ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND EPIGRAPHICAL NOTES

SOURCING OBSIDIAN ARTIFACTS FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN CENTRAL AND NORTHWESTERN BY X-RAY FLUORESCENCE

Michael D. Glascock1, Alex W. Barker2, Ioan Alexandru Bărbat3, Bogdan Bobînă4, Florin Drașovean5, Cristian Virag6

Abstract: The new data add to our previous knowledge regarding the sources of obsidian in Banat and Transylvania. If in Transylvania, with the exception of the initial period of the Neolithic, when obsidian comes only from the Mad Kakashegy source, all obsidian tools in the Neolithic, Eneolithic and Bronze Age cultures were made with obsidian from the Eastern Slovak source of Cejkov-Vinicky. A somewhat similar situation was also observed in Banat where the Eastern Slovak source is predominant in all the investi- gated cultures. A somewhat similar situation was also observed in Banat where the Eastern Slovak source is predominant in all the investigated cultures.

I. Introduction As part of a larger project researching sources of lithic raw material of the Neolithic, Eneolithic and Bronze Age from Western, Central and Northern Romania, begun in 2012 in collaboration with the Museum of Art and Archaeology and Archaeometry Laboratory, Research Reactor Center at the University of Missouri (USA), 42 pieces of obsidian have been analyzed to date from sites in Alba, Caraș-Severin, Sălaj and Timiș Counties (Glascock et al. 2015; 2016). Extending the research area, this article analyzes the results obtained from 31 additional obsidian specimens discovered in Early Neolithic sites of Tărtăria-Pietroșița (Alba County), Șoimuș- Teleghi, Subcetate-Halta Covragiu (Hunedoara County), Seini-Dagaș (Maramureș County), Călinești-Oaș-Dâmbul Sfintei Marii, Tășnad-Sere ( County), in the Middle Neolithic sites, Vinca culture of Limba-Bordane (Alba County)7 and Râpaş-Grivoni/Fermă (Hunedoara County), as well as from Pișcolt culture of -Vamă (), in the Middle

1 Archaeometry Laboratory, Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of Missouri, 115 Business Loop 70W Columbia, MO 65211– 8310, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Muzeul Civilizației Dacice și Romane, B-dul 1 Decembrie nr. 39, Deva. E-mail: ioan_alexandru_barbat@ yahoo.com 4 Muzeul Judeţean de Istorie şi Arheologie Maramureş, Str. Monetăriei 1–3, Baia Mare, România. E-mail: [email protected] 5 Muzeul Național al Banatului, P-ța Huniade nr. 1, Timișoara, România. E-mail: [email protected] 6 Muzeul Județean Satu Mare, B-dul Vasile Lucaciu nr. 21. E-mail: [email protected] 7 Samples from this site were sent to us by colleague Marius Ciută, PhD., the author of the works. Unfortunately, he did not also send to us the text regarding stratigraphic contexts from which these samples originate. Thus, we will only make references to the cultural background, as it was communicated to us on the notes that came with the samples. Ephemeris Napocensis, XXVII, 2017, p. 175–186 176 Michael D. Glascock et alii

Eneolithic sites of Șoimuș-Teleghi and Rapoltu Mare-Jipiş (Hunedoara County) and, finally, from the Early Bronze Age site of Şoimuş-Teleghi (Hunedoara County). The results of these analyses further extend our knowledge of prehistoric obsidian procurement, exchange and use throughout the region.

