• · Alumni Bulletin IND IA.NA UN IVERS ITV SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY

.• VOL. 8-NO. 3 INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA APRIL, 1947 2-A lumni Bulletin

S. S. White ILICATE

For posterior fillings in the mouths of entertain­ ers, speakers, patients with a wide open hearty laugh, in fact for all posterior fillings when an esthetic restoration is indicated, S. S. White Zinc Silicate is recommended. It is a zinc-silico-phos­ phate with outstanding strength and durability, correct colors and capacity for perfect blend with tooth structure.

For use in occlusal and pit cavities, in M.O. and D.O. cavities when the preparation and bulk of filling material at the point of co·ntact assure ade­ quate support; in cavities under clasps to avoid thermal or electrical shock; also in pits, fissures, other cavities, and food retaining grooves in decid­ uous teeth.

Mixes and sets like a silicate. Celluloid strips and forms not necessary, yet these will aid finishing INTRODUCTORY PACKAGE which can commence in 15 to 20 minutes. CONTENTS: 4 Full portion (20 p:ms. ea.) powders: Nos. 16, 20, 21, 24 2 Full portion (20 cc. ea.) bottles of liquid FOUR COLORS 1 Trial bottle powder No. 20 1 Tdal bottle of liquid (Shown on the Filling Porcelain Color Guide) 1 Powder Measure VALUE: No. 16 DARK YELLOW No. 21 LIGHT YELLOW exclusive o! trial powder and liquid $10.00 No. 20 PALE YELLOW No. 24 YELLOW GRAY PRICE, PER PACKAGE $ 8 25 Sing-le powders (20 gms.) ...... $2.00 Prices Suject to Change Without Notice Liquid, full portion (20 cc) per bottle ... 1.00

The S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co., Philadelphia 5, Pa. Alumni Bulletin-3

Chemistry of Tooth Tissues Page 4 R. W. Phillips and Grant Van Huysen

The Responsibility of the Dentist in Cases Involving Bad Breath Page 6 Bert W. Gilbert, '48

Alumni Notes Page 8

Odd-Den tities Page 9

Class and Fraternity Notes Page 10

Alumni Bulletin e SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY e INDIANA UNIVERSITY e INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA A free and non-profit bulletin issued quarterly by Indiana University School of Dentis­ try for the purpose of keeping its Alumni informed of the activities and progress of the school. e EDITOR- R. W. PHILLIPS e ASSISTANT TO THE EDITOR- R. HANNAH e STAFF- A. 0. HUMPHREYS, R. A. MISSELHORN, W. B. CURRIE Entered as second-class matter December 31, 1941. at the post office at Indianapolis, Indiana. under the Act of August 24, 1912. PublL;hed four times a year by The Indi­ ana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana, in the months of January, April, July, and October. Volume VIII April, 1947 No. 3

Officers of the School of Dentistry Alumni Association for 1946-47 are: John W. Geller-President Harry Healey-Secretary 4-A lumni Bulletin e The Chemistry of Tooth Tissues

OOTH decay is such a prevalent di­ find shallow cavities formed at the necks T S'ease that it affects 95 per cent of of some teeth. These cavities have smooth the individuals in this country. While it polished surfaces and for a long time were is true that many adults live apparently thought to be due to an erosion by an acid healthy lives without natural teeth, there secreted by the adjacent soft tissue. It has is always the generalized infection and now been shown that these cavities are severe illness. Then, too, replacement of caused by abrasions brought about pri­ tooth tissues that have been lost and de­ marily by improper use of the tooth brush stroyed by tooth decay with fillings, plus perhaps an abrasive dentifrice. On bridges, and plates is an expensive and the other hand, there can be no doubt that time-consuming procedure. the other more common lesion-that is, The belief that refined carbohydrates, tooth decay-starts as a disturbance or such as sugar, exert a harmful effect on early molecular surface change. Before teeth has been taught by the dental pro­ either process can be studied, it is of fession and accepted by the public for course necessary that more is learned many years. This idea has persisted in about the normal conditions of normal spite of the fact that, biochemically, very tooth surfaces. This is true both from a little is actually known about the oral morphological and a physiochemical stand­ cavity or what happens to the various point. types of ingested carbohydrates in the Ename~Microscopic Appearance mixed saliva which bathes the teeth. Actu­ ally, the causes of tooth decay are still The enamel of the tooth is a very hard a long way beyond our understanding. For structure covering that part which extends that matter, we have just begun to do above the gum tissue. This is known as the intelligent research. tooth crown. The enamel covering varies We do know that tooth decay is a from a thickness of about 2 mm. on the surface phenomenon and that during the biting edge to the thinness of a razor­ early phases before the cavity is formed, blade at the neck of the tooth. This enamel there is a change in the tooth surface is composed of microscopic rods about equilibrium. Bacteria grow on practically 0.005 mm. in diameter, and the length of all tooth surfaces constantly and harm­ each rod extends throughout the thickness lessly. However, in cettain protected re­ of the enamel covering. The rods are so gions, a p p a r e n t 1 y the physiochemical closely cemented to each other along their equilibrium becomes disturbed sometimes sides that it is impossible to separate them. so that these organisms cease to be harm­ Their general direction is radial, but they less and tooth surface destruction takes describe many curves and crisscrosses place. throughout their length. This enamel is To bring about the formation of a the hardest tissue of the body, and as a cavity, some change in the enamel surface covering of the tooth it is the part which must occur. As yet, we know too little usually comes in contact with the saliva, about the morphology of the surface and mouth debris, and myriads of bacteria in its physiochemical properties. There are the saliva. two ways, of course, in which a surface The enamel is so hard and brittle that may become changed. It may be the result it would fracture even under ordinary of either mechanical abrasion or molecular biting stresses unless it were supported by exchange. Both of these conditions prevail the elastic bone-like dentin which, as one upon t}?-e teeth. On the one hand, one may can readily see in Figure 1, forms the A.lumni Bulletin-5

