Aappendices Appendices

AAppendices Appendices

This HIA aims to change how New Zealanders think and act and increase awareness of health when it comes to urban planning, as well as encouraging the coordination of interest groups, government and non government departments, voluntary organisations and community members. It encompasses and uses community action, empowerment, the health professional’s obligation to advocate and mediate, help to build new healthy public policy, create supportive environments and move in a positive direction for the future.

Te Pai Mahutonga The Maori “Southern Cross” model of health promotion is applied to this project. The two prerequisites or “pointers” are Nga Manukura (leadership) and Te Mana Whakahaere (autonomy) both central to community empowerment. APPENDIX ONE: FRAMEWORKS The 4 central stars symbolise key tasks and goals in health promotion and include: • Mauriora (access to te Te Ao Maori) • Waiora (environmental protection) Several frameworks have been considered in the development • Toiora (healthy lifestyles) and analysis of this project, including the following: • Te Oranga/Whaioranga (participation in society) • Treaty of Waitangi • The Ottawa Charter 9 Domains of Empowerment • Te Pae Mahutonga There are nine domains for community empowerment that • 9 Domains of Empowerment were followed throughout this HIA. The nine domains of community empowerment encompass vital themes that are These are discussed below. required within health promotion to empower and develop communities. Treaty of Waitangi This HIA will support the Healthy Cities programme’s The nine domains that are overarching this process include: contribution to the goals of the Treaty of Waitangi, • Improving participation of community members and with particular regard to the principles of partnership, organisations participation and protection. • Help to develop local leadership • Build empowering organisational structures This HIA is based on building partnerships, and empowering • Increase problems assessment capacities – enhances the communities through participation to achieve positive health abilities of the community to ask why outcomes. It is hoped that this HIA will help address inequities • Increase critical awareness between Maori and non-Maori by ensuring that Maori are a • Improves resource mobilization vital part of the planning process for Wiri. • Strengthen links to other organisations and people • Creates a equitable relationship with outside agents This approach will help Maori to drive programmes involving • Increase control over programme management their communities and will help to empower them to modify Laverack, G, (2007) behaviour and lifestyle factors.

Ottawa Charter

The Ottawa Charter identified five key areas for action in health promotion; (WHO, 1986). • Building healthy public policy • Creating supportive environments • Strengthening community action • Developing personal skills • Reorienting health services

Wiri Spatial Structure Plan: Health Impact Assessment Report APPENDIX TWO: PARTICIPANTS IN THE HIA WOHIA appraisal workshop participants Tania Kingi, Te Roopu Waiora Tony Kake, Papakura Marae Raniera Bassett, NZ Food Safety Authority Scoping workshop participants Shelley Edwards, Health Promoting Schools, Manurewa Jessica Maihi, MCC (Manukau City Council – MCC) Raewyn Cook, MCC Sonny Rauwhero, Treaty of Waitangi Standing Committee, Greg Freeman, HNZC MCC Kaumatua, Te Akitai Hapu, Waikato/Tainui Lyn Blaker, MCC Richard Knott, Design Team, MCC Janine Mitchell, MCC Lee Cherie King, Te Ora o Manukau Lee-Cherie King, MCC Peter Thomas, Hapai Te Hauora Tapui Ltd Yu Yi, MCC Megan Tunks, Hapai Te Hauora Tapui Ltd Richard Knott, MCC Rangi McClean, Hapai Te Hauora Tapui Ltd, Manurewa Marae, Diane Maloney, MCC Treaty of Waitangi Standing Committee Rex Hewitt, MCC Denise Ewe, Hapai Te Hauora Tapui Ltd Nirvana Marsden, CMDHB Papa Nahi, Hapai Te Hauora Tapui Ltd Jude Woolston, CMDHB Lucy Ripia, Hapai Te Hauora Tapui Ltd Lynda Smardon MSD Helen Faamoe, Auckland Regional Transport Authority, ARTA Rouruina Brown, MCC Adrian Field, Synergia Ltd Alan Shearer, NZ Police Janine Mitchell, MCC Kim Arcus, Synergia Martha Ormsby, Plunket Adrian Field, Synergia Ani Illingworth, Te Oranga Ake (TOA) Paul Stephenson, Synergia Tima Angel, Social Work Student on placement with TOA plus Apologies: Kevin Third, Housing NZ 2 other students

Appraisal workshop participants Helen Fa’amoe, ARTA Colleen Gallagher, CYFS Mary Fatamaka, Family Start Leainnen, Family Start Laurayne Tafa, Homai School Nareesh Goordeen, Housing NZ Jill, Manukau Central Kindergarten Alison Searle, MCC Janine Mitchell, MCC Yu Yi, MCC Richard Knott, MCC Diane Maloney, MCC Rex Hewitt, MCC Rouruina Brown, MCC – Community Advisor Martine Abel , MCC – Disability Issues Sonny Rauwhero , MCC – Maori advisor Lynda Smardon, MSD – Work and Income Rev Kini, New Samoan Pre-school Margaret Martin and Anne Hurley, Sisters of Mercy Tracey Rewiri, South Auckland Family Violence Prevention Network Kim Arcus, Synergia Paul Stephenson, Synergia Sharon Brodie, Toddlers Turf Childcare Centre Lee-Cherie King, TOoM Suella Quinn, Wiri Primary Angela Drake, Work and Income Chan Lee

Apologies: Apologies: Frank Booth (ARPHS); Jude Woolston, Greg Simpson, Nirvana Marsden, Greer Hawley (CMDHB); Kevin Third, Greg Freeman, John Coffee (Housing New Zealand); Graham Hitch, Johan Ferreira, Kit Maclean, Manu Pihama (MCC); Alan Shearer, Stephen Kehoe (NZ Police); John Smith (Te Ara o Puhinui); Richard Jeffrey (Telstra Clear Pacific Centre); Audrey Williams (Wiri Business Improvement Association); Liz Kiriona, Lyn Mehana (RaWiri Residents Association)

