KS4 Homework booklet

Small scale ecosystems – The pond Large scale biomes – Tropical rainforest in Malaysia Name ______

Class ______

All homework must be completed by the due date given

The pond Tropical rainforests Ecosystem - a natural system made up of plants, and the environment. Examples include a pond, a hedgerow or a tropical rainforest.

Biome – a global ecosystem. Examples include tropical rainforest or polar biomes

Biotic – Living things within an ecosystem. Examples include or . They rely on abiotic things to survive. Example. Fish need oxygen, Plants need sunlight Consumers either Producers Decomposers A Food chain shows how producers and consumers Abiotic – Non-living things within an ecosystem. Examples include sunlight, soil or water eat producers convert break down dead are linked in an ecosystem. Example – Algae, tadpole, (primary sunlight into plant or newt, heron) The arrows show who eats who (or the Flora – Are plants (producers) within an ecosystem consumers) or sugars in order matter and direction of energy flow) other consumers to grow. return it to the Faura – Are animals (consumers) within an ecosystem (secondary and Example - soil or detritus. Ecosystems are tertiary Reeds or algae Example – a complicated. A Habitat – Homes within an ecosystem where different flora and fauna live consumers) in a pond. worm. food web shows Example - Heron all the links Detritus – Dead and decaying plant and animal matter forming mud on the pond bottom Food webs are easily damaged. If the between the producers are removed, consumers consumers and Different habitats in a pond contain different flora and higher up the chain lose their food producers in an fauna because of the different conditions. source and numbers drop. If tertiary ecosystem like a consumers are removed their will be pond. The Detritus layer has little oxygen or light. an explosion of creatures further Decomposers, scavengers and the larva of water down the chain. insects live here. Example - Water worms or May fly Ecosystems are easily damaged naturally or by humans larva. Ecosystems can be Drought – The pond level drops and marginal plants dry Deeper water. Oxygen and protection from predators. restored if they are up and die. The pond may become de-oxygenated and Animals that breath through gills or skin live here. damaged. Lake beds fish die. Examples - Perch, Stickleback, Great diving . can be cleared and dredged to increase Eutrophication – Farm fertilizers get into the water and Shallow water. Plenty of oxygen and sunlight. water depth and water cause algae to grow rapidly. Algae use up all the Producers grow here, rooting in the detritus. Insects oxygenation, oxygen so fish die. and birds shelter here. Examples include Reeds, improving conditions Dragon fly, Waterlily, Moorhen. for fish. Algae can be Drainage – Ponds are drained for farmland causing the removed to increase whole ecosystem to collapse. Water surface. Lots of light and oxygen. Producers Producers also need nutrients from the soil or detritus on the bottom oxygen levels. New, and consumers. Examples pond algae, water boatman, of a pond in order to grow. Nutrients are re-cycled. Dead plant and shallow water habitats Industrial pollution - released into the water, killing fish water weed. animal matter from the biomass falls to the soil layer, or pond can be planted to and insects. bottom where it is decomposed to form litter or detritus, releasing encourage pond life Pond banks – Fertile soil and sunlight. Water loving nutrients, which are re-absorbed by the biomass through their roots and nesting water Hedgerows - cut down to increase the size of fields for plants and trees. Example Willow tree. or absorbed if dissolved in water. This is called the nutrient cycle. birds. farming, destroying the hedgerow ecosystem. Week 1 Homework: Due date ______

Use the first knowledge organiser to answer these questions

Use the blank sheet on the next page for your answers

1. What is a biome? 2. What are biotic and abiotic features of an ecosystem. 3. What three abiotic features are most important to plants? (consumers) 4. What is a habitat? 5. Describe the features of deep water that make it suitable for fish. 6. Explain why Reeds live in shallow water. 7. Who lives in the detritus layer? 8. Name a plant that lives on the pond surface. 9. What is a consumer? 10. What is a producer? 11. What does a decomposer do? 12. What are the three nutrient stores in a nutrient cycle? 13. Explain how the nutrient cycle works in a pond. 14. What do the arrows show in a food chain? 15. Describe two ways farming can damage a pond ecosystem. 16. Why do farmers often cut down hedgerows? 17. How does hedgerow cutting destroy bio-diversity. 18. Describe two ways a damaged pond ecosystem can be restored. Week 1 Homework answers ______