r---·- - enamel chemically contains approximately I 96 parts of inorganic calciferous material, / . I 1.7 of organic keratin matrix, and 2.3 parts . I of water. This organic matrix of the enam­ £NAM£l • • I .,., - ._ el is so minute in amount and is so intim­ ' DENTIN ately bound up with the calcified material that any decalcification of the tissue brings abo,ut immediate dissolution. After the tooth erupts into the mouth, some of the organic surface material is !rubbed off during mastication. On the enamel surfaces which actually come to­ gether during chewing, one probably finds little or no such organic material; how­ ever, on almost every other surface of the enamel, there is at all times a luxuriant, mat-like growth of filamentous bacteria. The surfaces which are kept clean by the contact of teeth during mastication very seldom show tooth decay. The greater sur­ faces of the enamel which are exposed to the excursion of food do appear under normal conditions bright and polished. A microscopic examination of these sur­ faces, however, shows the presence of FIGURE 1.-TOOTH AND SUPPORTING STRUCTURES many bacteria. These bacteria apparently thrive without damage to the enamel. bulk of the tooth, crown, and root. This However, in certain protected areas, such dentin, although hard like bone, is not so as the pits and fissures and the surfaces hard nor nearly so brittle as the enamel in between teeth, one will find all too which is supports. The rest of the tooth frequently areas in which the by-products is composed of a cavity containing blood of bacterial growth are presumably decal­ vessels, nerves, and other soft tissues. This cifying tooth surfaces. It is on these pro­ is called the pulp. The soft tissue pulp and tected surfaces that chemical change of its blood circulation keep the dentin re­ the enamel itself is gradually brought a­ latively moist, and therefore relatively bout and cavities eventually develop. It is elastic. There are minute channels leading the chemical composition of this enamel from the pulp through the dentin, which surface that must be studied so that the provide an exchange of fluids between the changes associated with the decalcification dentin and the tooth pulp. However, the of tooth decay may be understood. circulation and channels do not extend into The Chemistry Of Enam.e l the enamel, so that while there is a slow In order to further the knowledge of diffusion of fluid from the saliva into the dental caries, chemists and dentists have enamel and from the dentin to the enamel, for many years been attempting to deter­ it has been shown that this permeability mine the chemical constitution of enamel is of low order (1). and dentin. As yet, the molecular construc­ When the tooth is formed, there is an tion is not definitely known. Research, by organic keratin covering, or cuticle, over X-ray diffraction in particular (2), has the enamel surface. There is also an or­ shown a marked similarity between ganic protein matrix composed of keratin certain naturally occurring apatites and throughout the enamel. Keratin is a sub­ tooth substances. This work, and the stance very similar to that material which chemical studies which determined the Ca : makes up the hair and fingernails. The (Continued on page 12) 6-Alumni Bulletin

