Australia's Christian Heritage

Intermediate 3 Australia’s Christian Heritage 10 Lessons focussing on people from Australia’s past who helped shape our nation.

ESL Writers team

EnglishSample as a Second Language Preface

As the Australian government is keen for newcomers to Australia to ‘learn Australian values’ this resource aims to show our students that Christianity and Christian leaders have been a large part of Australia’s past.

Much of the material for this resource came from information presented at the Australian Christian Heritage Forum in Canberra on August 6 and 7 2006. We are grateful to those who have made this information available more widely.

As we value our Christian heritage we pray that these lessons will help our students learn more about the country that they have chosen to live in and more about the Man who many of our leaders have served.

Anglicare Writers Team 2008

Sample

ESL- Australia’s Christian Heritage 1 ESL Writers Team Jennifer Kerr Lorna Laird Patricia MacCabe Stephen Mansfield Pamela Riley Cathryn Thew Kath White

Production Judith Mathews

Graphics Judy Heath p60 Rosemary Mitchell p38

Publisher Contact Details:

ANGLICARE, Diocese of Sydney English as a Second Language (ESL) Ministry PO Box 427 PARRAMATTA NSW 2124 AUSTRALIA Ph: 02 9895 8000 www.anglicare.org.au

Scripture Quotations are from the Contemporary English Version CEV © American Bible Society 1991, 1995 Biblical graphicsSample © Global Recordings Network Australia. Used by permission.

2 ESL - Australia’s Christian Heritage CONTENTS Australia’s Christian Heritage

1 The Australian Story 4

Caroline Chisholm 2 The Emigrant’s Friend 16

Charles La Trobe 3 Protecting the weak 21

John West 4 Fighting for Human Rights 26

William Spence 5 Serving the workers 31

John Flynn 6 Doctoring in the Outback 35 Arthur Stace 7 Showing a Message 40

Gillison and Pittendrigh 8 Giving their all 46

Florence Trotter 9 Caring while Suffering 51

Mum Shirl 10 Mother to the community 56 SampleNotes for Teachers 62

ESL- Australia’s Christian Heritage 3 The Australian Story 1 Your teacher will show you how Australian history fits together.

Read the following texts and do the activities.

Reading Text 1 1788-1849 When the First Fleet of eleven ships arrived in Sydney Cove on the 26 January, 1788, it brought more than 700 convicts from Britain, plus 300 soldiers and other free people. Before this fateful day, aboriginal people had been living across the whole continent for thousands of years, fishing, hunting and gathering food from the many edible plants in the forests, deserts and grassy plains.

The British Colony in Sydney was set up as a huge gaol, and the convicts had to work hard to find water, build houses and roads, grow food and look after animals. For the first few years, the colony almost starved, but within ten years there were some prosperous farms and the beginning of the wool trade.

Free settlers were also starting to come and everyone wanted the government to give them more land.

Explorers sailed around the continent making maps, and other men went over the mountains to find new land for farming. This pushed the aboriginal/indigenous people out of their traditional lands, and many were killed.

By the 1840s, there were British settlers in what is now New South Wales, Tasmania, Norfolk Island, Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia. Most of these were ex-convicts or free migrants, and they did not want any more convicts from Britain. They also did not want to be ruled by the British Governor in Sydney.

Key words aboriginal Britain British convicts government colony migrants land settlers farms

Find all the key words in the text and underline them. Use some of the key words in the sentences. a The First Fleet came from ______. b The ______people were pushed out of their lands. c The settlers were not happy to receive any more ______from Britain.

Reading Text 2 1850-1899 By 1850, the population of Australia was about 400,000, half of whom had come as free migrants. All those people had come from Great Britain, and spoke English. Their farms covered 432,000 acres, and their 16 million sheep produced half the wool processed in England. In the early 1850s gold was discovered in Victoria and New South Wales, causing many people from Europe, China and America to hurry to Australia. For example, 16,000 people landed in Melbourne in the month of September Sample1852. This was called ‘the Gold Rush’.