II. Sample origin, their stratigraphic position and cultural background. II.1. Early Neolithic. Starčevo-Criș Culture 1. The Neolithic settlement of Şoimuş-Teleghi (Şoimuş Commune, Hunedoara County, Transylvania) is located in South-West Transylvania, the site being discovered after field research carried out in the 1970s (ANDRIŢOIU 1979, 27), and the first excavation was carried out a decade later, in the Northern part of the site at the Avicola point (DRAŞOVEAN/ROTEA 1986, 9). In the summer and autumn of 2011, as a result of preventive archeological excavations carried out on the route of the future Deva-Orăştie highway, an Early Neolithic habitation was also discovered at this site (BĂRBAT 2013, 117, 122, 125). In two of the dwellings belonging to the early stages of the Starčevo-Criş cultural complex, C 18a and C 18b, a few obsidian pieces were also identified. The earliest piece of obsidian (MBT–059), a dark smoky, almost matte splinter, comes from dwelling C 18a. Based on the pottery, associated also with an early 14C date of 7130 ± 32 BP (Ro-AMS 11–1), this complex can be attributed to the Starčevo-Criş IC stage (LAZAROVICI 1979, 41–42; LAZAROVICI 1984, 58–60; BĂRBAT 2013, 305–306, 310; TUDORIE 2013, 56–59). Another fragment (MBT–060) and an obsidian lamella (MBT– 061), black, slightly transparent, come from C 18b, which, based on both pottery and also the 14C date of 7019 ± 37 BP (Ro-AMS 11–3) situate the dwelling in the Starčevo-Criş IIA stage (LAZAROVICI 1979, 43–44; LAZAROVICI 1984, 60–62; BĂRBAT 2013, 305, 310; TUDORIE 2013, 59–60)8. 2. The archeological site of Tărtăria-Pietroşiţa (Săliştea Commune, Alba County, Transylvania) is located on the Mureş River Corridor, East of the Neolithic settlement of Gura/ Groapa Luncii (LAZAROVICI et al. 2011). The site has long been known in the archaeo‑ logical literature through random discoveries (Moga, Ciugudean 1995, 186) and field research (GHENESCU et al. 2000, 76–78, 82–83). At the end of 2014, with the occasion of the rehabilitation of the Simeria-Coşlariu railroad, preventive archaeological excavations were performed at this site (CRAIOVAN/MICLE 495–508; FERENCZ/ROMAN 2015, 155–164; 2016, 265–268). During these archaeological excavations an Early Neolithic habitation was also discovered, a few of the excavated dwellings having obsidian objects and processing debris. Of these three samples were analyzed: a translucent splinter of dark smoky colour (MBT–064), from C 47, a second light smoky, transparent piece (MBT–065) from C 41 and the final, light grey, translucent piece (MBT–66) from C 21. From the cultural standpoint these three complexes belong to Starčevo-Criş IIIA stage (LAZAROVICI 1979, 47–48; LAZAROVICI 1984, 64–66; TUDORIE 2013, 60), based on the Ghirlandoid style painting (DIMITRIJEVIĆ 1974, 86–87, 103). 3. The Early Neolithic habitation of Subcetate-Halta Covragiu (Sântămăria-Orlea Commune, Hunedoara County, Transylvania) is situated on the North-East side of the Haţeg Depression, on the lower course of the Strei River, on its left bank. The site was excavated in the summer of 1989 by a collective from the Deva Museum (BĂRBAT 2012, 28; BĂRBAT 2013, 23, 67), which discovered, among other things, two surface dwellings dating to the Early Neolithic. In dwelling L2, of section SII, box C, alongside silex and ceramic objects, obsidian tools were also identified including a matte scraper fragment with fine dark colored finishes 8 The14 C data were analyzed in the laboratory of the Horia Hulubei National Institute for R&D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH), Bucharest, Romania. Sourcing Obsidian Artifacts from Archaeological Sites in Central and Northwestern Romania 177

(MBT–055). The archaeological material of this dwelling, based on typological features, belongs to an evolved stage of the Starčevo-Criş cultural complex, namely stage IVA (LAZAROVICI 1979, 50–53; LAZAROVICI 1984, 69–70; BĂRBAT 2012, 38–41, 46; BĂRBAT 2013, 323; TUDORIE 2013, 61–62).

4. Seini – Dagas (Maramureș County, Maramureș). The settlement was identified in 1989 and is situated southwest of Seini, on the second terrace of the Someș River, (MATEI/ STANCIU 2000). Since then several instances of surface research occurred, discovering artifacts belonging the Early Neolithic (Starčevo-Criș IIIB-IV), Late Bronze Age (Suciu de Sus, stage II) and Roman (II-III century A.D.) periods (CHMIELEWSKI 2009; BOBÎNĂ 2009). In 2007 a preventive excavation was performed (supervisor Dan Pop). Three samples (MBT-043045) come from SI/1, CPL 1/1, a Neolithic pit of approximately circular shape, associated with pottery belonging to the Starčevo-Criș IIIB-IV culture (inf. Dan Pop). The lithic material from this complex was studied and published in 2009 (CHMIELEWSKI 2009).

5. Călinești-Oaș – Dâmbul Sfintei Mării(Satu Mare County) The Neolithic settlement of Călinești-Oaș – Dâmbul Sfintei Mării was discovered during explorations performed in 1999, and in September-November 1999 small surveys were performed, followed by extended excavations in 2000 and 2001. In this settlement three Neolithic complexes belonging to the Starčevo-Criș culture, stage IIIB-IVA were researched. The analyzed piece (MBT046) comes from Cx.1/2001 (Virag 2009, 35–69), a irregularly shaped, large complex. A impressive amount of lithic material, mostly reduction debris, was recovered. However, obsidian pieces are present in small numbers, making up only 4.5% of the 1,457 lithic pieces discovered in Cx.1/ 2000 (CHMIELEWSKI 2012, CHMIELEWSKI/ASTALOȘ 2015).