______Example The exam paper will refer to this case study in an exam question as; The pond ‘the features of a small scale ecosystem in the UK’ Example exam question : For a small scale ecosystem you have studied explain the importance of the nutrient ecosystem cycle in the functioning of the ecosystem. Key idea: The pond is a small scale ecosystem made up of producers (flora) and consumers (fauna) and the environment. There are complex relationships in the ecosystem between the biotic (living) and abiotic (non living) parts. The ecosystem functions through a series of food chains and webs and through the recycling of nutrients. There are a variety of habitats.

Pond nutrient cycle Habitats Damaging the ecosystem Biomass. This includes all living things in Pond margins/shallow water. Reeds grow in the pond. Producers use nutrients from shallow water using nutrients from the Adding or removing species. If species are added, the pond mud (detritus) and sunlight to detritus and sunlight. They form a habitat for removed or die out they affect the food web. An photosynthesise and grow. Consumers insects, snails, frogs and water birds. increase in fish could cause a reduction in insects. A further up the food chain live by eating the reduction could cause food shortages for Herons. producers or other consumers. Pond bottom. Decomposers and lava live in the detritus for food and protection. Drought. A lack of rainfall causes pond levels to Detritus. Biomass dies (especially in e.g. worms and midge lava. drop. Pond margin plants dry up and die. Lower winter) and sinks to the bottom and is oxygen levels in the water may kill fish. broken down by decomposers, forming Deep water. Plenty of oxygen for fish or the detritus layer. Producers then re- insects to absorb. Deep enough to offer Drainage. Farmers may drain the pond to create absorb these nutrients through their roots protection from predators. Food is found on extra farmland, totally destroying the ecosystem. to grow. (especially in spring and summer) the pond surface or in water column. Eutrophication. Farm fertilizers are washed into the Nutrients. Can also be added by rainwater Pond surface. Algae and pond weed float and pond, causing algae to rapidly grow and use up all runoff or weathered soil/rocks, or lost photosynthesise. These form a habitat and the oxygen in the water. Fish die through lack of through leaching. food for insects, snails and water birds. oxygen. The pond ecosystem Week 2 Homework: Due date ______

The pond is a ______scale ecosystem. Made up of ______(flora) consumers ( ______) and the environment. The living parts of the ecosystem are known as ______components. The non-living parts of the ecosystem are known as ______. Food chains and ______show us how living things rely on and are linked to each other, and show how ______is passed through the ecosystem when different organisms eat each other. Nutrients are also passed through the ecosystem and re-used. This is called nutrient ______. Pond nutrient cycle Pond Habitats Damaging the pond ecosystem

All living things in the ecosystem are known as the In shallow water plants like ______grow. If species are added or removed they affect the food ______. They use nutrients from the ______and ______. An increase in fish could cause a ______to grow. They form a ______for decrease in ______. A reduction in insects could Plants are called ______. They use insects, frogs, snails and water birds. cause fish to die and could cause food shortage for nutrients from the pond mud ( ______)and ______. energy from ______to ______and On the pond ______decomposers and insect grow. Further up the food chain ______live ______live in the detritus. They use it for A lack of rainfall is called ______. This causes by eating the producers or other ______. ______and ______. Examples are pond levels to ______. Plants in the pond ______and midge lava. ______may dry up and die. Lower ______Detritus is the mud at the bottom of the ______. levels in the water could cause fish to die. It is formed when ______dies especially in In deep water there is plenty of ______for fish ______. It and is broken down by to absorb. The water is also deep enough to offer Farmers often drain ponds to make extra ______. Producers then ______protection from ______. Food e.g. insects is ______. This totally destroys the ______. these nutrients through their ______. This also found on the ______or in the water happens especially in ______and summer. ______Farm fertilisers designed to make crops grow better can be washed in to the pond by ______. This Nutrients can also be added by ______or by On the pond surface ______and pond weed float causes ______to grow rapidly which use up all the weathered ______. Nutrients can be lost and use sunlight to ______. The weeds form pond ______. This process is called by being washed out by rainwater. This is called a habitat and ______source for insects, snails ______. This will then cause species like ______. and water ______. ______to die through lack of oxygen. Week 2 Homework – Key words