73 APPENDIX THREE: SCOPING REPORT

1 Overview 75 9 HIA opportunities for influence 86 9.1 Decisions already made in the 2 Introduction 75 structural plan to date 86 2.1 Who’s involved in this HIA? 75 9.2 Decisions yet to be made 86 2.2 Where it fits within 9.3 Window of opportunity this HIA Manukau City Council? 75 may present 86

3 Background of Wiri 76 10 Next steps 86 3.1 Wiri population profile 76 10.1 Impacts and enablers 3.2 Wiri community history 77 of the HIA appraisal 86 10.2 Target populations identified 87 4 Heath Impact Assessments 77 10.3 Identified recognised stakeholders � 4.1 What is a Health Impact Assessment? 77 and participants to be involved 87 4.2 Health Impact Assessment process 78 11 Timeline 87 5 Spatial Structure Plans 78 5.1 What is a Spatial Structure Plan? 78 12 References 87

6 Why do a Spatial Structure HIA for Wiri? 79 6.1 First thoughts regarding the Spatial Structure Plan 79

7 Scoping workshop – topics identified and discussed 81

8 Initial scope of HIA 83 8.1 Housing � 83 8.2 Access � 83 8.3 Economy and growth 84 8.4 Safety � 85 8.5 Community identity / engagement / connectedness and partnerships 85

Wiri Spatial Structure Plan: Health Impact Assessment Report 1 • OVERVIEW 2 • INTRODUCTION

The residents of Wiri and Rata Vine and many others have been The aims and objectives of this HIA are to inform the guidelines working hard to improve the area’s prosperity, community, and and controls which determine the built form and spatial system sense of place. In particular, this has included many projects of Wiri and support the vision for the Wiri area as a vibrant and community led initiatives under the banner of the Wiri community and extension of the Manukau City Centre. Improvement Project. This has helped to improve the area’s security, sense of community, its housing, health and economic It is important to add a health and community perspective to development. Wiri’s urban design and spatial structure is also the spatial structural plan and to get the feedback, thoughts a key factor in its development but has not had a large focus and aspirations of the community to ensure that the spatial to date. Urban design covers things like the layout of streets, structure plan reflects the possible future that the community connections to key amenities (shops, schools, playgrounds/ members desire. We need to ensure that forward planning for parks) and the general look and feel of a neighbourhood. Urban the area takes advantage of the opportunities presented by design and an area’s spatial structure is of particular interest the new educational training facilities for the large number of to health and wellness as streets and house design has a large youth in the Wiri area, and that the health impacts of future impact on people’s long term health status. roading and housing can be identified and responded to. We also want to continue to build on the community safety gains Urban structures that support good health, wellness and made to date so that the Wiri community can live safely in sense of place requires good design often with a long term their homes free from intimidation of the threat of violence. view (sometimes up to 50 years). Manukau City Council are keen to stimulate and facilitate further thinking about Wiri’s The HIA will be one of the key mechanisms to input that spatial structure as there are a number of key opportunities health and wellness perspective into Spatial Structure Plans and developments that, with a long term plan for Wiri, can be in the future. shaped and influenced. 2.1 Who’s involved in this HIA? These include: The Healthy Cities team from Manukau City Council are – The construction of State Highway 20 and adapting leading this HIA in partnership with the Urban Design team. to its impacts Expertise and support is being provided by Synergia, an – Wiri being identified as an area for intensification Auckland based consultancy specialising in HIAs. Activities as Auckland grows that Manukau the Healthy City will lead include: – The future development of key blocks of land in the area • Sponsorship of the HIA – TelstraClear, Manukau SuperClinic, Housing NZ land and • Partnering with Maori and Pacific providers houses, Manukau City Council land • Preparation of key materials and leading all stakeholder – The development of the Puhinui stream and project meetings – The new education campus and train station at Manukau City 2.2 Where it fits within Manukau City Council – The need to develop a spatial structure plan as part Te ora Manukau – Manukau the Healthy City Charter 2007, is of One Auckland committed to improving the quality of the life and wellbeing for all Manukau people and to Te Tiriti o Waitangi, by making As part of this process, Manukau City Council is starting it a healthier place to live, work and play. This includes to stimulate discussion with the communities of Wiri and commitment to Whanau Ora, Kohitahitanga, tikanga Maori Rata Vine. In addition, it is undertaking a Health Impact and tino rangatiratanga. Assessment (HIA) to help gauge the impact of urban design for Wiri on people’s health and wellness. A HIA is a tool Manukau the Health City has a vision to develop a social and mandated from the World Health Organisation to help with physical environment that improves and protects the health this assessment. of communities and groups, where the social environment may include political, economic, social and cultural factors This report covers the first half of that process in preparation and structures. Manukau the Healthy City supports the formal for key workshops in mid June to help with that assessment. objective of the HIA ‘learning by doing’ investment to create The key focus areas of that workshop as part of this HIA will capacity on HIA / WOHIA and build on an evidence base of be the impact of Wiri’s spatial structure on four key areas: HIA / WOHIA practice, as well as build on previous HIAs and Housing further embed HIA practice within Manukau City Council. Access to amenities Economic Development Safety

These areas will be reviewed in detail at the workshop with local stakeholders and residents.