• The 'Responsibility Of The· Dentist In Cases Involving Bad Breath

ALITOSIS or "bad breath" is a symp­ philia, polycythemia, thrombocytopenic H tom that unmasks a multitude of ills, purpura, the luekemias, anemias, agran­ all of which present a definite and positive ulocytopenia, or Hodgkin's disease. Foul responsibility to every practitioner of breath is also of diagnostic value in such dentistry. The social stigma and psycholo­ non-oral conditions as cirrhosis of the gical injury that go inseparably with bad liver, duodenal ulcer, mercury and lead breath make it important that the dentist poisonings, scarlet fever, scurvy, typhoid, understands the causes of and treatment and constipation. 3 The dentist is in an for conditions of offensive breath so that ideal position to render a particularly val­ he can be certain that his own breath is uable service to his patients by recognizing entirely acceptable at all times, and so the aforementioned abnormalities in the that he can prevent correctible oral con­ breath as signs of systemic disorders. ditions from causing halitosis in his pa­ Local Causes tients. The healthy mouth should be free from odor and the alert and informed den­ Most bad breath, however, is caused by tist is the one who recognizes the signifi­ local conditions in and around the mouth, cance of halitosis in the diagnosis of pharynx, and nasal pasages that become disease. While it is certainly true that non­ of public concern when they render the oral conditions frequently cause bad breath offensive.4 Such breath-offending breath, the dentist's responsibility to his conditions as oesophageal carcinoma, 1ung patient is not fulfilled as long as ~he pa­ abscesses and tumors, diptheria, pneumo­ tient has a breath odor, and it is the nia and tonsilar infections, and the partic­ dentist's duty to see that the source is ularly vile halitosis caused by the naso­ discovered and proper treatment in­ pharyngeal disease called ozena, 5 while stituted. frequently of diagnostic interest to den­ are specifically treated by medical tists, I Systemic Causes. specialists in rhinolo.gy and laryngology. The breath consists of air taken in and Odors arising from the disease of the soft expelled by the expansion and contraction structures of the oral cavity are usually of the thorax. "Bad breath", then, is due to supperative processes which in all caused by some condition, temporary or cases are productive of foul odors. The permanent, that causes odors from the fetor in Vincent's infection is usually very lungs, air passages, or mouth to be ex­ pronounced and may constitute the out­ pelled with expired air. In this regard it standing symptom. Markedly foul odors is especially important to remember that are diagnostic of the decomposition and the stomach is not an organ of respiration, ulceration of tissue in syphilis or malig- and, except when the cardiac sphincter . nancy. Stomatitis, gingivitis, or a tongue is released, as in belching, the stomach coated with a thick greenish brown fur is is never directly responsible for the odor accompanied by offensive breath. A tem­ of the breath.1 The lungs, on the other porary halitosis is caused by an infected hand, are organs for the elimination of blood clot following tooth extraction or toxic products absorbed from the gastro­ any surgical interference in the mouth. 6 intestinal tract or other diseased parts of These conditions are definitely within the the body. 2 The breath, then, may be con­ scope of the dentist, and he must be thor­ taminated by odors picked up by the blood oughly familiar with their causes, diagnos­ stream from various pathological condi­ is, pathogenesis, and treatment. tions in the body. Diabetes millitus, for Ninety per cent of all cases of odors example, is readily identified by the fruity arising from purely dental conditions orig­ (acetone) odor of the breath, and a fetid inate from prolonged stagnation and bac­ odor in the breath may be caused by the terial fermentation of food debris about various blood dyscrasias manifest as hemo- the teeth. A sickly foul odor is produced Alumni Bulletin-7 from carbohydrates, odorous fatty acids user of opium or the opiates. The dentist and ammonical compounds, and especially ~ust exercise moderation and forethought f~om the highly offensive hydrogen sul­ m the use of foods and stimulants which fide and penetrating mercaptan formed affect the breath if he is to protect his from albumen and protein. Artificial breath and, thereby, his practice. dentures, orthodontic appliances bridges, Treatment or other prosthetic fixtures are readily covered with sticky mucoid deposits which The dentist must be familiar with the undergo fermentation. Vulcanite plates ab­ causes of bad breath, as shown above if sorb offensive odors which cause "den­ he is to answer intelligently the probl~ms ture breath". Untreated caries with or of breath odors in his own patients and without pulpal gangrene, may ~ause bad those referred to him by the advertising breath, and the indol-forming organisms of the tooth paste manufacturers. Since never associated with periodontitis cause a char­ halitosis is always a symptom and acteristically repulsive odor.7 Sulser, et. al. a disease, the definite treatment of hali­ While using the osmoscope found the periodontal tosis is the treatment of its cause. disease, gingivitis, and dental decay were the value of mouth washes and flavored correcting bad the principle causes of bad breath associat­ dentifrices as agents for grossly over-exaggerated ed with the local oral pathology.8 breath has been in the advertising of some commercial pro­ general interest are the odors from Of ducts, Sulser,et. al., with the use of the the use of some foods, condiments, and osmoscope as a means of measuring breath stimulants. T h e highly characteristic odor intensity, have obtained evidence to odors associated with the use of breath indicate the usefulness of some of these use of alcoholic or tobacco and with the agents in relieving such temporary forms certainly require no de­ yeast beverages of halitosis as "early morning breath" and In unclean mouths the scription here. that associated with excessive speaking stale odor of tobacco caused by nicotine, or singing.10 These odors are not caused in the smoke may pyridine, and ammonia by truly pathologic states, however and the teeth for as long as remain aroung this type of treatment is fundame~tally and is especially strong and fifteen hours, empirical, rather than rational, since is of "those who persistent in the breaths consists primarily of substituting a favor­ odors come from the inhale". Alcoholic able odor for an objectionable one. Since the removal of the action of the lungs in oral malhygiene is the principal etiologic the blood, and will last as alcohol from factor in bad breath, the thorough treat­ level is high. The long as the blood alcohol ment of oral pathology, with particular both from odor of beer may he elaborated emphasis on removing caries and period­ from the collection of fer .. the lungs and ontal pockets, is frequently ample treat­ products around the teeth mentable yeast ment for halitosis. If, however, the condi­ appliances. "Onion and prosthetic dental tion of bad breath persists after healthy by adherence breath" is caused principally mouth hygiene has been attained, the the tooth of essential onion oils in a film on dentist's responsibility is not completed. or roughened surface, gingival crevices, He should make another careful study of the strongest of areas in the mouth. Garlic, the oral cavity and, still failing to find to persistent all condiments with regard the cause of halitosis, he snould refer the noticed residual odor in the breath, may be patient to, and work with, a competent after ingestion. for as long as 70 hours medical practitioner in search of a sys­ Garlic odors, and the odor of onions when temic cause. This is the type of service that a taken in massive amounts, come from a re­ patient and his physician have a right to ex­ moval of the odors from the blood by the pect from the responsible dentist, and will do toward establishing the dentist as the lungs.9 Before final elimination, the garlic much medical specialist of the mouth. odor assumes a musty character not unlike (Bert W. Gilbert, B.S., '48) that found in the breath of the habitual (Bibliography on page 15) 8-A lumni Bulletin

