Geneva Selected by the Provisional Council As Site for CERN 1953

1957: Synchrocyclotron  600 MeV, 15.7 m, 33 years of operation

1952: Geneva selected by the provisional Council as site for CERN 1953: approved by referendum in Canton Genève 1954: the first1 shovel of earth was dug onSpanish the Lenguage Meyrin Teacherssite Program 31 Julio 2019 ReyesR. AlemanyAlemany Fernandez, Beams Department, CERN CMS

ALICE SPS LHCb ATLAS BOOSTERPS

~ 70 000 m of accelerators (including transfer lines)

2 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez PS accelerator complex

Isolde

East Hall AD Hall

CTF3 n-ToF LEIR Linac4: 86 m, 160 MeV, 2020 L/C (m),Energy after acceleration, Commissioning year 3 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez 푠표푢푟푐푒 훽푝푎푟푡푖푐푙푒 = 0.98% 퐿푖푛푎푐4 H- 훽푝푎푟푡푖푐푙푒~ 52% source 훽퐵표표푠푡푒푟~ 95% 45 keV 푝푎푟푡푖푐푙푒 CBooster = 154 m Booster Normal conducting ~ 2 T 푲풎풐풔풒풖풊풕풐 160 MeV 2 GeV 푹 = ≈ ퟏퟑퟔ ퟎퟎퟎ ퟎퟎퟎ 푲풑풂풓풕풊풄풍풆 R ≈ 40 000 훽푃푆 = 99.94% R ≈ 3 000 푝푎푟푡푖푐푙푒 Proton Large Hadron Collider CPS = 628 m Synchrotron Normal conducting ~ 2 T 450 GeV  7000 GeV 2 GeV  26 GeV

CSPS = 7000 m Normal conducting ~ 2 T m = 1 mg R ≈ 240 Super Proton v = 1.4 m/s Synchrotron K = ½ m v2 K = 9.65 10-7 J 26 GeV  450 GeV K= kinetic energy β = v/c R ≈ 1 Kmosquito ≈ 6 TeV c = speed of light 훽퐿퐻퐶 = 99.9999999% 푝푎푟푡푖푐푙푒 R ≈ 14 푆푃푆 훽푝푎푟푡푖푐푙푒 = 99.999998% 4 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez ¿Por qué los sincrotrones del la cadena de aceleración del CERN son cada vez más grandes?

푝 퐵휌 = 푞 Fórmula de la rigidez del haz

5 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez H- (1 p, 2 e-) source & Linac4

6 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez Linac 4

Linac4 Drift Tube Linac (DTL) 3 to 50 MeV

DTL (Alvarez structure 1945)

+- -+ vA EE vB vA < vB LB > LA Drift tubes and spacing become  rf β o larger as the energy increases L = vT = relλ Focusing quads inside drift tubes LA LB 7 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez Eext=2000 MeV PS Booster

Isolde East Hall SPS AD Hall

PS PSB C = 154 m Commissioned in 1972

Einj=160 MeV CTF3 • Synchrotron with 4 vertically n-ToF stacked rings, each ¼ of PS LEIR Circumference Linac4 • Duty cycle 1.2 s  two cycles needed to fill the PS with protons for LHC 8 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez Proton Synchrotron (PS) The oldest functioning machine at CERN Combined-function The first Alternating Gradient Machine! magnets (QFQDB) Isolde East Hall SPS AD Hall PS 1970-1976 PSB 628 m, 26 GeV, 1959 LHC Cycle time = 3.6 s

CTF3

n-ToF GARGAMELLE LEIR First evidence of weak Linac2 neutral currents (Zo)

9 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez 10 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) North area

LHC ~ 7 km, 450 GeV, 1976 SPS AWAKE HiRadMat

SppS- 2 T conventional separated-function - has probed the inner structure of protons magnets - investigated matter antimatter asymmetry 1983 - searched for exotic forms of matter W,Z

SEPTUM 11 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 RF R. Alemany Fernandez Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

Betatron cleaning collimators

IP8 IR7 IP1 IR6 SPS (~7 km) IP5 LHC (27 km) IP2

Sector 34 Momentum cleaning collimators RF ARC 12 IR4 Spanish Lenguage TeachersCAS@Chavannes Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez IR3 Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Geometry of the main dipoles (Total of 1232 cryodipoles)

