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Action statement No.47 Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 Australian Anchor Plant / Hairy Anchor Plant Discaria pubescens © The State of Victoria Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning 2015 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. You are free to re-use the work under that licence, on the condition that you credit the State of Victoria as author. The licence does not apply to any images, photographs or branding, including the Victorian Coat of Arms, the Victorian Government logo and the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) logo. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Cover photo: Natalie Tapson Compiled by: Judy Downe ISBN: 978-1-74146-667-6 (pdf) Disclaimer This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication. Accessibility If you would like to receive this publication in an alternative format, please telephone the DELWP Customer Service Centre on 136 186, email [email protected], or via the National Relay Service on 133 677, email www.relayservice.com.au. This document is also available on the internet at www.delwp.vic.gov.au Action Statement No. 47 Australian Anchor Plant / Hairy Anchor Plant Discaria pubescens Description pers. comm. 2008). It was also formerly known from the Wodonga and Mitta Mitta areas (Walsh The Australian Anchor Plant, or Hairy Anchor Plant and Entwisle 1999). In western Victoria, small (Discaria pubescens (Brongn.) Druce), is a densely- populations and individual plants occur along the branched, spiny shrub that grows to around 1 m in Campaspe River (north of Kyneton), along Birch height. Plants are often multi-stemmed at ground Creek (at Smeaton and near Clunes) and on Lal Lal level or may produce a main trunk that can reach Creek and Moorabool River West Branch (near Lal a diameter of 15 cm (Humphries 1993). The leaves Lal Reservoir). In western Victoria most populations are short-lived, so plants are virtually leafless, with are critically low in numbers. The populations in stout spines up to 4 cm long. Flowers are small eastern Victoria are larger. Several populations (approximately 3 mm long) and white with five occur in the Bendoc Nature Conservation Reserve, sepals and five petals and occur at the base of the the largest consisting of up to 500 plants (K. Seaton spines either solitary or in few to many flowered pers. comm. 2010). clusters (10–50 flowers). Flowers are produced from November to January. The seeds are produced in Habitat small lobed capsules, 4-5 mm in diameter (Walsh and Entwisle 1999). They are brown, shiny and The Australian Anchor Plant usually occurs in grassy numerous and are dispersed by explosive splitting of open woodlands and forests in the east of Victoria the capsule (Hall and Parsons 1987). (Hall and Parsons 1987) and in stream and river valleys in western Victoria (Lunt 1987). In western Distribution Victoria, it typically occurs in high rainfall areas on rocky, basalt-based soils. In the eastern highlands, The Australian Anchor Plant formerly had a plants are usually associated with basaltic substrate widespread distribution in all eastern Australian near streams, in cool, elevated areas (Walsh and states. It has not been recorded in Queensland since Entwisle 1999). Occasionally populations occur 1898 (Willis 1955) and is considered endangered some distance from drainage lines and streams (K. in Tasmania (Coates 1991) and in New South Seaton pers. comm. 2010). Wales (Harden 1990). In Victoria, the species is now restricted to fragmented populations in the Life History and Ecology eastern highlands and to the west of Melbourne (Willis 1973, Beauglehole 1980, AVH 2014). The Lunt (1987) and Humphries (1993) reported that eastern Victorian populations are scattered through seedlings of Australian Anchor Plant have not been the Snowy Range, Benambra, Wulgulmerang, recorded in the wild in Victoria, despite detailed Cobberas and Bendoc areas (Walsh and Entwisle surveys over many years. However, more recently 1999). Populations were previously recorded from several seedlings were found at Windmill Bridge, the Delatite area, near Mansfield in 1853, but have following weed control work (B. Smith pers. comm. not been recorded there since 1895 (N. Walsh 2010) and at Bendoc (A. Trumbull-Ward pers. Australian Anchor Plan / Hairy Anchor Plant (DELWP) Distribution in Victoria (DELWP, 2015) Action statement No. 47Hairy Anchor Plant 3 comm. 2008). The rarity of seedlings is not likely Conservation status to be due to problems with seed production or germination (Hall and Parsons 1987). Viable seed Victorian conservation status has been collected from plants in western Victoria The Australian Anchor Plant is listed as threatened and germinated readily in a glasshouse after cold under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988. treatment (Humphries 1993). B. Smith (pers. The Australian Anchor Plant is considered rare comm. 2008) found that seeds germinated readily, in Victoria according to the Department of irrespective of treatment with heat, boiling water or Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP)’s stratification. Very young and old seeds are slower Advisory List of Rare or Threatened Plants in Victoria to germinate and less viable (B. Smith pers. comm. - 2014 (DEPI 2014). 