Use research and your own knowledge to define these key terms KS4 – The Geography Knowledge – THE LIVING WORLD (part 4) 9

Location Rainforests are located along the equator (0° latitude). Examples: South America (Brazil), Asia (Indonesia), Africa (Congo).

Climate Hot and wet (humid). No seasons Temperature range: 20-30°C (due to direct sunlight from the sun) Precipitation range: 160 – 330mm/month or 2000mm per year

Vegetation Very dense and varied (e.g. banana and rubber trees).

Animals Very dense and varied (e.g. apes, parrots, jaguars, insects) VEGETATION ADAPTATIONS

Soil Not very fertile, as heavy rainfall washes nutrients away. This is known as Layers The rainforest has four layers (emergent, upper canopy, lower canopy leaching. and shrub & ground layer). Vegetation adapts to each layer. Most nutrients are in the top layer of the soil due to nutrient cycling from the Trees The trees can grow to over 40 meters high in order to find sunlight. decayed leaves. As a result most trees have a shallow root system. (height, To help support their height, they have buttress roots. These are large buttress root systems above the ground that act as an anchor and support the tall People Tribes have lived in rainforests for a long time (sustainable). roots, trees. New groups of people and companies have arrived more recently, trying to bark) Trees have a smooth, thin bark = helps water to run off easily. make money from the rainforests through logging, energy, mining…etc (unsustainable) Lianas Woody vines that use trees to climb up to the upper canopy where they spread from tree to tree to get as much light as possible. Biodiversity The variety of organisms living in a particular area (plants and animals) Leaves On the shrub and ground layer, it is very dark due to the canopy. As a Biodiversity in Deserts have very high biodiversity. Rainforests contain around 50% of the result, their leaves have a large surface area to catch as much sunlight as possible. the rainforest world’s plants, animals and insect species. Many leaves have drip tips and a waxy coating. This help shed water Threats to the Deforestation is causing a loss of biodiversity in the rainforest, as many easily. rainforest animals and plants become endangered or extinct. Some plants, e.g. the fan palm, have large fan-shaped leaves which are segmented so that excess water drains away easily. All parts of the rainforest ecosystem are linked together (climate, soil, water, animals, plants and people). If one of them changes, everything else is affected. ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS

 The humid climate = dead plants and animals decompose Spider monkey Have long, strong arms and tails so they can swing between the quickly by decomposers (fungi and bacteria) on the forest trees in the upper canopy. Some animals spend their entire lives floor = the nutrients from the decaying plants/animals makes in the upper canopy. the top layer of the soil very nutrient rich = lots of plants can Leaf-tailed Are camouflaged so can blend into their surroundings to hide grow. gecko & from predators  Plants pass on their nutrients when they are eaten by animals. chameleon There is a lot of vegetation = lots of animals. Jaguar Can swim due to high rainfalls and many rivers.  People remove trees (deforestation) = less carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere = more greenhouse gases = more climate change. Red-eyed tree Have suction cups on their feet and hands to help them climb up frog trees and leaves.  Trees absorb water = this water travels through the tree to the leaves = transpiration evaporates water from the trees’ Anteater Some animals have adapted to the low light levels in the shrub leaves to the atmosphere = condensation in the atmosphere and ground layer. Have a sharp sense of smell and hearing so creates clouds = precipitation. The trees are one of the main they an detect predators without seeing them. This helps them reasons there is so much rainfall in the rainforest. survive in the low light levels in the shrub & ground layer. Week 3 Homework: Due date ______