Congratulations are due to Dr. Angel Alumni Notes P. Garcia, who has opened an office for from the Dean's Office Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery in Something new has been added in the Puerto Rico. This came as a surprise and Dean's Office-a "Guest Book"-so please we do wish him well in his practice. He don't fail to drop in and add your auto­ states, "I hope that I do not get into a graph to the growing list of "outstanding rut around here and that soon I can re­ men in dentistjry". The following persons turn to the States for some more work." have been in and signed our book since We trust Dr. Garcia will not forget his January 1, 194'7. (We are ashamed to "hope" and we shall probably take time out admit that we quite often forget to have someday to write him and remind him of it. ' alumni sign because this is so new and we are so absent-minded). Paul T. Worster, Lieutenant (jg) Paul S. Yingling is '44, R. R. 4, Connersville, Irtdiana; Robert in the navy and writes from the U.S. K. Fields, '46, 1032 138th Place, East Chi­ ~avy Dispensary, Navy Department, Arl­ cago, Indiana; Robert· L. Anderson, '45, mgton Annex, Washington, D.C. He didn't 315 W. Second Street, Seymour, Indiana; give us much news so hope he will write Hugh Davis, '14, 7512 Greenwood Avenue again and tell us what is going on in Wash­ Chicago, Illinois; H. C. Lumpp, '22, Medi~ ington. We are sorry to hear that his cal Arts, Mattoon, Illinois; G. F. Henricks, mother is quite ill and we are sure you '34, R. R. 4, Lafayette, Indiana; E. H. all join us in wishing her a speedy Porter, '40, 209 Johnson Building, Muncie, - recovery. Indiana. Item from Indianapolis News, January 11, "Kokomo, Indiana-Dr. Norman Simp­ First Lieutenant Marlin R. Inman, '45, son, 75, a practicing dentist in Kokomo reports that he has been in the army since nearly fifty years, died Friday. He had the latter part of September and is now been ill several months. A Howard county leaving the States f~r over-seas duty. He native, he attended Valparaiso University did get to attend the Chicago Dental Meet­ and taught school several years. He was ing and no doubt saw many of you there. graduated from Indiana State Dental Col­ Among other things, he recommended a lege in 1897." / student for oulr 1947 class, and while we We hope you all noticed in last month's ~r: simply overwhelmed with applications, bulletin that "Ma" Sanford was looking it is always a pleasure to have the recom­ at our now complete file of class pictures. mendation of our alumni because that We are indebted to alumni, who responded shows they are interested in their Alma to our SOS, and to Mr. Scott, our photog­ Mater. Thanks, Dr. Inman, and hope you rapher, who in one instance had to take will write us from "across the sea" and the pictures out of the year book and let us know what you are doing. photograph them and r·eproduce them in ::t, Lieutenant (jg) M. E. Boone, '45, is group. We are quite happy that our roster stationed at Parris Island, Box 62, South is complete and believe all the alumni will Carolina. He has the wife and Skipper rejoice with us. (the ".boss" of the Boone family) with him Mrs. Cleona Harvey, Recorder and they are enjoying life as best they can but he says, "Oh, how I long for my Notice Indiana Home." Dr. Boone says he has We again want to appeal to the Alumni ?een following the school rather closely Association members for collections of dis­ m the dental magazines and the Indiana associated teeth. We need "buckets" of Alumni Bulletin. Remember, he can't read teeth for o.ur dental anatomy class. Also, about you unless you come in or write in don't hesitate to send in malformed teeth, and tell us what you are doing. Write which are needed for study in oral path­ again, Dr. Boone, and help keep us ology. supplied for this column. Alumni Bulletin-9