75 3 • BACKGROUND OF WIRI In the 2006 Census, the estimated resident population of Wiri was 4,450 with a high proportion who identified as Maori (24%) and Pacific (44%). It is a relatively youthful population with almost a third (30%) who are under 15 and almost half 3.1 Wiri population profile of the population is under the age of 25. Wiri is a relatively Wiri (Census Area Unit) is from the northern part of the deprived area with almost 80% of the Wiri population living Manurewa Ward, from Manukau City Centre to Browns Road. in the most deprived neighbourhoods in New Zealand 2006 Rata Vine is a suburb in Wiri, on the other side of Great (Sourced by: Papa, D & Jackson, G, 2010). This includes higher South Road from the Manukau Super Clinic which makes levels of unemployment, and lower average incomes. For up a reasonable proportion of the Wiri CAU population. example, the median income per person in Wiri is $13,600 (Sourced by: Papa, D & Jackson, G, 2010). compared to the average for New Zealand of $18,500 (Freeman, G. 2008). There is also a large proportion of Wiri is structurally and physically split in two by a main road, residents in homes managed by Housing New Zealand. Great South Road. Woodlands to the north and the west and Rata Vine has, in the past, been the poorer of the two Rata Vine to the south and the east. To a certain extent this areas with significant challenges. split is reflected in the behaviour and community spirit of the two areas.

Wiri Spatial Structure Plan: Health Impact Assessment Report The population of Wiri over time will increase with an There are some truly amazing stories that come from this expected total population of 8,460 by 2031; that is almost community showing it moving from strength to strength double the population in just over 20 years, and therefore it is over time and illustrating the power of partnerships and important to ensure that the future plans incorporate services importance of advocating for positive change in a community. and amenities to accommodate this growth (New Zealand Statistics, 2010) This has included: – A community drive to remove alcohol sales from the local In terms of health, Wiri residents often experience poor health shop to help decrease youth and general community unruly and require hospital care. For example, Wiri residents have, behaviour 40-50% more acute hospitalisations than their counterparts – The development of a community house which is used for in CMDHB as a whole (Papa, D & Jackson G, 2010). many community activities – Employment of a youth worker to enable the youth of the Despite these ‘statistics’ Wiri has a strong community and has community to advance their skills and provided them with been successful in leading change for the betterment of the someone to approach for help, assistance and advice area, as detailed in the next section . – A local bread run by the Sisters of Mercy – Community gardens 4.2 Wiri community history – Social services at the school Information for this section was sourced through personal – A safety patrol for Rata Vine which is in progress communication from D Maloney, Manukau City Council, 28 May 2010. Wiri as a whole has significant support within Council; we hope through completing this spatial structural HIA we can Wiri is known for its strong community and advocacy for continue that momentum of positive health change. We can change, particularly over the last 10 years. see measured change in this community already, crime has dropped, Wiri is now seen as a more favourable place to live, Wiri and in particular Rata Vine, a sub-community of Wiri, the Wiri medical centre was completed and the area is moving haven’t always been so cohesive or empowered. It has had in the right direction. in the past elements of anti-social behaviour, gangs, criminal activity and poor housing. Rata Vine in particular had rising Wiri has been marked as an area of increased intensification problems with youth drug and alcohol related crime and and growth in the district plan as well as by the Ministry of disorder. This was until the community bound together to Housing. All of these factors contribute to the importance move in a more positive direction. of this project to ensure continued improvements.

Two key residents in partnership with The Sisters of Mercy, Housing New Zealand, Ministry of Health and the Manukau City Council, advocated for change for this small and cultured community. This action continues today.

The starting point of positive change for Rata Vine, in 4 • HEATH IMPACT ASSESSMENTS particular, was an 18 month long lobby for a phone box after an almost fatal incident regarding a young pregnant woman. This young woman moved from house to house looking for help and assistance as she was having complications with child 4.1 What is a Health Impact Assessment? birth, but due to the dangerous community, no one would be of A health impact assessment is a formal process that uses assistance. Looking desperately for help a community member a combination of procedures, methods and tools by which finally let her in her home, found a phone and contacted an a policy, plan, programme or project can be assessed and ambulance for assistance. This young woman gave birth to judged for its potential effects on health and wellbeing of her baby in a bath tub of the neighbour’s house. a population. A HIA is most effective when used early in the policy or planning process and includes an analysis of This incident started the process of change. It galvanised the evidence, data, as well as engagement with experts and community and was the initial event that started a process of decision-makers from multiple sectors. hard work and advocacy to make change in this community. Community development continued with the local Catholic It has a focus on health and wellness and also identifies Nuns (The Sisters of Mercy), two key residents, the Manukau options and recommendations to enhance positive impacts, City Council, Housing New Zealand, New Zealand Police and reduce/eliminate negative impacts and in this case guide the local school. A project in 2006 encompassed a general urban development. It aims to influence change for positive clean up for of the Wiri parks, housing, and addressing gang, health outcomes and build long-term monitoring frameworks youth alcohol and drug issues in Rata Vine. in health through inter-sectorial, community orientated and participatory approaches. Following the community renewal project the Manukau City Council and the community groups and organisations worked An important consideration in HIA is the distribution of health on community development events such as community BBQ’s, effects across populations and groups within populations, the community gardens and talent events to try to increase by identifying which populations bear disproportionate community cohesiveness in the community of Wiri. impacts on their health, and to what extent these health inequalities can be reduced. A HIA considers the broad scope Housing New Zealand started the Community renewal of determinants of health, encompassing the social and project and removed the worst 25 houses from Rata Vine. economic environment, the physical environment, as well At the time Rata Vine was the bottom preference for those as individual characteristics and behaviours. families looking to move into housing New Zealand homes in Auckland. The removal of those houses, coincidently removed HIA’s are gaining increasing recognition in New Zealand, and some key negative influences in the community and Wiri as a is a well-established approach internationally. The National whole was starting to improve in both image and community Health Committee (NHC) has championed the use of HIAs cohesiveness and spirit. since publishing their Guide to HIA in 2004, and in 2007 issued a follow-up report on new opportunities for HIA in New Zealand (Public Health Advisory Committee, 2005). Alongside conventional HIA, Whanau Ora Health Impact Assessment has emerged as an indigenous tool for

