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The Role of Local Fish and Wildlife Resources in the Community Of THE ROLE OF LOCAL FISH AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES IN THE COMMUNITYOF SHAKTOOLIK, ALASKA Daniel C. Thomas Technical Paper Number 13 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence Nome, Alaska January 15, 1982 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Maps ........................................................ IV List of Figures ..................................................... VI List of Tables ...................................................... VII List of Appendices .................................................. VIII Abstract ............................................................ IX Chapter I. Study Problem and Methodology ........................... 1 Study Problem .................................................... 1 Methodology ...................................................... 3 Introduction .................................................. 3 Informal Discussion, Interviews ............................... 5 Observation ................................................... 6 Diet Caley?dars ................................................ 7 Mapping ....................................................... 10 Crab Survey ................................................... 16 Demographic Data .............................................. 16 Literature Review ............................................. 17 Chapter II. Description of Area....................................1 8 Chapter III. History of Village and Region.........................2 4 Chapter IV. Resource Harvest and Utilization.......................3 2 Introduction .................................................. 32 The Seasonal Round ............................................ 32 Marine-related Species........................................3 6 Belukha or White Whale ..................................... 37 Seals ...................................................... 66 Ugruk or Bearded Seal....................................6 6 Ringed Seal..............................................g 0 Spotted Seal ............................................. 102 Ribbon Seal..............................................lll Bowhead and Grey Whale......................................11 1 Walrus ...................................................... 116 Ducks, Geese, and Cranes....................................11 8 Seagull and Waterfowl Eggs..................................12 8 Cliff Eggs and Murres.......................................13 2 Salmon ...................................................... 137 The Commercial Salmon Fishery...............................15 6 Artic Char..................................................16 5 Herring.....................................................17 6 The Commercial Herring Fishery..............................18 3 Tomcod......................................................18 7 Lingcod ..................................................... 194 Wolffish....................................................19 6 Cigarfish...................................................20 0 King Crab...................................................20 3 Mussels and Clams...........................................213 Smelt.......................................................216 Bullheads...................................................217 Whitefish ................................................... 217 II TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page Terrestrial and Freshwater Species .................................. 218 Reindeer ...................................................... 219 Caribou ....................................................... 222 Moose ......................................................... 232 Grizzly Bear .................................................. 235 Furbearers .................................................... 239 Vegetation .................................................... 242 Berries .................................................... 242 Greens ..................................................... 246 Roots ...................................................... 248 Chapter V. The Nutritional and Cultural Importance of the Harvest of Local Resources ............................................... 249 A Dietary Analysis ............................................ 249 The Cultural Value of Locally Harvested Foods.................25 5 Harvest as a Cultural Activity ................................ 260 Chapter VI. Distribution and Exchange .............................. 264 Chapter VII. Trends in Resource Harvest and Utilization............27 0 Chapter VIII. Subsistence and the Cash Economy.....................27 9 Chapter IX. Conclusion ............................................. 