6. Tășnad – Sere (Satu Mare County) The Tășnad – Sere archaeological site is situated on the terrace of the old channel of Creek (its course now having changed, a channel being excavated in the ’70s through the middle of the site). Excavations were carried out in 1989. 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999 by N. Iercoşan (IERCOȘAN 1994–1995. 9–23) and were continued by J. Nemeti (2001–2002), C. Astaloș and C. Virag. From 2004, excavations have been continued by C. Virag (2004, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2012), these being preventive in nature, and deter‑ mined by public works. Excavations in 2009 were conducted both on the first terrace of the Cehal (Su X/2009) as well as on the second terrace of the valley (Su XI, XII, XIII). The complexes discovered in Su X are from the Neolithic, belonging to Starčevo-Criș IIIB-IVA c., with a rich pottery inventory, lithic tools, pintaderas, clay weights, and anthropomorphic figurines. In Su XI-XIII complexes from the Neolithic (Pișcolt group, stage II) (Virag 2015a), Bronze Age (Pişcolt- Cehăluţ/Hajdúbagos culture, Celts (La Tène C), IInd-IVth century A.D., as well as a complex from the VIth-VIIth century A.D. were identified (STANCIU/VIRAG 2013). Lithic materials from Tășnad-Sere were partially studied, specifically materials from the 2005–2006 campaigns (CHMIELEWSKI 2012), notable for the high percentage of obsidian pieces, representing 90% of all pieces analyzed. Two of the pieces analyzed in this study (MBT047, MBT048) come from Cx 103, a recessed dwelling with dimensions of 4 × 1,5 m.. The complex is attributed to the Starčevo-Criș IIIB-IVA culture. 178 Michael D. Glascock et alii

Middle Neolithic. Vinča Culture. The Râpaş-Grivoni/Fermă site (Turdaş Commune, Hunedoara County, Transylvania) is geographically situated in the lower sector of the Strei River, not far away from its conflu‑ ence with the Mureş River. The site was discovered during public works, and is occupationally complex, especially for archeological remnants attributed to the Bronze Age (Marc 2010, 42–43). In complex Cpx 1 of section S IV, a hut type dwelling, attributed based on the archeological assemblage to stage Vinča A3 (LAZAROVICI 1979, 113–115; SUCIU 2009, 40; WHITTLE et al. 2016, 30) was recorded. From this hut a small, transparent, dark smoked obsidian lamella was discovered (MBT–058). Tășnad – Sere; Satu Mare County, Group Pișcolt IIA In surface Su XIII/2009, in an oval shaped complex, Cx. 216 (Virag 2015), three obsidian pieces were discovered (MBT049 – MBT051). Culturally, the complex belongs to the Pișcolt stage II cultural group. Two C14 dates: 6224±34 BP (95.4%: 5302(48.2%) 5197 calBC, 5180(47.2%) 5063 calBC); 6146±35 BP (5211(95.4%) 5001 cal BC) were recorded for this complex.

Halmeu-Vamă, Satu Mare County, Pișcolt IIB-IIIA, Pișcolt IIIB The Halmeu-Vamă Neolithic site is situated to the North of Halmeu Commune, in the area of the border between Romania and , on the terrace of the Egher Creek (Egherul Mare), a very swampy region in ancient times. The site was discovered during rescue excavations in 2000. A survey was performed in areas in the vicinity, discovering pottery from various ages (Medieval Age, Bronze Age, Neolithic) and distributed along the entire terrace of Eger Creek. Excavations performed in recent years in the area of the border crossing confirmed the existence of two distinct cultural horizons, discovering materials ornamented through painting attributed to the middle stage of the Pişcolt Group (IIB-IIIA), as well as the final stage of the Pișcolt Group (IIIB), with painted materials as well as incised materials with analogies to mate‑ rials from Zăuan-Dâmbul Spânzuraţilor, Suplac-Corău, Oradea-Salca, Giurtelecu Şimleului, -Cozard, and Dumbrava-Medieşul Aurit. Chipped stone from Halmeu comes from excavations performed in 2006 and 2008, numbering 391 pieces, and was analyzed by Tomasz CHMIELEWSKI (CHMIELEWSKI 2012, vol. II, 51–60, VIRAG 2015, p. 53–57). In regards to the raw materials being used, even if they belong to different chronological levels, the situation is similar with that of Călinești-Oaș – Dâmbul Sfintei Mării, with obsidian representing 4% of all analyzed material. The three analyzed pieces (MBT052, MBT054) come from Cx. 4/2003, an irregularly shaped 7,40 × 4,60 m feature. They were discovered alongside an impressive amount of pottery and lithic pieces. The complex belongs to the final stage of the Pișcolt Group (IIIB), at a Iclod Ib-I/II horizon, with painted materials (4%) as well as incised materials (7%) (VIRAG 2015b, 33–39).

Middle Eneolithic. Tiszapolgar Culture. 1. Approximately 2 km west of the Şoimuş-Teleghi site, at the Lângă Sat point (Şoimuş Commune, Hunedoara County, Transylvania), preventive excavations were performed on a fortified settlement belonging to Eneolithic communities of the Tiszapolgár type (Ţuţuianuet al. 2012, 292), as part of the same project related to the Deva-Orăştie highway. Up until now, data was published regarding the chipped stone tools, which show the presence of local raw materials, but also of imports including an obsidian lamella (MBT–063) that is dark smoky coloured, partially transparent and from complex C 529 (Barbu 2013, 77, 94). From the Sourcing Obsidian Artifacts from Archaeological Sites in Central and Northwestern Romania 179 preliminary information that we have at the moment, based on the typological attributes of the pottery, we can make the claim that the Middle Eneolithic settlement from Şoimuş-Lângă Sat belongs to stage B of the Tiszapolgár culture (BOGNÁR-KUTZIÁN 1963, 265–294, 523–535; IERCOŞAN 2002, 172; DIACONESCU 2009, 77, 79).