4 ESL - Australia’s Christian Heritage On the goldfields there were clashes between the miners and Government officers over the cost of gold mining licences. In 1854 miners in Ballarat, Victoria, staged an armed protest at the Eureka Stockade. The miners also wanted voting rights and land. In the next few years, all the colonies were granted self-government under Great Britain and all adult European men were allowed to vote for their state parliaments.

The capital cities grew fast as more and more people migrated to Australia. In the bush, there was a shortage of workers but in the cities there was a lot of unemployment. The owners could make people work for long hours and low wages, so workers started to form unions to try to get better wages and conditions. During the awful economic depression of the 1890s, many unions went on strike but were defeated.

Each of the colonies had their own laws and related separately to the British government. Increasingly, people thought they should combine into one Australian nation free from Britain. This became the movement for Federation.

Key words population unions federation depression gold

Find all the key words in the text and underline them. Use some of the key words in the sentences. a By 1850 most of Australia’s ______had come from Britain.

b Many people came to Australia to find ______

c ______happened when all the separate colonies wanted to come together as one nation.

Reading Text 3 1900-1949 On the 1 January, 1901, the Commonwealth of Australia was made a self-governing nation with its own constitution. It was made up of seven states – New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, Tasmania, South Australia and Western Australia. Australia remained linked to Great Britain by being a member of the British Empire.

In 1914 Britain declared war on Germany. Immediately, Australian men enlisted to help Britain and were sent to fight in the Middle East, France and New Guinea. In April 1915, the Australian and New Zealand regiments fought under terrible conditions at Gallipoli in Turkey. Although they were defeated, the ANZACs (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) fought so bravely that they were recognized as a unique fighting force. We remember them and other soldiers on ANZAC Day, 25 April, every year.

After the First World War (1914-1918) there were a few prosperous years and then came a world-wide economic depression. In Australia many people lost everything: factories closed and unemployment rose. Without work, families could not repay their loans or pay rent for housing. The banks repossessed houses and farms; many families were thrown out onto the streets. Some people lived in tents. Many men walked hundred of kilometers to try to find work. Churches and charities provided free food and other help. The government started some public projects so people could earnSample a little dole money.

ESL- Australia’s Christian Heritage 5 Then in 1939, the Second World War broke out and Australians again supported Britain against the Germans in Europe, the Middle East and Africa and also against the Japanese in Asia and the Pacific. After the war ended in 1945, many refugees migrated to Australia from all over Europe.

Key words self governing constitution prosperous unemployment war depression

Find all the key words in the text and underline them. Use some of the key words in the sentences. a Before the depression there were a few ______years in Australia.

b The depression was a time of much ______.

c After Federation Australia was fully ______.

Reading Text 4 1950-1999

The biggest single change in Australia since the Second World War has been in the population. When war broke out in 1939, Australia’s population numbered about 7 million. Almost all of these (98%) came from a British background: their language was English, their food, dress and customs were British and their religious background was Christian. There were small communities of Chinese from the gold rush times, but strict immigration laws kept non-British numbers small. The government expected that the aboriginal people by intermarriage and education would gradually lose their cultural identity.

At the end of the Second World War, millions of people in Europe were displaced, and Australia offered them a new home here. Then other conflicts like the war in Vietnam opened the way for Asian immigration.

By 1998, Australia’s population had more than doubled, to reach 17.7 million. Much of this increase came from migration. The census that year showed that about 42% of Australians or their parents had been born overseas - from 229 different countries! Most of these still came from Europe, but there were growing numbers from Asia, the Pacific and the Middle East. Aboriginal people had been granted full citizenship rights and some land rights, although it would take years to make up for long neglect.

The face of Australia has changed from a British society isolated in the Pacific to a multicultural society with links all around the world. Yet still underpinning its language, community and culture are the values it developed from its British and Christian roots.

Key words cultural identity citizenship multicultural Quickly readSample the timeline on pages 8 and 9 and explain some of the events to your partner.

6 ESL - Australia’s Christian Heritage The Australian Story Bible Lesson 1

This monument in the middle of Sydney commemorates the first Christian worship service in Australia on February 3 1788. Richard Johnson, a Christian minister, who came to Australia with the first fleet spoke to the people there from the Bible. He based his talk on Psalm 116:12. Richard Johnson used the King James Version of the Bible, the common translation in 1788.

Here is the text below.