289 Literature Cited .................................................... 293 Appendices .......................................................... 295 III LIST OF MAPS Page Map 1 Norton Sound Region ............................................ 2 Map 2 Shaktoolik Place Names......................................... 19 Map 3 Belukha Harvest (spring & fall -- up to 1935)..................4 1 Map 4 fl .. (ice free months -- up to 1935)................4 4 Map 5 U .. (spring, August to freezeup -- 1935-1955)......4 7 Map 6 U 11 11 11 II II I, ........ 48 Map 7 W .. (spring -- 1955-1980) .......................... 51 Map 8 W 11 II ,I 11........................... 52 Map 9 U .. (fall -- 1955-1980.............................5 4 Map 10 U t1 II II II ............................. 55 Map 11 Bearded Seal Harvest (fall -- up to 1935)......................7 0 Map 12 U .. II (freezeup to breakup -- up to 1960).......7 1 Map 13 W II II II II II II ,I 11........ 72 Map 14 U (1 II (April, May, before breakup -- up to 1935) 75 Map 15 II .... (fall -- 1935-1980).......................8 0 Map 16 1( 11 9, 11 11 II ......................... 81 Map 17 U .... (winter -- 1935-1980).....................8 3 Map 18 W II II (spring -- 1935-1980).....................8 5 Map 19 U 11 II II II II ....................... 86 Map 20 Ringed Seal Harvest (April, May before breakup -- up to 1935)..9 2 Map 21 U .. W (freezeup to breakup -- up to 1960)........9 4 Map 22 11 ........................ .95 Map 23 U .. n (fall -- 1935-1980)........................9 6 Map 24 11 II II 11 II II .......................... 97 Map 25 11 .... (winter -- 1935-1980)......................9 8 Map 26 U II II (spring -- 1935-1980)......................9 9 Map 27 U II II II II I, ...................... 100 Map 28 Spotted Seal Harvest (fall -- up to 1935)......................10 4 Map 29 II .. II (spring -- up to 1960) ..................... 105 Map 30 U .. 11 (fall -- 1935-1980)........................10 7 Map 31 11 II I, 11 8, 11.......................... 108 Map 32 (1 .... (spring -- 1935-1980) ...................... 109 Map 33 Duck, Goose & Crane Harvest (spring -- up to 1980).............12 0 Map 34 U 11 II II 11 I, II II .............. 121 Map 35 11 .... (fall -- up to 1980).......................12 2 Map 36 (1 II II II 11 11........................ 123 Map 37 Seagull Egg Harvest (spring -- up to 1980).....................12 9 Map 38 W 11 11 I, I, II ...................... 130 Map 39 Murre Egg Harvest (June -- up to 1980).......................13 3 Map 40 II 11 11 11 II II ......................... 134 Map 41 Subsistence King Salmon Harvest (June/July -- up to 1980)......14 A Map 4 2 " ,I II I, 11 $1 II II ,- ....... 145 Map 43 Subsistence Chum & Pink Harvest (July, August -- up to 1980)................................14 7 11 11 Map 44 " II II .................................. 148 Map 45 Subsistence Chum & Silver Salmon Harvest (fall -- up to 1980)..15 0 II 11 I, 11 ,I II II II 11 Map 46 U .... 151 LIST OF MAPS (continued) Page Map 47 Commercial King Salmon Harvest (June -- 1960-1980)............15 9 Map 48 II II II II II 11 I, 11 11............ 160 Map 49 Commercial Chum & Pink Salmon Harvest (July, August -- 1960-1980)................................16 1 Map 50 II II II II II I, ........................... 162 Map 51 Commercial Silver Salmon Harvest (August -- 1960-1980) ........ 163 Map 52 II 11 II II II I, 11 I, II .......... 164 Map 53 Arctic Char Harvest (fall before freezeup -- up to 1980 ....... 166 Map 54 ............................ 167 Map 55 ...... (after breakup -- up to 1966).............16 9 Map 56 ...... (freezeup to breakup -- up to 1980).......17 2 Map 57 (1 II II t1 II II 91 II II .......... 173 Map 58 Subsistence Herring & Herring Eggs Harvest (after breakup -- up to 1980)..............................17 7 Map 59 Subsistence Herring & Herring Eggs Harvest (after breakup -- up to 1980) .............................. 178 Map 60 Subsistence Herring & Herring Eggs Harvest (after breakup -- up to 1960)..............................18 0 Map 61 Commercial Herring Harvest (after breakup -- 1979-1980).......18 5 Map 62 II II II 11 II II II 11 II .......... 186 Map 63 Saffron Cod Harvest (late fall, early winter -- up to 1980) ... 189 Map 64 ......................... 190 Map 65 II 11 11 (spring -- 1960-1980).....................19 1 Map 66 II I, 11 (spring -- up to 1980)....................19 3 Map 67 Burbot Harvest (fall after freezeup -- up to 1980).......19 5 Map 68 Wolffish Harvest (spring after breakup -- up to 1980) ...... 198 Map 69 II ,1 II II 11 ‘9 II I, II ......... 199 Map 70 Capelin Harvest (June -- up to 1980) ...................... 201 Map 71 King Crab Harvest (before breakup -- up to 1980) ............ 204 Map 72 II I, II II I, ,1 II II ............... 205 Map 73 ...... (before breakup -- up to 1972) ............ 206 Map 74 .....
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