFA and USDA to survey the tion (Fig. 1.). Larvae tend to de- known find for California. The area where the moth was first lo- velop a purple cast after feeding has the potential to cause cated in an attempt to detect addi- and will often be found inside the great economic harm to Califor- tional European grapevine . berry. Samples should be taken to nia’s diverse grape industries. The a trained university or state ento- moth was trapped in Napa European grapevine moth iden- mologist for proper identification County’s, famous Oakville grape tification and documentation. It is important growing region known for high European grapevine moth can to note that samples should be en- valued . Common to Europe be confused with American grape closed in a sealed container, jar, or and the Mediterranean, European berry moth (Endopiza viteana) vial if found prior to moving the grapevine moth has been inter- native to the eastern United States insect (all stages) from an infesta- cepted from across the US where or European grape berry moth tions site. international travelers, cargo or ( ambiguella). Wings of mail disembark from planes origi- the invasive European grapevine (Continued on page 2)

Keeping Herbicide Sprays on Target to Reduce Potential Spray Drift Injury Kurt Hembree and Stephen Vasquez Herbicides play a vital role in are not properly applied, weed growth regulators (2,4-D, weed management efforts in Cali- control will be reduced and desir- dicamba, etc.), amino acid inhibi- fornia. For herbicides to work able plants can be injured. tors (glyphosate, imazamox, etc.), effectively, they need to be se- Plants are particularly sensi- and cell membrane disruptors lected based on targeted weed tive to postemergent herbicide in- (paraquat, carfentrazone, etc.). control, spray equipment must be jury from off-target movement Since potential exposure of de- functioning properly, appropriate (spray drift), so application tech- sired vegetation to herbicide spray nozzles need to be used, and the nique is one area you don’t want drift is high, it’s important to keep application technique must be to skimp on. Postemergent herbi- sprays on-target, when treating done in a manner that protects de- cides commonly associated with weeds. The degree of herbicide- sired vegetation. When herbicides spray drift injury include the plant related injury varies, depending on

(Continued on page 3) New Pest Found (Continued from page 1)

Damage feeding damage and contamination Damage can be seen to both with webbing, excrements and rot. grape flowers and developing All life stages can be found in fruit. Larvae feed on flowers prior infested with European to bloom and continue through grapevine moth but larvae from bloom. As bloom peaks, larvae the second and third generations protect themselves by producing have been found to be the most webbing around the damaged damaging when fruit is maturing. Figure 1. Adult European grapevine flowers and feeding on neighbor- moth displaying mosaic. ing flowers and parts. Second and Host range Photo credit: Chilean Corpora- third generation larvae feed on The host range for European tion A.G. berries hollowing and contaminat- grapevine moth is diverse. In addi- ing them with excrements (Fig. tion to vinifera (cultivated should consult with their County 2.). Cultivars that naturally have grape), they also feed on other im- Agriculture Commissioner or Uni- tight clusters—like Chardonnay, portant agricultural crops like ap- versity of California personnel to Pinot noir and Zinfandel—will ple, cherry, nectarine, persimmon, determine the best approach to suffer the most damage. Much like plum, pomegranate and olive. It monitoring and properly identify- infestations from other worm has been documented that privet ing European grapevine moth. pests, feeding damage will lead to and some grape cultivars are pre- infections by bunch rot fungi. Rai- ferred for oviposition. Plants Stephen Vasquez the UC Coopera- sin and table grape cultivars will should be inspected for eggs, lar- tive Extension viticulture farm ad- also experience damage, espe- vae and pupae. Larvae can be visor in Fresno County. Walt cially when bloom is prolonged found in flower or fruit clusters Bentley and Lucia Varela are UC due to weather, making flowers along with webbing and in berries less responsive to applications of or other fruits. Pupae are fre- IPM advisors in Fresno and So- gibberellic acid used for bloom quently found inside a silken co- noma Counties, respectively. thinning. Table grape cultivars coon in rolled leaves, inside clus- with tight clusters have the least ters, and under the bark of any of tolerance for the moth due to fruit the previously mentioned host. At San Joaquin Valley this time there are no regulations Grape Symposium in place regarding the movement January 6, 2010 of fruit or other plant material from Napa County but growers C.P.D.E.S. Hall and industry representatives Easton, California should be vigilant. Trapping be- Sponsored by the ginning at budbreak, using a tested University of California pheromone is the best approach to Cooperative Extension and monitoring vineyards for activity. the California Raisin Marketing Board Pheromones attract males to traps and allow estimating a population of European grapevine moth. With cooler fall temperatures, adult moths will be absent and only the diapausing pupul stage inside a silken cocoon can be found pro- Figure 2. L botrana feeding on berries. Photo credit: M. Cooper tected by grapevine bark. Growers