2. The Rapoltu Mare-Jipiş settlement (Commune Rapoltu Mare, Hunedoara County, Transylvania) is located on the northwest side of the Orăştie Corridor, on the third terrace of the Mureş River (Barbu et al. 2016). The site was identified in 2015 during archeological docu‑ mentation of a former travertine quarry from the Roman and Modern periods. On this occasion prehistoric complex C1 was also researched: a pit dug in native rock, situated on the southern edge of the steep wall of the quarry. The lithic inventory contains a series of obsidian pieces, including two obsidian fragments (MBT–056; MBT–057), of dark smoky colour, partially transparent. Based on the shapes and ornamentations of the pottery, complex C1 is dated to the

Middle Eneolithic, and belongs to stage B2 of the Tiszapolgár culture (DIACONESCU 2009, 78, 80–83)9.

Bronze Age. Wietenberg Culture 1. Also from the Şoimuş-Teleghi site (Şoimuş Commune, Hunedoara County, Transylvania), but from a later habitation period, dated to the Late Bronze Age (Bz. D), from archaeological complex C 31, comes an obsidian lamella (MBT–62), of dark smoked colour, slightly transparent (RIŞCUŢA/MARC 2015, 42–43, Figure. 1). Culturally, the pottery of this complex can be included in the manifestations that were contemporary to/after the Wietenberg IV stage, possibly at the level of discoveries of the Late Balta Sărată type (GUMĂ 1993, 170; GUMĂ 1997, 64; RIŞCUŢA/MARC 2015, 41, note 3). The features of the pottery do not exclude the attribution of this complex to what is more recently being defined for south‑ west Transylvania and northeast Banat as “discoveries of the Deva-Româneşti type” (POPA/ TOTOIANU 2011, 226).

III. Analytical Procedure The obsidian artifacts were analyzed at the University of Missouri Research Reactor (MURR) Archaeometry Laboratory by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry using a ThermoScientific ARL Quantx energy-dispersive spectrometer. The instrument has a rhodium- based X-ray tube and thermoelectrically cooled silicon-drift detector (SDD). The X-ray tube was operated at 35kV and the current was automatically adjusted to a fixed 30% deadtime for all samples. The samples were counted for two minutes each which was sufficient to measure concentrations for the following elements: Mn, Fe, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, and Th. Normalization to the Compton scattering peak was used to account for differences in sample size and thickness. However, this method has limitations when the artifacts are very small or thin and sometimes necessitates the use of concentration ratios to identify sources. The instru‑ ment was calibrated by measuring a set of 40 very well-characterized obsidian source samples previously analyzed by neutron activation analysis (NAA), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and XRF. More information about the calibration method can be found in a report by GLASCOCK and Ferguson (2012). Results for these selected elements are presented in Table 1.

9 We are grateful to our colleague, Dragoş Diaconescu, PhD., of the National Museum of Banat, Timişoara, for the help he has given in regards to determining the chronological sequence of the pottery in C 1, Rapoltu Mare-Jipiş site (Hunedoara County). 180 Michael D. Glascock et alii