77 undertaking HIA in areas or with issues where there are 4.2 Health Impact Assessment process significant Maori interests, and where Maori considerations There are four steps within the HIA process: can be placed at the forefront. • Screening – deciding if and where an HIA might be needed – completed in March 2010 Whanau Ora health impact assessment builds on the use of • Scoping – deciding the parameters for carrying out a HIA HIA utilising the principles of the Maori Health Strategy – He (smaller group) – Completed May 2010 Korowai Oranga. Whanau Ora (or healthy families) are the aim • Appraisal & Reporting – identifying and considering of He Korowai Oranga, and the strategy provides a framework the evidence for potential impacts the proposal may for the public sector to take responsibility for reducing have on wellbeing and health and developing specific inequalities and improving Maori health outcomes (Ministry recommendations for decision makers (larger workshops) of Health 2007). – Will be initiated through workshops on the 15th and 16th June 2010 The process to undertake this HIA will use elements of a • Evaluation – to assess the extent to which recommendations Whanau Ora HIA in engagement with Maori communities were taken up by policy-makers and whether a positive in the district. impact on health and wellbeing was achieved. (Public Health Advisory Committee, 2005).

Local perspectives

Screening Scoping Appraisal Evaluation & Profiling & Reporting & Monitoring

Local Literature / evidence

5 • SPATIAL STRUCTURE PLANS Well-designed Spatial Structure Plans: • enable development capacity to be maximised and / or optimised by ensuring that the development sites relate to the proposed type of development and there is no 5.1 What is a Spatial Structural Plan? “wasted” land ‘Spatial structure’ is a concept relating to the design of an • provide certainty for the developer and community urban area and consists of the arrangement of streets, open • facilitate an easier and speedier consent process spaces, and transport corridors in relation to the topography • enable the creation of a legible public domain which has of the landscape. A Spatial Structure Plan is a 3-dimensional the potential to be safe and well used design which defines the strategic built outcome for a place. • Enable the creation of a street system which supports It does this by defining the street and block patterns together existing and proposed uses; maximises accessibility with building envelopes relative to the landform and existing to community facilities, schools, and shops, providing development. It does not deal with the detailed architectural choice and supporting transport systems; and reveals design but it does relate building areas to their proposed uses the topography, thereby creating a basis for variety and such as commercial versus residential. It has the capacity to identity. provide for alternative uses or building forms. • support public safety by building in “eyes on the street” • minimise the impact of density though street layouts The spatial system is the key component in establishing identity and clear view lines so that people feel comfortable even and variety. This occurs by the way in which the streets are though densities may be high organised over the land, relative to human sight lines and as • provide greater opportunities to ensure natural light, defined by the buildings. Good Spatial Structure Plans build in outlook, privacy (visual and audio) and solar access in “identity” without the need to “force” the architecture. Spatial buildings (relative to their use) Structure Plans should provide street patterns, open space, • Provide financial benefits including land efficiency, building envelopes, parking capacities, and possible entrances optimisation of land development and streamlining (Synergia – Field, A., & Johnsen, C. 2009). resource consent processes.

The built environment has a significant impact on the quality of life experienced by residents of the region. The form and layout of this environment has a large impact upon population growth, demand for access to services and the social infrastructure, proximity to employment and feelings of safety in the community.

Wiri Spatial Structure Plan: Health Impact Assessment Report 6 • WHY DO A SPATIAL STRUCTURE There are significant and vulnerable populations with poor HIA FOR WIRI? health in Wiri and the spatial structure plan will effect and have influence on these populations. The public community has concerns about housing in the area; this was previously, partially, addressed and this is an area that may be able to be looked at as a future project running off the back of this HIA. There are important health and wellness implications for There is interest from a variety of organisations, namely MCC, the long term development of Wiri. It is important to have CMBHB, HNZC, Police and the Wiri improvement planning the input of residents and stakeholders to recognise and group which have all recognised the value of a HIA at this encompass their aspirations and concerns regarding their early stage of developing a Spatial Structural plan for Wiri. community and ensure that these are included in the next phases of the SSP development from a health and wellbeing 6.1 First thoughts regarding the Spatial Structure Plan perspective. This encourages decisions to be made based on Initial themes for discussion around Wiri’s spatial structure human health and wellbeing. include: – ways to have a better connection with Manukau City Healthy Cities is a World Health Organization (WHO) initiative Centre, particularly after the motorway development that aims to put health and wellbeing high on the political – less exposure to the flood prone areas of Wiri and social agenda’s of cities and therefore consultation with – promote activity and active transport to help improve Healthy Cities experts in this process is imperative. health of the community – increase surveillance to improve safety The Healthy Cities programme is based on the recognition – increase road connections to improve access to amenities that the main areas where action is required to improve and decrease the need to use busy roads health and wellbeing, lie outside the formal health sector. It – improve aesthetics e.g. greater use and profile of the is a dynamic concept that responds to new global and WHO Puhinui stream priorities, and to arising is the needs within a city.