Page 2 Drift Injury on herbicide type and dose, plant crease drift distance. Several en- cool. Use “amine” formula- species and age, and other factors. vironmental and spray conditions tions of 2,4-D, sine “ester” Symptoms from herbicide drift affecting spray drift potential are formulations are more vola- vary from mild yellowing of the shown in table 1. tile under warm conditions. foliage to plant death. To maximize and 3. Buffer zones – Leave an ap- Spray drift damage occurs reduce the likelihood of spray drift propriate buffer zone to pro- mainly when spray droplets are injury of desired vegetation, con- tect sensitive plants near the carried from the application site sider the following application treated site and don’t spray downwind and deposited on sensi- factors before spraying: if the wind is blowing to- tive plant surfaces, like buds, 1. Label instructions – Read wards a nearby sensitive leaves, and fruit. Spray drift can and follow all label direc- crop, garden, waterway, or also occur from vapor drift tions carefully before spray- other sensitive area. (evaporation of herbicide from a ing. plant surface) and particle drift 4. The sprayer – Use spray (spray carrier droplets evaporate, 2. Environmental conditions – shields where possible, be- leaving concentrated herbicide Spray when winds are <7 cause they help reduce droplets). Spray drift is influenced mph. Don’t spray on foggy spray drift by 35-75%. mainly by droplet size. Spray days or when the air is still, When using, low-volume droplets with a mean diameter of because fine droplets can (<5 gpa) sprayers, treat <200 microns are the most suscep- remain airborne a long time. small weeds so the equip- tible to drift. Since small droplets Spray when the temperature ment can be lowered as are lighter and remain airborne is <80 °F, because some much as possible. Like- longer than larger ones, they travel products are volatile at wise, boom or boom-less greater distances from the treat- higher temperatures. Con- sprayers should also be set ment site. A high spray height or sider spraying towards the as low as possible to reduce wide nozzle tip angle will also in- end of day when it begins to drift. Practice good sprayer maintenance and calibration Table 1. Important conditions that influence spray drift for efficient use of herbi- cides, time, and labor. Factor More Drift Less Drift 5. Application timing – Apply Nozzle type Fine droplets Coarse droplets postemergent herbicides when weeds that are <4” Nozzle orifice size Smaller Larger so the boom can be low- ered. Raising spray booms Nozzle height Higher Lower or angle spray nozzles up- Spray pressure Higher Lower right to compensate for large weeds, risk of spray Wind speed Higher Lower drift is increased. Air temperature Higher Lower 6. Nozzle selection, spray pressure, and volume – Relative humidity Lower Higher Use spray nozzles with an orifice size of >02 for lar- Air stability Vertically stable Vertical movement ger droplets less prone to drift. Herbicide volatility Volatile Non-volatile (Continued on page 4 )