IV. Conclusions Data obtained by means of these analyses substantially add to our emerging knowledge (BIAGI et al. 2007; GLASCOCK et al. 2015; 2016) of the sources of obsidian in the Neolithic and Eneolithic in Central and North-Western Romania. The earliest analyzed samples, those from Șoimuș-Teleghi, dating from the beginnings of the Early Neolithic in Transylvania, Starčevo-Criș culture, stage IC come from the Mad Kakashegy source from the Tokay Mountains (see Table 2; Figure 1). These results are similar to the data regarding Foeni-Sălaș from Banat (GLASCOCK et al 2015), a habitation that belongs to the same early stage of the Starčevo-Criș culture as the one from Șoimuș. The contempora‑ neity of these two habitations is further supported by 14C data. This strengthens our conclusion that, at the transition between the seventh and sixth millennia B.C.10, the source of obsidian for the communities of stage I of this culture in southwest Romania was the Mad Kakashegy locality. Most of the analyzed samples belong to the later stages of the Starčevo-Criș culture. Our data show that in stages IIIA (Tărtăria-Pietroșița site), IIIB-IVA (Seini-Dagaș, Călinești, Tășnad- Sere sites) and IVA (Subcetate-Halta Covragiu site), the obsidian used in the manufacturing of tools comes exclusively from the Slovak source of Cejkov-Vinicky. This source was also used in the Middle Neolithic in Transylvania, in the Vinca culture, stage A1 (Limba-Bordane site) and stage A3 (Râpaș-Grivoni site), in Pișcolt Group, stage IIA (Tășnad-Sere site), Pișcolt, stage IIIA (Halmeu-Vamă site), in the Eneolithic, Tiszapolgar culture, stage B (Șoimuș-Lângă Sat and Rapoltu Mare-Jipiș sites), and in the final stage of the Bronze Age in South-West Transylvania, in stage IV of the Wietenberg culture (Șoimuș-Teleghi site). In conclusion, the new data add to our previous knowledge regarding the sources of obsidian in Banat and Transylvania. If in Transylvania, with the exception of the initial period of the Neolithic, when obsidian comes only from the Mad Kakashegy source, all obsidian tools in the Neolithic, Eneolithic and Bronze Age cultures were made with obsidian from the Eastern Slovak source of Cejkov-Vinicky. A somewhat similar situation was also observed in Banat where the Eastern Slovak source is predominant in all the investigated cultures. However, unlike the Transylvanian sites, the sites in Banat had obsidian from the Tolcsva source in sites from the Late Neolithic and from Uivar and Foeni in sites from the Early Eneolithic (GLASCOCK et al. 2016, 79–80, 84–85), in an interval, detailed by the 14C data, between 4870–4800 cal BC and 4770–4600 cal BC (for level 3.2 of the Uivar site) and between 4823–4614 and 4556–4474 cal BC (levels I and II of the Foeni site) (DRAȘOVEAN 2014, Fig. 7–7d, 139–145, 162; 2015, Fig. 4–4b; GLASCOCK et al. 2016, 79–80). Additional work is needed to further elucidate the social context and causes for these shifts in raw material procurement, exchange and use, but these results provide a baseline for comparison going forward.

Acknowledgements The analyses of samples by XRF in the Archaeometry Lab at MURR was supported in part by a US National Science Foundation grant (1621158).

10 This is the correct dating and not the 7–6th centuries B.C., as was erroneously mentioned in the previous study (GLASCOCK et al. 2016, 79). Sourcing Obsidian Artifacts from Archaeological Sites in Central and Northwestern Romania 181

BIBLIOGRAPHY ANDRIŢOIU 1979 I. ANDRIŢOIU, Contribuţii la repertoriul arheologic al judeţului Hunedoara. Sargetia, XIV, 1979, 15–34. ASTALOS ET ALII 2013 C. ASTALOS, U. SOMMER, C. VIRAG, Excavations of an Early Neolithic-site at Tăşnad, Romania. Archaeology Internațional, UCL, 2013, 47–53 BARBU 2013 M. M. BARBU, Industria litică cioplită din aşezarea eneolitică de la Şoimuş 2 – Lângă sat. Tyragetia, S.N., VII/1, 2013, 75–96. BARBU 2016 M. G. BARBU, I. A. BĂRBAT, G. BĂEŞTEAN, A. BĂLOS, A. GONCIAR, A. BROWN, Raport preliminar privind cercetările arheologice de la Rapoltu Mare‑La Vie, campaniile 2013–2015. Banatica, 26/1, 2016, 273–321. BĂRBAT 2012 I. A. BĂRBAT, Descoperiri aparţinând neoliticului timpuriu din colecţiile de arheologie ale muzeului devean. Terra Sebus, IV, 2012, 23–64. BĂRBAT 2013 I. A. BĂRBAT, Complexul cultural Starčevo-Criş în bazinul Mureşului mijlociu. Universitatea “1 Decembrie 1918” din Alba Iulia, PhD. thesis, 2013, ms. BOBÎNĂ 2009 B. BOBÎNĂ, Stadiul actual al cercetărilor arheologice privind neoliticul din nord-vestul României (judeţul Maramureş). Marmatia 9 /1, 2009, 7–22. BOGNÁR-KUTZIÁN 1963 I. BOGNÁR-KUTZIÁN, The Copper Age cemetery of Tiszapolgár-Basatanya, Archaeologia Hungarica Series Nova XLII, Publishing House of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1963. CHMIELEWSKI 2009 T. J. CHMIELEWSKI, Early Neolithic Chipped Stone Assemblage from Seini-Dagas, District of Maramureş, Romania. Marmatia 9 /1, 2009, 23–58. CHMIELEWSKI 2012 T. J. CHMIELEWSKI, Developed Neolithic Chipped Stone Industry in the Upper Tisza Basin [Industria litică cioplită în neoliticul dezvoltat în Bazinul Tisei Superioare ], teză de doctorat, Vol. I-II, manuscris, Sibiu 2012 CHMIELEWSKI/ASTALOȘ 2015 T. J. CHMIELEWSKI/C. ASTALOȘ, Floating stones down the Tur river. Comparative study of chipped stone assemblages from Calinesti-Oas-Dâmbul Sfintei Marii and Méhtelek-Nádas. In C. Virag (ed) Neolithic cultural phenomenon in the Upper Tisa Basin, 2015, 29–74 CRAIOVAN/MICLE 2015 B. CRAIOVAN/D. MICLE, O frescă a habitatului medieval timpuriu de pe valea Mureşului. Locuinţele şi cuptoarele de la Tărtăria, punct Pietroşiţa. In: S. Forţiu, A. Stavilă (eds), Arheovest

