N E W S L E T T E R O F T H E A M E R I C A N S C H O O L O F C L A S S I C A L S T U D I E S AT AT H E N S

ákoueákoueWinter/Spring 2006, No. 55

Ivory statuette of Aphrodite, 3rd/4th c. A.D., discovered in 2005 Agora excavation season. See story on page 5.

Photo: Craig Mauzy

IN THIS ISSUE: Agora Celebrates 75 Years 2 New Board Appointees 3 Vanderpool Leaves EVP Position 3 Jones New Blegen Librarian 4 Managing Committee Members Added 4 2005 Agora Season 5 Oakley Begins Term as Mellon Professor 8 Student Reports: Spolia Use, Early Archaic Roof Tiles, Fortifications of East Lokris, Corinth’s South Stoa 9 Mapping Cave Depths 13 Solow Fellows Report 16 Wiener Lab: Neolithic in Aegean Thrace, Archaeobotany, Byzantine Burial Customs 19 INSERT: Gennadeion Acquires Facsimile Nicander Manuscript G1 New Library Trustees G1 Angelos Terzakis Papers G2 Sophia Schliemann Letters G3 Andrews’ Classic Reprinted G4 Alfavitario G4 Agora Excavations Celebrate 75th Anniversary

The year 2006 represents the 75th year 15 marks the opening of an exhibit on the since excavations by the American School photographic history of the excavation began in the Athenian Agora in the spring in the upper story of the Stoa of Attalos; of 1931. The excavations have played a cen- the exhibit was prepared by Craig Mauzy, tral role in the work of the School, bringing Deputy Director and Agora Photographer, to light the buildings and finds associated and will be accompanied by a photographic with the civic center of ancient Athens, album of the excavations and the recon- ákoue! where democracy was first invented and struction of the Stoa, which celebrates its then practiced for some 200 years. Doz- 50th anniversary this year as well. Two ens of monuments and tens of thousands memorial benches will also be dedicated, of objects have been uncovered, spanning one in honor of John Travlos, longtime ar- many centuries of the history of one of the chitect of the excavations, and the other in great cities of antiquity. The full Agora bib- honor of Homer A. Thompson, Field Di- liography consists of over 50 volumes and rector from 1948 to 1968, the centenary of more than 400 articles, contributed by 150 whose birthday also falls in 2006. Visitors scholars. In the past 30 years alone, 470 will also have a chance to visit the excava- students have worked at the site in a series tions in progress. That evening there will of annual campaigns. be a celebration of the Agora, followed by Various events have taken or will take a reception in the School garden. place in 2006 to celebrate the history of On June 16 there will be an all-day the Agora excavations: two conferences, conference in Cotsen Hall. Some of the assorted speeches and receptions, and two speakers will concentrate on the last 25 volumes. First was a joint AIA/APA session years of work carried out by the School, at the annual meetings in Montreal in Janu- which celebrates its own 125th anniversary ary, where a panel of papers on recent re- in 2006. Other papers will again empha- search in the Agora was organized by Steve size work in the Agora: Barbara Tsakirgis Tracy. Agora Excavations Director John on domestic architecture, Mark Lawall on Camp spoke on the recent excavations, amphora studies, Richard Anderson on ar- AMERICAN SCHOOL OF Kathleen Lynch on recent pottery studies, chitectural studies and survey, and Craig CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS Susan Rotroff on commercial buildings in Mauzy and John Camp on the history of the 54 Souidias Street, GR-106 76 Athens, Greece the Agora, Jim Sickinger on a new group excavations. The Agora papers presented 6–8 Charlton Street, Princeton, NJ 08540-5232 of ostraka finds, Lee Ann Riccardi on re- at Montreal in January and at Athens in cent sculptural finds, and Bruce Hartzler June will be collected and published in a ákoue, the newsletter of the ASCSA Winter/Spring 2006 No. 55 on the recent applications of new electronic commemorative volume edited by John technology both in the field and for the ar- Camp and Craig Mauzy. A second volume, Executive Editor chives. In March, John Camp spoke at the edited by John Papadopoulos and written Catherine deG. Vanderpool Open Meeting on the recent excavations. by a team of Agora scholars, will highlight Editorial Associate In June there will be further celebra- the contributions and work of the artist Sally Fay tions with a two-day event in Athens. June Piet de Jong. e Editorial Assistant Caitlin Verfenstein Design & Production Mary Jane Gavenda School Marks Many Milestones ákoue is published semiannually by the ASCSA under the inspiration of Doreen While 2006 marks the 125th anniversary 33 years at the School this year. School Ad- C. Spitzer, Trustee Emerita. Please address of the School, the 75th for the Agora Ex- ministrator Maria Pilali has been keeping all correspondence and inquiries to the cavations, the 50th for the Stoa of Attalos, the gears of the School working since 1975, Newsletter Editor, ASCSA U.S. Office, 6–8 Charlton Street, Princeton, NJ 08540-5232. and the 80th for the Gennadeion, there and Gennadeion Head Librarian Sophie Tel: (609) 683-0800; Fax: (609) 924-0578; are also a number of staff members who Papageorgiou recently retired in her 30th E-mail: [email protected]; Website: www. celebrate 25 years or more with the School year of service. Agora Excavations Director ascsa.edu.gr. this year. John McK. Camp has been a fixture at the Top of the list and closing in on 35 years Agora since 1979, and his able Excavations ÁKOUE IN COLOR ON THE WEB. at the School is Voula Alexopoulou, who Manager, Craig Mauzy, celebrates his silver See this issue in color on the School’s was hired in 1971 to work as a maid in anniversary this summer, as does Produc- web site at: www.ascsa.edu.gr/news- Loring Hall. Elizabeth Gignoli, Assistant tion Manager Sara Figueira of the School’s letter/newsletter.htm. Librarian at the Blegen Library, celebrates Publications Department. e

2 Maguire and Lefkowitz Join School Board

The ASCSA Board of Trustees added two practice since 2000. Mr. Maguire has lived lege in 1959 and 1961, respectively. She members to its ranks in recent months with in London since 1984. was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Hu- the addition of J. Robert Maguire, Manag- A 1977 graduate of Princeton University mane Letters by Trinity College in 1996, ing Director, Global Energy Group, Morgan with an A.B. in Classics, Mr. Maguire re- an honorary Doctorate in Philology by the Stanley; and Mary Rosenthal Lefkowitz, ceived an M.A. in Literae Humaniores from University of Patras in Greece in 1999, and Andrew W. Mellon Professor Emerita in Oxford University in 1980 and a J.D. from an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters the Humanities, Wellesley College. the University of Virginia School of Law by Grinnell College in 2000. Mr. Maguire is responsible for Morgan in 1983. He attended the ASCSA’s Summer A well-known classical scholar, Ms. Stanley’s business in the oil and gas indus- Session in 1975. Lefkowitz has served in various capacities try. He joined the company as a general- Ms. Lefkowitz taught at Wellesley Col- with the American Philological Associa- ist in the Corporate Finance Department lege, her alma mater, from 1959 until her tion, of which she was director from 1974 in 1986 after practicing law with the firm retirement in 2004. She was named Andrew to 1977. Other professional associations of White & Case in both New York and W. Mellon Professor in the Humanities in include the National Endowment for the London. Mr. Maguire later spent two years 1979. Ms. Lefkowitz received her B.A. from Humanities, Fulbright Fellowship Awards in the firm’s Scandinavian Group before Wellesley in 1957 (Phi Beta Kappa, with Committee, and Mellon Fellowships in the joining the Energy Group in 1990. He has honors in Greek), and an M.A. and Ph.D. Humanities. e had overall responsibility for the Energy in Classical Philology from Radcliffe Col-

Vanderpool Steps Down From School’s EVP Position

Catherine deGrazia Vanderpool will step The same year she became Executive down from her position as Executive Vice Vice President of the School, Cathy took President of the School on July 1, 2006, on additional responsibilities as Presi- a position she has held with distinction dent of the Gennadius Library. In these since 1996. Cathy first began work for the dual roles she can be proud of—and the School a full ten years before that, however, School can be thankful for—a cornucopia accumulating a total of 20 years’ dedicat- of accomplishments. Her initiative, leader- ed service. But her association goes back ship, and energy brought numerous grants even farther, to 1970 when she became a to the School from both public agencies Student Associate Member of the School and private foundations. In spearheading while a graduate student in Classical Art such projects, Cathy worked closely with and Archaeology at Columbia University. the School’s two boards of trustees, both In one capacity or another, then, Cathy has the School Board and Gennadius Library been a part of the School for more than Board, the latter created when Cathy be- 30 years. came President of the Library. The Gen- As a student, Cathy worked on Roman nadius Library has grown significantly Catherine Vanderpool portraits from Corinth, a topic that be- under the Board’s leadership during the came the subject of her doctoral disserta- past decade, and Cathy has been tireless ized and the work of the standing com- tion. Soon after earning the Ph.D. in 1973, in supporting and helping to guide its ef- mittees increasingly channeled through Cathy took up residence in Athens, where forts. Two major renovation and expansion the Princeton office. Alumni outreach has she lived continuously until 1986. It was in projects in particular have transformed the also grown, through the School’s newslet- Athens that she raised her two sons, Nick face of the Gennadeion: first the Library’s ter, where Cathy has served as Editor since and Jeff. In 1979 she began work for The 1926 Main Building, work on which was 1990, and annual appeal. Athenian Magazine, advancing from Pro- completed in 1999, and more recently the Fortunately, the School does not have to duction Assistant to Publisher and Editor renovation of the East Wing and the addi- bid adieu to Cathy. While she is stepping over the course of five years. From 1984 to tion of Cotsen Hall, providing for the entire down as Executive Vice President of the 1986, she was the Advertising and Public School the auditorium it has needed for a School, she has been invited to join the Relations Director of the Intercontinental generation or more. Board of the Gennadius Library as Presi- Hotel in Athens. This professional experi- Cathy’s responsibilities have involved dent. She looks forward to working with ence, coupled with her first-hand knowl- close contact and coordination with the her colleagues on the Library’s board and edge of the American School, proved to Managing Committee of the School and with Maria Georgopoulou, Director of the be of great value when she began work the leadership in Athens. The Princeton Gennadeion, to further the Library’s mis- for the School. Equally important was her office of the School, which Cathy has over- sion, and thus to enhance and strengthen command of modern Greek, and her deep seen, keeps the wheels of the Managing the School as a whole. Just as she has done knowledge of and dedication to Greece and Committee turning. During her tenure for the past 36 years. e to Greeks. She was, is, and always will be as Executive Vice President of the School — Rhys F. Townsend, a true Hellenophile. the budget process has been professional- Managing Committee Chairman

3 New Head Librarian Joins Blegen Library New Rules for

Charles E. Jones has joined the School staff ManCom as Head Librarian of the Blegen Library. Recent changes in School regulations Mr. Jones was previously research archivist now allow each Cooperating Institution and bibliographer at the University of Chi- to have as many as three voting members cago’s Oriental Institute. In that position, in the Managing Committee. Previously, which he held since 1983, he was respon- the regulations usually limited the num- sible for the operation and development of ber of members from a given department the Research Archives, the primary research to one or two. With the revision, an in- facility of The Oriental Institute and the stitution may send three voting members foremost library on the Ancient Near East regardless of whether they belong to the in the Western Hemisphere. same or different departments. Mr. Jones’ interest in the Near East The new rules also permit current has its roots in a childhood spent living members of the Managing Committee in many places in Africa and the Middle who are not interested in being actively East. The son of a Foreign Service officer involved in the work of the standing who specialized in the Middle East, he at- committees to retain their membership tended school in Beirut, Aleppo, Khorram- on the Managing Committee with non- shahr (Iran), and England, with his high Charles E. (Chuck) Jones voting status. Each Cooperating Insti- school years spent in Philadelphia. Mr. tution may therefore have non-voting Jones received a B.A. in History from the members in addition to the three voting University of Wisconsin–Madison and did members. This provision makes it pos- his graduate work in Assyriology/Elamitol- resource lists, both print and electronic. sible for members who want to remain ogy and Ancient Near Eastern History at Accompanying Mr. Jones to Greece involved in the operations of the School the University of Chicago. His academic are his wife and sons. His wife, Alexandra without the obligations of committee interests are in Achaemanid history and O’Brien, an Egyptologist specializing in De- work to keep their membership while, at Elamite language and philology, and he has motic Egyptian texts of the Hellenistic and the same time, opening up voting mem- focused on research in the Elamite language Roman periods, has been enrolled in the in- berships for those at their institutions administrative archive discovered at Perse- tensive modern Greek language program at who would like to play an active role. polis in the 1930s. the University of Athens this past year. Son For details on how to become a mem- Much of Mr. Jones’ career as a librarian Patrick Jones-O’Brien (4 ½) is in pre-school ber of the Managing Committee, or to has been dedicated to the development and and daughter Charlotte Jones-O’Brien (2) change to non-voting status, contact administration of carefully constructed and will be natively bilingual. Mr. Jones’ two Mary Darlington at the ASCSA’s Prince- intensively used research collections, and older children, Isaac Freilich-Jones (19) ton office ([email protected]). on issues of scholarly communication at and Rose Freilich-Jones (16), live in Phila- the dawn of the electronic age. His publica- delphia and are looking forward to visiting — Jane Carter, Vice Chairman, tions include numerous bibliographies and Athens. e ASCSA Managing Committee

Managing Committee Membership Expands

A number of new or transferring Managing Vanderpool Fellow 2000–01, Senior As- Fellow 2003), representing the Department Committee representatives were approved sociate Member/Solow Summer Research of Art History. at the Managing Committee meeting in Fellow 2005–06), representing the Depart- Managing Committee Secretary Ex Of- Montreal this past January, bringing total ments of Religion, Philosophy, and Clas- ficio Carla Antonaccio (Duke University; Managing Committee membership to 300 sics; Alumni Association Representative ASCSA Student Associate Member 1984– people. to the Managing Committee Christopher 85), representing the Department of Clas- New Managing Committee members A. Pfaff (Florida State University; ASCSA sics, was approved as a transferring mem- are Carl Anderson (Michigan State Uni- Senior Associate Member/Solow Summer ber, replacing John Oates, who has retired versity), representing the Department of Research Fellow 2004, Eugene Vanderpool and becomes a non-voting member. French, Classics, and Italian; former Ble- Fellow 1987–88, Corinth Research Fellow In other Managing Committee business, gen Librarian Camilla MacKay (Bryn Mawr 1991–92, Regular Member 1980–81, As- Jane Buikstra (Arizona State University) was College; ASCSA White Fellow 1995–96, sociate Member 1985–90), representing appointed Chairman of the Wiener Labora- Associate Member 1997–98), represent- the Department of Classics; Pavlos Sfyro- tory Committee for 2005–06, and Jeremy ing the Rhys Carpenter Library and Visual eras (Middlebury College), representing Rutter (Dartmouth College) was appointed Resources; Jeannette C. Marchand (Wright the Department of Classics; and Bonna D. to serve on the Wiener Laboratory Commit- State University; ASCSA Regular Mem- Wescoat (Emory University; ASCSA Senior tee for a term yet to be announced. e ber 1998–99, Capps Fellow 1999–2000, Associate Member/Solow Summer Research

4 2005 Agora Excavations Yield New Clues to Old Mysteries Staffed with a team of 42 students and supervisors from 25 universities, Summer 2005 excavations were carried out in the Athenian Agora in cooperation with the 1st Ephoreia of the Ministry of Culture and with the collaboration and support of the Packard Humanities Institute. Agora Excavations Director John McK. Camp presented the following report and preliminary conclusions.