Heat exchanger

Beam pipe (Ultrahigh beam vacuum 10-10 Torr like at 1000 km over sea) Collars Cold bore non- magnetic austenitic steel Beam Screen (Stainless Steel He Vessel + Cu) Thermal 36.9 mm Iron shield 46.5 mm yoke Superconducting Vacuum coils vessel (10-6 mbar)

L ~ 15 m 13 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 8.3 2019 T, 11.87 kA R. Alemany Fernandez T = 1.9 K, ~27.5 ton Large Hadron Collider (LHC) LHC arc cells = FoDo lattice* with ~ 90º phase advance per cell in the V & H plane

o o F D B1 B2 D F

LHC TDR

MB: main dipole MQ: main quadrupole MQT: Trim quadrupole MQS: Skew trim quadrupole MO: Lattice octupole (Landau damping) MSCB: Skew sextupole + Orbit corrector (lattice chroma+orbit) MCS: Spool piece sextupole MCDO: Spool piece octupole + 14 Spanish Lenguage Teachers ProgramDecapole 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany FernandezBPM: Beam position monitor I. Basic layout of the machine: Luminosity insertions

D2 D2

D1 Q3Q2 Q1 Q1Q2 Q3 D1 IP

15 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez I. Basic layout of the machine: Luminosity insertions

D2 D2

D1 Q3Q2 Q1 Q1Q2 Q3 D1 IP

With nominal LHC parameters: 2808 bunches separated 25 ns

We can have up to 30 parasitic interactions around the IP

16 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez I. Basic layout of the machine: Luminosity insertions

D2 D2

D1 Q3Q2 Q1 Q1Q2 Q3 D1 IP

17 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez I. Basic layout of the machine: Luminosity insertions

D2 Aperture limitation D2

D1 D1 Q3Q2 Q1 IP Q1Q2 Q3

Crossing angle (e.g. 285 µrad )

Beam-beam separation

18 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez Energy (GeV) II. LHC Operational cycle 19

RAMPDOWN Exp - SETUP LHC ~hours 2 INJECTION PROBE 450 GeV Spanish Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program INJECTION PHYSICS R. Alemany Fernandez PREPARE RAMP RAMP FLATOP SQUEEZE ADJUST 31 31 Julio 2019 STABLE BEAMS… 7000 GeV 10 to 10 to 15 hours Time II. Beam measurements: Beam trajectory

Betatron oscillation

Each point is a BPM (Beam Position Measurement) A B beam ARC BPMs 20 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 TA TB R. Alemany Fernandez49 mm aperture 31/42 II. Beam profile measurements: Beam 1 on TDI screen – 1st and 2nd turns

Scintillator screen for LBDS

Titanium screens (Optical Transition Radiation material)

21 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez 33/42 II. Beam measurements: Fast BCT (Beam Current Transformer)

FBCT

Each point is a bunch B1 Total number of bunches = 1380 ~ 3 109

Intensity B2

22 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez 40/42 Ion Chain

Small sliver of solid isotopically pure 208Pb is The metal is heated to around 800°C and placed in a ceramic crucible ionized to become plasma. Ions are then that sits in an "oven" extracted from the plasma and accelerated up to 2.5 keV/nucleon. Pb29+

The source can also be set up to deliver other species… Ar and Xe

23 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez Linac 3

Stripping foil Pb29+  Pb54+ Stripping Efficiency is 20%

Interdigital-H (IH) linac Pb29+ 2.5 keV/nucleon 4.2 MeV/nucleon RFQ

Spectrometer to select Pb29+

24 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez Ion Chain : Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR)

LEIR Accumulates the 200 ms pulses from Linac3; then splits into 2 bunches Electron Cooling is used to achieve the required brightness Acceleration to 72 MeV/nucleon before transfer to the PS LEIR Cycle is 3.6 s The Pb54+ is finally fully stripped to Pb82+ in the transfer line from PS to SPS 25 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez What else besides injection into LHC our CERN Accelerator Complex does?