79 Wiri Spatial Structure Plan: Health Impact Assessment Report 7 • SCOPING WORKSHOP – TOPICS IDENTIFIED AND DISCUSSED

The health and wellbeing of people and communities is shaped by the influences of individual health behaviours, health service access and delivery, and by the environments within which people live and work. The diagram below is a long-standing representation of the different influences on health and wellbeing, ranging from genetic and behavioural factors, through to familial and environmental factors (Dahlgren and Whitehead 1991). An important value of health impact assessment is the potential to influence broader policy and planning processes that shape the environments in which people live.

cultural an omic, d envi con ronm o-e e ci nta so l c al Living and o er nt n working conditions ex e t G Work Employment environment status

mmuni Water & d co ty n sanitation n et Education l a w ia e s o c l lif tyle rk o ua fa s S id c Health care v t i o services d r n s Agriculture I and food production Age and Housing genetic factors

There are many health determinants that are relevant to Wiri. An important early phase in the Health Impact Assessment was a scoping workshop to identify which particular determinants of health should be explored. This was held on May 26 with some key stakeholders from organisations including Housing NZ, CMDHB, MSD, Police, and Manukau City Council.

At the scoping workshop, open discussion sessions raised a range of specific topics that the HIA could focus on, these will continue to be discussed in the appraisal workshops. These themes, detailed in the diagram below, included: – Housing – Access – Economic Potential, and – Safety

81 Wiri Spatial Structure Plan: Health Impact Assessment Report

Diabetes Cross-cutting theme - to ensure Walkability operates across all four streams Connectiveness Sense of identity Local amenities/community facilities and leisure facilities Enabling voice of affected parties Community engagement Services Inform process, history and future Access Public transport Transport Links to new rail station Insulation

Standard of housing Primary health care Healthcare Other health services Location - e.g. flood plain Healthy housing Wiri HIA Scoping Damp Services Housing Themes Rheumatic fever, respiratory issues Links to city centre Growing student population Tenure Accommodating growth in area Employment Housing types Urban form Long term investment

Traffic Economic potential High Maori and Pacific population Income levels Low-income area Driveways Safety Keeping students engaged and improving skills Perceptions of safety

Wiri HIA Scoping Themes.mmap - 27/05/2010 - Mindjet 8 • INITIAL SCOPE OF HIA The Wiri community has improved their housing over time however it is still felt that another housing project may be beneficial in the near future. Housing quality can be improved by ensuring detailed design, orientation and energy saving materials, providing a range of housing tenure for The following issues from the workshop will be explored in different incomes and ensuring that housing is close to public further detail during the appraisal phase of the HIA. Below amenities as well as ensuring there are sufficient houses to are health concerns and the Wiri situation related to the accommodate growth. Tenants are best served when they identified themes. are actively involved in the solution of their housing-related health problems, therefore community consultation is vital to 8.1 Housing get a positive outcome (Saegert, S., Klitzman, S., Freudenberg, Internationally housing is widely recognised as a key N., Cooperman – Mroczek, J., & Nassar, S. 2003). determinant of health. Sub-standard housing has a detriment affect on health (Thomson, H., Petticrew, 8.2 Access M., & Morrison, D, 2001). There are basic essential services and infrastructure that any community requires; this includes access to appropriate New Zealand houses at a international standard are health services, shops, schools, libraries, leisure centres, generally cold and damp. One third of New Zealand houses cultural activities and public transport. During the scoping are substandard and are below the WHO’s recommended and investigation it was identified that there is a general lack minimum 18˚C temperature. The mean temperature of houses of access to appropriate education and or additional training in Auckland is 16.5˚C, with un-insulated houses generally facilities, as well as some lack of access to appropriate health being 1.5˚C colder (Stanley, H., & Howden Chapman, P, 2004). services, including Maori for Maori health services in Wiri.

Damp cold and mouldy houses are the most common health Wiri has been identified as an area of growth. Increasing hazards and people living in those houses are more likely to youth numbers and the general population rises are straining develop respiratory disease, depression, and mental health the services they do have and highlighting the need for problems (Howden Chapman, P. et al. 2004). additional, more appropriate, services.

A large part of Wiri is situated in a low lying area and flood Accesso t Maternity, Child and Youth Services plain, consequently a large proportion of the houses are damp Wiri has a high birth rate making up 6% of the births in and cold and this is exacerbated by lack of or no insulation. Manuwera, or 1.2% of all CMDHB births, indicating the need for an increase in access to early childhood facilities, care People on low incomes are those most likely to live in and leisure services for the young and mother support and substandard housing, yet they are the least likely to have the education services within the community. Youth were also power or resources to invoke change (Breysse, P., et al. 2004; identified as having little or no access to leisure facilities, Krieger, J., & Higgins, D.L. (2002). services or places that allowed them to constructively and communally live, play and work. House overcrowding is strongly associated with the spread of infectious disease including Meningococcal disease, Obesity and Access to Physical Activity Tuberculosis and Acute Rheumatic Fever (Baker, M., et al. There is growing research, information and concern regarding 2000). An Auckland study found that crowding was identified physical activity and the associated health outcomes. The as the most important risk factor for Meningococcal disease emergence of the obesity epidemic in recent years and the and reducing crowding was the key preventative measure announcement of New Zealand being the 3rd fattest nation (Baker, M., et al 2000). in the world sparked debate and concern (OECD, 2010). The obesity rate among adults in New Zealand in 2007 was 26.5 Rheumatic Fever is high in South Auckland. During the per cent with only the United States at 34.3 per cent and 20th century the global burden of Acute Rheumatic Fever Mexico at 30 per cent higher (OECD Health Data Report 2009). dramatically declined in industrialized countries due to an improvement in living standards and medical care, such that One in five Kiwis are medically obese and their care places rates are less than 1/100,000 in these countries (Lennon, a hefty strain on the public health service. Ministry figures D., et al. 2006). However, in New Zealand approximately 170 show Maori are 1 1/2 times more likely to be obese than the cases of ARF continue to occur annually giving an overall rate average New Zealander, while obesity rates among Pacific of 3.4 per 100,000 (1996-2005) (Jaine R., et al 2008). This people are 2 1/2 times higher. Obesity and type 2 diabetes exceeds that of other developed nations by more than 300%. are crucial issues for New Zealand; they adversely affect the health of many and the social and economic welfare of Crowding is also associated with the rising house prices in all New Zealanders. These “epidemics” have the potential to Auckland in general and the inability to afford appropriate overwhelm the health system if left unchecked (House housing for all. Manukau city as a whole has the highest of Representatives, 2007). recorded rates of overcrowding in 2001 with 10.1% of all people in private dwellings living in crowded homes, Auckland In 1991 the direct costs of obesity to New Zealand’s health City average was only 5.3% and 1.4% in North Shore care system were conservatively estimated at $135 million (Auckland Regional Public Health Service, 2005). per year, or 2.5 percent of health expenditure for that year. On this basis the figure for 2000/01 would have been at Aesthetics of place and housing is important: we do not just least $247.1 million, and it will be higher today (House of exist within a physical environment; we interact with it and Representatives, 2007). derive important meaning from it (Butterworth, I., 2000). Buildings, landscape and urban design symbolise people’s While it is understood that this obesity epidemic is culture, history and relationships, therefore aesthetics of multifaceted, it is becoming increasingly clear that the place is important. This includes appropriate aesthetically physical environment in which we live is a contributor. Access pleasing housing and properties (Butterworth, I., 2000). to public space for exercise, safe streets to walk to public transport and surrounding areas, access to leisure facilities and access to transport to reach appropriate healthy food sources are all key to improving health and wellbeing and decreasing obesity and the associated diseases such as diabetes and heart disease (Bowers, S., et al. 2009).