Roman levels dating from the first to fifth stay open (e.g., shop doors). This threshold centuries A.D. were the focus of excava- might therefore serve to bolster our tenta- tions in Section BZ, northwest of the Stoa tive conclusion that the building along the Poikile, supervised by Mike Laughy (south) east side of the street housed a series of and Marcie Handler (north). Much more shops in the Roman period. of the north-south street was excavated, West of the street we continued excavat- revealing a series of hydraulic installations ing in mixed Roman fills. The lower fills that included a closed round terracotta produced numerous examples of the cone- pipeline (fourth/fifth century A.D.) and a shaped projections characteristic of tegulae 3-meter stretch of lead pipe. Along the east mammatae, used in the heating systems of side of the street we exposed more of the Roman baths. These seem to come from a large, late, deep drain known from excava- Roman bath in the immediate vicinity that tions further south. was remodeled in the early third century One rare find came from the fill over the A.D. and went out of use at the end of the southern part of the drain: a small statuette fourth century. The fact that we found great of Aphrodite carved from elephant ivory numbers of the corners with their cones or (see cover). She is missing her right hand just the cones alone suggests that they were and both feet but is otherwise well pre- deliberately knocked off and discarded so served, measuring 0.085 m. high. In her the rest of the tile could be used elsewhere left hand she is holding a large lock of hair as building material. away from her head, apparently to dry it. East of the street we excavated areas in This type was very popular in antiquity line with the northern continuation of the and is referred to as the Aphrodite Anadyo- commercial building to the south. At the mene, based on a famous painting by the far north end of the trench we recovered a fourth-century painter Apelles, showing deposit of several amphoras, broken but in Aphrodite emerging from the sea, wringing situ. Two of them are similar and unusual in Photo: Craig Mauzy water and sea-foam from her hair. Similar the Agora; they have disk feet and can stand figurines have been found in the area. As on their own, as opposed to the pointed Marble threshold block in eastern North- South Road wall. they now span four centuries (first–fourth toes of almost all our other hundreds of ex- century A.D.) and two materials (ivory and amples. They are best paralleled in ampho- terracotta), it seems increasingly unlikely ra type Gauloise 5, from southern France, that they are all the product of a single dating to the late first/second century A.D., one pithos, and some areas of deep ash or workshop in the area, but rather of a single so these jars would appear to have had a carbon were encountered, there seem to be sanctuary; they may offer further evidence long journey. Other finds include a small far fewer of the installations and evidence that the altar and later remains found just marble head of a bearded male, perhaps for storage (especially pithoi) that were to the south are indeed dedicated to Aph- from a herm, found in surface fill, and a outstanding and common features of the rodite Ourania. small piece of worked bone carved with contemporary buildings to the west. Also A large rubble wall overlying the drain a palmette at one end, apparently a stamp unusual, in comparison to Sections BE and was partially removed and dated to the for decorating pottery. BZ to the west, is the fact that none of the sixth century A.D., providing a useful ter- In Section BH, excavated under the walls in Section BH rest on Late Roman minus ante quem for the drain and the latest supervision of Anne McCabe, we finished predecessors. Roman phase of the eastern street wall and clearing the Byzantine levels down to the Laura Gawlinski was responsible for ex- a marble threshold block of unusual type. bottoms of the walls, well below floor level. cavating in Section Γ, just southwest of the The threshold has a long slot into which For the most part we seem to be entirely Tholos. Here we returned to investigate a a series of boards could be slid, one after in the tenth century A.D. The walls were large trapezoidal building of the mid-fifth another, with a locking device necessary of rubble: fieldstones and reused ancient century B.C., tentatively identified in the only for the final board, creating, in effect, blocks set in clay. The area is so small that past as the Strategeion, headquarters of a sort of horizontal shutter. Such doors are no plan of any building could be recov- the 10 generals (strategoi). The building rare in Greece, the other examples coming ered, and even what seem to be individual measures ca. 20 by 25 m. and is poorly from the Library of Pantainos, also in the rooms rarely have four respectable walls. preserved. The plan is restored as several Agora; most other examples are found in The fill alongside these walls has proved rooms grouped around a central court- Italy, at Ostia and Pompeii. This method of remarkably deep and undifferentiated, and yard. securing and opening a doorway is appro- there is little stratigraphic evidence of ex- priate for wide doors and ones intended to tended use of the area. Though one drain, continued on page 6

5 Conservation a Year-Round Pursuit at the Agora When it comes to archaeology, excavation is just the beginning of the story. Assistant Conservator Claudia Chemello provided the following look at what goes on inside the School’s busy Conservation Laboratory.

The Conservation Laboratory at the Ago- the second half of the fourth century B.C. if any textile evidence remains in the soil ra Excavations is a permanent laboratory The conservation team are currently focus- surrounding the coins. The combination of staffed by two conservators year round. ing their efforts on the photography, docu- written and photographic documentation The conservation team, Head Conserva- mentation, and treatment of some 46 of allows the entire conservation process to tor Amandina Anastassiades and Assistant these coins that were excavated separately be fully recorded, an important step in the Conservator Claudia Chemello, are respon- from the remainder of the concreted mass preservation of archaeological materials. sible for the treatment of freshly excavated of coins. The hoard was probably buried in Other artifacts from the 2005 season artifacts from the annual excavations in a textile sack or bag and conservators are currently being treated in the lab include the Athenian Agora. Conservation is also examining the hoard closely to determine continued on page 23 responsible for the ongoing maintenance and re-treatment of objects from the Agora’s archaeological collections housed in the Agora Season Stoa of Attalos. In addition, conservators continued from page 5 regularly treat material to assist numer- ous visiting researchers in the study and publication of material from the Agora’s unparalleled collections. In the last five years the Laboratory has undergone renovations to improve layout and work space and has gained several new pieces of equipment to assist in the docu- mentation and treatment of archaeological finds. These include a Leica stereomicro- scope with digital camera attachment and a Nikon D1 digital camera. A new climate- controlled storage room for metal artifacts was added in 2002. The room enables sen- sitive metal artifacts to be housed in ap- propriate conditions following treatment, thus preventing further corrosion and loss of information. Thanks are due to the Pack- ard Humanities Institute for their generous financial support. During the annual summer excavation period, the Conservation Department wel- Photo: Craig Mauzy comes conservation student interns who Concreted mass of Athenian silver tetradrachms, part of a large buried hoard. gain experience treating freshly excavated materials. In 2005, interns Kim Cullen Cobb from Queen’s University in Ontario, The identification as the Strategeion radrachms buried under the lowest floor Canada, Melina Smirniou from University has been based primarily on the location in the eastern part of the building. In all, 46 College London, and Victoria Brown from and large size of the building, along with coins were removed separately, and the rest Lincoln University in the UK joined the lab a handful of relevant inscriptions found in were lifted in a concreted mass estimated for their internship periods extending from the general vicinity. Other interpretations to consist of 400–420 coins. All the coins 4 to 12 weeks. North American interns are possible, however; thus, we returned seen so far date to the second half of the are generously supported by the Samuel to clarify the plan and also in the hopes of fourth century B.C. Hoards of this type and H. Kress Foundation. In addition to treat- finding evidence that would tip the balance size found in controlled excavations are ing excavated finds, interns participate in a in favor of either a public use or a com- extremely rare. Much more work will be wide variety of tasks that include assisting mercial one. Evidence that perhaps favors needed by the conservators and numisma- with the lifting of fragile finds in the field, a public function includes the special effort tist before questions of the date of deposi- this season including a Byzantine-period that went into siting and constructing the tion and method of assembly of this hoard ceramic cooking pot. building in this particular spot, as well as can be answered. Evidence gleaned from The 2005 excavation season produced its large size and location close to other these coins will doubtless also provide fod- many interesting new finds, including a coin major public buildings. der for speculation as to who buried them hoard of approximately 400–420 Athenian Also part of the story is the discovery and what information that might carry for silver tetradrachms of the pi-style dated to of a large hoard of Athenian silver tet- the identification of the building itself. e

6 ASCSA Work Displayed at Foreign Schools Exhibition

The American School of Classical Studies to the Greek public, included artifacts, General Director of Antiquities, Dr. Lazaros at Athens was well represented at a first- photographs, and texts illustrating their Kolonas, and by the Deputy Minister of ever exhibition illustrating the accomplish- multifaceted accomplishments. Emphasis Culture, Petros Tatoulis. Wolf Niemeier, Se- ments of the foreign archaeological schools was placed on the excavation, restoration, nior Director of the German Archaeological in Greece. Entitled “Foreign Archaeological and enhancement of archaeological sites, Institute, responded on behalf of the for- Institutions in Greece: 160 Years of Cul- as well as publication activities. A lavishly eign schools. On November 30, 2005, as an tural Cooperation,” and sponsored by the illustrated book in both Greek and English, integral part of this outreach effort, each of Ministry of Culture, the exhibition was on entitled Foreign Archaeological Schools in the directors gave a short talk on the work display in the Megaron Mousikis for two Greece: 160 Years (Athens 2005), was pro- of his or her School. ASCSA Director Ste- months in winter 2006. duced to accompany the exhibit. phen V. Tracy offered a presentation entitled The exhibition, which aimed to intro- The exhibition opened with a press con- “The American School of Classical Studies at duce the work of the 17 foreign schools ference and reception, with remarks by the Athens: 125 years of work in Greece.” Since the exhibits were arranged in al- phabetical order, the School’s exhibit ap- peared first and had pride of place. Thanks The Man Behind the Lens Celebrates 25 are due to Craig Mauzy and his assistants in the Agora and to Ioulia Tzonou-Herbst Only slightly less momentous and her assistants at Corinth for arranging than the anniversaries of the to send the objects that were exhibited, as Agora excavations and the well as to Maria Pilali and Natalia Vogeikoff- reconstruction of the Stoa of Brogan for bringing together the texts and e Attalos is the fact that 2006 photographs for the exhibit. also represents Craig Mauzy’s 25th year at the Agora. Hired as the staff photographer in 1981, Craig has had an ex- Marian H. McAllister, Editor of Pub- traordinary impact—often lications with the School from 1972 unrecognized—on all aspects to 1997 and now Editor Emerita, has of the excavations, as well as published The Fortifications and Ad- at the School. jacent Structures, the first of two vol- In the Agora, he has been umes issued so far in the series The Self-portrait of the photographer. responsible for the hundreds Excavations at Ancient Halieis (Indiana of photos produced every year, University Press). Ms. McAllister’s which serve as the excavations’ window to the world. This alone would be a full-time job volume includes contributions on the for most people, but Craig is the ultimate “hands-on” member of the staff. Every piece submerged remains by the late Michael of machinery in the Stoa of Attalos has received his beneficial efforts: the aged elevator, H. Jameson (ASCSA Regular Member the ice machine, an assortment of printers and copying machines, and countless pumps, and Fulbright Fellow 1954–55, Visiting used to control the Eridanos River. The only machine at the Agora to defeat him was Professor 1965–66, and Vice Chairman an old IBM Selectric, which never quite worked the same after Craig disassembled it. of the Managing Committee 1980– He has built a climate-controlled storeroom for all the metal objects and rebuilt both 84), the mint and the coins by James the conservation laboratory and computer room. Together with Bruce Hartzler, he A. Dengate (University of Illinois at has championed the advance of digital archiving of the vast collections in the Stoa of Urbana-Champaign; ASCSA Regular Attalos. His mastery of digital imaging means that many Agora publications are now Member and Fulbright Fellow 1965– produced largely in-house. Ongoing demolitions for excavation have called upon his 66, Summer School Director 1985), skills as a negotiator with tenants, as a consultant with engineers, and as a witness in and the engineering survey elevations the law courts. No single title begins to describe his job or daily activities. by Frederick A. Cooper (University of Uptown, he served as general overseer on behalf of the Trustees for the last expansion Minnesota; ASCSA Regular Member of the Blegen Library in the early ’90s, and together with his wife, Marie, he arranged 1968–69, Robert Louis Strook Fellow much of the archival and photographic space in the new wing. It was this creation of 1969–70, Andrew W. Mellon Professor a proper darkroom and the establishment of a photo archive that led Alison Frantz to of Classical Studies 1982–85). leave her collection of photographs of Greece to the School. The second volume is The Houses: With the various School celebrations to be marked in 2006, the 25th anniversary of The Organization and Use of Domestic Craig’s arrival on the scene is an excellent time to acknowledge his many and varied Space by Bradley A. Ault (ASCSA As- contributions to the ASCSA. sociate Member and Fulbright Fellow — John McK. Camp 1991–92). Director, Agora Excavations