Page 3 Drift Injury (Continued from page 3) Use “Drift Guard”, “Air manufacturer’s recom- 18”, and for 110° tips, this Induction”, “AirMix”, mended uses. Nozzle tip is 12”. Orient nozzles for- “TurboDrop”, or other noz- wear must be frequently ward to allow for further zles designed to reduce checked to insure each noz- height reductions. drift. They work well with zle is putting out the appro- 8. Travel speed – Use a travel most pre- and systemic priate flow rate. Change speed of 3-5 mph, since postemergent products. nozzles when the flow rate speeds above 6 mph can Keep the spray pressure as differs by 10% from that of create a wind-sheer effect low as possible according new nozzles. Tip wear de- on spray droplets, increas- to manufacturer recommen- pends primarily on the ma- ing drift. dations. Don’t crank up the terial used in the manufac- spray pressure for a larger turing of the spray tip: 9. Spray additives – Spray volume of water brass (wears quickly) > drift retardants can reduce (potentially more drift), stainless steel > polyacetyl drift up to 95%. Spray ad- rather select a larger nozzle > hardened stainless steel > ditives, like ammonium sul- size or a drift-preventing ceramic > carbide (little to fate, can improve efficacy nozzle. “Extended Range no wear). Dry herbicides of postemergent materials, (XR)” type nozzles pro- wear tips faster than liquid but may alter spray viscos- duce larger droplets under a materials. ity and flow rate. Check the low (15 psi) operating pres- flow rate and droplet pattern 7. Boom and nozzle height – sure and fine-sized droplets on water sensitive paper Operate nozzles at their at high spray pressures. before adding herbicides to lowest recommended Refer to table 2 for various see if droplet size is ade- height. For 80° tips, this is spray nozzle types and quate.

Table 2. Spray nozzle description, operating pressure, droplet size, drift, and general herbicide use patterns Spray Nozzle Description PSI Droplet size* Drift Mgt. Preemergents Systemics Contacts Range Extended Range (XR) Flat Fan 15-60 F-C (15 psi) Good Good Very Good Good VF-M (50 psi) (15-20 psi) (15-30 psi) (>40 psi)

Turbo TeeJet Flat Fan 15-90 M-XC Very good Good Excellent Good (<30 psi) (<30 psi) Drift Guard Flat Fan 30-60 F-C Good Good Good --- Air Induction Flat Fan 30-100 C-XC Excellent Very good Excellent Good Air Induction XR Flat Fan 15-90 M-XC Excellent Very good Excellent Good Turbo TeeJet Induction Flat FAn 15-100 XC Excellent Excellent Excellent --- TwinJet Dual Fat Fans 30-60 F-M ------Good Excellent Drift Guard TwinJet Dual Flat Fans 30-60 F-C Very good --- Excellent Very good Turbo TwinJet Dual Flat Fans 20-90 M-XC Excellent --- Excellent Excellent (<30 psi) (<30 psi) (>30 psi) ConeJet (hollow cone) 40-125 VF ------Excellent *VF (very fine), F (fine), M (medium), C (Coarse), XC (extra coarse) --- = not generally recommended or no information available Information presented here was obtained from Spraying Systems Co. TeeJet® catalog No. 50 and through field trials and observations. For additional information regarding spray nozzle selection and use, refer to the TeeJet® website (www.teejet.com), Greemleaf® website (www. Tur- bodrop.com), or other places where spray nozzles are purchased.

Page 4 New Grape Variety Is Disease Resistant and Good to Eat, IFAS Researcher Says Gainesville, Florida (August said. Muscadines are typically resis- 24, 2009)--Southern Jewel, the “Muscadines typically make tant to Pierce’s disease, which latest grape variety issued by the very small clusters, maybe just plagues many grape varieties University of Florida’s Institute of four or five berries,” he said. “This grown in Florida, but they can be Food and Agricultural Sciences, is one can make more than 12, some- susceptible to bitter rot or ripe rot, high-yielding, disease resistant times 16 berries on a cluster.” which cause the berries to decom- and produces fruit in big bunches. That allows growers to pose. Southern Jewel was resistant IFAS developmental biology the grapes by cutting the stem of to all three diseases. professor Dennis Gray, who led the cluster rather than picking in- “You can have the most beau- the team that created the new mus- dividual berries, he said. Re- tiful plant in the world, but if it cadine variety, says the new grape searchers don’t yet know how won’t survive outside, it’s worth- has been in the works since 1994. much of an advantage that might less,” he said. It is Gray’s second grape culti- be, he added. Jacob Paulk, who owns Paulk var release. The first was Southern Jewel is an open re- Vineyards in South Georgia and “Delicious,” also issued this year. lease by UF, which means any has been growing grapes since the Southern Jewel is the 19th grape grower should eventually be able 1970s when he planted the crop to cultivar created by UF researchers. to grow the plant once nursery replace tobacco, said the prospect In this month’s issue of the owners have enough established of clusters that can be cut at the journal HortScience, Gray de- plants to sell. stem is an intriguing one. scribes Southern Jewel as having A few plants may already be Most of his muscadines now “an excellent taste and a crunchy available through some nurseries, must be hand harvested, put onto a texture with a palatable skin, mak- he said. Interested growers should conveyor belt and sent into a pack- ing it well-suited for fresh fruit check the Florida Grape Growers ing shed, where workers grade and consumption.” Association Web site at sort them by hand before packing Southern Jewel, created with www.fgga.org for information or them in small containers. Elimi- traditional plant-breeding tech- check with larger nurseries for nating that step could mean less niques, was grown and compared more information. expensive grapes for consumers, with other muscadine varieties at During the trials, Gray said he said. the Mid-Florida Research and researchers used minimal disease A variety that could go from Education Center in Apopka, start- control treatments — just one the stem to stores “would be a ing in 2002. spray per year with copper sulfate novel thing for us,” he said. Its ability to produce fruit in — to determine their disease resis- bunches made it stand out, Gray tance.