There is quite some amazing physics going on beyond the LHC

26 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez e+ Antiproton Decelerator : AD p- Built in 1999 (from the old AC) 26 GeV/c PS Proton beam produces -p (1 in 107) which are focused and captured in the AD and decelerated to 100 MeV/c (5.3 MeV)

≈ c

Proton target

≈10% c

27 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez e+ AD Layout p- C ~ 200 m

Target Area

Elena post- decelerator 2016 ASACUSA Antiprotonic helium m p- commissioning ALPHA ATRAP Experimental 2011 H trapped for 16’ 2002 first glimpse Electron Cooling inside H Area AEGIS 1st meas. of gravitational effect on H BASE p magnetic moment GBAR(1) Gravitational effect on H

28 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez Elena … More Deceleration

Degrader foil (Efficiency=0.1%)

p- C=30 m 5.3 keV 5 keV

ELENA will overcome this problem + will be able to deliver beams almost simultaneously to all four experiments resulting in an essential gain in total beam time for each experiment. This also opens up the possibility to accommodate an extra experimental zone. A second stage of deceleration after Commissioning in 2016 AD Momentum: 100 – 13.7MeV/c Operation 2017 Kinetic : 5.3 – 0.1 MeV

29 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez ISOLDE Synchrocyclotron: 1967-1990 ISOLDE PSB: 1992 PSB Experimental Areas: ISOLDE Solid and liquid target materials  wide spectrum of radioactive isotopes up to Z =< 92. Radioactive isotopes are produced via proton-induced target fragmentation, spallation and fission reactions

Isolde

PSB PS In 2017 we celebrated 50 years of physics at ISOLDE n-ToF (Isotope mass Separator On-Line Device) LEIR  on October 16, 1967 the first radioactive beam GPS: Global Purpose Separator 30 31 Julio 2019 HRS: High Resolution Separator  HIE-ISOLDE: High Intensity and CERN’s longest-running experiment site Energy ISOLDE Next generation of nuclear physics: HIE-ISOLDE (+SC RF): Ekin ≤ 10 MeV/n  A ≤200

Nuclear & Atomic Physics & Astrophysics Funda mental Solid interact State ions Life Sciences

 wide range of radioisotopes, some of which can be produced only at CERN thanks to the unique ISOLDE facility, for hospitals and research centres in Switzerland and across Europe.  devise and test unconventional radioisotopes with a view to developing new approaches to fight cancer MEDICIS (Medical Isotopes Collected from ISOLDE) 31 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez PS Experimental Areas: East Hall

Study the influence of Detector galactic cosmic rays on the Earth's climate through Calibration the media of aerosols and clouds Proton CLIMATE & neutron irradiation CLOUD CHARM facilities

IRRAD

Isolde Secondary Beams: Momentum range 1-15 GeV/c PSB PS Electrons, Hadrons & Muons n-ToF +6 Max 1-2E particles per spill LEIR 32 31 Julio 2019 PS Experimental Areas: n-TOF

Study of neutron-induced reactions

Transmutation of nuclear waster Symmetry Stellar Breaking in Nucleosy compound n nthesis nuclei

2nd Exp. area p

Isolde

Each primary proton produces ~300 neutrons PSB Eneutron meV - GeV PS The neutron kinetic energy is determined by n-ToF LEIR time-of-flight 33 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez SPS Experimental Areas: North Area CALET: Calorimetric Electron Telescope

Study of hadron structure and hadron spectroscopy with high intensity muon and hadron beams 7 beam lines (tot:5.8 km) 3 experimental halls ~ 2000 scientist/year NEUTRON Slow extraction High energy astroparticle physics on 3 primary targets the International Space Station Ion physics program: (Be, Ar, Xe) NA61/SHINE (QCD experiment) ~ 50 different clients/year North Experimental Area Russian regular satellite Clarify the Cosmic Rays origin HiRadMat SPS

COMPASS: Common Muon and Proton Physics Beyond the Standard Model Apparatus for Structure and Spectroscopy 34 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 Awake (ex CNGS) R. Alemany Fernandez SPS Experimental Areas: Awake

Proof-of-principle:  Inject 10-20 MeV electron beam  acceleration of electrons to multi-GeV energy range in the wakefield driven by protons.

 first proton driven PWA experiment world-wide e- North Short p+ Experiment HiRadMat beam al Area into a SPS plasma

Proton Beam 31 Julio 2019Awake (ex CNGS)

Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 35 R. Alemany Fernandez SPS Experimental Areas:

Current and Future Accelerators operate HiRadMat is a facility designed, to study the impact with higher energy, higher intensity, smaller of intense pulsed beam on materials size beams. . Thermal management . Radiation Damage to materials LHC nominal beam (2808 bunches with 1.5 . Thermal shock – beam induced pressure 1011 p+/b at 7 TeV) energy = 362 MJ/beam waves  energy equivalent to