Odd-Dentities by ruhamah hannah we are all much gratified by dr. herbert waldhier's speedy recovery. after a major operation, he is able to come out now and then to see how things are getting along and expects to be back at work sometime before july ... there is much activity in the clinic besides the usual. we are getting a new public; address system, which is going to be very nice when finished, but right now, in the embryt:mic stage, is just so many wires stretched along the floor, waiting to be stuffed down inside the walls. then, there are two telephone men putting in extension phones on the east wall of the clinic, just outside the pros­ thetics department, for the students to , take their incoming calls . . . dr. wilbur stamper, children's clinic, is among the indisposed ... dr. e. h. porter, '40, was in the other day, as was dr. george f. hen­ ricks, '34. dr. porter is practicing in Graphic proof that Dr. J. L. Wilson, muncie, and dr. henricks is at lafay­ ette ... the assisting staff have been exponent of gold foil and the rubber dam, invited to attend the weekly seminars held practices what he preaches. Dr. Ally N. every monday at 1 : 00 . . . dr. frank c. Burks officiates. hughes, prosthetics, was in washington, d.c., for a week in march, appearing on the program of the district . of columbia post graduate course ... plans are under way for remodeling the building this sum­ mer. the basement is going to be exca­ • "Man Against Pain" vated and that space down there utilized. also an elevator will be installed . . . i Have you seen Howard Raper' s new book received a letter from bill hohe, '45, who "Man Against Pain"? This book is win­ is still in the navy but expects to be out ning for dentistry the recognition and re­ in j une . . . a letter to the bulletin from spectful credit for the discovery of sur­ dr. john buhler, formerly on the staff gical anaesthesia. Those of you who re­ here, now at temple university, was member Dr. Raper as a teacher at Indiana gratefully received. he complimented us on the new make-up of the bulletin and need not be told that the book is accurate, announced, not for bulletin publication, concise, and carefully written. The book that he is a proud papa for the second is designed for the lay public but every time. he also said that he reads my col­ dentist would profit from a careful read­ umn. that makes two of us who read it... ing. If you haven't a copy of this book, a letter also from dr. f. k. etter, who is you should treat yourself to this best sell­ now at san francisco with fellow navy man, r. p. nickels ... and thats' all for this er in the field of popular medical books. time. 10-Alumni Bulletin