Page 5 Spotted Wing Drosophila — A New Potential Pest for Grapes? Larry Bettiga Spotted wing drosophila, Dro- entry wound for the secondary suggests that females do not lay sophila suzukii, officially identi- fungal and bacteria pathogens to eggs until the fruit is nearly ripe. fied as a pest on the cherries ear- infect produce fruit rot. Time will tell if spotted wing lier this year. It has caused sig- drosophila will become a pest of nificant damage in Santa Clara Preferred Climates the grape industry in California. County as well as several other Spotted wing drosophila pre- Due to this insect’s preference for cherry producing areas. In addi- fers high humidity and moderate cooler conditions the risk may be tion to cherries, the spotted wing temperatures, conditions that are higher in coastal productions areas. drosophila has been found infest- common to the Central Coast. The Spotted wind drosophilae have ing the fruit of raspberry, black- adults are most active at 68ºF; ac- been found in traps on the edge of berry, blueberry, and strawberry tivity is reduced at temperature a Central Coast vineyard adjacent plantings on the central coast. Al- above 86ºF. to a cherry orchard, but currently though it has not been reported on they have not been observed on grapes in the field, in the lab it has Lifespan grape berries. Vineyards adjacent been shown to feed on grapes and Similar to other fruit flies, the to areas where susceptible soft tomatoes. There have been reports spotted wing drosophila has a fruits are grown (cherry, straw- of spotted wing drosophila feeding short life cycle that can be one to berry, cane berries) may be at on grapes in Asia, which is where two weeks, depending on tempera- greater risk of having spotted wing the fly originated. Currently, spot- tures during the fruit ripening pe- drosophila populations. ted wing drosophila has been riod. At optimum temperatures, found in 21 California counties, as these are able to quickly well as locations in Washington develop large populations and To find out more… and Oregon. cause significant fruit damages. More information on spotted wing The insect may have as many as drosophila can be found online at: Description of the Pest ten generations per year under http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/ Adults and maggots closely California conditions. Winter cold EXOTIC/drosophila.html resemble the vinegar or pomace does not appear to limit the flies’ fly, Drosophila melanongaster, survival in China and northern Ja- which are attracted to damaged pan where spotted wing drosophi- and bunch rot infested clusters in lae are well established. Larry Bettiga is a Viticulture Advi- the vineyards or fermenting grapes sor at the University of California and pomace at the winery. Adult Monitoring spotted wing drosophilae are two Spotted wing drosophilae can Cooperative Extension in Mon- to three millimeters long with pale be monitored with a number of terey, San Benito, and Santa Cruz brown bodies and black horizontal traps. Liquid traps, such as the Counties. stripes on the abdomen. The adult Rescue Fly Trap, can be filled male has a black spot on the end with about one inch of apple cider of the wings. vinegar to monitor for this pest. Yeast and/or banana slices may Potential Damage also be added to the liquid. These Unlike the vinegar fly, the traps may capture other species of spotted wing drosophila has the Drosophila; check the trap cap- ability to penetrate the skin of tures to confirm the presence of healthy undamaged soft fruits and male flies by identifying the spot- lay eggs inside. The female has a ted wings. Researchers are cur- serrated ovipositor that gives it the rently evaluating monitor and con- ability to pierce the skin of fruits. trol methods for spotted wing dro- Once the eggs hatch the develop- sophila. If the fly is found in the ing maggots turn the flesh of fruits traps then the fruit should be brown and soft; they can cause monitored carefully for egg-laying fluid leakage to the berry surface. punctures and larval damage to the Feeding damage also provides an fruit. Experience with our fruits