7 He was a Regular Member at the School Oakley Begins Term as Mellon Professor in 1976–77 and an Associate Member in 1978–79, both years as Lane Cooper Fellow John H. Oakley, Chancellor Professor and from Rutgers. Forrest D. Murden Jr. Professor in the Col- A prolific writer, Mr. Oakley has pub- lege of William and Mary’s Department of lished extensively on Greek pottery and Classical Studies, joined the School staff in iconography, including books on individual the 2005–06 academic year as Andrew W. vase-painters, excavation pottery from the Mellon Professor of Classical Studies. He Agora, and funerary iconography. He has succeeds Mellon Professor James Sickinger held a number of prestigious fellowships (Florida State University) and will serve a including grants from the Alexander von three-year term. Humboldt Foundation, the NEH, and the A former Whitehead Visiting Professor Metropolitan Museum of Art. He has been at the School (1997–98), Mr. Oakley has an ASCSA Managing Committee member taught at William and Mary since 1980. since 1982 and has served on numerous He chaired the Department of Classical other School committees, as well as several Studies from 1989 through 1992 and from committees of the Archaeological Institute 2001 through 2005. He has been a Visiting of America. Professor at the University of Canterbury Joining Mr. Oakley in Athens are wife (New Zealand), Visiting Fellow at Prince- Evi and sons Nick (14) and Jacob (10). ton University, and Guest Professor at Al- Both boys are enrolled in the American bert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, and Community school and are busy pursuing also directed an ASCSA Summer Session tae kwon do and music (Nick plays electric in 1986. and classical guitar; Jacob, drums). Ger- Mr. Oakley was awarded a B.A. with man-born Evi, who became an American Photo: Jeremy Ott high honors in Ancient History, an M.A. citizen two years ago, is taking intensive in Classics, and a Ph.D. in Classical Art and courses in Greek, picking up where she left John Oakley at the spring in Plateia. Archaeology, all from Rutgers University. off last time the family resided in Greece. e

Publications News ber of books, including the culmination  of Susan Rotroff’s magisterial survey of Other books in production include: Roman Hellenistic ceramics from the Athenian In January, Publications Committee Chair Pottery: Fine-Ware Imports (Agora 32), by J. Agora, Hellenistic Pottery: The Plain Wares Carol C. Mattusch presented a specially W. Hayes; Vessel Glass (Agora 34), by G. D. (Agora 33). The statistics give just a partial bound copy of Kommos: A Minoan Harbor Weinberg and E. M. Stern; The Greek Tile measure of the complexity of this project: Town and Greek Sanctuary in Southern Crete Works at Corinth: The Site and the Finds ( Hes- as well as almost 450 pages of text, the to author and American School alumnus peria Suppl. 35), by G. S. Merker; Chryso- book contains 784 line drawings and 696 Joseph W. Shaw. Mr. Shaw and his wife, Ma- kamino I: The Metallurgy Workshop and Its photographs—all of which have had to be ria, were 2006 recipients of the Gold Medal Territory (Hesperia Suppl. 36), by P. P. Betan- scanned and adjusted by Managing Editor for Distinguished Archaeological Achieve- court et al.; The Neolithic Pottery of Lerna I Carol A. Stein. Together with Ms. Rotroff’s ment presented by the Archaeological In- and II ( Lerna 5), by K. D. Vitelli; Castles of the other two volumes in the Agora series (on stitute of America (AIA) in Montreal. The Morea (Gennadeion Monographs 4, rev. ed.), moldmade bowls [Agora 22, 1982] and sales of this popular account of the Cretan by K. Andrews; and The Art of Antiquity: Piet wheelmade table ware [Agora 29, 1997]), it site and the Shaws’ 30 years of excavation de Jong and the Athenian Agora, edited by J. will be an essential tool for scholars around there have started strongly, helped by some K. Papadopoulos. the Mediterranean. positive reviews in venues including Ar-   chaeology magazine and Kathimerini, one of Hesperia editor Tracey Cullen has been Greece’s most influential daily newspapers. Another notable publication, brought to busy handling an exceptionally broad range Kathimerini praised the book as “an admi- press by Monograph Editor Michael A. of articles in the School’s quarterly jour- rable crossover effort that others would do Fitzgerald, was A Historical and Economic nal this year. Topics include “snake tubes” well to learn from, and a worthy testament Geography of Ottoman Greece, by Fariba from Late Minoan Kavousi and “tippling to a life’s project.” Soon to also be available Zarinebaf, John Bennet, and Jack L. Davis. serpents” in Laconian iconography; Hel- in Greek, French, and German, the design There is a growing interest in the periods lenistic furniture; the “uncanny” in Greek of the full-color book is the product of a of Venetian and Ottoman occupation, and art; art and royalty in third-century Sparta; lively collaboration between the author, this book is one of the first sustained studies a survey on the island of Mitrou; a new editor Timothy Wardell, and designer Mary of a particular region—around Pylos in the look at Thucydides’ account of the battle Jane Gavenda. southwest Peloponnese. It is also the first at Sphakteria; and a Trajanic road system in  School monograph to have an electronic ele- western Crete. From Corinth come studies ment: a CD-ROM containing color illustra- of Geometric graves and a Christian epi- Editorial and production work progressed tions and a scanned version of the Ottoman taph; and from Athens, the discovery of the steadily throughout the spring on a num- tax record on which the study is based. continued on page 21

8 and resilience in the face of adversity. Athe- However, in spite of the large number of Student Reports nians of the later Roman period effectively important examples found in Greece, the sent the same message again when they vast majority of research continues to focus Desperate Measures?: reused marble blocks, inscriptions, and on the early Christian architecture of the Spolia Use in the Defenses even fragments of sculpture to construct Italian peninsula. of Late Roman Greece a strong defensive wall just east of the As such, I have structured my own re- Panathenaic Way. These types of recycled search to serve both as a contribution to the materials, commonly called spolia, can be growing list of carefully examined spoliate JON M. FREY GORHAM P. STEVENS FELLOW, 2005–06 found in any number of buildings, and a monuments and as an important counter- study of their use in late antique Greece is point to current studies of the phenom- the subject of my dissertation. enon of reuse. Instead of internally focused, In the midst of growing concern over the Long interpreted as a clear example of explicitly religious structures in the West, need for an active recycling program, mod- later Roman artistic and cultural decline, I focus on fortification walls in different ern Athenians could take solace in the fact spolia have become in the last three de- parts of Greece. Walls were the external that for centuries their city has proudly ex- cades a topic of ever-growing interest image of a city, and a careful inspection of hibited some of the earliest examples of and importance. In the wake of innova- the way in which Late Roman settlements creative reuse. Into the north side of the tive and influential contributions by F.W. presented themselves to the outside world ancient acropolis, fifth-century builders Deichmann, A. Esch, and R. Krautheimer, through the reuse of earlier monuments inserted the massive columns and epistyle art historians, archaeologists, and even le- says much about how people perceived blocks of the original Parthenon as power- gal scholars have fostered a greater aware- their own classical past. ful reminders not only of the devastating ness of the diversity, antiquity, and ubiq- Persian attack, but also of Athenian strength uity of the practice of meaningful reuse. continued on page 10

Corinth Architecture is Focus of Exhibition

Widely viewed as the earliest monumen- tal temple in Greece, the seventh-century B.C. temple at Corinth was examined from all sides in an interactive, interdisciplin- ary, multimedia exhibition mounted at the University of Notre Dame’s Snite Museum of Art earlier this year. Designed and di- rected by Robin Rhodes of Notre Dame and the Corinth excavations, “The Genesis of Monumental Architecture in Greece: The Corinth Project” focused on Mr. Rhodes’ reconstruction of the temple and the pro- cess of that reconstruction. In the exhibition, the temple was exam- ined and recreated through casts of original blocks and tiles, interactive computer anal- ysis, full-scale analytical construction mod- els of the walls and roof, detailed analysis of the original methods of tile fabrication, a 1:25 scale model of the temple set in a video Photo: Robin Rhodes diorama of the Corinthian landscape, and, Display illustrating methods of roof tile fabrication at Snite Museum exhibition. finally, a presentation of the significance of the Corinth temple for the history of Greek architecture, particularly for the origins of Homer and Dorothy Thompson Fellow and ing for the project and exhibition were the Doric order. Video and three-dimen- CAORC Multi-Country Research Fellow also provided by the University of Notre sional presentations revealed the methods Philip N. Sapirstein (Cornell University), Dame, the 1984 Foundation, and the gen- and tools of tile and block recreation for among others. Charles K. Williams, II, Di- erous gifts of Lou and Margaret Dell’Osso the exhibit. rector Emeritus of the Corinth Excavations, and others. Accompanying the opening of the exhi- gave the keynote address, “Corinth: Recon- The symposium papers are being ed- bition was a symposium, “Issues in Archi- structing a City’s Growth and Decay.” ited for quick publication, and the exhibi- tectural Reconstruction,” which included The project received essential support tion is being prepared for travel. Anyone papers by Managing Committee Members from the School through its award of an interested in the possibility of hosting the Frederick A. Cooper (University of Min- NEH Senior Research Fellowship to Mr. exhibition should contact Mr. Rhodes at nesota), Bonna D. Wescoat (Emory Uni- Rhodes in 1999–2000. Generous fund- [email protected]. e versity), and Mr. Rhodes, and 2005–06

9 Student Reports same elements were proudly displayed in Protocorinthian system. By the end of the continued from page 9 arrangements that reinterpreted their origi- century, elaborate tiles appeared in Greek nal decorative function. There are even oc- sanctuaries from Krotone in the west to casions where these different uses of spolia Ephesos in the east. exist side by side in the same structure. Archaic tiles bear little resemblance to Evidence for such variety not only points the plain tiles of modern Greek domestic to the need for more detailed, location-spe- architecture. Contrary to an expectation cific studies of reuse in the future, but also that technology evolves from simple pro- demonstrates that the creative innovation totypes, the first Protocorinthian tiles are characteristic of the classical building tradi- one of the most complex interlocking roof- tion continued well into late antiquity. ing systems ever conceived. All early Greek tiles are astonishingly large and complex  objects that tested the capabilities of an- Manufacturing Techniques cient coroplasts and architects. These complex mass-produced tiles re- of Early Archaic Roof Tiles quired a consistent method of fabrication whose stages left characteristic marks. The PHILIP SAPIRSTEIN groundwork for my research has been the HOMER AND DOROTHY THOMPSON FELLOW AND cataloguing and analysis of these marks, CAORC MULTI-COUNTRY RESEARCH FELLOW, 2005–06 ultimately revealing the ancient forming and finishing sequence. This hypothetical sequence was then tested with experimen- This year I am studying the manufactur- tal archaeology by the successful creation ing techniques of early Greek roof tiles, of accurate replica tiles.

Photo: Susannah Van Horn from the collection of their raw materials This year, I am looking at roofs through to their installation on a building. Despite the mid-sixth century B.C. for surface Examining the Late Roman wall in Sparta. recent interest in ceramics technology, few markings diagnostic of particular manufac- have investigated tiles. Roman production turing techniques. Thanks to the support In the last year, through the support has benefited from comparison with ethno- of colleagues and staff at the School and of the Gorham P. Stevens Fellowship, I graphic studies of Mediterranean potters, elsewhere, I have finished work at Ephe- have been able to demonstrate through but there is still no convincing study of sos, Didyma, Sardis, Samos, Delphi, Eretria, intensive case studies that far from repre- how the first roof tiles in Greek architecture and Calydon; work continues at Corinth, senting desperate measures in the face of were made. Aegina, Argos, Nemea, Halieis, Tripolis, barbarian invasion, defensive walls using The early monumental stone temples Sparta, Olympia, Bassai, and Corfu. I will spolia are carefully planned and tradition- at Corinth and Isthmia, which date before also study other roofs at 20 museums in ally constructed monuments that exhibit the mid-seventh century B.C., had the first Italy and Albania. a surprising diversity of approaches to the positively identified roof tiles, the so-called continued on page 12 reuse of material. My research shows that, first and foremost, Late Roman architects were concerned with building strong, de- pendable fortifications that were responsive to the requirements of the local topography. In some settings, the spolia walls follow the same course around the city that had been followed for centuries, and in this way look much more like periodic repairs than hurried defensive works. In other locations where no walls had existed before, builders sought to take advantage of the terrain and any existing structures to erect defenses that were efficient both economically and militarily. The diversity that characterizes the Late Roman walls of different regions is also re- flected in the visible use of spolia in con- struction. Some sites show clear evidence of a concerted effort to hide signs of reuse Drawing: P. Sapirstein in their walls. Distinctive architectural fea- tures were either chiseled away or turned to Interlocking system of seventh-century Protocorinthian tiles. face inward. In other locations, these very