Class and Fraternity Notes-----

• 8ophomo·re Class The dental school basketball team reached the semi-finals in the city tournament. Chuck "Ma­ The Sophomore Class has begun its new term chine Gun" Radcliffe paced the team all season. with a class party at the home of Walter Dean. Bill Kunkel, Danny Laskin and Marty Walton We had a nice turn out and everyone seemed all played fine basketball and contributed much to have an enjoyable afternoon. to the , team's success. By having the first semester out of the way, Woody Walker, beaver deluxe, has been ob­ we can look forward to completing the second. served playing it casual lately, dropping from The outlook is very enlightening because after 100 to 50 counts per week. Jack Singer is high its completion, clinic time is within our grasp point man in the class with 1100 counts. Jim and it is the ambition of every sophomore to be Compton is still putting out a full upper and there. lower each week. Looking around the lab, you A spohomore base ball team has been organ­ will see House casef set up. Crown and bridge zed for the on-coming spring baseball season is a very busy clinic these days. Those crown and it is looking forward to many victories. and bridge requirements are rapidly being com­ The class as a whole finds the second semester pleted. very interesting and I am sure that they find Edward Flynn that the study of dentistry is a science of a very distinguishable nature. Gene Sheppard • Xi Psi Phi Report We opened the second semester with the cele­ • Junior Class bration of Founder's Day. February 8th, 1889, The advent of spring finds ·the junior class was the day that the five great men of Xi Psi limbering up for a strenuous season of softball. Phi laid plans for the fraternity at the Uni­ Ably coached and managed by Bob Avery, the versity of Michigan. The chapter held a stag team will take on all challengers. party on Founder's Day and several of the alum­ Whenever the proud fathers of the class, and ni were present. there are many, happen to be congregated in March 22nd was the date of the Alumni Ban­ the same place at the same time, the conver­ quet at the Claypool Hotel. Several of the sation always turns to their offspring; they actives attended this affair. never tire of the subject. One more class mem­ Now that the semester is nearly half over, ber, Jerry Schindel, has joined their ranks; it's we are again going to have to buckle down for a boy for him. the "mid-term hurdles". They'll be around the One of our more ambitious boys is talking second week in April. about doing research on the theory of hetero­ April 19th is Younger Brother's Day. This plastic implantation. Most of us are rather du­ is the day that the actives are to be entertained bious about the theory, but we're willing to be by the alumni. We hope that they don't forget convinced. their obligation, for I know we'll remember. Dr. Hughes was gone for a week in March, Later in the semester the senior banquet will but he thoughtfully provided for our class period be held in honor of our five graduating seniors. during his absence-a test. The seniors are: Robert McKay, John W. Pente­ All of us who saw the I. U. All-Stars playing cost, Arthur Stine, Albert Kazwell, and William in the city independent tournament thought they Temple. Arrangements are being made for this made a very good showing. occasion, but the date has not yet been set. We hope that the faculty will have a soft­ The banquet will be followed by a dance. ball team again this year. (See paragraph 1.) Max C. Burke B etty Graves • Delta Sigma Delta • Senior Class Xi chapter will entertain the members of our Hudson Kelley and Richard Johns reP'resented district at the conclave April 25-27. Delegates Indiana University at the Cleveland Dental So­ will come from Illinois, Marquette, Washington, ciety's Children Day meeting. Kelley gave a St. Louis, Louisville and Northwestern Dental paper and demonstration on space maintainers Schools. A banquet and the spring dance will and Johns presented a paper on amalgam. There be arranged for the weekend. has been a rising interest among the senior class Highland Country Club will be the scene of in orthodontia and pedodontia. Bite planes, the annual golf tournament, banquet and initia­ space maintainers, and partial de~tures have tion into the supreme chapter when the Indiana been made by the majority of the class in chil­ Auxilliary members entertain the graduating dren's clinic this year. seniors Sunday, May 18. Alumni Bulletin-11