83 Physical inactivity and sedentary habits have become Extensive international research shows that driving is a major more common. There is generally far less need to expend source of air pollution, the more miles, idling and travelling physical energy than there was 30 years ago. Urbanisation by vehicles increases the air pollution levels affecting is associated with less walking and cycling and more use of environmental health, consequently affecting human health motor vehicles. Social and economic changes have reduced (Fumkin et al; 2004). Breathing in higher levels of exhaust the opportunities for physically active work and leisure emissions is known to induce detrimental health outcomes, (Bowers, S., et al. 2009). increased respitory issues, reduced lung capacity and increase incidence of severe asthma. These diseases are naturally Urban planning plays a large role in encouraging or higher in the Maori and Pacific populations and therefore discouraging habitual physical activity, especially cycling or this environment increases the severity and rates of these walking to and from work or school and during leisure time diseases and illness’s significantly (Fumkin et al; 2004). (House of Representatives, 2007). To make a significant sustainable change to physical activity levels several Transportation, Land Use and Connectivity things including residential design, urban design and built There are several studies indicating that mixed land use will environment need to be assessed. increase the use of public transport. Sitting homes, shops, services and businesses close together makes travelling by To encourage increased physical activity, footpaths and foot, bicycle or public transport easier and makes it possible bicycle lanes need to be wide and well maintained. The for people to combine trips such as shopping, commuting general landscape should be attractive, well lit and well retail and employment (Barnes, G. 2007). networked to other paths and to well maintained regular public transport routes. A greater variety of recreational Neighbourhoods with good connectivity have more activities and access to other leisure facilities will increase intersections and more route choices and therefore a person physical activity which in turn will help to reduce obesity and can choose the most direct route to their destination. Good the associated diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. access enables a population to not only make use of services that are within the area but branch out to use services, An Auckland-based study explored travel behaviour and urban amenities and visit other communities further afield. The design variables, including the associations between distance long term effects of communities designed badly with little and adults travelling to work. This study found that people connection to the outside world includes social isolation, who lived in connected streets were almost 7 times more depression and other social / mental illness (Knox, 2003). likely to walk or cycle, showing the importance of good paths, increased safety and well lit streets (Badland, H., et al. 2004). Better public transport and increased connectivity with the rest of Auckland may lead to increase employment Transportation opportunities which in turn may also lead to the ability 744 of 1,088 total Wiri community members that answered to increase economy and growth within the area. the questions regarding transport in the 2006 Census indicated that they drove, used a vehicle, private or otherwise, Service rationalisation has resulted in closure of a lot of to get to work – Wiri has high vehicle usage to get anywhere public facilities and this can then have negative impacts on a locally and to other communities, only 48 of that 1088 used community, especially on women, elderly, children and people public transport, namely being a bus or train. with disabilities (Barnes, G. 2007). Central city and out of town retail centres have proliferated, such as Manukau city Despite the relatively small distance between Wiri and the centre development, and can be detrimental to local facilities. Manukau City Centre, a recent study by Spatial Syntax showed Planning can ensure that there are a range of accessible that there is almost no appreciable pedestrian activity; this transport modes and ensure that facilities are within safe is most likely due to the physical built environment not being walkable / cycle distance or on regular public transport pedestrian friendly and acting as a barrier to retail, social routes, consequently this can decrease vehicle use and the activity and general services including the new medical centre. pollution caused by excessive vehicle use. Wiri and in particular Rata Vine is an isolated community. All of these urban design concepts encourage the use of vehicles and Community Interaction a decrease in physical activity and safety. Currently there are It is also important to provide diversity in building design and no links to the new train station which again decreases access land use so that it encourages interaction between different to further away communities and services. parts of the community and the surrounding areas.