Use the knowledge organiser to complete these tasks

Use the blank sheet on the next page for your answers

1. Describe the location of the rainforests, including continents 2. Describe the climate of the rainforest using data 3. Why do plants grow all year round? 4. What is leaching? 5. Why do most trees have a shallow root system? 6. What percentage of the world’s species live in rainforests? 7. Name three species of animal found in rainforests. 8. Why do dead plants decompose quickly? 9. Why is the rainforest threatened by humans? 10. How does deforestation increase climate change? 11. Explain how rainforest trees can cause much of the rainfall in forests. 12. What are the four layers of the rainforest? 13. How high can rainforest trees grow? 14. In what layer of the rainforest are the tallest trees found? 15. Why do trees have smooth, thin bark? 16. What is a buttress root? 17. What are lianas? 18. Explain two adaptions of leaves in the shrub layer that allow them to live in dark, damp conditions. Week 3 Homework answers ______

______Case Study The examiner will call it ‘Using an example you have studied Deforestation Example exam question : “The rainforest is more valuable when left intact than when destroyed”. Using an Malaysia example, support or challenge this view”. Key idea: There are economic and environmental arguments for either leaving the Malaysian Rainforest intact (protecting it), or exploiting it (deforestation). Malaysia needs to use its rainforest it in order to create jobs, income and to develop as a country into a HIC, but destroying it may have negative longer term impacts. It is possible to use rainforests more sustainably and still develop as a country.

Causes of Deforestation Include: Impacts of Deforestation Include Sustainable Solutions to using Tropical Rainforests

Mining for tin. Rainforests are cleared for mining and for Loss of Biodiversity. Rainforests have the largest variety of National strategies in Malaysia new roads to access the mine. Drilling for oil & gas is now plants and animals in the world. Deforestation destroys Selective Logging and Replanting. Instead of clear felling also happening in Borneo (Malaysia). This creates jobs, habitats, endangering species. The Malaysian Rainforest has and deforesting every tree in the area, trees that are profits and tax for Government to spend. a very high biodiversity, with over 600 species. Undiscovered mature (fully grown) are identified and logged. plants that may help cure diseases and may be worth billions A license is required to do this. Trees are then replanted . Logging. Malaysia is the world’s largest exporter of tropical of dollars could be destroyed. The forest can then be re-used again in the future. hardwood . This is a valuable export. Clear felling meant the total destruction of forests. Contribution to Climate Change. Trees are a carbon sink. Conservation and Education. Rainforests are protected They absorb Carbon Dioxide and produce Oxygen. With less and managed as National Parks or Reserves for Commercial Farming. Malaysia is the largest exporter of trees there is more carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas causing education, scientific research and to attract eco-tourism. Palm Oil. This is called monoculture. Rainforests are climate change. A warmer climate means sea level rise and This creates jobs and boosts the economy whilst cleared and Oil Palm plantations planted providing jobs but more cyclones. Increased coastal flooding and major storm protecting bio-diversity. destroying habitats e.g. Orang utan. damage may cost Malaysia billions for flood defences and International Agreements. repairing damage in the long term. The FSC encourages sustainable forestry e.g. selective Population Pressure. In the past poor urban people were logging by only promoting wood from sustainable sources. encouraged by the government to move into the rainforests Economic Development. Deforestation leads to short-term Many businesses in different countries will not buy wood and start Palm Oil plantations to make a living. 15,000 economic gains from company profits, job creation, and tax that does not have the FSC stamp of approval. hectares was lost (1956-1980). to the Government who spend it improving healthcare and education. This raises standard of living and quality of life. Debt for nature agreements - some HIC’s have reduced Energy Development. The Bakun Dam flooded 7000km2 of However less rainforest reduces eco-tourism, so Malaysia’s the debt owed to them by LIC’s or NEE’s (for development forest. This supplies industrialised areas with electricity. tourism economy may suffer in the long term. projects) in return for rainforest to be protected. Case Study Deforestation Malaysia Week 4 Homework: Due date ______

There are economic and environmental reasons for ______the Malaysian rainforest, and there are also reasons for exploiting it by ______. (cutting down trees for economic reasons) . Malaysia needs to use its rainforest in order to create ______, ______and to develop as a country and become a ______. Destroying the forest may have negative ______term impacts. It is possible to use the rainforest in a more ______way and still develop as a country.