10 Blegen Library News ings to coordinate efforts. These meetings There were only a small number of missing have led to steady progress on the develop- items, while over half the items listed as ment of manuals documenting standard missing in the 2003 inventory have been AMBROSIA: AMerican BRitish Online operating procedures as well as sharing the recovered. Thanks to the nearly forty vol- Search In Athens The staff of the Blegen knowledge gained from the perspective of unteers, working five hours each, the task continues to work with the Gennadeion and each of the users of this complex software was completed in a single day. the British School of Archaeology libraries package.  as well as Information Systems and Tech-  Space Concerns Plans to reconfigure nology Manager Tarek Elemam to develop Electronic Resources The Blegen has space in the Blegen Library are in early and fine-tune AMBROSIA [www.ambrosia- been making a concerted effort to update stages of development. There is space at library.org], the School’s on-line catalogue. and correct many of the lists of electronic the basement level that will soon be needed In addition, Assistant Librarian Benjamin resources on the Library website [www. in order to address some pressing needs Millis has implemented acquisitions proce- ascsa.edu.gr/blegen/resources.htm]. There in other areas of the library space. These dures through Aleph and all three libraries is now electronic access to nearly one hun- include work space for both Members and are now using this module. All new acqui- dred journals, with more to come as re- visitors; coordinated and centralized refer- sitions are now catalogued electronically, newals are processed. Whenever possible, ence sections; better-integrated and more which means that there have been no new electronic resources will be available to the accessible IT/internet; integration of dis- cards added to the card catalogue since the widest audience, including any point of ac- tributed computer lab resources; improved beginning of 2005. The Library continues cess here in the Kolonaki campus as well as climate control; and simplified traffic flow to acquire and process books and journals at the Agora, in Corinth, in Princeton, and patterns. Many users of the Blegen have at a pace consistent with previous years, via the members’ proxy server. Members discussed such needs with me already, and a notable achievement given the fact that are reminded that they can gain access to I encourage others of you who have con- for the past several years, until Ben Millis electronic resources licensed by the School cerns or suggestions to bring them to my and I were hired, the Blegen was short two from wherever they have access to the web attention. staff members. Furthermore, Library Secre- by means of this proxy server by logging tary Maria Tourna and Assistant Librarian  in at www.ascsa.edu.gr/blegen/proxy.htm. Elizavet Gignoli have been making steady Finally, I would like to thank the staff of the Eventually, electronic resources will be progress entering missing data, in addition Blegen and the rest of the School, as well seamlessly integrated with print resources to their regular duties. The one outstanding as the many members who have offered in their catalogue entries in AMBROSIA. component remaining to be implemented so much help, support, and advice in my is the Serials module; I expect to begin its  transition to this institution and city. It is implementation during Winter 2006, start- Inventory Conducted The Blegen staff, a wonderful place to work and live and ing with training sessions from the vendor, aided by many generous volunteers from I look forward to a long and productive Ex Libris. the School’s staff and Members, performed relationship with you. e In Autumn 2005, all three AMBROSIA a complete inventory of the collection in partners began a series of bi-weekly meet- late November, the first time in three years. — Charles E. Jones, Blegen Librarian

Photiadis Retires After 34 Years

ákoue excerpts below remarks made by Blegen Librarian Charles E. Jones at the party in honor of Associate Librarian Demetra Photiadis on her retirement this past October. When Mimi arrived in the School library—not yet named “The Blegen”—in 1971 there were about 33,900 entries in the accession books. As she leaves us 34 years later, there are 88,539 entries. This means that Mimi has personally examined and catalogued 54,639 items—representing a little more than 60% of the holdings of this library. What is more, I rather suspect that she has re-catalogued a fair proportion of the remaining 40% of the library, and I know for a fact that she has checked, refined, fixed, and updated many of the records she herself originally produced. She has presided over and kept control over the contents of the public card catalogue and two versions of on-line catalogues. This alone is an enormous contribution to the School, to the academic community in Athens, and

to classical scholarship worldwide, but this is far from the whole story. Mimi is the embodiment of Photo: Natalia Vogeikoff-Brogan the best traditions of librarianship. Several times in her career (and occasionally in times of crisis) Demetra (Mimi) Photiadis Mimi has selflessly stepped forward to assume the not-always-pleasant role of Acting Head Librarian. Countless times each week someone will walk into her office and ask a question. In the cases where she cannot provide immediate enlightenment, she unfailingly stops what she is doing and works with the person until a successful answer can be produced. In the short time I have been here, I have come to understand how thoroughly Mimi’s work in the Blegen has influenced its development, and how important her advice and care and guidance have been in shaping the library we know today. On behalf of the School and your many friends near and far, I offer you our thanks, our congratulations on a job well done, and our best wishes for a long and happy retirement. e

11 Student Reports continued from page 10 For the past months, as a Regular Member Lokris, even though the majority of the of the School, I have had the privilege of not sites clearly demonstrate fairly advanced So far I have found most early tiles are only coming to terms with his insight, but building schemes along with potential to manufactured using similar methods. These also embracing the opportunity to move one house artillery engines. can be sorted into a few distinct technical step further; but not off the cliff! approaches that do not conform exactly to My particular interest lies in the land of  the Archaic regional styles of decoration or the “lesser” Ajax, which undeservedly and to the later broad division into “Laconian” in many aspects still remains a terra incogni- The South Stoa at Corinth and “Corinthian” tiles. ta for modern scholarship. Specifically, I am DAVID SCAHILL I collect a broad variety of data that does focusing on structural elements of the Early STUDENT ASSOCIATE MEMBER 2005–06 more than just describe early examples of Hellenistic fortifications at Halai (known a Greek technology. Understanding manu- from excavations by Hetty Goldman and facturing technique sheds light on Archaic Alice Leslie Walker, done for the ASCSA When it was built at the end of the fourth workshop organization and the means of in the 1910s and the 1930s), in addition century B.C. the South Stoa was the longest exchange of technical expertise between to creating a more comprehensive database stoa that we know of in the Greek world, at distant Greek centers. I am also creating of contemporary fortified sites from East just over 164 m. It defined the south side reconstruction drawings of several early Lokris. Historically, the study of the exten- of the open area opposite Temple Hill and temples using 3-D computer software, sive refurbishments on the Lokrian forti- in the Roman period dominated the south- which produces far more accurate images fications consisting exclusively of ashlar ern side of the Forum. For my Ph.D. dis- than formerly possible. isodomic masonry, as well as the problem sertation in Architecture at the University surrounding their exact chronology, has of Bath I am examining the architectural  always been a cause for lively scholarly phases of the building. The Fortifications of East debates. In the absence of relevant literary The South Stoa was excavated by Oscar evidence, however, it has been notoriously Broneer in a series of campaigns beginning Lokris: Problems and difficult to firmly associate their emergence in 1930 and the results were published by Current Research with recorded events of Lokrian history. Broneer in 1956 in a volume for the Ameri- Very often, lack of stratigraphic evidence can School’s Corinth excavation series of EMIL NANKOV obtained from foundation trenches makes publications. Broneer’s reconstruction of the SCHOOL FELLOW, 2005–06 the precise dating of walls elusive, illustra- stoa with a one-storied façade and a second tion of which is their shifting chronology story above the shops at the back, a highly within the fourth century B.C. unusual reconstruction with no parallel, In the preface of his Greek Fortifications, F.E. Now I am delighted to announce that went unquestioned until excavations at the Winter charmingly advocates—reflecting on under the auspices of the Cornell Halai west end of the building by C.K. Williams, II his own experience—how the curiosity of a and East Lokris Project (CHELP) I have proved that a staircase existed in the colon- student of military architecture is likely to already been able to complete two pre- nade dating most likely to the initial phase begin “with no real qualifications other than liminary projects (summers 2004–05) in of the building. This would mean that the a certain willingness to climb one acropolis the region, funded by the Departments of façade had a second story, making the South after another.” One could not agree more. Classics and History of Art and Archaeol- Stoa the earliest monumental two-storied ogy at Cornell University and by grants Greek stoa and one that foreshadowed those from Mario Einaudi Institute for European of the later Hellenistic period. These conclu- Studies. Membership at the School and the sions formed the basis of a paper I presented rich resources of the Blegen Library have with a preliminary new reconstruction at the also afforded a great opportunity in de- AIA Meetings in Montreal. veloping this research further by allowing A controversial aspect of architectural me to work on two papers, one of which studies revolves around finding the ancient was accepted for the 2006 AIA meeting, unit of measurement used in the design dealing with the Lokrian fortifications. I and construction of buildings. Knowing address this longstanding issue by plac- this ancient “foot” unit is helpful for un- ing the Lokrian phenomenon in a wider derstanding and reconstructing the design historical context, suggesting that the in- of the building. The fact that blocks vary creased concern for stronger city defenses in length suggests that architects and ma- during the Early Hellenistic period is not sons worked from a general set of measure- confined within the boundaries of a single ments while allowing a degree of tolerance. region, but originates from a widespread Whether the South Stoa employed a Doric, atmosphere of uncertainty and fear caused Ionic, or “Corinthian” foot is a question

Photo: Valeria Bineva by the wars of the Successors. With this I I am addressing. This question is tied to also bring forward the importance of de- how design proceeded. Dimensions such Emil Nankov examining a wall at Aigina fensive artillery in the design of walls and as those at the frieze level perhaps played during the School trip to the site, March 2006. towers—an issue that has received little a larger role in determining the length of attention, especially in the case of East continued on page 13

12 W I N T E R / S P R I N G e 2 0 0 6 GennadeionGennadeion NewsNews A SPECIAL INSERT TO THE NEWSLETTER OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS

Gennadeion Acquires Facsimile Manuscript of Nicander’s Poems

he Gennadius Library The two illustrations included recently acquired a here come from folios 16vo and Tfacsimile of a Greek il- 17r of the poem Θηριακά. On luminated manuscript, Parisinus the left we see a plant called suppl. Gr. 247, which resides in Αλκίβιον. Nicander informs us the Bibliothèque Nationale de that when its flowers are mixed France in Paris and which in- with white wine they make an corporates Nicander’s Θηριακά antidote for snake bites. The και Αλεξιφάρμακα. Although scene is embellished with a man as a rule the Gennadeion does picking flowers from the plant not acquire facsimiles, this is an and a dead snake. The opposite unusually fine replica of the Bib- page, f. 17r, portrays the plant liothèque Nationale manuscript, Μελίφυλλον. According to the itself unique in that no other text, bees (shown flying around extant manuscript or printed the tree) love this tree because it edition of Nicander is illustrated. helps them produce good honey. Nicander of Colophon lived in the second century B.C. dur- ing the reign of Attalos III (138– 133 B.C.), king of Pergamum. the Gennadeion does justice and in part zoological, but the picting people were added later. Of the different works that to the original. The original codex also contains a few unusu- Tertullian believed that Nicander Nicander wrote only fragments manuscript, on parchment, is in al images of a narrative or myth- himself had illustrated his poems, survive, as well as two complete a handsome hand in minuscule ological character. The majority and Kurt Weitzmann surmises didactic poems in hexameter, writing of the tenth century, and of the illustrations portray ani- that the mythological illustrations the Θηριακά και Αλεξιφάρμακα. it is the oldest and only illumi- mals—about half of these show were probably borrowings from The first is an account of various nated manuscript that we have poisonous snakes, scorpions, the mythological handbook the snakes and other poisonous crea- of Nicander’s poems. It is in- and lizards. It is likely that the Bibliotheke of Apollodorus of Ath- tures and the best remedies for complete; the beginning and the original manuscript contained ens, who was active in the second their bites. The second enumer- end are missing. It has 48 leaves only the pictures that formed century B.C. e ates vegetable, mineral, and ani- measuring 160 × 125 mm and an integral part of the didactic mal poisons and their antidotes. containing 54 illustrations. The poems and that the mythological —Sophie Papageorgiou The facsimile acquired by illustrations are in part botanical scenes and the illustrations de- Head Librarian Emerita

Trustees Added to Gennadeion Board

he Board of Trustees of Mr. Bacopoulos is former and prior to that held various Iowa (B.A.) and the University of the Gennadius Library General Director of the Bio- positions with Pfizer Inc. He Iowa (Ph.D.), Mr. Bacopoulos has Trecently added five new medical Research Institute of currently serves on the boards published a number of scientific members to its ranks: business- the Academy of Athens. He of Athens College in New York papers and holds several patents. man Nicholas G. Bacopoulos, previously served as President and MakScientific, LLC, Mystic, Ms. Maridakis-Karatzas was attorney Olga Maridakis-Karatzas, and CEO, Aton Pharma, Inc., Connecticut, and is a past board co-founder of a law firm with businessman Anthony G. Lykiar- Tarrytown, New York; President, member of Anaderm Research her late husband, Theodore B. dopoulos, businessman Petros K. OSI Pharmaceuticals Inc., Mel- Corporation, Packard Biosci- Karatzas. She holds a law degree Sabatacakis, and University of ville, New York; and President ence Company, Alexipharma, from the University of Athens Athens Professor Yiannis and CEO, Anaderm Research Inc., and Aton Pharma, Inc. and is a member of the Athens Stournaras. Corp., New York, New York Educated at Cornell College in continued on page G4 G2 G E N N A D E I O N N E W S

