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Aeg News 56(3) PROFESSIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS The Development of a Virginia Karst Assessment Standard Christie Boyden, GeoConcepts Engineering, Inc., Intern pying at least 29 counties and yet Virginia has no standardized Introduction method for analyzing its presence and potential negative n Ancient Mayan tradition, caves were a place of impacts. This has resulted in large assessment gaps and interpre- worship. They were seen as portals to the under- tive variation from one geologist to another. world, where one could visit the gods and present In the last two decades, karst problems have sputtered on I sacrificial gifts. Caves with flowing water were con- the radar with sinkholes swallowing a Virginia home in 1992; sidered the most sacred. The symbolic significance disrupting I-70 traffic in Frederick, MD, with a 14-foot-wide sink- of caves can also be seen in Ancient Greek and Roman mythology hole in 2008; swallowing a swimming pool in Florida this past and literature. In fact, Athens is often called the “Acropolis” February 2013; and tragically killing a man in Florida this past meaning “The Sacred Rock” in Greek, referring to Greece’s karst April 2013 when his bedroom collapsed into a subsurface cavity. terrain. Even Plato dedicated an entire section of his famous work In one of the most dramatic demonstrations of karst problems, The Republic to “The Allegory of the Cave.” an entire lake was drained in St. Louis, MO. According to the USGS, between 1970 and 2007 the Missouri Department of Natural Resources examined more than 160 collapses reported by the public. In response Professional Geologist Robert Denton and the Virginia Cave Board are working to change this inefficient system, campaigning for the development of uniform standards across the state of Virginia and hoping one day other states will follow suit. Robert Denton and the Cave Board Robert K. Denton Jr., CPG, LRS, is currently a senior geologist at GeoConcepts Engineering, Inc. in Ashburn, VA. Denton has over 36 years of experience with special emphasis on engineering geology, hydrogeologic evaluations, environmental studies, and drain field design. He has extensive experience surveying, Senior Staff Geologist Eric Miquelon evaluating karst features during a karst terrain survey for The Conservation Fund on behalf of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in central Virginia PHOTO COURTESY OF GEOCONCEPTS ENGINEERING, INC. The fascination with caves, karst, and springs has ancient roots and yet the benefits and detriments are still widely unknown by the public. A poor understanding of site karst ter- rain issues combined with a lack of uniform karst assessment standards can have significant economic and environmental ramifications. Poor planning can result in sinkholes, polluted water resources, and millions of dollars in repair costs to build- ings, highways, bridges, and pipelines. Karst issues are typically treated after the damage has already occurred instead of proac- tively, which is both costly and inefficient. According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), nearly 20 percent of the U.S. is underlain by karst terrain and sus- ceptible to sinkhole events. Karst can be defined as a terrain class characterized by the presence of sinkholes, caves, large springs, losing and gaining streams, and an irregular, pinnacled bedrock L to R: Robert Denton and two staff geologists at the entrance of the surface. It is a consequence of the action of acidic water on sol- GeoConcepts Cave found during the 76-mile karst terrain survey uble bedrock. Karst terrain covers over one third of Virginia, occu- PHOTO COURTESY OF GEOCONCEPTS ENGINEERING, INC. September 2013 AEG NEWS 56 (3) 15 PROFESSIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS National Karst Issues Currently, no states have established statewide karst assessment standards. There are a few provincial exceptions such as Indiana’s road survey guidelines and Bowling Green, Kentucky’s karst hazard assessment guideline. The Commonwealth of Virginia hopes to develop a formal statewide karst assessment standard of practice which will hopefully lead other states to follow suit. Establishing karst assessment guidelines will help identify and/or prevent the destruction of endangered species’ habitats, the formation of enlarged faults from water movement, ground- water pollution, and misleading or useless karst studies. According to the Cave Conservancy, established in 1980 to pro- tect karst in Virginia and West Virginia, there are over 5,000 caves in Virginia affecting thousands of people from farmers and well- water drinkers to developers and homeowners each year. Once contaminated, it is difficult to remediate these water resources, presenting a significant health concern. Both promising and disheartening