III1. Interdisciplinaritate în arheologie şi istorie. In memoriam Florin Medeleţ (1943–2005) Timişoara, 28 noiembrie 2015, JATEPress Kiadó, Szeged, 2015. DIACONESCU 2009 D. DIACONESCU, Cultura Tiszapolgár în România, Bibliotheca Brukenthal XLI, Editura Altip, Sibiu, 2009. DIMITRIJEVIĆ 1974 S. DIMITRIJEVIĆ, Problem stupnjevanja Starčevačke kulture s posebnim obzirom na doprinos Južnopanonskih nalazista rešavanju ovih problema. Materijali, X, 1974, 59–121. DRAŞOVEAN/ROTEA 1986 F. DRAŞOVEAN, M. ROTEA, Aşezarea neolitică de la Şoimuş. Contribuţii la problemele neoliticului târziu din sud-vestul Transilvaniei. Apulum, XXIII, 1986, 9–24. 182 Michael D. Glascock et alii

FERENCZ/ROMAN 2015 I. V. FERENCZ, C. C. ROMAN, Un complex La Tène descoperit la Tărtăria. Sargetia, S.N., VI, 2015, 155–167. FERENCZ/ROMAN 2016 I. V. FERENCZ, C. C. ROMAN, One Landscape Two Settlements in the Late Iron Age Site at Tărtăria – Pietroşiţa, Alba County. In: S. Berecki (ed), Iron Age Chronology in the Carpathian Basin. Proceedings of the International Colloquium from Târgu Mureş, 8–10 October 2015, Bibliotheca Musei Marisiensis Series Archaeologica XII, Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca, 2016, 265-278. GHENESCU ET ALII 2000 O. GHENESCU, D. V. SANA, V. ŞTEFU, Cercetări arheologice de suprafaţă în sectorul Vinţu de Jos – Tărtăria (jud. Alba). BCŞS, 6, 2000, 69–85. GLASCOCK/FERGUSON 2012 M. D. GLASCOCK, J. R. FERGUSON, Report on the Analysis of Obsidian Source Samples by Multiple Analytical Methods. Archaeometry Laboratory, University of Missouri-Columbia (2012). GLASCOCK ET ET ALII 2015 M. D. GLASCOCK, A. W. BARKER, F. DRAŞOVEAN, Sourcing Obsidian Artifacts from Archaeological Sites in Banat (Southwest Romania) by X-ray Fluorescence. Analele Banatului S. N., XXIII (2015), 45–50. GLASCOCK ET ET ALII 2016 M. D. GLASCOCK, A. W. BARKER, S. BĂCUEŢ CRIŞAN, F. DRAŞOVEAN, M. GLIGOR, D. NEGREI, Sourcing obsidian artifacts from archaeological sites in Central and Western Romania by X-Ray Fluorescence. Analele Banatului, S.N., XXIV, 2016, 75–85. GUMĂ 1993 M. GUMĂ, Civilizaţia primei epoci a fierului în sud-vestul României, Bibliotheca Thracologica IV, Bucureşti, 1993. GUMĂ 1997 M. GUMĂ, Epoca bronzului în Banat, orizonturi cronologice şi manifestări culturale, Bibliotheca Historica et Archaeologica Banatica V, Editura Mirton, Timişoara, 1997. IERCOŞAN 1994–1995 N. IERCOŞAN, Săpături arheologice în aşezarea neolitică aparţinând culturii Starčevo-Criş de la Tăşnad (jud. Satu Mare). Studii şi comunicări–Satu Mare, XI – XII, 1994–1995, 9-32 IERCOŞAN 2002 N. IERCOŞAN, Cultura Tiszapolgár în vestul României, Editura Muzeului Sătmărean, Editura Nereamia Napocae, Cluj-Napoca, 2002. LAZAROVICI 1979 G. LAZAROVICI, Neoliticul Banatului, Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis IV, Cluj-Napoca, 1979. LAZAROVICI 1984 G. LAZAROVICI, Neoliticul timpuriu în România. ActaMP, VIII, 1984, p. 49–104. LAZAROVICI ET ET ALII 2011 G. LAZAROVICI, C.-M. LAZAROVICI, M. MERLINI, Tărtăria and the sacred tablets, Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca, 2011. MARC 2010 A. T. MARC, Contribuţii la repertoriul arheologic al judeţului Hunedoara. Descoperiri recente pe raza comunei Turdaş. Sargetia, S.N., I, 2010, 39–63. MATEI/STANCIU 2000 AL. V. MATEI, I. STANCIU, Vestigii din epoca romană (sec. II-IV p.Chr.) în spaţiul nord- vestic al României, Zalău/Cluj-Napoca 2000, 79, nr.128, nr. 238. MOGA/CIUGUDEAN 1995 V. MOGA, H. CIUGUDEAN (eds), Repertoriul arheologic al judeţului Alba, Bibliotheca Musei Apulensis II, Alba Iulia, 1995. Sourcing Obsidian Artifacts from Archaeological Sites in Central and Northwestern Romania 183