Reasons for deforestation Negative Impacts of deforestation Sustainable methods of using rainforests Loss of ______. Deforestation destroys Mining for ______and drilling for ______and ______endangering species. National strategies in Malaysia ______. This means clearing forest for mines and The Malaysian rainforest has over ______access ______. Mining creates ______, ______different species of plants. Undiscovered plants may ______logging is about only felling and ______to the Government for development. help cure ______and be worth ______. ______(fully grown) trees then ______the forest. This means it can be ______in the future. Malaysia is the worlds largest exporter of tropical Contribution to ______change. Trees are a ______. This is a valuable ______. Clear carbon ______. They absorb ______Conservation is when rainforests are ______as ______trees means total destruction of rainforest. reducing global warming. Deforestation may lead to ______parks or ______and used for a warmer climate, affecting Malaysia because of education or ______research. This also Malaysia is also the worlds largest exporter of ______rise causing expensive coastal attracts eco ______, creating ______whilst ______oil. This is called mono ______. ______. More powerful ______will also protecting bio______. Habitats are destroyed e.g. ______when cause greater damage costing billions to repair. ______are created on cleared areas of forest. International agreements Deforestation may affect the ______tourism Poor ______people have been encouraged to economy as there are less forests for people to visit. The ______encourages sustainable ______move to rainforests and start Palm oil plantations. by encouraging ______logging. Many Between 1956 and 1980 ______hectares of Positive impacts of deforestation businesses in other ______will not buy wood that forest were lost to plantations. Deforestation leads to ______term economic does not have the FSC ______of approval. gains from ______, ______and The ______dam, a hydroelectricity plant provides ______to the Government to spend on ______for nature agreements. _____ ‘s have electricity to industry, but flooded ______Km2 of development raising ______of living and reduced ______owed to them by _____ ‘s and forest. ______of life. ______‘s in return for rainforests to be ______Week 4 homework: Due date ______

Use the deforestation in Malaysia case study card to answer this question

To what extend does exploiting the rainforest have economic benefits? Use an example and your own knowledge

Exploiting the rainforest in Malaysia has both economic benefits and losses

Malaysia has economic benefits because exploiting the rainforest creates ______

One way using the rainforest benefits Malaysia is ______For example ______For Malaysia this means ______

Another way using the rainforest benefits Malaysia is ______For example ______For Malaysia this means ______

Malaysia also has economic losses from deforesting the rainforest

One way deforestation can cause economic losses for Malaysia is ______For example ______For Malaysia this means ______

Another way using the rainforest can cause economic losses for Malaysia is ______For example ______For Malaysia this means ______KS4 – The Geography Knowledge – THE LIVING WORLD (part 5) 10

People use the Amazon Rainforest in a number of ways. Cattle farming Clear land for massive, commercial cattle farms. This causes 70% of deforestation in the rainforest.

Logging Cutting down hardwood trees to sell. This causes 3% of deforestation in the rainforest.

Hydro-electric energy Build dam and reservoir to create and sell hydro-electric energy. (e.g. Belo Monte dam in Brazil)

Mining Digging to extract iron ore, aluminum, copper, tin and gold to sell. (e.g. The Carajas Mine in Brazil)

Building roads Logging companies, cattle ranches, farms, mines need roads to reach them and transport products to the coast to export = roads built.

Urban growth Increasing population = increasing urban areas. (e.g. Manaus’ pop. Grew 22% between 2000 – 2010 reaching 1.7million)

Subsistence farming Local famers clear the land using slash and burn and grow only enough food for their family to eat. This causes 20% of deforestation in the rainforest.