Page 6 Calendar of Events Publications from the University of California

Local Meetings and Events Pesticide Safety: A Reference Manual for Private Applicators ANR Publication 3383 Price - $7.00 + tax and shipping Gopher Biology and Trapping Demonstration December 10, 2009 Updated in 2006, this manual covers information essential UC Kearney Research and Extension Center for anyone using pesticides on California farms, including Parlier, CA growers, managers and employees. The manual covers 9:30 a.m - 12:00 p.m. pesticide labels, worker safety (handlers and fieldworkers), how to mix and apply pesticides, calibration, the hazards of Contact: Stephen Vasquez (559) 456-7285 pesticide use including heat related illness, and pesticide emergencies. Cover Cropping In Vineyards San Joaquin Valley Grape Symposium ANR Publication 3338 January 6, 2010 Price - $20.00 + tax and shipping C.P.D.E.S Hall 172 Jefferson St. Easton, CA Contact: Stephen Vasquez (559) 456-7285 This guide features cutting-edge methods for using cover crops to enhance vineyard performance. Based on extensive Register on-line at: research, this guide details technical and theoretical http://ucanr.org/2010_grape_symposium information on how cover crops affect vineyards and promote ecological stability. Order Form 6th International Table Grape Symposium June 24-26, 2010 — Symposium Publication Qty. Price Subtotal June 28-30, 2010 — Technical Tour Pesticide Safety $ 7.00 Cover Cropping in Vineyards $ 20.00 Contact: Stephen Vasquez or Jennifer Hashim- Shipping – USA Only Buckey at [email protected]. Merchandise Total: Merchandise Shipping Tax = 8.975%: Total Charge Shipping Based on $1—29.99 $6 Merchandise Total: $30—39.99 $8 U.C. Davis University Extension Meetings $40—49.99 $9 Total Enclosed: $ $50—79.99 $10 (800) 752-0881 $80—99.99 $12 $100+ $15 Current Issues in Vineyard Health Checks Payable to UC Regents November 19, 2009 Da Vinci Building, 1632 Da Vinci Ct. Name Davis, CA Address Instructor: Deborah Golino Section: 092VIT202 City

State, Zip Code Current Wine and Winegrape Research February 18, 2010 Phone ( ) UC Davis: Freeborn Hall, North Quad Davis, CA Send to: Instructor: Deborah Golino Section: 093VIT203 UC Regents - Cooperative Extension Attn: Publication Order 1720 S. Maple Avenue Fresno, CA 93702

Page 7

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Vine Lines In This Issue: • New Invasive Viticulture Pests Found in Produced by U. C. Cooperative Extension Farm California Advisor Stephen J. Vasquez. Contact me for further article information, or to be added to the mailing list. • Keeping Herbicide Sprays on Target to Reduce Potential Spray Drift Injury • New Grape Variety is Resistant and Good to Eat 1720 South Maple Ave. Fresno, CA 93702 • Spotted Wing Drosophila, A New Potential Pest for Grapes Hours: 8:00—5:00 M-F (559) 456-7285 • Local Meetings and Events Visit us online at • Publications from the University of California http://cefresno.ucdavis.edu