2008). Hall and Parsons (1987) and Downe (pers. obs. Threats 2007) report that mature plants resprout after Grazing by stock, predominantly cattle (Bos low intensity burns. B. Smith (pers. comm. 2010) taurus) and sheep (Ovis aries), and by introduced observed that mature plants burnt by high intensity herbivores, particularly European rabbits wildfire in 2009, along the Campaspe River, (Oryctoloagus cuniculus), European hares (Lepus had resprouted vigorously. However, seedlings europeaus) and feral horses (Equus caballus), transplanted to the area in 2007 showed only 10% poses a major threat, especially as the majority survival. The Bendoc area was burnt by wildfire in of plants grow where such animals commonly 2003. Post-fire surveys indicated that Australian graze (roadsides, paddocks and water courses). Anchor Plant successfully regenerated, however the Competition by exotic species is of serious concern size of monitored populations reduced by almost for all populations. Habitat loss and accidental half between 2004 and 2007. This may be due to damage during weed eradication programs or the effects of drought conditions (A. Trumbull-Ward construction and maintenance work (especially pers. comm. 2007). roadsides and streams) are ongoing issues. Some Plants are known to have a life span exceeding 30 populations have recently been burnt by wildfire. years (Humphries 1993) and possibly up to 60 years The effect of inappropriate fire regimes (intensity, (B. Smith pers. comm. 2008). Willis (1955) noted season or frequency) on long term survival is not that the general trend for most natural populations known and may be exacerbated by climate change. has been a reduction in plant number as mature Also of concern is erosion of road batters, especially plants senesce and die. in the Bendoc area, and stream banks particularly to the west of Melbourne. It has been observed that unseasonal frosts have severely burnt plants in the Bendoc area. Standard threat Source of threat Explanation Competition Invasion by Weeds are a widespread and ubiquitous problem in the environmental habitat of the Australian Anchor Plant. They impact on the weeds species by competing for moisture, nutrients and light. Annual and perennial grasses are problematic at all sites. Other common environmental weeds are Gorse (Ulex europaeus), Blackberry (Rubus spp.), Hawthorn (Crategus spp.) and Willow (Salix spp.). Needle grass (Nassella spp.) may pose a threat at Turpins Falls (B. Smith pers. comm. 2008). Genetic decline Genetic decline - Willis (1955) noted that insufficient germination and juvenile other recruitment had been evident for many years. As mature individuals senesce and die, they are not being replaced, causing local extinctions of populations (Willis 1955). This trend is still continuing. Habitat damage or Land use changes Vegetation clearance is an ongoing potential threat as many loss - cultivation and populations occur on private land or unprotected public land construction (road sides, state forest and public water frontages). Action statement No. 47Hairy Anchor Plant 4 Habitat damage or Vegetation Roadside slashing may result in accidental destruction, loss control activities especially where plants are obscured by exotic species of (incl. slashing and similar appearance, such as Gorse and Hawthorn. In the mowing) Bendoc area many populations occur on roadsides. Soil erosion Erosion of road batters, especially in the Bendoc area, and stream banks, particularly to the west of Melbourne, may threaten plants growing in these habitats. Even though grazing in the Alpine National Park ceased in 2005, erosion caused by cattle grazing may still be affecting populations (Humphries 1993). Animals - Trampling of plants may occur by large hoofed domestic domestic stock animals, such as cattle, sheep and goats (Capra hircus), in and introduced association with grazing. Deer (Cervidea spp.), feral
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  • Rhamnaceae) in Australia Jürgen Kellermanna,B & Frank Udovicicc

    Rhamnaceae) in Australia Jürgen Kellermanna,B & Frank Udovicicc

    Swainsona 33: 149–159 (2020) © 2020 Board of the Botanic Gardens & State Herbarium (Adelaide, South Australia) A review of Colletieae and Discaria (Rhamnaceae) in Australia Jürgen Kellermanna,b & Frank Udovicicc a State Herbarium of South Australia, Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium, Hackney Road, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Email: [email protected] b The University of Adelaide, School of Biological Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 c National Herbarium of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens of Victoria, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, Victoria 3141 Email: [email protected] Abstract: The tribe Colletieae (Rhamnaceae) is reviewed for Australia. It is primarily South American, but two species of Discaria Hook., D. pubescens (Brongn.) Druce and D. nitida Tortosa, occur in south-eastern Australia and Tasmania. The two species are described and illustrated. A hybrid taxon sometimes occurs in areas where the two species are sympatric. The history and typification of the name D. pubescens and its synonyms is discussed and clarified. Keywords: Taxonomy, nomenclature, pre-1958 holotype, Rhamnaceae, Colletieae, Discaria, South America, Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria Introduction therein; Gotelli et al. 2012a, 2012b, 2020; Medan & Devoto 2017 and references therein). The tribe Colletieae Reiss. ex Endl. is comprised of 23 species in seven genera: Adolphia Meisn., Colletia Monophyly has been corroborated by a morphological Comm. ex A.Juss., Discaria Hook., Kentrothamnus analysis of the tribe (Aagesen 1999), by molecular Suess. & Overkott, Ochetophila Poepp. ex Endl., analyses at family level (Richardson et al. 2000; Retanilla (DC.) Brongn. and Trevoa Miers ex Hook. Hauenschild et al. 2016, 2018), by analyses of nearly The maximal species diversity of the tribe is found all species of the tribe combining morphology with south of 30° S and most of the distributions are loosely trnL-F sequence data (Aagesen et al.