The Ray Anderson, '44, and Victor DeFrank, cial guests. Alumni fraters intending to be pres­ '44, families are proud of their February chil­ ent for the state me~ting are urged to contact dren. Ray has a daughter, Lynne, and Vic has Bert W. Gilbert at the school as soon as possible "Li'l Vic". Jim and Mary Ann Compton, '47, regarding this event. tell us its a girl at their house. Our monthly dinner meetings have included Drogi, the house mascot, is equally proud of clinics by Dr. William E. Barb on "Mucostatics", a son and daughter born in different litters a on "Partial Denture Construction" by Dr. Charles few days apart. The puppies N oria and "Cedric" J. Ringle, research head of the Williams Gold are three months old and lots of fun to watch Company, and Dr. Ert J. Rogers on "Die Mak­ play. Another of our animals, a cat, was seen ing". These have been primarily joint meetings yawning and it was found he had a maxilliary with the members of the Indianapolis Alumni cuspid. Etiology unknown. Club and were all very interesting and enjoyable. Art Gustavson, USN, '44, is stationed near Through the courtesy of Frater Sam Binder Jacksonville and is· enjoying Florida and has a of West New York, New Jersey, the Chapter new wife. obtained films showing activity at the National Lt. Carmelo "Toad" Todaro, '46, as reported Atomic Convention in Detroit. Alpha Gamma in a recent visit, has falle·n heir to one of the representatives, Bert Gilbert, William Winer, most interesting assignments in the post-war and Phil Goodman, '46, appeared in the films. army dental program. It seems the Ascension Some Indiana fraters of previous years were Island nestled in the Atlantic off the western recognized. The chapter wishes to acknowledge coast of Africa (thanks to the Atlas) is the the many kind letters and cards sent us by position of one of the dental outposts. "T.oad" alumni, and we welcome more. We hope to see has been assigned to make a two week survey on many of you at the Senior Farewell in May. the island of the dental needs of some 500 men Irwin L. Burack and to perform the emergency treatment neces­ sary. The beauty of the thing is that his itin­ • Psi Omega Fr.aternity erary will include stops in West Palm Beach, In February a meeting of the Indiana State Porto Rico, Dutch Guiana, and Natal, Brazil. Alumni and the active chapter was held at the Lt. Henry Kezlarian, USN, has been seeing house. The attendance was very encouraging and the world on a "good will" tour with Admiral the group discussed the plans of the fraternity Conolly. He tells us he shipped on the USS for the coming year. The proceedings were under Spokane, flagship for the Atlantic Fleet, which the direction of Dr. William B. Currie, the presi­ put in at London, Scotland, Norway, Denmark, dent of the Indiana State Alumni Association. Germany, Lisbon, North Africa, Gibraltar and A few notes on alumni are presented so that the Carribean theater for one week each. He you may follow the activities of former grad­ had the privilege of visiting the dental schools uates. Dr. Harlan B. Shupert has been separated in all these places as well. from the service and is now practicing in New We are happy to see Herby Waldhier, Zi Psi Castle, Indiana. Dr. Lester H. Mosson has Phi, '45, feeling well again. joined the regular navy. Dr. Henry Swenson Norman R. A. Alley has returned to the faculty after serving in the U. S. Navy. Dr. Roy Kixmiller is now in Evans­ ville, Indiana. Dr. Harry C. Steinsberger is now • Alpha Omeg,a Fraternity taking a refresher course after seeing service Alpha Gamma Chapter has been keeping it's in five major campaigns in Europe. Also re­ program busy with regular monthly clinic meet­ cently discharged from the service is Dr. Wayne ings and plans to complete the year's activity F. Kirchoff. He may be reached at Freeland­ with two exceptionally fine programs. On April ville, Indiana. Dr. Edgar K. De Jean, who re­ 21st the Chapter will sponsor an Indianapolis cently visited the school, has been separated appearance of Frater Sam Stulberg, D.D.S., M.S., from the U.S. Army. FOTmerly of the army, of Detroit, who will present a discussion on "A Dr. R. J. Ping is in Terre Haute, Indiana, at Practical Approach to Dentistry for Children" 679 Ohio Street. during the school's seminar period. That eve­ Several new men are now located in Indian­ ning a dinner in Dr. Stulberg's honor will be apolis. Dr. Robert Bodkin is at the Hume-Man­ held in the Washington Hotel. Two members sur Building. During the war Dr. Bodkin served of the I. U. Department of Pedodontics, Dr. with the navy. Dr. John Yates is practicing Drexel Boyd and Dr. Ralph MacDonald, and Dean at the Bankers' Trust Building. Also in Indian­ M. K. Hine will be guests of the fraternity at apolis is Dr. William Jefferis, who is located this meeting. at 62nd Street and College. Dr. Richard Howard The 194 7 Senior Farewell Banquet and Ball set up his office here in town. Dr. Howard has will be held on Saturday, May 17th, preceding joined the faculty as an instructor in pedodontia. the annual meeting of the Indiana State Dental A Valentine Dance was held at the house Society. Dr. J. Frank Hall, Dean Hine, and a during February. Many members of the alumni, na~onal officer from the fraternity will be spe- (Continued on page 12) 12-Alumni Bulletin