FROM THE ARCHIVES Giovanni Gemini of Italy was the winner of the 2005 Dimi- tris Mitropoulos International Angelos Terzakis Papers Donated Competition for Composition for his composition, What Nar- he Gennadeion Archives’ cissus Never Said. The competi- collection of materials tion, initiated by former Gen- from the so-called “gener- nadeion Director Haris Kalligas T ation of the thirties” continues to and sponsored by the Ministry grow, with the addition of papers of Culture, celebrates the life of from novelist and playwright the internationally renowned Angelos Terzakis (1907–1979). composer, conductor, and mu- The Terzakis papers complement sician, Dimitris Mitropoulos other holdings of the same peri- (1896–1960), many of whose od, most notably those of Stratis papers reside in the Gennadius Myrivilis and George Seferis. Library. The commemorative Terzakis was one of the main Photo: June Allison medal awarded to the winner representatives of that innovative was commissioned by Dr. Kalligas in 1996 and was designed by and influential group of writers the well-known sculptor Theodoros Papayannis. living and working in Athens prizes and in 1974 he was elect- throughout the 1930s. Terzakis’ ed a member of the Greek Acad- interests span broad histori- emy of Arts and Sciences. Balkan Nationalism Examined cal and moral issues, as well as The Terzakis papers were traditional values and agonizing donated by his son Dimitris he 2005–06 M. Alison archive of Constantine Mousou- personal questions. Michalis Terzakis in 2001 and June 2005. Frantz Fellow at the Gen- ros, housed in the Gennadeion, Paradisis, hero in Terzakis’ novel The cataloguing of the first part Tnadius Library, Denis V. has provided a unique window Without a God, talks about feeling has been completed and the Vovchenko (University of Min- onto the mindset of Constantino- “he belonged to a generation that finding-aid has been launched nesota), is working on his dis- politan Greeks. It has shown that had been sacrificed,” probably on our website, and we are sertation, “Containing Balkan a combination of political, eco- reflecting Terzakis’ own feelings. cataloguing the additional mate- Nationalism: Pan-Orthodox nomic, and ideological incentives The settings of Terzakis’ nov- rial. The collection consists of Visions and the Megali Idea enabled a significant group of the els range from contemporary manuscripts, personal docu- (1850–1900).” Mr. Vovchenko Ottoman Greek elite to continue urban life to the historical past: ments, papers, correspondence, focuses on how alternatives to to identify themselves as primar- Princess Izambo (1938/1945), and newspaper clippings. There nationalism were formulated in ily Ottoman Orthodox Chris- set in the thirteenth-century are also translations of his plays late-nineteenth-century Eastern tians rather than “unredeemed Peloponnese, is the most widely and novels, mostly in English, Europe, exploring the relation- brethren” of the Greek Kingdom. known and translated. Terzakis French, and German and often ship between Imperial Russia, The prevalence of the religious also wrote short stories, essays, with Terzakis’ own corrections Ottoman Greeks around the Pa- identity was repeatedly evidenced and newspaper serials and trans- and comments. His essays and triarchate of Constantinople, and by their opposition to Greece’s lated into Greek plays, poems, theatre reviews published weekly the Kingdom of Greece. He ex- nationalist propaganda that led and novels. His first collection in To Vima remain surprisingly amines the issue of the Bulgarian to the escalation in the Bulgarian of short stories was published fresh and contemporary, impres- Church independence from the and Cretan questions. in 1925. His plays, including sive in their sheer volume. For Patriarchate of Constantinople, The Gennadeion’s rich archive Thomas with Two Souls, have those interested in Terzakis as a one that posed the question of the of Stephanos Dragoumis has been produced both in Greece playwright, it will be a delight prevalence of ethnic conscious- enabled Mr. Vovchenko to learn and abroad (United States and to explore the material related ness over religious identities for about the obstacles Greek irre- Germany), while his historical to his plays and their various Slavic but traditionally Orthodox dentism had met in Russian-sup- dramas Emperor Michael (1936) performances. His unpublished Russia and the Ecumenical but ported Christian Orthodox clergy and Theophano (1948) made an notes for his drama classes dis- Greek-speaking Patriarchate of in the Ottoman Empire. He is also impact when performed in the play his profound thinking and Constantinople. exploring the rare printed materi- 1950s and again in the 1970s. knowledge of the field that will During his time at the Genna- als such as the tracts, brochures, Terzakis’ career is also note- certainly stimulate future genera- deion, Mr. Vovchenko is building encyclicals, and newspapers pub- worthy for his involvement in tions of researchers. on earlier research carried out in lished by the Patriarchate. The editing literary periodicals, writ- 2007 will mark his 100th Russia (he was trained as a Byz- concern with the enduring ties ing theatre reviews and philo- birthday and will offer a unique antine and Modern Greek philol- within the larger Christian Or- logical essays in the newspaper opportunity to celebrate and pro- ogist at Moscow State Lomonosov thodox world contributes to the To Vima, and teaching history of mote this important collection. e University), seeking evidence for theoretical debate on modernity’s drama at the Drama School of the Greek element of his com- effects on traditional societies. e the National Theatre of Greece. —Leda Costaki, Assistant Archivist, parative project. The study of the He was honored with various Gennadius Library Archives G E N N A D E I O N N E W S G3

Gennadius Library News

ince the papers of re- York University’s Institute of nowned Greek writer and Fine Arts and a distinguished Sfolklorist Elias Petropoulos historian of Byzantine art, spoke are housed in the Gennadeion on “Icons, Pagan and Christian.” Archives, fittingly the Athens Mr. Mathews is currently based premiere of the award-winning in Paris, France, where he works documentary “Elias Petropoulos: in a collaborative project on the An Underground World” took prehistory of religious icons; it place next door, in Cotsen Hall. was part of this research that The film, screened in May 2005, comprised his May lecture. In drew writers Vasilis Vasilikos November, Athens native Nina and Katharine Butterworth, Athanassoglou-Kallmyer, Chair long-time friends of Petropoulos, of the History of Art Department among many others. Produced at the University of Delaware, by the Greek Film Center, ERT presented a lecture on “Classi- Sophia Doxiadis Zavvos, Manita Scocimara, Marinela Samourkas and Portolanos Films, and di- cism and Resistance in the Medi- and Marybeth McCarty enjoying the Clean Monday festivities. rected by Kalliopi Legaki, the terranean,” based on her recent Photo: Mary Jane Gavenda documentary was awarded the work dealing with the cultural For the fifth year in a row, in what is on the verge of becom- FIPRESCI prize at the 7th Docu- history of Greece in relation to ing a tradition, friends of the Gennadius Library celebrated mentary Film Festival of Thes- the genesis of neoclassicism. In Clean Monday ‘06 at Estiatorio Milos in New York City, to the saloniki in 2005. February Anna Stavrakopoulou, accompaniment of Gregory Maninakis and the Mikrokosmos  lecturer of Theater Studies at Ensemble. The benefit, marking the 80th anniversary of the the University of Thessaloniki, Gennadeion, raised $35,000 towards completion of the east Maria A. Stassinopoulou (Uni- spoke on “Mise Kozis: The The- gardens. versity of Vienna) was selected as atrical Origins of the Raciest the first Cotsen Traveling Fellow 19th-Century Greek Comedy.” for 2005–06. The fellowship was established by the Trustees of  Sophia Schliemann Revisited the Gennadius Library to honor A Christmas Concert in Cotsen Board Chair Lloyd E. Cotsen. Hall on December 16 featured he recent publication by different. Instead of writing Ms. Stassinopoulou’s time at the the music of the baroque en- art historian Eleni Bobou- another biography of Sophia Gennadeion was spent working semble Sinfonia. One of the old- Protopappa of the one Schliemann, as she originally on her project, “The Greeks of T est baroque ensembles in Greece, hundred sixty-one letters of So- intended, Ms. Protopappa has Vienna.” Sinfonia plays on exact copies of phia Schliemann to her famous produced, with the consent of  old musical instruments. In their husband Heinrich sheds consid- the Gennadius Library, a careful Christmas concert, they played Cotsen Hall has hosted a number erable light on their relationship philological study of Sophia’s instrumental and vocal music of lectures over the past year. In and Sophia’s often neglected per- letters, accompanied by com- from seventeenth-century Italy May 2005, Thomas F. Mathews, sonality. The letters, which are ments and a detailed intro- in a program entitled “Natività di John Langeloth Loeb Profes- housed at the Archives of the duction. Sophia’s letters also Christo.” e sor in the History of Art at New Gennadius Library as part of the provide the most reliable and Heinrich Schliemann Papers, objective source of her compli- have also been the primary source cated relationship with Heinrich for two other studies about Sophia Schliemann. The book, which Schliemann: Danae Coulmas’ also contains archival photo- account of Sophia’s relationship graphic material from the Gen- with Schliemann, published in nadius Library, was presented to 2001 and entitled Schliemann und the public just before Christmas Sophia, and Stuart Wheeler’s ex- at the Iliou Melathron, Heinrich haustive biography of Sophia, and Sophia’s house, in a festive which is expected soon. atmosphere with introductions In her new study, Σοφία by archaeologist Christos Dou- Εγκαστρωμένου-Σλήμαν. mas, art historian Aristea Papa- Γράμματα στον Ερρίκο (283 pp., nikolaou-Christensen, and the 16 illus.; Kastaniotis Editions, editor herself. e Athens 2005. ISBN 960-03-3897- Maria Georgopoulou, Director of the Gennadius Library, center, with 3 [paper]), Eleni Bobou-Proto- —Natalia Vogeikoff-Brogan husband Christos Cabolis, and lecturer Anna Stavrakopoulou. pappa has attempted something Archivist Photo: June Allison G4 G E N N A D E I O N N E W S

Reprint of a Classic Forthcoming Gennadeion Reproduces Alfavitario

ong out of print, Kevin Thanks to an imaginative Andrews’ classic Castles of gift from Gennadius Library the Morea, describing me- Trustee Lana J. Mandilas, L the Library has published a dieval fortresses in the Pelopon- nese and first published in 1953, replica of an alphabet book will be reprinted as part of the and reader printed for Greek Gennadeion monograph series. schoolchildren in 1938. The The expected publication date is Gennadeion’s Alfavitario traces September 2006. the lives of three children over The book celebrates some the course of a year, begin- of Greece’s most striking, but ning with the family’s end-of- also least studied, architectural summer departure from the monuments. Andrews’ work countryside to move back to was inspired by a unique col- the city and following them, lection of seventeenth-century through words and pictures, fortification plans (the so-called photographing, every castle— through subsequent seasons. The book was written by a number Grimani codex) preserved in the not an easy thing to do at the of well-known Greek literary figures, including Alexandros Del- Gennadius Library. After gradu- end of the Greek Civil War. The mouzos, Pavlos Nirvanas, Zacharias Papantoniou, and Manolis ating from Harvard University in resulting work presents descrip- Triantafyllidis, and illustrated by renowned painter Konstantinos 1947, he came to the School on a tions of 16 of the larger medieval Maleas. traveling fellowship and first saw fortresses in the Peloponnese. Initially purchased in 1996 through a gift from Trustee Lloyd the plans in 1948. For the next The new edition faithfully Cotsen, the Alfavitario probably served several grades in primary four years of his life, Andrews reproduces the original text school in less affluent times. The book starts out with a very devoted himself to a historical and photographs. The Grimani elementary introduction to the alphabet, with letters in large and archaeological investigation plans are presented in color for sizes, but gradually works up to longer stories in decreasing of the castles they depicted. Not the first time and there is a new print size, more suitable for older children. The reprint was first only did he search out hundreds introduction by Glenn R. Bugh presented at a children’s Christmas party sponsored by the Man- of obscure documentary sources; (Virginia Polytechnic Univer- dilas family’s company, KOSMOCAR S.A., and is now available he also made a point of visiting, sity), discussing recent advances for purchase through the American School’s Publications Office. and personally describing and in castle studies. e