RIŞCUŢA/MARC 2015 C. N. RIŞCUŢA, A. T. MARC, Descoperiri cu caracter cultic aparţinând bronzului târziu din aşezarea de la Şoimuş-Teleghi (jud. Hunedoara). Sargetia, S.N., VI, 41–80. STANCIU/VIRAG 2013 I. STANCIU, C. VIRAG, Neue frühslawische Siedlungsfund aus dem oberen Theissbecken (Tăşnad-Sere, Nordwestrumänien). Acta Archaeologica Carpathica, 2013, XLVIII, 171–194 SUCIU 2009 C. I. SUCIU, Cultura Vinča în Transilvania, Bibliotheca Brukenthal XLIV, Editura Altip, Alba Iulia-Sibiu, 2009. TUDORIE 2013 A. TUDORIE, Aspecte tehnologice ale ceramicii Starčevo-Criş din Transilvania, Bibliotheca Brukenthal LXVI, Editura Muzeului Naţional Brukenthal, Sibiu, 2013. ŢUŢUIANU ET ET ALII 2012 C. D. ŢUŢUIANU, I. L. BARBU, M. G. BARBU, C. BODÓ, I. C. CODREA, M. M. ION, Şoimuş, com. Şoimuş, jud. Hunedoara (Varianta de ocolire Deva-Orăştie), Punct: Şoimuş 2, km. 31+850–32+300. Cronica Cercetărilor Arheologice, campania 2011, Târgu Mureş, 2012, 292. VIRAG 2009 C. VIRAG, Materiale ceramice neolitice de la Călineşti – Dâmbul Sfintei Mări. Studii şi comunicări–Satu Mare. Seria Arheologie. XXV/1 2008, 35–69 VIRAG 2015A C. VIRAG, Some aspects about the Neolithic settlement from Tăşnad (Satu Mare County, Romania). In C. Virag (ed) Neolithic cultural phenomenon in the Upper Tisa Basin, 2015, 97–126 VIRAG 2015B C. VIRAG, Situl neolitic Halmeu Vamă, Editura Muzeului Sătmărean, Satu Mare, 2015 WHITTLE ET ET ALII 2016 A. WHITTLE, A. BAYLISS, A. BARCLAY, B. GAYDARSKA, E. BÁNFFY, D. BORIĆ, F. DRAŞOVEAN, J. JAKUCS, M. MARIĆ, D. ORTON, I. PANTOVIĆ, W. SCHIER, N. TASIĆ, M. VANDER LINDEN, A Vinča potscape: formal chronological models for the use and development of Vinča ceramics in south-east Europe. Documenta Praehistorica, XLIII, 2016, 1–60. 184 Michael D. Glascock et alii

Table I. Concentrations of elements measured in artifacts from central and northwestern Romania by ED-XRF and ratios for Rb/Zr and Y/Zr.