Noise and Air Pollution Driveway access Being close to Great South Road and the Motorway, Wiri Access management and driveway access is an area residents are also exposed to high levels of ambient noise of concern in Wiri causing high numbers of fatalities in and air pollution. Two studies in Amsterdam found that driveways. Pedestrians are particularly vulnerable along these people that live near busy streets (10,000 vehicles a day) community roads with multiple access points onto the street were exposed to two or three times more particulate matter and long driveways with bad visibility. compared to people who live in streets where traffic levels were lower. (Barnes, G, 2007). 8.3 Economy and growth Wiri has low income levels when compared to other Auckland The general landscape of Wiri is dominated by roads, built communities. 1,461 people earn under $50,000 per annum with the car in mind, with clusters of housing widespread, and the median income is only $13,600 compared to the and amenities and services such as medical centres, primary average New Zealand wage of $18,500 (Freeman, G., 2008). health services, shops, leisure facilities and pools only Wiri community members have high dependency on welfare accessible via car, and with relatively little public transport sources as well as low educational levels when compared to services available. other parts of the country. Therefore looking at education, training and bringing business into the community may help This car dominated culture causes pollution and decreases to improve employment and income for people in the area likelihood of physical activity, leading to obesity. This can lead (Freeman, G., 2008). on to complications such as diabetes and heart disease as well as the increase possibility of morbidity or mortality due to the safety factors of large volumes of vehicles and traffic in the area.

Wiri Spatial Structure Plan: Health Impact Assessment Report A strong robust economy enables a community to provide Urban planning can create alienating environments where more choice and opportunities to its population groups people are uncomfortable being out on the streets, for (Wilson, D., 2009). The Wiri community would benefit from example within Wiri there are areas that have poor lighting, more businesses with money, community centres with heavy traffic on Great South Road, poor urban design in resources for youth and long term investors to help improve regards to long driveways or small secluded streets that don’t Wiri as a whole. There needs to be more opportunity to give the perception that the area is safe to walk around in. increase skill level and employment. More opportunity can The area is often intimidating making people use cars more lead to more jobs, income, additional training and education and streets become deserted increasing the perception of and a general increase in status can help address income danger (Butterworth, I., 2000). disparities, health and other social issues. Lack of economy within a community produces less opportunity, less access to Traffic calming techniques which give priority to pedestrians services and amenities, less money – which then leads to bad and cyclists are vital for a safer community and environment. housing and living conditions and less choice regarding life, Good urban design will ensure residential and commercial health and wellbeing. (Wilson, D., 2009). areas have a natural process of surveillance over public space that reduces crime and fear or perception of dangerous Quality of services is an integral part of quality and activity (Upper Hutt City Council 2009). attractiveness of place, therefore it is important to encourage people from different backgrounds and socio-economic status Features of urban environments such as access routes, to move into an area, this can in turn create more jobs and pedestrian underpasses and bridges, narrow pathways prosperity within a community. between buildings, and single exit points from public spaces are potentially unsafe and provide opportunity for Improving the sense of place and aesthetics can increase entrapment and crime. Accesses need to be well connected business interest and development – more work and business with good visibility and light and have multiple choices of exit in the area more people and variety of people and more (Upper Hutt City Council 2009). These are all issues that will money and better health. be relevant to the Spatial Structure Plan.

Employment opportunities created in inaccessible locations Consideration of using public art in appropriate places to help or lack of variety of jobs in a community due to isolation, build the sense of place, improve aesthetics and discourage can have negative effects (Wilson, D., 2009). Urban graffiti all help build a sense of place. Using graffiti resistant planning linked to strategies for economic regeneration, by paint and organising regular maintenance and cleaning facilitating opportunities for business, encourages diversity in rosters of the community areas maintains a high standard of employment and ensures local job opportunities are retained. cleanliness and the perception of care and pride within the Increasing and maintaining regular appropriate public community. Ensuring there is seating in appropriate places to transport will increase connectivity with the rest of Auckland encourage people to wait and sit in public spaces provides a and may lead to increase employment opportunities which form of informal surveillance. in turn may also lead to the ability to increase economy and growth within the area. Designing public space so it is adaptable to many uses and different groups of people is a further important element The Manukau City Centre is about to develop an education of safe urban design. This can be supported by involving campus as well as a new train station. These represent the community in selecting art and creating public space to potential economic opportunities for Wiri residents in terms increase community ownership and pride of the area. of better connectedness (via the train), local education opportunities as well as employment to service those Providing surveillance or eyes on the street, where people education facilities. The spatial structure can potentially have can look over space makes it more likely that community a large impact on how Wiri residents are better connected to members would see and report crime or intervene, thus being these opportunities. It can ensure that there are a range of a deterrent to any potential risk. . accessible local facilities and resources to service the growing population of Wiri, as well as provide safe walkable / cycle Make the community easy to navigate with signs and logical routes or access to public transport modes to get to other safe placement and setting of public facilities such as phone further afield services and resources (Barnes, G, 2007). This boxes, railway stations, public toilets and the like, ensuring they in turn will help to keep local businesses thriving, encourage are in well lit, have very open spaces, will help avoid possible business from the wider Auckland and New Zealand regions crime and safety issues (Upper Hutt City Council 2009). to come to Wiri. 8.5 Community identity / engagement / connectedness 8.4 Safety and partnerships Road Safety A theme that underpins all focus areas of this HIA is Road safety is an issue with Great South Road being a main community identity and partnership. Wiri has slowly gained a road within this community, busy streets and driveway better sense of identity and community but this may still be a accidents are high. scoping area for a future project.