Psalm 116:12 (King James Version)

What shall I render unto the LORD for all his benefits toward me?

Put this text into more modern English.

______

------fold------

Now read the text in more modern English from the C.E.V. version of the Bible. Were your words similar to these?

Psalm 116:12

What must I give you, LORD, for being so good to me?

Discussion How do you think God was good to the people on the First Fleet in 1788?

How do you think God is good to us? What shouldSample we give to God for being so good to us?

ESL- Australia’s Christian Heritage 7 Time Line 1770 Discovery English Captain Cook explored east coast of Australia. Before Aboriginal people Aboriginal people had been the only inhabitants of Australia for 1788 40,000 years. 1788 The First Fleet 11 British ships brought 1,000+ people (over 700 convicts) to Sydney Cove. 1792 Increase British population: 4,000 1,000 acres of cultivated land .

1803 Tasmania New convict settlements started in Tasmania. (Van Dieman’s Land) 1804 Aborigines 50 aborigines shot in Tasmania. 1805 Wool John Macarthur imported sheep and started the wool industry. 1810-22 Public works Governor Macquarie built fine roads, bridges, schools, churches, hospitals. 1815 New Land Explorers crossed the Blue Mountains and discovered new farming land. 1822 Increase British population: 39,000 Cattle: 103,000 Sheep: 290,000 32,267 acres settled

By 1830s New colonies Colonies in NSW, Victoria, Tasmania, SA, WA and Norfolk Island 1832 Immigration Government encouraged free British migrants by paying their fares. 1835 Aboriginal people John Batman in Victoria made treaty with aborigines for land. 1840 Trouble A bad economic depression 1840s Land Much exploration of remote Australia 1849 Increase British population: 405,000

1851-59 Independence Victoria, SA, Tas & WA became self-governing British colonies with their own parliaments. 1851 Gold Rushes Gold found in Victoria and NSW brought migrants from all over the world. 1854 Eureka Stockade Gold miners in Ballarat demanded lower fees, voting rights and land. By 1859 Voting All adult European men could vote (not women, Asians or aborigines). Non-aboriginal population: 1,145,500 1860 Increase Sheep: 21,000,000 1,174,000 acres settled 1861 Land Whites could select 320 acres of land; aborigines forbidden use of crown land. 1868 SampleConvicts Transportation of convicts from Britain finally stopped.

8 ESL - Australia’s Christian Heritage 1880 Census 2.25 million people, not counting aboriginal people. 1880s Trade Unions Many workers formed unions to get better pay and conditions. 1880s Boom Great economic growth and prosperity. 1889 Unions Federation of trade unions. 1891 Trouble Many people lost everything in very severe economic depression. 1890s Labour action Many strikes - all defeated by employers.

1901 Federation The Australian colonies combined to form the Commonwealth of Australia. 1901 Migration Immigration Restriction Act passed to exclude Asian migrants. 1902 Women Women given right to vote in federal elections. 1907 Wages Basic Wage established for all workers. 1914-18 First World War Australians fought with Britain against German allies in the Middle East & Europe. 1915 Gallipoli The ANZAC troops were defeated in fierce battles in Turkey.

1929- Economic Depression The Great Depression caused 30% unemployment and much 1930s hardship. 1932 Bridge Sydney Harbour Bridge opened (begun in 1923). 1937 Aborigines Enforced assimilation of part-aborigines. 1939 Population 98% of Australians were from British background. 1939-45 2nd World War Australia fought with Britain against Germany, Japan and their allies. 1946 Immigration Australia encouraged immigration from war-torn Europe and Britain.

1956 Olympic Games Olympic Games were held in Melbourne. 1966 Vietnam War Australian soldiers and conscripts sent to Vietnam (until 1972). 1967 Aboriginal people Referendum gave full citizenship to aborigines. 1971 Aboriginal people Senator Neil Bonner first aboriginal member of Federal Parliament. 1973 Migration White Australia Policy revoked.

1975 Challenge Governor-General dismissed the elected Labor Government. 1978 Migration First Vietnamese ‘Boat People’ arrived in Darwin. 1981 Population Almost 15 million, including 160,000 aboriginals. 1983 Natural disasters Drought and bushfires reduced farm production by 43%. 1992 Aboriginal people Mabo decision recognised land rights of indigenous people. Now SampleOurselves We are all part of shaping Australia’s future.