New Trustees continued from page G1 tor, Americanino Europe S.A.; and Head of Global Treasury in the negotiations for the entry and Chairman of the Board and and Capital Markets, Chemi- of Greece in the Economic and Bar entitled to appear before the Co-Managing Director, Genimex cal Bank, which he joined in Monetary Union. From 2000 to Supreme Court. As a Fellow of S.A. Mr. Lykiardopoulos served 1975 in economic research. Mr. 2004 he was Chairman and Chief the School of Law of the Univer- internationally as President of Sabatacakis served as Chairman Executive Officer of Emboriki sity of Athens, she taught civil European Omnibus Survey– of Plan International and is pres- Bank and Vice-Chairman of the law and published articles on Gallup, Brussels, Belgium, and ently a trustee of Athens College Association of Greek Banks. He civil law and history of law. Now as President of the Federation of in Greece. He received a B.S., is also Chairman of the “Forum retired, Ms. Maridakis-Karatzas Business Information Services, M.B.A., and Ph.D. in Economics for the Modernization of our is active in business and social based in Neuss, Germany. He and Econometrics from Colum- Society,” a think tank established causes in Athens. received a B.A. from Columbia bia University. in Athens in 1992. Mr. Stournaras Mr. Lykiardopoulos was a University. Mr. Stournaras is Professor has published widely in academic founder in 1964 of ICAP Hel- Mr. Sabatacakis, a special- of Economics at the Univer- journals in his various fields of las S.A., the largest business ist in risk management for the sity of Athens, where he teaches interest. e information service/consulting/ global financial services industry, macroeconomics and economic market research organization in retired in 2004 from Citigroup policy. From 1994 to 2000 he was This publication of the American Greece, for which he served as Inc., where he had served as Chairman of the Council of Eco- School of Classical Studies at Athens Managing Director for 28 years Senior Risk Officer and member nomic Advisors at the Ministry of is produced semiannually. Address all correspondence to Newsletter and as Chairman for 6 years. He of the Citigroup Management Economy and Finance, where he Editor, ASCSA, 6–8 Charlton Street, was also a founder in 1974 of Committee (2000–03) and participated in design of macro- Princeton, NJ 08540-5232. Tel: International Clothing Industry Senior Vice President Financial economic and structural policies (609) 683-0800 or e-mail: ascsa@ S.A. (ICI). Other current posi- Services, American International and represented the Ministry at ascsa.org. This issue is reproduced tions include Chairman of the Group (1992–99). Prior to that the Monetary Committee of the in color at: www.ascsa.edu.gr/ newsletter/newsletter.htm. Board and Co-Managing Direc- he was Senior Risk Manager European Union, participating Student Reports Mapping the Depths of a Cave continued from page 12 As ASCSA Senior Associate Member Loeta Tyree describes here, the aptly named “Skoteino Proj- ect” delves into a cave in north central Crete. In a project tandem to the publication of the ceramics from Costis Davaras’ 1962 rescue excavation of the Skoteino Cave in north central Crete, Dimitris Sphakianakis (Archaeological Museum of Herakleion) and I organized the speleological investi- gation and mapping of the cave. The map- Drawing: D. Scahill ping team, under the leadership of Antonia Stamos (INSTAP–East Crete Study Center) Lion’s head waterspout from the South with assistance from Jon M. Frey (Gorham Stoa at Corinth. P. Stevens Fellow, 2005–06), worked for two weeks during October 2005. We ac- the stylobate and interaxial distances, while complished more than expected, mapping it is typically thought that design and con- the entire upper half of the cave, not just struction proceeded step by step from the its mid-section where Mr. Davaras exca- Photo: Jon Frey ground up. vated. Having the upper half mapped, in Antonia Stamos using INSTAP’s Topcon Broneer placed the initial construction addition to the excavated areas, allows a Total Station in the Skoteino Cave. of the stoa in the third quarter of the fourth vivid impression of the descent into the century B.C., suggesting that it may have cave and the location, deep within, of the been constructed for the brief Hellenic ritual areas. will be used in the final publication of the League under Philip II after the battle of The mapping team faced many chal- Skoteino Cave and in two talks I am prepar- Chaironea in 338 B.C. Subsequent reexami- lenges including little natural light, very ing. Both talks, with their emphasis on the nation of pottery deposits associated with uneven terrain, slick spots on rocks, a steep relationship between the natural features the building now suggests a date around descent to reach their primary working of the cave and the ritual areas chosen, 300 B.C., raising questions about the build- area, and more bats than usual. Further- will be well illustrated as a result of the ing’s function. A monumental stoa such more, long hours in the cave in fixed posi- mapping team’s excellent attention to de- as the South Stoa could serve as a unified tions, to take measurements and to hold tail. The Skoteino Project looks forward to public space for any number of functions. the prism, intensified the effects of the the completion of the mapping that will Part of my dissertation explores the func- cave’s cool, damp atmosphere. The team’s provide a full framework for the setting tion of the South Stoa and stoas in general. patience and persistence yielded masses of of the Bronze Age and later ritual areas. As monumental public architecture stoas data points documenting the key features The Skoteino Project thanks INSTAP and could be secular or religious, while taking and topography of the cave in addition to the Mediterranean Archaeological Trust for on stylistic aspects essentially rooted in a the location of the excavated areas. funding that allowed the mapping to take religious vernacular and in effect reflecting The mapping team’s results produced place, and the Greek Ministry of Culture monumental temple architecture. publication-quality plans and images that for permission. e In addition to my dissertation, I have been working with C.K. Williams, II, Di- rector Emeritus of the Corinth Excavations, Bronze Age Forum Attracts Big Crowd on the phase plans for his publication of The Middle Bronze Age was the focus of a five-day conference at the School in March East of Theater at Corinth. We now have a attended by over 400 scholars and students. Entitled “Mesohelladika,” the conference substantial number of phases in conjunction featured almost 60 papers. with the phases of the theater and odium Caught between two periods of growth and cultural achievement, the Middle Hel- all mapped to a digital state plan of the area ladic phase has been relatively neglected until recently. Thanks to a growing interest with the aid of a Total Station linked directly in the social and economic conditions that gave rise to the Mycenaean palaces, and to a CAD program. (I have been using the new publications from important sites like Lefkandi, Aegina-Kolonna, and Lerna, same system for the past three summers with this is no longer the case. Nevertheless, the large number of delegates was a pleasant Christopher Pfaff at the Argive Heraion.) surprise for everyone, above all the organizers, Anna Philippa-Touchais of the École While in Athens, I have also had the op- française d’Athènes and her husband Gilles, Sofia Voutsaki of the Groningen Institute portunity to work for the Propylaia Restora- of Archaeology, and James C. Wright of Bryn Mawr College. tion Project on the Athenian Acropolis as a The conference took place in Cotsen Hall, which also housed a display of posters draftsman and surveyor under the direction and books. The organizers have set up a website on the conference, www.mesohel- of Tasos Tanoulos. Standing on top of the ladika.com, and are planning to publish the proceedings. “Mesohelladika” was jointly building while the capitals of the east façade sponsored by the École française d’Athènes, the American School, and the Netherlands were being set back in place was a truly un- Institute in Athens. forgettable experience. e

13          

Photo, left: Sherry Fox, Director of the Wiener Lab, introduced Albert Ammerman (Colgate University), who gave the 14th annual Wiener Lab lecture, “A Tale of Two Tells.” Photo, right: In October the School received a visit from  the Governor of New South Wales, the honorable Marie Bashir (with her husband Sir Nicholas at left), and an People & Places People entourage that included Paul Tighe, the Australian Ambassador to Greece (far right), here with School Director Stephen V. Tracy. The Australian visitors were in Athens to attend the 25th anniversary celebration of the Australian Archaeological Institute.

Photo: Alexander C. Shaw Photo, left: Jon Frey, this year’s Stevens Fellow, listens to a report at the site of Apollo Ptoon outside of Thebes on the School’s Central Greece trip. Photo, right: AIA President Jane C. Waldbaum presents the Gold Medal for Distin- guished Archaeological Achievement to Joseph and Maria Shaw at the AIA Meeting in January.

Photo, left: On March 7 Brian Rose of the University of Pennsylvania gave the annual Trustees’ Lecture, entitled “Monumental Tombs near Troy: Recent Discoveries.” Photo, right: The Open Meeting on the Work of the School took place in Cotsen Hall on March 1. For the first time, the Open Meeting also hosted a display of School publications, organized by Director of Publications Charles Watkinson. Here, School members Theo Kopestonsky, Ryan

All photos by June Allison, unless otherwise credited. Ricciardi, Angela Ziskowski, and Lisa Çakmak peruse the display.

14 Gennadeion and School staff bid farewell to Head Librarian Sophie Papageorgiou, who retired at the end of February after 36 years of service to the Gen- nadius Library. Ms. Papageorgiou will be on sabbatical for the next year. Here, she poses with an engraving by Hogarth, her retirement gift from the School. Photo: John Oakley Keven Glowacki lecturing at the Sanctu- ary of Aphrodite on the North Slope of the Acropolis. (Note the modern votive statue placed in the niche!)

Photo, right: Inspired by a visit to the Valley of the Muses in Boeotia, the nine female Regular Members of ASCSA Class of 2006 (Amanda Flaata, Emily Gangemi, Ryan Ricciardi, Lisa Mallen, Amy Coles, Theo Kopestonsky, Angela Ziskowski, Lisa Çakmak, and Jody Cundy) struck a collec- tive pose as the nine Muses.

Photo, bottom, right: In December, a Christ- mas event was held in Cotsen Hall, spon- sored by KOSMOCAR S.A. for employees of the company and their families.

Photo, below: Former School Director James Muhly (with wife Polly in the background) lectures at Kultepe during the School’s cen- tral Anatolia trip.

Photo: John Oakley

Photo: John Oakley 15 Solow Fellows Investigate Evidence Large and Small

Thanks to fellowships from the Solow Art and Architecture Foundation, two scholars spent the summer of 2005 working towards publication of material related to sites exca- vated under the auspices of the School. Jeannette Marchand (Wright State Uni- versity) advanced her work on the Dorati Survey Project, of which she is director. Her team, consisting of three graduate stu- dents from the University of Cincinnati and three undergraduates from Wright State University under the supervision of her- self, Corinth Excavations Curator Ioulia Tzonou-Herbst, and Jeffrey Kramer (Uni- versity of Cincinnati), studied approximate- ly 5000 sherds and 100 artifacts collected in 2004 as part of an intensive single-site survey at the Bronze Age site of Dorati. The month of July was spent working with this material where it is being stored in Corinth, thus giving the team access to the American School collection at Corinth for compara- Photo: Natalia Vogeikoff-Brogan tive purposes. The Hellenistic (and later) tower on the summit of the island of Mochlos (photo taken During the study season, Ms. March- from the northwest). and’s team concentrated on inventorying and organizing as much of the collected ceramics as possible; more than 600 indi- and Ms. Marchand intends to produce a borders. She also located and drew one of vidual pieces were chosen to be systemati- preliminary report on the survey and its the smaller towers mentioned by Seager in cally inventoried, and the information was results based on the work done this past his accounts, and drew additional stretch- entered into a database designed to inte- summer within the coming year. es of the wall along the north edge of the grate information recorded in the field dur- Caitlin Verfenstein (British School at island. Detailed examination of this wall ing survey with detailed inventories done Athens) significantly advanced her study showed construction details similar to the in the museum. All inventoried material of the walls and towers on the summit of first phase of the large tower on the sum- was digitally photographed to be integrated Mochlos. Her summer was spent focusing mit, supporting the dating of the first phase into the database, and representative pieces on direct examination of the site and mak- of the tower to the fourth century B.C. were also shot on film. ing a number of site visits for comparative Analysis of the construction technique, The material inventoried this summer purposes. dimensions, and date of construction of the represents the pool from which pieces for On Mochlos, Ms. Verfenstein conduct- circuit wall and its tower and comparison the final publication will be chosen; it con- ed a detailed examination of the plan and with seven other sites in Crete (Trypetos, sists of pottery ranging from the Neolithic construction techniques of the main tower, Itanos, Xerocampos, Praisos, Lato, Gortyn, period through all phases of the Bronze confirming her suspicions that the tower and coastal Mochlos) have led Ms. Verfen- Age, with the Late Helladic most heavily was constructed in at least three phases stein to conclude that these elements were represented. Within the Mycenaean period, dating from the fourth century B.C. to the not constructed for defensive purposes. early pottery is rarer, while most of the pot- early Byzantine period. Results of her ex- Rather, she interprets the circuit wall as tery belongs to characteristic shapes of LH amination also indicated that no part of the a “barrier” wall—a wall intended mainly IIIB and LH IIIC. Most exciting was the tower dates to the Roman period, a sugges- to prevent accidental movement off of the discovery of possible LH imports from both tion made by the original excavator, Rich- steep faces of the summit of the island— the Cyclades and Achaia. ard Seager, in the early 1900s. While a state and the large tower as a watchtower. Ms. Marchand envisions the need for plan of the entire tower was not possible Ms. Verfenstein’s research under her a second study season, during which she during the time allotted in the excavation, Solow Fellowship enabled her to clarify hopes to travel to other collections to Ms. Verfenstein was able to draw elevations not only the nature of the walls and tow- gather comparanda for this surface mate- on two sides of the tower and take exten- ers on the summit of Mochlos, but their rial and during which profile drawings of sive photographs. place in Hellenistic east Crete. Her results material selected for publication can be Ms. Verfenstein also conducted a surface and drawings (which will be inked in the drawn. Nevertheless, the completion of survey, tracing the circuit of the wall as far course of the coming year) will provide the inventorying and photographing the bulk as possible around the island. She found core material for a planned journal article of the well-preserved material represents a that the wall does not ring the entire island, concerning the fortification walls of east significant step in completing the project, only the northern, eastern, and southern Crete. e

16 ASCSA Class of 2006: Men and Women of Letters Each year, the Student and Senior Associate Members who comprise the School’s student body contribute to an ever-changing corpus of knowl- edge as they further their research interests. Dissertation or research projects pursued by the “Class of ‘06” literally included topics from A to Z, beginning with the Acropolis’ architectural development and ending with the zooarchaeology of the Neolithic Aegean and Anatolia.