news, according to James Currens in his “Model Ordinance for Redevelopment on Karst in Kentucky,” most karst geohazards are completely avoidable, but have not been properly managed thus far. Concurrent with Denton’s mission, Currens advises a template to minimize the damage, citing the Kentucky Geological Survey’s estimate that karst geohazards cost the state approximately $20 million per year. Kentucky is home to the world’s largest known cave system, Mammoth Cave, stretching more than 400 miles. While Federal Laws and Executive Orders regulate Mammoth Cave Park, the Commonwealth of Kentucky does not have its own statewide leg- islation governing karst assessments. Similarly, Tennessee is estimated to have 9,000 caves under the state’s surface, more than any other state in the nation. It is home to several federally endangered species, including the Project Geologist, Ashley Hogan, CPG, LEED, mapping a Virginia cave American harts-tongue, Indiana bat, and gray bat. Many Ten- PHOTO COURTESY OF GEOCONCEPTS ENGINEERING, INC. nessee state-listed endangered species including the Eastern big- eared bat, Eastern small-footed bat, Tennessee cave salamander, studying, and assessing karst geology including sinkhole studies Southern cavefish, long-headed cave beetle, and searcher cave and remediation and stormwater BMPs in karst. With a passion beetle, call these caves home. The caves’ delicate ecosystems are for caves and a deep understanding of karst depressions and sensitive to activity occurring above ground, often caused by sinkholes, Denton is one of eight members appointed to the Virginia Cave Board working toward developing a Virginia Karst Assessment Standard. The Virginia Cave Board, established to conserve and pro- tect caves and karstlands in Virginia, began when the Virginia Cave Protection Act was first ratified in 1966 to preserve cave resources. The act was revised in 1979 but karst resources are highly threatened today despite these proactive state measures to protect Virginia’s caves. The Cave Board meets at various places throughout Virginia once per quarter and their members are all prominent cave owners, cavers, or experts in their fields. All members are appointed by the Governor of Virginia and serve four-year staggered terms. Their goals are simple: protect and preserve Virginia’s caves, including all the wildlife, streams, and natural resources associated with them. However, these environments are very fragile and sensitive to human actions. While there are extensive rules and regulations to prevent water pollution, which kill many organisms and poison the water, there are no enforceable rules governing cave assessments or maintenance. GeoConcepts Senior Staff Geologist and Consultant, Eric Miquelon However, Virginia is not the only state struggling with this mapping the parapet of a cover collapse sinkhole using a hand-held GPS unit disjuncture. PHOTO COURTESY OF GEOCONCEPTS ENGINEERING, INC. 16 AEG NEWS 56 (3) September 2013 PROFESSIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS careless human interactions. Contamination, over-construction, and poorly designed or maintained septic systems can destroy these fragile ecosystems and exacerbate environmental stresses, endangering these species more critically. Other states with rare endangered species in their cave sys- tems are Missouri and Arkansas whose blind cave fish are now going deaf due to a disruption of ambient noise in their aquatic cave homes. Without uniform assessment standards and regula- tions, these ecosystems will continue to be impacted by human carelessness and pollution will destroy these aquatic habitats. While the National Speleological Society and American Cave Conservation Association are national organizations working to protect, conserve, and educate others about the importance of karst lands and caves, there is a dire need for state guidelines to address and target local issues uniformly. Virginia’s Pursuit of Karst Assessment Standards Virginia is also experiencing the environmental and economic strain of inadequate and nonexistent karst guidelines. Most Robert Denton and Eric Miquelon utilizing GPS during the 76-mile karst recently, Denton supervised and managed the largest stand-alone terrain survey karst survey ever undertaken in Virginia to assist the U.S. Fish and PHOTO COURTESY OF GEOCONCEPTS ENGINEERING, INC. Wildlife Service in developing population estimates for the Madison Cave Isopod. The Madison Cave Isopod is a federally used to assess karst terrain. In the aforementioned 76-mile karst protected endangered species found in the groundwater of Vir- terrain survey, Denton used two and four foot contour maps ginia and West Virginia karst geology. It may have lived alongside based off triangulated irregular networks (TIN) obtained from the dinosaurs, surviving for millions of years,
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