Ekin ( @155 km/h)≈360 MJ

North Experiment HiRadMat SPS al Area

36 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 Awake (ex CNGS) R. Alemany Fernandez SPS Experimental Areas:

Ekin ( @155 km/h)≈360 MJ Simulation: 8 LHC bunches @5 TeV impacting a Tungsten collimator jaw

Groove height ~ 1 cm

North Ejected W fragments Experiment HiRadMat Nb=72 (50 ns) al Area Ibeam=9.34 x 1012 SPS Beam size=0.53 x 0.36

37 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 Awake (ex CNGS) R. Alemany Fernandez Reconstruction of Dark Matter distribution based on observations

Budget: Dark Matter: 33 % Dark Energy: 66 % Anything else (including us) 1%

38 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez LHC HE_LHC: 27 km 33TeV 20T

VHE_LHC: 100 km 100 TeV

LHC Tunnel VHE_LHC (80 km) VHE_LHC (100 km) 31 Julio 2019 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 39 R. Alemany Fernandez Backup slides

40 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez H- CBooster = 154 m source ρ = 16 m 45 keV Normal conducting Booster B ~ 2 T 160 MeV 2 GeV

C = 628 m Proton Large Hadron Collider PS ρ = 66 m Synchrotron 450 GeV  7000 GeV Normal conducting 2 GeV  26 GeV B ~ 2 T

CLHC = 27000 m ρ = 2800 m Super Proton Super conducting Synchrotron B ~ 8 T 26 GeV  450 GeV K= kinetic energy

CSPS = 7000 m β = v/c ρ = 735 m c = speed of light Normal conducting B ~ 2 T ¿Por qué los sincrotrones del la cadena de aceleración del CERN son cada vez más grandes? 푝 퐵휌 = 푞 Fórmula de la rigidez del haz 푝 퐺푒푉/푐 = 0.33 ∙ 푞 ∙ 퐵(푇) ∙ 휌(푚)

Acc Q B (T) ρ(m) p (GeV/c)

Booster 1 0.86 16 4.5 1.7 4 PS 1 1.5 66 33 SPS 1 2 1.3 735 11 485 LHC 1 8.3 2800 7000

42 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez AWAKE

- Probe beam given - Bunch rotation - e- line commissioning -

Short laser pulse No plasma Wake potential proton s

lp = 1.2 mm Second half of the proton bunch sees plasma A. Petrenko, CERN

2017: 1st milestone reached! First demonstration of seeded self-modulation of a high energy proton bunch in plasma

10-20 MeV/c, 1.25E9 e- e- spectrometer Laser 3 RF gun e- 10m, Rb vapour, 1E14 – 1E15 /cm SPS p Proton protons 400 GeV/c, 3E11 beam Proton diagnostics dump p Laser BTV,OTR, CTR SSM Acceleration dump 31 Julio 2019 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 43 R. Alemany Fernandez ANTIMATTER’S WHEN DID THIS GONE MISSING … HAPPEN, SIR?

ABOUT 15 BILLION YEARS AGO …

44 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez History of the Antiproton Decelerator Chain

Isolde

SPS AD East Hall 2000

PS  푝ഥ PS Antiproton PSBp Decelerator 3.5 GeV 0.6 GeV

1st Anti-Hydrogen n-ToF ever produced LEAR LEIR e+ Low Energy Linac2 Antiproton Ring 1983 - 1996 p- 45 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez Fast cycle machines E.g. SPS

46 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez CERN injector accelerator complex

Isolde

East Hall AD Hall

CTF3 n-ToF LEIR Linac2: 33 m, 50 MeV, 1978 L/C (m),Energy after acceleration, Commissioning year 47 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez Further Reading

The LHC Design Report Volume 1: The LHC Main Ring, CERN-2004-003-V-1, http://cds.cern.ch/record/782076/files/CERN-2004-003-V1.pdf

The LHC Design Report Volume 1: The LHC Infrastructure and Services, CERN-2004-003-V-2, http://cds.cern.ch/record/782076/files/CERN-2004-003-V2.pdf

The LHC Design Report Volume 3: The LHC Injector Chain : CERN-2004-003-V-3: http://cds.cern.ch/record/823808/files/CERN-2004-003-V3.pdf