REGULAR MEMBERS Jeremy J. Ott Jon M. Frey Institute of Fine Arts, NYU University of California, Berkeley Lisa A. Çakmak School Fellow Gorham Phillips Stevens Fellow University of Michigan Development of the Greek city, geometric po- Speaking through spolia: A study of the lan- Bert Hodge Hill Fellow lis to Roman period; study of the nymphaea guage of architectural reuse in late Roman Representations of women in Attic vase paint- and transformation of Greek cityscapes Greece ing from the Classical period Ryan A. Ricciardi Marina D. Haworth Amanda J. Coles University of Cincinnati Harvard University University of Pennsylvania Honorary School Fellow, Fulbright Fellow Norton Fellow James Rignall Wheeler Fellow The cult of Venus in the Roman empire The image of the athlete and its role in Greek Roman use and alteration of Greek sanctuar- culture ies as a means of control over civic or politi- Ioannis Sapountzis cal space Boston University Jennifer L. Heuser James and Mary Ottaway, Jr. Fellow Harvard University Jody E. Cundy Interconnections of the Cycladic islands from Oscar Broneer Traveling Fellow University of Toronto Geometric to Hellenistic times Visual Epic: Roman images of the Trojan Lucy Shoe Meritt Fellow Cycle Classics, Greek history Angela Ziskowski Bryn Mawr College Dimitris Kontogiorgos Amanda A. Flaata Virginia Grace Fellow University of Sheffield University of Wisconsin–Madison Greek sites in Sicily and South Italy; relation- Wiener Laboratory Geological Fellow Fulbright Fellow ships between Greek colonists and indigenous Geoarchaeological and microartifact of refuse Ancient Greek and Roman art and archaeol- peoples contents from the Neolithic tell site at Paliam- ogy; Material culture of ancient Greek bela and at Korinos, in the Pieria region religion STUDENT ASSOCIATE MEMBERS T. Ephraim Lytle Brian L.W. Frazer Duke University University of California, Berkeley Niels Henrik Andreasen Edward Capps Fellow Thomas Day Seymour Fellow University of Cambridge Fisheries, economies, and culture in the an- Social and institutional Greek history, 4th Wiener Laboratory Associate cient Aegean century B.C.; Athenian attitudes towards Lithic strategies during the Neolithic and taxation Bronze Age in South Pieria, Greece Evi Margaritis University of Cambridge Emily K. Gangemi Travis Lee Clark Wiener Laboratory Research Associate Harvard University Temple University Agricultural history and archaeology in the Heinrich Schliemann Fellow CAORC Multi-Country Research Fellow region of Pieria, southern Macedonia, from Identity and self-expression in Ionian funer- Imaging the Cosmos: The Christian Topog- prehistory to the Hellenistic period: An ar- ary art of the 2nd century C.E. raphy by Cosmas Indicopleustes chaeobotanical case study

Theodora B. Kopestonsky Clay M. Cofer Lawrence J. Myer SUNY, Buffalo Bryn Mawr College Harvard University John Williams White Fellow Samuel H. Kress Fellow Norton Fellow Greek social and religious life: Historiographic approaches to eclecticism Renunciation of blood sacrifice in the Roman Women’s offerings in the art of the late Hellenistic to the early Empire Roman period Lisa R. Mallen Jennifer L. Palinkas Bryn Mawr College Melissa S. Eaby Emory University Honorary School Fellow, Fulbright Fellow University of North Carolina Sacred gates: Propyla and propylaia in Greek Religious architecture and Dark Age Greece Mortuary variability in early Iron Age Cretan sanctuaries burials Emil H. Nankov David K. Pettegrew Cornell University Hallie M. Franks Ohio State University School Fellow Harvard University Jacob Hirsch Fellow Hellenistic towns of East Lokris Mellon Fellow Corinthian pasts: The end of the ancient Late Classical Macedonia—Frieze panel landscape from the façade of Tomb II in Aigae

17 Class of 2006 continued from previous page

Philip N. Sapirstein SENIOR ASSOCIATE MEMBERS Ian D. McPhee Cornell University (HOLDING FELLOWSHIPS) LaTrobe University Homer and Dorothy Thompson Fellow, Kress Publications Fellow CAORC Multi-Country Research Fellow Hariclia Brecoulaki Urban archaeology in ancient Corinth: A Emergence of ceramic roofing technology in Ph.D. University of Paris I deposit of the late 4th century from Drain archaic Greek architecture Wiener Laboratory Visiting Research 1971-1 Professor David R. Scahill Material, techniques, and execution: A sci- Fragkiska Megaloudi University of Bath entific investigation of the Mycenaean wall- University of the Aegean, Rhodes and Cen- Corinth volume drawing on the area east of paintings from the Palace of Nestor at Pylos tre d’Anthropologie CRNS Toulouse the Theater Wiener Laboratory Environmental Fellow Elissavet Hitsiou Agricultural and cultural influences in Kristen E. Seaman Ph.D. University of Sheffield Thasos during the final Neolithic and early University of California, Berkeley Wiener Laboratory Geoarchaeology Fellow Bronze Age: A view from the archaeobotani- Rhetoric and innovation in the art of the Hel- Production and circulation/trade of Greek cal remains lenistic courts transport amphorae from two newly exca- vated Classical and Hellenistic sites in Pieria, Richard Vaughn Nicholls Evangelia Sikla Macedonia, N. Greece Cambridge University (retired) INSTAP Study Center Solow Research Fellow Nancy L. Klein Agora terracotta catalogue Jonathan R. Strang Indiana University SUNY, Buffalo NEH Fellow Andrei Opait¸ Eugene Vanderpool Fellow Architectural development of the Athenian University of Texas at Austin Interaction between Phillip V and the Greek Acropolis in the archaic and early Classical Kress Publications Fellow cities periods Study of the Levantine amphoras of the Agora collection Žarko Tankosic´ Sonia Klinger Indiana University University of Haifa Alexander Panayotov The final Neolithic in Northern Greece, and Solow Summer Research Fellow (Novem- New Bulgarian University, Sofia its relations with adjacent areas ber 2005 to January 2006) Mellon East European Fellow Study and publish the small finds of the Deme- Jews and other natives from the Near East in Brian W. Trail ter and Kore Sanctuary at Ancient Corinth the eastern Roman Empire: A comparative Florida State University study of their social and religious status Mycenaean Greece: The phenomenon of ‘col- Mait Kõiv lapse’ and post-collapse adaptive strategies in University of Tartu Stefka Parveva state-level societies Mellon East European Fellow Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Formation of social and political structures Mellon East European Fellow Paraskevi Tritsaroli in the so-called Dark Age (or early Iron Age) Structure of agrarian space in the settlements National Museum of Natural History, Paris and early archaic era in the district of Arcadia at the beginning of Wiener Laboratory Angel (skeletal) Fellow the 18th century and its impact on the social Burial custom variations in northern and cen- Kathleen Lynch life in the region tral Greece through Byzantine times University of Cincinnati Kress Publications Fellow Elizabeth Pemberton Denis Vovchenko A preface to the reprinting of Agora XII: LaTrobe University University of Minnesota Black and Plain Pottery of the 6th, 5th, and Kress Publications Fellow M. Alison Frantz Fellow 4th Centuries B.C., by Brian A. Sparkes and Urban archaeology in ancient Corinth: A Containing Balkan nationalism: Pan- Lucy Talcott, 1970 deposit of the late 4th century from Drain Orthodox visions and the Megali idea 1971-1 (1850–1900) Jeannette Marchand Wright State University Betsey A. Robinson Thanos A. Webb Solow Summer Research Fellow Harvard University UCLA Comprehensive picture of distrubution of NEH Fellow Doreen Spitzer Fellow material across Dorati and documentation The Fountain of Peirene: Architecture, art, Zooarchaeology of the Neolithic Aegean and of collected material and archaeology Anatolia John C. McEnroe Caitlin D. Verfenstein Hamilton College British School at Athens NEH Fellow Solow Summer Research Fellow The architecture of prehistoric Crete East Cretan fortification walls

18 Wiener Lab Reports

A Tale of Two Tells: New Evidence on the Neolithic in Aegean Thrace

ALBERT J. AMMERMAN WIENER LABORATORY FELLOW IN ENVIRONMEN- TAL ARCHAEOLOGY, 2004–05

The head of the Aegean Sea has long been one of the least well-known regions of Europe when it comes to the Ea rly Neolithic period. While a good deal was known about this period in Bulgaria, Western Macedonia, and much of the rest of Greece, Aegean Thrace remained a missing piece of the puzzle. In 2004, we set out to change the situation by taking a new approach—one Photo: A.J. Ammerman based on making high-quality cores at three Neolithic mound sites in the region. The Team members Silas Michalakas and Kostas Zahopoulas use Cobra equipment to results of the new work have turned out to make one of the cores at the Neolithic mound of Krovili in Thrace. be quite promising; they are the subject of the Wiener Laboratory Lecture that I gave The first step in the lab work is to run for the site. The oldest determination, in Athens at the end of February. photograph each of the entries and to done by the Oxford Accelerator Unit, gives Of fered here is a brief report on record its stratigraphic sequence. Next, a calibrated age of about 6000 B.C. This the research that I did as the Fellow one moves on to the recovery of individual means that we are finally back to the time in Environmental Archaeology at the sherds, stone tools, animal bones, shells, of the Ea rly Neolithic in Aegean Thrace. Wiener Laboratory last year. My project, and pieces of charcoal and the study of Below this sample, there are still lower “Neolithic Mo und Si tes in Aegean Thrace,” the respective classes of material. Using levels at Krovili that have yet to be carbon involved making cores in the field and then the accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dated. studying these cores in the laboratory. method of radiocarbon dating, it is now We were somewhat surprised that the The fieldwork was done in collaboration possible to obtain good C-14 dates from pottery recovered from the lowest part of with Nikos Efstratiou, who teaches small samples of charcoal. the Krovili mound consisted of small plain prehistoric archaeology at the University Several cores are usually made in bowls in a dark brown or blackish ware. of Thessaloniki. different parts of a given site in order to The earliest pottery at Krovili appears to In order to discover whether or not obtain a comprehensive knowledge of be made in a local tradition that continues Early Neolithic remains are present at the the mound’s stratigraphy. In all, we took well into the Middle Neolithic period bottom of a mound site, one would like a total of 17 cores at three Neolithic sites and that has little in common with the to reach its lowest levels without having —Krovili, Mesti, and Lafrouda—during the Early Neolithic pottery found in Thessaly, to conduct a major excavation. Starting in 2004 field season. Support for the fieldwork Bulgaria, and Western Macedonia. In 1998, I had learned how to use percussion- was provided in part by a grant from the retrospect, we may have been looking for driven cores to document the deeply buried Institute for Aegean Prehistory. In the case the wrong kind of pottery in our previous layers at early sites in Rome and Venice. of Mesti, the coring showed that the site search for Early Neolithic sites in Aegean The idea came to mind that we could was not a mound at all. Instead, what we Thrace. use the same method to investigate the found there was a thin Neolithic site that The cores taken at the Lafrouda mound Neolithic mounds in Aegean Thrace. The covered an area of more than 8 hectares. produced results of considerable interest Cobra equipment that we employed last The cores at the Krovili mound brought as well. The lowest archaeological levels year makes it possible to reach a depth of to light a wide range of structural remains at the site occur in a position that is some five meters in the ground. A core is made and features—floors, hearths, ash pits, two meters below sea level today. In effect, in a series of entries down to the natural collapsed walls, fill deposits, and even the coring was the only feasible way to get down soil at the base of the mound. Each cut goes remains of a human burial. Almost all of to the base of this mound. The oldest C-14 down one meter in depth at a time, and the faunal remains come from domesticated date from the site goes back to around 5500 the soil is recovered inside a plastic tube animals in the so-called Neolithic package. B.C. The mound’s stratigraphy presents a of the same length. The tube is removed We also encountered several layers of combination of structural features and rich from the bit and capped. The core is then seashells at Krovili. This is a finding of shell-midden layers. The site was located stored in this way until it is opened in the some importance given the location of the in reasonably close proximity to the coast, laboratory and examined in the form of a site, some 12 kilometers from the coast. In and the exploitation of marine resources micro-excavation. addition, four AMS dates have now been continued on next page

19 Wiener Lab Reports continued from previous page was a major activity at Lafrouda. To my and nuts) recorded so far. knowledge, there is no other Neolithic In Greece, available macro-fossil data mound site quite like it in Greece. indicate that the major sources of plant Ken Thomas, a specialist in the study proteins did not change significantly of shells at the Institute of Archaeology in through time. At the Early Neolithic the London, has recently started the study of principal sources of plant protein are ce- the shell samples from the cores and the reals (barley, emmer, einkorn) and pulses ecology of the coastline near the site. In one (lentil, pea, bitter vetch). Among the fruits of the cores on the seaward side of the site, and nuts, grapes, olive, cornelian cherry, Photo: F. Megaloudi there is good direct evidence (wave-rolled acorns, blackberries, wild pears, and pista- Pine nuts (Pinus pinea) from Messene, ceramics and thick layers of shell hash) chio dominate. With the Middle Neolithic 3rd c. B.C. for a marine transgression that reached the there is no significant change, as the same mound in the time after its abandonment. range of species as the previous period con- Again, this is one of the rare cases where tinues to be exploited. The Late Neolithic persist and the main change can be seen this is documented for a Neolithic mound sees a significant increase in the number in the case of Camelina sativa: the plant site in Greece. Kosmas Pavlopoulos, a of sites represented and species present. occurs regularly and in larger quantities geomorphologist who teaches at the Spelt wheat, rye, timopheev wheat, broad in the Protogeometric/Geometric depos- Harokopio University in Athens, is now bean, and spanish vetchling occur for the its. Watermelon appears around the ninth working with us in an attempt to sort out first time, along with evidence of vine do- century B.C. the various post-depositional events and mestication and possibly fig cultivation. It is difficult to assess the small amount processes that sculpted the mound into its Flax is cultivated in Macedonia, which of plant remains that have been uncovered present form. suggests that its cultivation was practiced from the Archaic and Classical periods at Th e Fellowship in Environmental in northern Greece at least since the sixth archaeological sites. Available evidence in- Archaeology is the most recent one at the millennium B.C. dicates that hulled barley and free-thresh- Wiener Laboratory. This is a field of study Throughout the Bronze Age most of the ing wheats were the main species in both whose broad aim is to place archaeological same species are present; olive cultivation periods. There are numerous references of sites in context, which normally means seems to begin in southern Greece during the use of barley cakes in written sources bringing together multiple lines of the Early Bronze Age, but most scholars (e.g., Athaeneus Deipnosophistae), suggest- environmental evidence in order to trace put the beginnings of olive domestication ing that they were everyday fare. In Clas- the changing character of landscapes in at the second millennium B.C. The main sical Greece barley was used in the form the past. In looking back over my year oil species for the Early and Middle Bronze of alphita and maza. Alphita is a porridge in Athens, I find the Wiener Laboratory Age are gold of pleasure, poppy, and flax in made of roasted ground barley that Pliny offered an excellent environment to achieve northern Greece and olive to the south. A describes as a typical Greek recipe and this aim. new oil species, Lalemantia, appears as an maza is a mash of barley and wheat. Maza  imported oil plant at the Early Bronze Age was made of alphita and water and some- and becomes a crop in the following peri- times with honey and milk. This porridge Plants and People in ods. The Late Bronze Age sees a significant was very common in Athens, at least until increase in the number of species. Cereals the end of the fourth century B.C. Prehistoric Greece and legumes are reported nearly equal at Late Bronze Age sites. Grape, olive, and fig  FRAGKISKA MEGALOUDI continue to predominate among the fruits WIENER LABORATORY ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES and nuts; melon occurs for the first time. At Burial Customs in Byzantine FELLOW, 2005–06 the same time species previously recorded Greece: Chronological or only in northern Greece (e.g., spelt wheat, Socioeconomic Variations? Archaeobotany is a branch of archaeology broomcorn millet, poppy) are now reach- that—among other things—studies the ing the south. PARASKEVI TRITSAROLI seeds and fruits preserved in archaeological In Protogeometric and Geometric LAWRENCE ANGEL FELLOW IN HUMAN SKELETAL sediments. The collection of those remains Greece, crops can be grouped as cereals, STUDIES, 2005–06 focuses on reconstructing the ancient plant- pulses, oil plants, and fruit trees. Free- human interactions and their changes over threshing wheat, especially bread wheat, Archaeological and historical research indi- time, the use of wild plants, the origins of increases and becomes—together with cates that the place of cemeteries’ founda- agriculture, the beginnings of domestica- hulled barley—the major crop. There is tion, cemetery organization, and behavior tion, and the spread of cultivated plants. no significant change among pulses and towards the dead has changed through This report is based on my Ph.D. thesis the same range of species is exploited, al- time. These changes were accompanied by (Paris 2004) and on the archaeobotanical though slight expansion of the cultivation socioeconomic and demographic changes analysis of seven sites carried out at the of small-seeded varieties of broad bean can in the Greek territory, especially after the Wiener Laboratory. These data concern the be observed in the Protogeometric period. ninth century A.D. Based on the archaeo- primary plant foods (cereals, pulses, fruits, As for oil crops, the Bronze Age species continued on next page