ESL- Australia’s Christian Heritage 9 ------

1750 1800 1825

------

1850 1875 1900

------

1925 1950 1975

------

2000 20..

Print one sheetSample on brightly coloured paper, cut into slips and fold each along dotted line

10 ESL - Australia’s Christian Heritage ------1770 Before 1788 1788 Discovery Aboriginal people The First Fleet English Captain Cook Aboriginal people had 11 British ships brought explored east coast of been the only inhabitants 1,000+ people (over Australia of Australia for 40,000 700 convicts) to Sydney years Cove

------1792 1803 1804 Increase Tasmania Aboriginal People British Population: (called Van Dieman’s Land) 50 aborigines shot in 4,000 New convict Tasmania Cultivated land: 1,000 settlements started in acres Tasmania

------1805 1810-22 1815 Wool Public Works Land John Macarthur Governor Macquarie Explorers crossed the imported sheep and built fine roads, bridges, Blue Mountains and started wool industry schools, churches, discovered new farming hospitals land

------1822 By 1830s 1832 Increase New colonies Immigration Brit. population: 39,000 Colonies in NSW, Government Cattle: 103,000 Victoria, Tasmania, SA, encouraged British Sheep:Sample 290,000 WA and Norfolk Island migration by paying 32,267 acres settled fares

ESL- Australia’s Christian Heritage 11 ------1835 1840 1840s Aboriginal people Trouble Land John Batman in Victoria A bad economic Much exploration of made treaty with depression remote Australia aborigines for land

------1850 1851 1851-59 Increase Gold Rushes! Independence British population: Gold found in Victoria & Victoria, South Aust, 405,356 NSW brought migrants West Aust, & Tas from all over the world became self-governing British colonies

------Sept., 1852 1854 1855 Migration Eureka Migration In this month alone, Stockade Government limited 19,000 people landed in Gold miners in Ballarat Chinese migration Melbourne to seek gold demanded lower fees, voting rights and land

------By 1859 1860 1861 Voting Increase Land All adult European men Non-aboriginal Settlers could buy small could vote (not women, population: 1,145,500 blocks; aborigines Asians or aborigines) Sheep: 21,000,000 forbidden on Crown Sample1,174,000 acres settled Land

12 ESL - Australia’s Christian Heritage ------1863 1868 1880 Slavery Convicts Census Pacific Islanders Transportation of 2.25 million people, kidnapped to work in convicts from Britain not counting aboriginal Queensland sugar fields finally stopped people

------1880s 1880s 1891 Trade Unions Economic boom Trouble Workers formed unions Great economic growth Many people lost to get better pay and and prosperity everything in very conditions severe economic depression

------1890s 1901 1901 Labour action Federation Migration Many strikes - all The seven colonies Immigration Restriction defeated by employers combined to form a new Act passed to exclude nation - Australia Asian migrants

------1902 1907 1914-18 Women Wages 1st World War Women given the vote Basic Wage guaranteed Australians fought with in federal elections for all adult males Britain against German Sampleallies in ME & France

ESL- Australia’s Christian Heritage 13 ------1915 1929-30s 1932 Gallipoli Depression Bridge The ANZAC troops The Great Depression Sydney Harbour Bridge were defeated in heroic caused 30% opened (began 1923) battle at Gallipoli, unemployment and Turkey much hardship

------1937 1939 1939-1945 Aborigines Population 2nd World War Enforced assimilation of 98% of Australian Australia with Britain part-aborigines population was of against Germany & British background Japan in Middle East, Europe & Pacific

------1946 1956 1958 Immigration Olympic Games Migration Australia encouraged Olympic Games held in ‘White Australia Policy’ immigration from war- Melbourne revoked torn Europe and Britain

------1966 1967 1971 Vietnam War Aborigines Aborigines Australian soldiers Referendum gave full Senator Neil Bonner and conscripts sent to citizenship rights to first aboriginal member VietnamSample (until 1972) aborigines of Federal Parliament

14 ESL - Australia’s Christian Heritage