Fifty years of the CERN Proton Synchrotron: Volume 1 :CERN-2011-004, http://cds.cern.ch/record/1359959/files/cern-2011-004.pdf

Fifty years of the CERN Proton Synchrotron: Volume 2 :CERN-2013-005, http://cds.cern.ch/record/1597087/files/CERN-2013-005.pdf

Linac4 Technical Design Report:: http://cds.cern.ch/record/1004186/files/ab-2006-084.pdf

Elena Conceptual Design Report: http://cds.cern.ch/record/1309538/files/CERN-BE-2010-029.pdf

AWAKE Technical Design Report: http://cds.cern.ch/record/1537318/files/SPSC-TDR-003.pdf

HiRadMat: http://cds.cern.ch/record/1403043/files/CERN-ATS-2011-232.pdf

31 Julio 2019 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 48 R. Alemany Fernandez Generating a 25ns Bunch Train in the PS

Use double splitting at 25 GeV to generate 50ns bunch trains instead

31 Julio 2019 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 49 R. Alemany Fernandez Proton Synchrotron (PS)

BOOSTER (1.4 GeV)  PS (26 GeV)  SPS (450 GeV)  LHC

BOOSTER (4 rings)

2 Two injections from BOOSTER to PS 1 (2 x 1.2 s) PS h=7 (6 buckets filled + 1 empty) All operational beams cross transition h=1 (Transition energy 6.1 GeV) 50 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez Proton Synchrotron (PS)

SPS 25 ns Up to 4 injections from PS of 72 bunches

72 bunches 2xDouble splitting h=84 84 buckets

12x25 ns GAP to cover the rise time of the PS ejection kicker 18 bunches 21 buckets

h=21 26 GeV Triplesplitting 1.4 GeV

6 bunches h=7 7 buckets PS Two injections from 1.4 GeV h=1 BOOSTER to PS BOOSTER Nominal 25 ns beam production

51 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez Proton Synchrotron (PS)

2st Injection PSB  PS 1st Injection PSB  PS

The PS is the machine in the LHC Injector Chain where the Longitudinal characteristics of the LHC beam are determined 31 Julio 2019 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 52 R. Alemany Fernandez Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

Golden formula (you should know by heart) Circumference  FIXED!!! by LEP

푝 26658.9 푚 휌 ≈ ∙ 66% ≈ 2780 푚 퐵휌 = 2휋 푍푒 ~ 66% of the lattice elements are dipoles

p = nucleon momentum  defined by the physics case  TeV range  7 TeV

퐺푒푉 푝 푝 퐵 = ≈ 3.33 푐 = 8.39 푇 휌푍푒 휌 푚

We need SUPERCONDUCTING technology Field limit for normal conducting 31 Julio 2019 Spanish Lenguage Teachersmagnets Program due 53 to saturation R. Alemany Fernandez Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

Production rate of events is determined by the cross section Σreact and a parameter L that is given by the design of the accelerator: … the luminosity 1 R  L* 25 1012 b  some 1000H react 1015 b

remember: 1b=10-24 cm2 react 1pb



Integrated luminosity during RUN I  Ldt 25 fb1

Official number: 1400 clearly identified Higgs particles “on-tape”

31 Julio 2019 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 54 R. Alemany Fernandez Overall Protons Delivered in 2012

Facility Protons % of Total Deliverd Isolde 1.15x10+20 63.8% CNGS 3.9x10+19 21.6% n-TOF 1.9x10+19 10.2% The rest 8.13x10+18 4.5% LHC 3.25x10+16 0.018% Total 1.81x10+20 Colliders are very Efficient! The LHC Physics Program Used 0.018% of the protons produced in CERN accelerators during 2012!  Intensities as delivered to the facility, upstream losses ignored,  Beams for Machine Setup and Studies Excluded  The total delivered protons represents roughly 0.27mg (rest mass!)