faculty and student body attended the affair. Our thanks go to Robert Moss for his excellent photography during the evening. At the end of March the Annual Easter Dance provided the social activity for the school. The evening provided ~n enjoyable time for the large gathering that attended. The party was enlivened by the singing of familiar tunes with Dr. Adams at the piano. The preparations and arrangements were handled very well by Miles Shepard and Cal Christensen. The National Meeting of the fraternity, sched­ uled for the spring at The Windmere East & West Hotel at Chicago, has been postponed to October. W. F. Castle

• The Chemistry of FIGURE 2. - KNOOP HARDNESS INDENTATIONS MADE ON A POLISHED SURFACE OF ENAMEL AND (Continued from page 5) DENTIN AT THE DENTO-ENAMEL JUNCTION. THE P ratio in enamel to be 2 :15, seems to indicate SMALLER INDENTATION IN THE ENAMEL AT THE that the main molecular constituent of enamel LEFT INDICATES GREATER HARDNESS. is a complex salt, mainly Caa(P04)2.Ca(OHh. of the complex apatite salts which make up the The compound is called hydroxy-apatite. This composition of enamel, the solubility may be ap­ calcium compound can be found in nature as can proximately in terms of this compound. Acco·rd­ various other metallic hydroxy-apatites. Some ing to the well-known solubility product principle, CaCoa is apparently also present in enamel and the following relationship holds true when cal­ is usually found as the compound Ca3(P04).-: cium phosphate is in equilibrium with its solution: CaCo . Various other unexpected elements are 3 [Ca++ ]3X [P04=]2=Ksp present in small quantities, such as 0.05 pe·r cent Cl, 0.02 per cent Pb, and 0.02 per cent Fe. If the product of [Ca3 ++]3X[Po4=]2 is mom­ Although the inorganic chemical composition entarily increased over the value of Ksp, prescrip­ of enamel is similar to organic material in dentin, tion of Caa(P04h will result; but if the product there is a much greater amount of organic ma­ is reduced below K sp, solution of the Ca3(P04h terial in dentin. This results in a marked differ­ will proceed until the product is again increased to ence in hardness between the two tissues. Figure Ksp. It thus follows that the solubility of e·namel 2 shows Knoop indentations on a polished surface is to a large degree dependent upon the concen- of enamel and dentin at the dentino-enamel junc­ t-ration of Ca++ and Po4= in the surrounding tion. These indentations are made by means of a medium. In this connection, the work of Karshan diamond point under constant load. The length of and Rosebury (4) is interesting. They determin­ the indentations are indicative of the correspond­ ed the concentration of calcium and phosphate ing hardness for the enamel and dentin; the long­ which was necessary to prevent the solubility of er the indentation, the softer the material. As enamel at various pH levels • in buffered solu­ shown in this picture, the indentation in the dentin tions of lactic and succinic acids. For example, is much longer than the one made in the enamel at a pH of 7.0, less than 1 mg. of phosphate per even though the load was the same. Knoop hard­ 100 cc. was required to inhibit the solution of the ness readings for enamel are usually from 170 to enamel, yet 200 mg. were required at a pH of 200. Corresponding hardness readings for dentin 4.0. Thus,as the pH is lowered, additional cal­ vary from 35 to 55. Hardness will of course vary cium or phosphate is needed in the surrounding for individual teeth and for different areas in medium in order to inhibit solubility. When suf­ the same tooth. ficie·nt concentration of the two are present in Dental caries is dependent, to a large extent, the surrounding medium of the tooth, the pH can upon the solubility of the enamel. The more be quite · low without danger of dissolving the insoluble the enamel, the more resistant it is to enamel. the action of acids which are liberated by the This rate of solution of the enamel will be bacteria. Active decay with cavity formation is governed not only by the pH, the Ca++ and undoubtedly preceded by the slow dissolving of Po4= .concentrations, but also by the type of acid the enamel surface. For this reason, it is of present (5). We have found that tooth crowns fundamental importance to study the mechanism which were stored in solutio·ns of orange juice, governing the solubility. The relationship of the lemon juice, coca-cola, and many other similar solubility of enamel and the pH of the surround­ products lose as high as 20 per cent of their ing medium may be described in terms of the original weight after 20 days immersion. ~r­ solubility product (3). tunately, such materials do' not remain in con­ Since Ca3(P04h is apparently the main unit tact with the teeth . for that long a period of Alumni Bulletin-13

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time, yet it does show the effect that low pH apatite, Pb3(P04)2.Ca(Fh. Further X-ray 'dif­ can have upon the enamel. fraction and spectrograph studies are needed to The content of Ca++ a:nd Po4= in the saliva substantiate this. is probably always great enough to prevent Using the Knoop indenter for hardness, we solution of the enamel within the range of pH have found further evidence of the inhibiting that does occur in saliva. It is a highly buffered action of fluorine compounds. Table 1 shows medium, with a pH ranging from 6.8 to 7.2 (6), the loss in enamel hardness following treatment and thus aids greatly in neutralizing acids taken ( a) with a buffered acetic acid of pH 4, ( b) into the mouth and those formed in the oral with a buffered acetic acid of pH 4 plus the cavity. This may explain why tooth decay fluorine compound indicated. It is quite evident usually takes place in the more protected parts from these data that the enamel is protected of the enamel which are not so thoroughly by this replacement reaction since the loss in bathed with saliva. hardness from the original is much less in the In the past many different methods have been fluorinated acetic acid. control of tooth decay, in­ TABLE 1 presented for the Loss in Hardness of Enamel When Immersed in Fluorinated cluding use of certain vitamins, bone meal, diet, and Unfluorinated Acetic Acid Solution etc. The most recent theory, and apparently Five groups of 12 t eeth each were polished, hardness the most promising, is the incorporation in the determined ; each group was placed first in acetic acid, and enamel of ingested fluorides present then after determining hardn ess again, in acetic acid con­ developing taining one of five different fluorides, with results as in the drinking water or the topical application follow. of fluorine to the formed tooth surface. Epi­ Buffered acetic acid demiologic and clinical studies have brought out Buffered acetic acid plus flu

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• The Responsibility of 5. Shanks, J.: Medical Record, 157:166, 1944, (Continued from page 7) 6. Thoma, Kurt: Oral Diagnosis with Sugges­ 1. Perlman, L. M.: Your Breath and Your tions for Treatment, ed. 2, Philadelphia, W. B. Health, New York, Academy Publishing Com­ Saunders Company, 1943. pany, 1936. 7. ibid. 2. Dummett, Clifton 0.: American Journal of 8. Burket, L. W. Oral Medicine, Philadelphia, Orthodontics and Oral Surgery, Oral Surgery J. B. Lippincott Company, 1946. p. 201. Section, 30 :62, 1943. 9. Stallard, H.: Journal of the American Dental 3. ibid. Association, 14: 1691, 1927. 4. Brening, R. H., Sulser, G. E., and Fosdick, 10. Sulser, G. E., Lesney, T. A., and Fosdick, L. S.: Journal of Dental Research, 18:129, L. S.: Journal of Dental Research, 19:173, 1939. 1940. I

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