These uses of the rainforest have a number of positive and negative impacts. POSITIVE ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS NEGATIVE ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

EconomicThe Amazon Rainforest• Jobs – mines,is the largestfarms, power rainforest stations, on The Amazon Rainforest is the largest rainforest on earth, covering 8 million km2 of land. Since 1978, 750 000km2 of land has been deforested. This is construction. In Peru the Buenaventura three times the size of the UK! mining company employs 3100 people. Economic Some famers (e.g. rubber tappers) have lost their job due to deforestation of rubber trees. • Development. Money from companies is used to develop Brazil. In 2008 Brazil Environmental • Habitat loss – many animals live in the tree canopy. If the trees are cut down their habitats are lost. made $6.9 billion from selling cattle. • Loss of animal biodiversity – plants and animals are endangered or becoming extinct as trees are deforested. • Improved transportation make trading • Climate change – trees remove CO2 from the atmosphere during photosynthesis. If there are less trees, less CO2 is faster and easier = more is exported. removed = more greenhouse gases in atmosphere. The Amazon Rainforest stores 100 billion tons of carbon. • Climate change – large cattle ranches contain lots of cattle. These release a lot of methane when they fart and poo). There are no positive environmental impacts from human • Soil erosion – deforested trees cannot hold the soil together. As a result heavy rains wash away the soil (erosion). use of the rainforest.

SUSTAINABILITY IN THE RAINFOREST: Allow people get what they need today, without stopping people in the future getting what they need. Selective logging Only some trees are cut down (usually the older ones), rather than cutting down all the trees in an area. As a result the rainforest canopy is saved where many of the animals live.

Afforestation Afforestation is when new trees are planted as others are cut down. In some countries it is law to replant trees.

International: debt HICs reduce the amount of debt LICs owe them so that they do not have to use their rainforest resources (trees, mining, cattle farming) to pay back the debt, which all cause relief deforestation. Unfortunately there is no guarantee the money saved, will be spent on conservation/protection instead. It is therefore better to make a conservation swap that guarantees this. • e.g. In 2008 the USA reduced the debt that Peru owed them by $25 million. In exchange Peru had to conserve/look after part of their rainforest.

International: carbon Trees remove carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and are therefore known as carbon sinks. Rainforests are protected due to their role in reducing global warming. sinks • e.g. The Gola Forest in Sierra Leone (Africa) is protected for its role in reducing global warming, using money from the European Commission, French Government and NGOs.

National parks Areas are protected from development and deforestation. It is difficult to police these areas through. As a result, illegal logging still occurs. • e.g. The Tumucumaque National park in Brazil is the largest in the world. It protects over 38,000 square kilometres of rainforest.

Promoting responsible Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and Rainforest Alliance are organisations that put their logo on hardwood trees that have been deforested in a sustainable management way. Therefore consumers can choose products that are not contributing to unsustainable deforestation.

Ecotourism – Tourist resorts that use sustainable practices to reduce their impact. In Costa Rica eco-tourism is the largest source of income. It protects 21% of the country from development. sustainable tourism • e.g. reduce negative environmental impacts: renewable energies, water tanks, grey water, • e.g. improve social impacts: local employees, use local produce and materials. Money goes into local economy. If locals have a job, they do not need to illegally log. Week 5 Homework: Due date ______

Use the first knowledge organiser to answer these questions

1. Explain how deforestation can contribute to climate change 2. Explain how deforestation causes soil erosion 3. Explain how deforestation reduces bio-diversity 4. How does selective logging reduce the loss of bio-diversity? 5. What is afforestation? 6. What is debt relief 7. Give an example of debt relief 8. What is a carbon sink? 9. What is a National Park? 10. Why does deforestation still occur in National Parks? 11. Who are the Forest Stewardship Council? 12. How does this help to reduce unsustainable forestry? 13. What is eco-tourism? 14. Why is eco-tourism good for local people and the economy? 15. How does eco-tourism stop illegal logging? Week 5 Homework answers ______

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