31 Julio 2019 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 55 R. Alemany Fernandez Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Liquid Cold Superconducting cables of Nb-Ti Nitrogen compressors

6 µm Ni-Ti He gas  liquid @ 4.2 K  superfluid filaments @ 2.17 K

10000 SOLID 1 mm 1000

CRITICAL POINT lline HeII HeI 100

P [kPa] P Pressurized He II LHC ~ 27 km circumf. with 20 km of superconducting magnets operating @8.3 T. GAS 10 An equivalent machine with normal λ point conducting magnets would have a Saturated He II circumference of 100 km and would 1 consume 1000 MW of power  we would 1 1.9 K 10 T [K] need a dedicated nuclear power station for LHC Requires such a machine. LHC consumes ~ 10%  90,000 T of liquid Nitrogen nuclear power station  130 T of Liquid Helium to keep it cold 31 Julio 2019 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 56 R. Alemany Fernandez June 1994 June 2007 First sector cold first full scale prototype dipole

ECFA-CERN workshop

April 2008 Last dipole down

1994 project approved by council (1-in-2) SSC 25 y cancelled Main contracts signed

83 84 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

2002 String 2 November 2006 1232 delivered First set of twin 1 m prototypes Over 9 T

September 10, 2008 First beams around

31May Julio 9th 2019 2012 Paul Collier – LHC: Past,Spanish Present Lenguage and Future Teachers Program 57 57 R. Alemany Fernandez August 2008 First injection test

Feb. 2013 May 2012 p-Pb82+ October, 2011 Ramping +33 -1 New Operation 3.5x10 , 5.7 fb Performance November 29, Mode 2009 First Hints!! Beam back

Sept. 10, 2008 First beams around June 28 2011 1380 bunches March 14th October 14, 1380 2012 2010 Restart Nov. 2012 L= 1x10+32 with Beam End of p+ Run 1 248 bunches Repair and Consolidation

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

November 2010 82+ March 30, 2010 Pb Ions First collisions at 3.5 TeV Higgs Day Sept. 19, 2008 LS1 Disaster November 2011 Second Ion Run

31 Julio 2019 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 58 R. Alemany Fernandez Filling the LHC (2012)

25 ns 50 ns 25 ns (2012) (design) (2012)# Energy per beam [TeV] 7 4 4 Intensity per bunch [x1011] 1.15 1.7 1.2 Norm. Emittance H&V 3.75 1.8 2.7 [µm] Number of bunches 2808 1380 N.A. # The 25 ns PS production scheme (2012) β* [m] 0.55 0.6 N.A. # Peak luminosity [cm-2s-1] 1 × 1034 7.7 × N.A. # 1033

LHC filling pattern (2012)

• ..

1380 bunches over 26.7 km # The 25 ns was only used for scrubbing and tests in 2012 31 Julio 2019 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 59 R. Alemany Fernandez CTF 3 – CLIC Test Facility

JURA

CLIC goal: Drive Beam 100 A, 239 ns RF Power Extraction & 2.38 GeV 240 MeV Transfer Structure (PETS) Main Beam 1.2 A, 156 ns 9 GeV  1.5 TeV

31 Julio 2019 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 60 R. Alemany Fernandez CTF 3 – CLIC Test Facility

e- JURA

31 Julio 2019 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 61 R. Alemany Fernandez CTF 3 – CLIC Test Facility

JURA

RF Power is sucked from Driver Beam

31 Julio 2019 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 62 R. Alemany Fernandez High Light Of HEP -Year

ATLAS event display: Higgs => two electrons & two muons

31 Julio 2019 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 63 R. Alemany Fernandez Linac4 : Replacing Linac2 Linac4 : Approved in 2007 as a replacement to Linac2 o Energy 160 MeV (cf 50 MeV in Linac2) Doubles the space charge tune shift limit at injection into the PS Booster o H- Injection : CERN is one of the few labs still using p+ o Connection to PSB LS2 (~ 2019) 50 Mev  160 MeV 0.31*1.12=0.35 0.52*1.37=0.70

QLINAC4 ≈ 0.5QLINAC2

Nb R QSC   2  X ,Y 

with Nb : number of protons/bunch

 X ,Y : norm. transverse emittances R : mean radius of the accelerator

Delivers 40 mA, 400 ms pulses at 2 Hz 64 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez H- Injection

e- e- From LINAC4 H- Stripping foil p+ (99% efficiency)

Displaced BOOSTER Orbit

65 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez e- e- H- Injection p+

From LINAC4 H-

Stripping foil (99% efficiency)

Circulating p+

Displaced BOOSTER Orbit Injection chicane dipoles: Injection in the same Bump off after injection to phase space region!!! preserve the foil from unnecessary heating Emittance better preserved Not possible with LINAC2