ANID Mn Fe Zn Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Th Rb/Zr Y/Zr

MBT043 478.9 7705.8 23.2 213.5 61.6 32.6 67.6 10.6 18.6 3.16 0.48 MBT044 475.1 6740.4 18.4 208.8 48.0 33.6 61.6 11.7 13.7 3.39 0.55 MBT045 486.7 9044.2 26.4 219.0 73.2 31.2 71.0 10.7 22.1 3.09 0.44 MBT046 394.8 6522.4 23.5 183.0 62.5 28.9 71.0 9.6 14.1 2.58 0.41 MBT047 437.9 6945.4 19.5 200.4 59.2 30.9 65.3 11.8 17.4 3.07 0.47 MBT048 438.7 6570.9 18.8 199.4 55.2 32.7 67.7 11.1 15.5 2.95 0.48 MBT049 439.8 7540.9 20.6 199.1 62.9 31.3 63.8 10.0 17.2 3.12 0.49 MBT050 466.7 7304.6 21.1 198.1 61.5 31.9 69.4 10.5 16.1 2.85 0.46 MBT051 444.1 7747.1 25.4 202.6 65.8 30.5 64.6 10.3 18.9 3.13 0.47 MBT052 434.6 6578.9 18.2 194.4 57.6 31.4 63.4 11.0 15.6 3.07 0.50 MBT053 388.6 7852.8 22.8 181.5 67.2 29.1 66.6 10.7 18.5 2.73 0.44 MBT054 419.5 7688.9 28.5 178.5 46.0 28.0 52.4 7.9 12.2 3.41 0.53 MBT055 470.1 7743.2 20.4 209.9 60.3 32.2 69.0 11.5 15.7 3.04 0.47 MBT056 484.4 7797.9 20.7 215.2 63.7 33.8 66.1 12.1 18.4 3.25 0.51 MBT057 521.1 8619.8 24.5 232.4 65.4 35.6 66.9 9.5 18.0 3.48 0.53 MBT058 445.2 7124.4 26.2 200.0 60.5 32.1 66.6 10.1 15.6 3.00 0.48 MBT059 273.1 13431.9 40.6 220.0 81.2 34.7 177.6 13.0 22.6 1.24 0.20 MBT060 250.8 13012.5 35.1 222.9 83.6 36.1 184.6 13.1 26.9 1.21 0.20 MBT061 280.3 15449.0 45.5 235.3 85.6 35.4 175.7 13.0 27.1 1.34 0.20 MBT062 545.8 9229.1 33.1 238.8 65.3 33.7 68.8 10.2 18.0 3.47 0.49 MBT063 419.3 6682.8 25.9 198.3 58.8 29.4 64.2 10.0 16.6 3.09 0.46 MBT064 383.1 6143.8 29.2 190.9 55.4 30.5 63.9 10.2 16.8 2.99 0.48 MBT065 477.0 8336.5 29.8 218.9 64.3 33.1 66.7 9.5 16.4 3.28 0.50 MBT066 454.8 7502.7 23.6 208.7 59.8 31.1 70.4 11.6 18.0 2.96 0.44 MBT067 464.8 7253.0 26.1 212.6 58.7 32.9 63.2 10.6 18.7 3.36 0.52 MBT068 519.2 10805.7 37.0 215.9 77.5 31.4 70.4 9.3 21.4 3.07 0.45 MBT069 438.6 7508.8 26.8 206.3 59.5 30.8 64.5 8.7 16.9 3.20 0.48 MBT070 446.3 6930.7 23.7 201.3 57.7 31.9 68.1 10.4 16.3 2.96 0.47 MBT071 398.2 6326.8 21.7 180.0 57.0 28.4 61.5 9.3 15.4 2.93 0.46 MBT072 400.9 7018.3 23.2 190.3 64.6 29.4 66.6 9.1 17.7 2.86 0.44 MBT073 481.7 7668.2 22.2 217.9 60.6 33.7 62.9 10.7 17.8 3.47 0.54 Sourcing Obsidian Artifacts from Archaeological Sites in Central and Northwestern Romania 185

Table II. Listing of obsidian artifacts from central and northwestern Romania and source assignments determined by ED-XRF.

ANID Archaeological Context Source Name MBT043 Seini-Dagaș, Cpl. 1/1 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT044 Seini-Dagaș, Cpl. 1/1 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT045 Seini-Dagaș, Cpl. 1/1 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT046 Călinești, Cxl. 1/2001 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT047 Tășnad-Sere, Cx 103 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT048 Tășnad-Sere, Cx 103 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT049 Tășnad-Sere, Cx 216/2009 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT050 Tășnad-Sere, Cx 216/2009 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT051 Taășnad-Sere, Cx 216/2009 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT052 Halmeu-Vamă, Cx. 4/2003 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT053 Halmeu-Vamă, Cx. 4/2003 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT054 Halmeu-Vamă, Cx. 4/2003 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT055 Sântămaria-Orlea, S II/C, L2 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT056 Rapoltu Mare, C1 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT057 Rapoltu Mare, C1 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT058 Râpaș-Grivoni, S IV, C1 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT059 Șoimuș-Teleghi, FG-JK, C18a Mad-Kakashegy MBT060 Șoimuș-Teleghi, FG-JK, C18a Mad-Kakashegy MBT061 Șoimuș-Teleghi, FG-JK, C18a Mad-Kakashegy MBT062 Șoimuș-Teleghi, 30+220–30+240, C31 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT063 Șoimuș-Lângă Sat, C529 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT064 Tărtăria-Pietroșița, SP 1, C47 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT065 Tărtăria-Pietroșița, SP 1, C47 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT066 Tărtăria-Pietroșița, SP 1, C47 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT067 Limba-Bordane, A20; UC36, Cpx 10 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT068 Limba-Bordane, A20; UC36, Cpx 10 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT069 Limba-Bordane, A20; UC36, Cpx 10 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT070 Limba-Bordane, UC30; C00, Cpx 220 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT071 Limba-Bordane, UC30; C00, Cpx 220 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT072 Limba-Bordane, UC30; C00, Cpx 220 Cejkov-Vinicky MBT073 Limba-Bordane, UC30; C00, Cpx 220 Cejkov-Vinicky 186 Michael D. Glascock et alii

Figure 1. Scatterplot of Rb/Zr versus Y/Zr for 31 obsidian artifacts from central and northwestern Romania. Source ellipses are shown at the 90% confidence interval.