Crime Enabling voice of affected parties to inform this process is Fear due to crime has decreased over time but still may have important, looking at both history and future. negative effects on health. A sense of safety in a community E hara taku toa, I te toa taki tahi, Engari taku toa, He toa is known to reduce stress and plays a huge role in determining taki tini – Our strength is not ours alone, But that of our people’s willingness to undertake physical activity, in community. This saying illustrates the importance of particular children, women and older people (Upper Hutt City community cohesion, connectedness and a sense of identity Council, 2009). to have strength and conviction as a community to make positive health outcomes. There are ways of designing urban space to ensure a sense of There are nine domains for community empowerment and safety, these include having good lighting, places to sit outside, throughout this process we will ensure that these concepts protecting access routes and destinations and territorial are followed. The nine domains of community empowerment symbols such as alarm signs and neighbourhood watch signs encompass vital themes that are required within health within the community (Upper Hutt City Council, 2009). promotion to empower and develop communities.

85 9 domains that are overarching this process include: 9.3 Window of opportunity this HIA may present • Improving participation of community members and • Input of resident’s aspirations and concerns into the next organisations phase of the SSP development from a health and wellbeing • Help to develop local leadership perspective • Build empowering organizational structures • Ministry has contracted with Manukau the healthy city • Increase problems assessment capacities – enhances the to conduct a HIA to cover all four phases abilities of the community to ask why • Capacity for building community development and • Increase critical awareness empowerment • Improves resource mobilization • Strength of Advocacy • Strengthen links to other organizations and people • Blue print for local capability • Creates a equitable relationship with outside agents • New rail station • Increase control over programme management • City campus may bring students and jobs to the area – MIT / AUT These are all vitally important within any community project • City centre development and will help to create a sense of identity, enable the voice of • Local economic benefit this community in planning to help inform the SSP process. • May encourage mixed tenure – community of students, Speaking about past and future can help form identity and children, young adults, elderly, and people and sense of community as well as bring people together and organisations from both the public and private sector. be committed and proud of there community.

10 • NEXT STEPS 9 • HIA OPPORTUNITIES FOR INFLUENCE

The next phase of the HIA process is the appraisal and During the HIA scoping workshop, participants brainstormed reporting phase. This will be conducted on the 15th and 16th the opportunities for influence from this HIA. These included of June 2010 with two workshops, one for the general pubic, the following: organisations, businesses and concerned parties and the other with a focus on Maori. 9.1 Decisions already made in the structural plan to date: • The spatial structural plan is in the very early stages of The appraisal workshops will encompass a broad development and the project team hope that this HIA representation of groups and individuals with an interest process will help shape the SSP to a large extent. in developing healthy cities, including representation of the • The SSP at this stage is a high level plan of ideas of what population interested identified above. the community could possibly look like in 30 – 40 years. • This HIA may have the possibility of producing insight into The appraisal process will involve stakeholders and what community projects could arise as steps to reaching community groups identifying potential impacts, the steps that 30 – 40 year plan once resources are available. needed to reduce or eliminate adverse impacts, and maximise • Wiri was identified as an area of intensification and an area positive impacts with the help of experts in the field. for growth in the district plan • Wiri was identified as an area of intensification and an area Whanau Ora consultation will continue, to highlight the Maori for growth in the city plan. perspective on urban design and how to improve Wiri to • The Health Park is already completed. ensure the increase in health and wellbeing in the community • Sheds were removed and replaced with a garden. and reduce inequalities. Stakeholder and community • Housing New Zealand removed 25 houses and this has interviews will be conducted in the month of June 2010. helped the Wiri community in regards to criminal activity, the high risk high ‘trouble’ occupants of the area were Throughout the HIA process, relevant literature reviews will removed and security and perception changed in a positive be consulted in particular to the highlighted three or four direction in the area. focus areas that the scoping confirmed as areas of concern, • Sadly as a consequence of the removal of houses and its together with a health profile of Wiri, this will be distributed occupants, the local primary school lost a teacher due to to stakeholders and key community members to inform the drop in roll. discussions.

9.2 Decisions yet to be made: 10.1 Impacts and enablers of the HIA appraisal • Final built form structural plan for Wiri • Potential positive impacts • New Auckland council spatial plan • Strategic policy foundations • Advocacy for ‘towards 2060’ • How do we ensure those actions occur • Future council board decisions • Issues for vulnerable populations • Housing New Zealand investment / DHB/ Auckland Council • Potentially negative impacts • Actions • What needs to be in place to ensure positive outcomes? • Evaluation – reflection on value of process and outcomes

Wiri Spatial Structure Plan: Health Impact Assessment Report 10.2 Target populations identified Whanau Ora appraisal workshop (June 15) Key populations groups of Wiri that may be included as at – Hapai, Synergia and MCC � higher risk and should be targeted: Mainstream appraisal workshop (June 16) • Children – MCC and Synergia � • Elderly Children’s consultation – MCC • Maori • Pacific July / August 2010 • Local business owners Reporting – MCC, Synergia and Hapai • Schools • Churches Evaluation – MCC and Synergia

The process will also explore potential health impacts for specificpopulation groups, including older people, people with disabilities, children and young people, Maori, Pacific people, and those living in areas of high deprivation. Any key issues that these groups encounter can highlight fundamental issues which may have an impact on the community as a whole. 12 • REFERENCES 10.3 Identified recognised stakeholders and participants to be involved Rawiri residents Community members 1. Butterworth, I. (2000). The relationship between the built Department of Corrections environment and wellbeing: A Literature review. Melbourne, Sisters of mercy Australia: Victorian: Health Promotion Foundation. Wiri central School 2. Bullen, C., Kearns, R.A., Clinton, J., Laing, P., Mahoney, F., & Manurewa High school McDuff, I. (2008) Bringing health home: Householder and Towards 2060 provider perspectives on healthy housing programme in Private hospital Auckland, New Zealand. Social Science and medicine – an Local Wiri Businesses international Journal, 66, 1185-1196. Inverell Housing for the elderly

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Author: Janine Mitchell Healthy City Advisor Te Ora O Manukau, Manukau the Healthy City Manukau City Council

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