The most important plus!  since we can afford a SPACE CHARGE Q50MeV 

Nb R LINAC4 LINAC2 But QLINAC4(160MeV) ≈ 0.5QLINAC2(50MeV) Nb ≈ 2 Nb !!!! QSC   2 66 Spanish Lenguage Teachers X ,Y Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez Let me open a parenthesis here to talk about

EMITTANCE and PHASE SPACE

67 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez (Phase space and emittance)

X V

k m

(friction ignored) -1 0 1

Phase space Analysis of x=f(t)  provides information about the path taken by the system BUT NOT about the energy. x=max x=max v=0 Analysis of v=f(t)  provides information v=0 about the energy of the system BUT U=max U=max K=0 NOT about the trajectory taken. K=0 … Let’s be inventive and try to analyse the evolution of the velocity as a function of position v=f(x) x=0 U=0 v=max K=max 68 U=potential energy Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 K=kinetic energy R. Alemany Fernandez (Phase space and emittance)

 Each point (x,v) in the ellipse represents an STATE of the physical system with well k m define position and velocity.  All the points (x,v) in the ellipse have the SAME ENERGY (E ) (friction ignored) 1  If the initial elongation is smaller, then we get -1 0 1 a smaller ellipse with energy E2 (E2

E1 x=max x=max v=0 v=0 U=max A beam of charged particles in an E U=max K=0 2 K=0 accelerator subjected to focusing and defocusing forces have the same dynamics as the system above. The beam dynamics also x=0 U=0 reproduces an ellipse in phase space … v=max K=max 69 U=potential energy Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 K=kinetic energy R. Alemany Fernandez (Phase space and emittance)

All particles with the same initial betatron amplitude (equivalent to x) at a given position in the accelerator (or time) but different phases or momentum due to momentum spread (equivalent to v), describe the same ellipse turn after turn k1 k2 k3

s2 s1 s3

Along a beam line, the orientation and aspect ratio of the ellipse varies, BUT THE AREA remains CONSTANT in the absence of non-linear forces or acceleration

AREA ≈ EMITTANCE (Ɛ)

Beam size  σ = √Ɛβ (in places without dispersion)

70 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez Let me use the BOOSTER injection to talk about

TUNE, PHASE SPACE PAINTING, SPACE CHARGE, BRIGHTNESS

71 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez PS Booster: Einj=50MeV, C=154 m Pulse from LINAC2=100 μs x Qx=0.25 PSB s T=1.6 μs C

Qx=1 x 푩 1st inject. @xo

푩 = ퟎ s C

SEPTUM

72 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez PS Booster: Einj=50MeV, C=154 m Pulse from LINAC2=100 μs x Qx=0.25 PSB s T=1.6 μs C

Qx=1 x 푩 2nd inject. @xo

푩 = ퟎ s C

SEPTUM

73 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez PS Booster: Einj=50MeV, C=154 m Pulse from LINAC2=100 μs x Qx=0.25 PSB s T=1.6 μs C

Qx=1 x 푩 3rd inject. @xo 푩 = ퟎ s C

SEPTUM

74 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez PS Booster: Einj=50MeV, C=154 m Pulse from LINAC2=100 μs x Qx=0.25 PSB s T=1.6 μs C

Qx=1 x 푩 3rd inject. @xo 푩 = ퟎ x' Septum foil s e.g. 3-Turn Injection Injected beam C (up to 13-turns possible)

SEPTUM Circulating beam 푩 = ퟎ 푩 x

Transverse Phase Space (x,x’) - The bigger the number of turns the more intensity we can accumulate - The problem is that the longer the injection takes, the more time the particles have to fill the whole available phase space + SPACE CHARGE  emittance increases  beam size increases - The Booster is the machine in the LHC Injector Chain where the transverse brightness of the LHC beam is determined Brightness = Intensity/Emittance 75 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez (Space Charge in One Slide)

vA E E F B p+ p+ + Magnetic vA=0 vB=0 Attractive Electric Repulsive Force v Force B F

Particles in the beam feel a strong repulsive force = defocusing quadrupole  푣 훽 = 푐 change in tune

76 LINAC2 v(0.750 MeV50 MeV)=4%Spanish 31% Lenguage of c Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez 77 Spanish Lenguage Teachers Program 31 Julio 2019 R. Alemany Fernandez