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Varietal Winegrape Production A three-day viticulture short course February 23-25, 2010 University of California, Davis Production Winegrape Varietal course A three-day viticulture short University ofCalifornia, Davis February 23-25,2010 n n n n n n Vineyard establishment n n Physiology review T Davis University ofCalifornia, 23-25,2010 February course A three-day viticulture short Production Winegrape Varietal varietal winegrapeproduction. Topics include: been revised tofocusoncurrent issuesrelating to is similarinformattopastshort courses,buthas Enology, UniversityofCalifornia,Davis.Thecourse ulty membersoftheDepartment ofViticulture and specialists withCooperativeExtensionandbyfac- production. Lectures are givenbyviticulture farmadvisorsand winegrape varietal of aspects all of Spacing andtrellising considerations Selection andhandlingofplanting stock andcultivarselection Issues invineyard resource conservation Site evaluationandpreparation Environmental grapevinephysiology The cycleofvinegrowth as anin-depthandcomprehensive study his intensivethree-day courseisdesigned continued... Vineyard management For more information Enrolling is easy! n Crop load assessment and management Questions regarding the short course content should m a i l Complete this form and send it to the Registration Office, UC Davis Extension, n Pruning University of California, 1333 Research Park Drive, Davis, CA 95618-4852. be addressed to your local viticulture farm advisor. n Irrigation systems and scheduling phone Call toll free (800) 752-0881. From Davis or Woodland, call 757-8777. Please have your Visa, MasterCard, Discover or American Express account number handy. n Monitoring vine nutrition Questions regarding registration details should be fax to (530) 757-8558. If you are enrolling with a company purchase order, n Diagnosis and correction of nutritional problems directed to UC Davis Extension at (530) 757-8899 or please fax a completed enrollment form along with a copy of the purchase order. For n email [email protected]. Vine grafting and budding security purposes we can no longer accept credit card payments via fax. n Mechanization in the vineyard Online at www.extension.ucdavis.edu/wine n If your plans change Vineyard floor management options Here is your four-step enrollment form. n Frost protection considerations Refunds, less a $30 processing fee, will be granted if 1. ❏ YES! Please enroll me in Varietal Winegrape Production Short Pest management requested at least one week before the course begins. At Course / February 23-25, 2010 / $675 / section 093VIT200. that time, you can also discuss transferring your enroll- ❏ No, I can’t enroll at this time but please add my name to the mailing list for n Grape viruses and viral associated problems ment to another program or sending a substitute. future information about wine courses. n Powdery mildew and bunchrot diseases 2. Customer information: n Canker and root diseases Tax deductibility of n Nematodes Name n Insect pests education expenses Expenses of education — including registration fees, Social Security number* PCA and CCA credit pending. travel, meals and lodging — may be deductible if ❏ Grower ❏ Other Acreage of grapes they maintain or improve professional skills or meet Date, Times and Location the express requirement of an individual’s employer. Job title Organization Tuesday-Thursday, February 23-25, 2010; ❏ ❏ Tuesday: registration begins at 8 a.m., course Course cancellations Address home work meets 8:30 a.m.-5 p.m., social 5-6 p.m.; and changes City State Zip Wednesday, 8:30 a.m.-5 p.m.; and Thursday, UC Davis Extension reserves the right to cancel or 8:30 a.m.-4 p.m. This course takes place at reschedule courses and to change instructors. If a Daytime telephone Evening telephone Freeborn Hall, UC Davis. course is canceled or rescheduled, you may request Email If you do not wish to receive periodic email about UC Davis Extension an official transfer to another course or a refund. Enrollment Information courses and programs in your area of interest, please check this box ❏. 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7:00am Registration and Refreshments 7:45 Morning Welcome 8:00 Presentation: Stephen Vasquez 2009 Powdery Mildew Challenges 8:30 Presentation: Kurt Hembree Spray Tips for Aiding Herbicide Performance 9:00 Presentation: David Ramming The USDA/ARS Raisin Grape Breeding Program 9:30 Break and Refreshments 10:00 Presentation: Health and Nutrition Research Update 10:30 Presentation: Marketing Activities Update 11:00 Presentation: Matthew Fidelibus Update on Grape Abscission Agent Research 11:30 Presentation: Mike McKenry Performance of Movento as a Nematicide 12:00pm Lunch with Guest Speaker Paul Loeffler, KMJ Sports Announcer and Historian 1:30 Prize Drawing (Must be present to win)

Pre-register online at http://ucanr.org/2010_grape_symposium to be entered in the Prize drawing.