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Geology of the Bloody Basin: Central Arizona's Transition Zone

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Geology of the Bloody Basin: Central Arizona's Transition Zone Geology of the Bloody Basin: Central Arizona’s Transition Zone Gwyn Rhys-Evans XXXX Precambrian granite overlain by coarse-grained conglomerate CONTRIBUTED REPORT CR-07-B Arizona Geological Survey www.azgs.az.gov repository.azgs.az.gov Arizona Geological Survey Contributed Report Series The Contributed Report Series provides non-AZGS authors with a forum for publishing docu- ments concerning Arizona geology. While review comments may have been incorporated, this document does not necessarily conform to AZGS technical, editorial, or policy standards. The Arizona Geological Survey issues no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding the suitability of this product for a particular use. Moreover, the Arizona Geological Survey shall not be liable under any circumstances for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages with respect to claims by users of this product. The author(s) is solely responsible for the data and ideas expressed herein. GEOLOGY OF THE BLOODY BASIN: CENTRAL ARIZONA’S TRANSITION ZONE by Gwyn Rhys-Evans A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY DECEMBER 2006 ABSTRACT New geologic mapping in the Bloody Basin of central Arizona’s Transition Zone reveals two distinct sets of normal faults that have a nearly 90° orientation with respect to one another. Miocene Hickey basalt unconformably overlies the Verde River granite that together makes a sequence of rocks that has been dissected into a series of tilted fault blocks. Regionally anomalous, northeast-striking normal faulting resulted in a synthetic array of half-grabens that are locally filled with a volcaniclastic conglomerate grading into a granite-rich conglomerate. These northeast-striking faults are thought to be influenced by a preexisting Precambrian structure that has been defined by aeromagnetic studies as the Holbrook lineament. This lineament projects directly through the Bloody Basin and would explain, at least in part, the origin of these anomalously oriented faults. Following this northwest-southeast directed extension, a dominant northeast-southwest extension direction resulted in a more regionally pervasive pattern of northwest-striking normal faults, including the Verde fault that cross-cuts the previously formed set. The least principal stress direction required for development of these extensional features is that which currently exists within the Colorado Plateau, northeast-southwest directed. The resultant thinned upper crust due to this extension gave way to the emplacement of a suite of mafic dikes that intruded basin-filling material shed during the first tectonic event. Timing of the first event is constrained to between 13.5 and 8 Ma, the age of tilted Hickey basalt and Miocene movement along the cross-cutting Verde fault, respectively. This timing is coeval with the Basin and Range Disturbance; however, characteristics that help to define this event do not wholly agree with what is observed in the Bloody Basin. iii A pulse of local northwest-southeast directed extension may have swept through the area giving rise to the infant Bloody Basin, which was then cut short by extension created possibly by crustal buoyancy forces related to the Colorado Plateau. Because the Bloody Basin lacks detailed geologic mapping, a nexus is provided that connects previous studies in the region. A synthesis of these studies has led to a better understanding of extensional tectonic events and how they are manifested in the Transition Zone of central Arizona. Continued efforts into filling voids through detailed geologic mapping such as this, will provide a better understanding as to the fundamental framework of such a unique region. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Edmund Stump for suggesting what amounted to be a rewarding and challenging project, shrouded by the ominous name: The Bloody Basin. I had many unique and branding experiences in the Bloody Basin and I have Ed to thank for these. I would also like to express my gratitude towards him for partially funding this project. I would also like to thank my supervisory committee, Dr. Stephen J. Reynolds and Dr. Stan Williams for their time and efforts. Special thanks to Dr. Williams for his determination and willingness to see me through last minute issues. Special thanks also goes to Doug Greene for putting together and leading an adventurous trip down the ‘wild’ stretch of the Verde River. Without his generosity, some parts of this country would have never been seen by myself. Additionally, I would like to thank Patty Fetter of the US Forest Service for the many insights during the river trip and also for playing a major role in use of equipment. I would also like to thank Marivel Linares of the US Forest Service for her patience and helpfulness in allowing me to use and acquire the air-photos of the Bloody Basin, this saved many long hours of hiking. I would also like to thank the Department of Geology (now the School of Earth and Space Exploration) at ASU for partial funding of this project. Special thanks to my friends and family for all of their support. Finally, I would like to thank my wife for allowing me to pursue this goal in my life and for supporting me throughout thick and thin, and with an extraordinary amount of support. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………...vii LIST OF PLATES………………………………………………………………………...x INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 METHOD OF STUDY....................................................................................................... 6 GEOLOGIC SETTING ...................................................................................................... 8 Regional........................................................................................................................... 8 Local .............................................................................................................................. 10 PREVIOUS STUDIES...................................................................................................... 12 MAP UNIT DESCRIPTIONS .......................................................................................... 16 Stratigraphy ................................................................................................................... 17 Precambrian Units ......................................................................................................... 18 Tertiary Units................................................................................................................. 22 Quaternary Units............................................................................................................ 45 PETROGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. 48 Sample Locations .......................................................................................................... 49 Precambrian Units ......................................................................................................... 50 Tertiary Units................................................................................................................. 54 Summary Table.............................................................................................................. 64 STRUCTURE ................................................................................................................... 65 Precambrian................................................................................................................... 65 Tertiary .......................................................................................................................... 67 v Northeast Trending Faults.......................................................................................... 68 Amount of Extension .............................................................................................. 77 Timing..................................................................................................................... 77 Northwest Trending Faults......................................................................................... 78 Verde Fault.............................................................................................................. 83 Amount of Extension .............................................................................................. 88 Timing..................................................................................................................... 88 Reverse and Strike-slip Faulting ................................................................................ 89 Timing..................................................................................................................... 91 Dikes........................................................................................................................... 91 Timing..................................................................................................................... 93 Tertiary Dome ............................................................................................................ 93 DISCUSSION................................................................................................................... 95 Least Principal Stress Direction ...................................................................................
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