20 Wiener Lab Reports Early Byzantine period. Age at death, sex, continued from previous page Full Slate at Wiener nonmetric traits, and some palaeopatho- Laboratory logical context and the biological identity logical lesions with a possible genetic com- of the deceased, I am interested in the fac- ponent show that individuals in elaborate The 2005–06 academic year has been tors that could have a diachronic impact graves (especially vaulted) have probable by far the busiest, as well as the most on burial customs. biological affinities that indicate family crowded, in the Lab’s history, with a The samples I am examining come from groupings. Other characteristics like oc- Malcolm H. Wiener Visiting Research Boeotia and Attica and include more than cupational markers and nonspecific stress Professor (Hariclia Brecoulaki), four 500 individuals. Samples are dated from indicators suggest that people of different Wiener Laboratory Fellows (Geoar- the sixth to the sixteenth century A.D. My social groups are buried in a specific grave chaeology Fellows Dimitris Kontogior- study is based on archaeological and biolog- type. Spatial distribution of bioarchaeologi- gos and Elissavet Hitsiou, Angel Fellow ical data. I first undertake a general review cal data provides evidence for the topo- Paraskevi Tritsaroli, and Environmental of the archaeological characteristics from graphical proximity of individuals with Fellow Fragkiska Megaloudi), and three each period (grave and inhumation type, similar characteristics. Examples from the Wiener Laboratory Research Associates orientation and position of the remains, cemeteries I studied show single primary (Niels Henrik Andreasen, Evi Margari- headrest). Then I attempt to reconstruct burials grouped in a specific part of the tis, and Anne Ingvarrson-Sundstrom) in the biological profile of each sample (sex, cemetery (Middle Byzantine cemetery of residence this past fall. age at death, metric and nonmetric traits, Spata), vaulted graves with possible fam- Alongside working with Fellows and palaeopathological dental and skeletal le- ily groupings located in close proximity other researchers, the Lab staff is also sions). Finally, I propose a cross-analysis of to the church (Middle Byzantine cemetery busy helping to organize the 16th Eu- archaeological and biological data in order of Thebes), and the majority of the graves ropean Meeting of the Paleopathology to understand if there was a differential use containing child burials within and around Association, to be held in Fira, San- of each grave type through time. All data the church (Middle Byzantine cemetery of torini, from August 28 to September 1, are projected on the plans of each cemetery; Xironomi). I believe that burial custom 2006. Additionally, the first volume of the aim is to define burial zones and see variations reflect the impact of social fac- OWLS (Occasional Wiener Laboratory if cemeteries follow specific structures of tors. Series—an Hesperia Supplement Series), organization. It is likely that mortuary practices do New Directions in the Skeletal Biology So far, results show important differ- not follow a linear chronological evolution, of Greece, should be out in 2006. And ences between Early Byzantine burials and but they do translate choices of the living there is always, and ever more, the “space cemeteries after the eleventh century A.D. population according to the socioeconomic problem”: with the growing demands on In the Early Byzantine period, most burials context they come from. Current bioar- our space, we continue to explore the are primary single inhumations and they all chaeological analysis of other samples from possibility of building a new laboratory. central and northern Greece will allow me come from pit graves. My results indicate — Sherry C. Fox a large number of young individuals with to evaluate the impact of cultural factors on burial customs in cemeteries from different Wiener Laboratory Director palaeopathological lesions, mostly nonspe- e cific, indicating that people had a difficult geographical regions. daily life and they lived under precarious conditions. Topographic analysis shows Publications News that the burials are divided into two distinct continued from page 8 groups and that biological characteristics Prytaneion and the eagerly awaited publica- follow this division. I observed that in one tion of the famous “potty” from the Agora. group, children aged between 0 and 4 years Subscribers to the print edition also receive were absent and the prevalence of palae- free online access, and further details can opathological lesions was lower than in be found at www.hesperiaonline.org. the other group. This double archaeologi- cal and biological separation of the burials  probably indicates a cultural choice of the As well as commemorating the School’s an- living society before a period of regional niversary, the Publications staff celebrates crisis. a personal milestone for one of its mem- Cemeteries dated after the eleventh bers this year. Production Manager Sarah century A.D. are organized within and George Figueira has worked for the Publi- around churches. Several grave types are cations Office for 25 years. In this period Photo: Charles Watkinson used in each cemetery (pit, tile, cist, and she has, in the words of Marian McAllister, Sarah George Figueira at work on a vaulted graves). The number of individu- Editor in Chief for many years, “battled the Hesperia Supplement. als per grave and the type of inhumations frustrations of hardware and software with show that the graves, especially the more cheerful equanimity,” moving the School’s systems and a greater reliance on com- elaborate, were used more than once for book and journal production from the mas- mercial partners today. Ms. Figueira was a successive burials. The biological profile sive Autologic typesetter, and the chemi- Regular Member of the School from 1976 reconstruction shows the amelioration of cal brew used to develop the photographic to 1977 before completing her Ph.D. at the conditions of daily life in comparison to the pages of text in the 1980s, to electronic University of Pennsylvania. e

21 In Memoriam

A Tribute to Ione Mylonas Shear In recent years, Ione Mylonas Shear could regularly be found at the marble table out- side the main entrance of the American School of Classical Studies in Athens as she smoked away on her trademark cigarette. Here, she spoke to many members and friends of the School as they passed in and out of the main door. Some of these people she had met as lecturer to the School’s sum- mer sessions, some were former volunteers from the Agora Excavations, others she had met when they were students at the School, another group had been Regular Members with her in 1959–60, others she had encountered on excavations around Greece, and still others she had met in one Photos: Courtesy Shear family way or another, often at that very table. In Ione Mylonas Shear at the Agora Excavations, 1981. Inset: Ione in 2000. the course of the ensuing conversation, she caught up with these friends of all genera- tions and made new ones; she listened and she was also a role model: a consummate Classical marketplace with the Agora of asked questions and also taught. professional who gave brilliant parties but Caesar and Augustus. In 1980, the exca- Her interest in teaching and her close as- also valued greatly and cherished her fam- vations’ focus turned to the area north of sociation with the School very much reflect ily, her husband, and her two daughters. the modern Hadrian Street. Proving that her own career. Her first formal connection Appropriately, she dedicated her first book the best trenches are always in the shade, came in the summer after her sophomore to “the women in her life,” the second to Ione was responsible for the discovery and year at Wellesley College when she exca- her husband, and the third and last to her identification of the Stoa Poikile, one of vated Geometric and Classical graves in father. the most important landmarks of Classical the West Cemetery at Eleusis under the In the American School, Ione was per- Athens to come to light in the last thirty direction of George E. Mylonas, her father. haps best known as an excavator. Her regu- years. Subsequent years also saw Ione su- Like so many other students at the School, lar year at the School saw a stint at Isth- pervise the excavation of a portion of the that summer changed her life because, in mia. Another season saw her excavating at Eridanos River. the Saloni of Loring Hall, she met her fu- Morgantina in Sicily under the direction of As a trench supervisor, Ione was heavily ture husband, who was also excavating at Richard Stillwell. In 1962, she began a long involved with the Agora Volunteer Program Eleusis. Greece in the 1950s was a differ- collaboration with her father at Mycenae. from its inception in 1980 and, at this time, ent country: few cars, few women driv- There, she was responsible for the explora- she really came into her own as a teacher. ers, poor. On the excavation team’s daily tion of private houses of the LH IIIB period Her trench was always filled not only with commute to Eleusis, they regularly drove on the Panagia Ridge, work that led to one students busily working, but also with con- around military convoys going to and fro. of her major scholarly contributions: the versations ranging from the political topics Expertly driven by Ione, the car overtook systematic study of Mycenaean domestic of the day to archaeological matters to the and passed army truck after army truck, architecture. This project led Ione to the proper cooking of chicken livers. When much to the obvious delight and chagrin of unexpected discovery that many aspects of one group of students organized “Red Day” the young Greek soldiers on board. Her fa- life in the Late Bronze Age are recollected in her honor, she was delighted and wore ther remained blissfully unaware of all the with astonishing accuracy in Homer’s Iliad the red straw hat they gave her until it fell consternation his driver regularly caused and Odyssey. Her extensive research on the apart. Her trenches were always lively and on these occasions! Mycenaean reminiscences in the Homeric popular places to work, irrespective of the So began her lengthy involvement in the poems occupied an important period in her material being excavated. American School and its excavations and scholarly life and formed the subject of her During these years, Ione took espe- in scholarship. An archaeologist of inter- second book, Tales of Heroes. cial pleasure in lecturing to students of national repute and a brilliant excavator, Ione continued to excavate: from 1972 the School’s Summer Sessions on various Ione was for many years a member of the to 1993, she worked as an excavation buildings on the Athenian Akropolis. She excavation staff at the Athenian Agora, a supervisor at the Athenian Agora under had first studied these monuments while Summer Sessions lecturer, and a Senior the direction of her husband. The 1970s in graduate school at Bryn Mawr College, Member of the School. She taught by word saw her work on sections of the Library when she published an article on Athenian and by example and, especially for many of of Pantainos and the colonnaded street of her younger female friends in archaeology, the Trajanic period, which connected the continued on next page

22 In Memoriam Agora Conservation continued from previous page continued from page 6 temples attributed to the architect Kalli- ROBIN R. SCHLUNK krates. She always took much delight in 1936–2006 passing on her enthusiasm for Classical ar- chitecture to the next generation of Ameri- can archaeologists and classicists. Robin Rudolf Schlunk, Professor Emeritus As her friends and family well know, of Classics at the University of Vermont Ione was not only a consummate and gifted and a former member of the ASCSA Man- scholar, but also a determined and brave aging Committee, died this past January. A lady. When she was diagnosed with termi- 1958 graduate of Muhlenberg College, he nal cancer in September 2004, she fought earned a Ph.D. in Classics at the University bravely and tenaciously to the end. Indeed, of Cincinnati in 1964. During his graduate such was her devotion to scholarship, the work he held the Bert Hodge Hill Scholar- archaeological field, and her family that ship at the American School in 1960 and she fought and hung on until after the was a Semple Traveling Fellow for study at joint annual meetings of the Archaeologi- the American Academy in Rome in 1962. cal Institute of America and the American He taught Latin, Greek, and Classics at Philological Association in Boston in early the University of Vermont from 1967 until January of 2005. Just as she had been so his retirement in 2000, having previously proud that the birth of her oldest daughter taught at Notre Dame University and West- had come on a Sunday in July and had not ern Reserve University. Homer, ancient Homeric criticism and disrupted the excavation, so too her death Photo: Craig Mauzy did not cast a shadow on the annual gather- literary theory, Vergil, and Greek and Latin lyric poetry were special interests through- Conservators Amandina Anastassiades ing of archaeologists and classicists that she and Claudia Chemello examine the out his career and the focus of his publica- had attended with pleasure and enthusiasm coin hoard excavated in 2005 for textile for so many years. In the last months of tions. His pioneering Vergil and the Homer remains. her life, she was much concerned with the Scholia (University of Michigan Press, publication of her final book on Mycenaean 1974) continues as the standard guide kingship. To her great pleasure, it arrived to the shaping of the Aeneid by Homeric approximately 200 copper alloy coins and just at Christmastime, and she would have criticism. a rare find of a small figurine of Aphrodite been even more pleased to know that one carved from elephant ivory. The figurine is friend had already read it by the time of the MACHTELD J. MELLINK extremely sensitive to changes in relative meetings in Boston. 1917–2006 humidity and is being treated and stored Teaching, excavating, researching, the in a controlled environment to prevent archaeology of the Mycenaean world, the splitting and warping of the ivory. Several architecture and archaeology of Athens, Bryn Mawr archaeologist Machteld Mel- large Roman-period amphoras were also and her family: these were Ione Shear’s link, internationally known as the preemi- excavated this season, including one that main interests and concerns. She also took nent scholar of ancient Turkish cultures, may be an import from southern France. great interest in the younger generations died in February at the age of 88. One amphora showed an area of dipinto in- and in helping them make their way in the A native of the Netherlands, Dr. Mel- scribed on the shoulder, part of which was field. Commemorating such a wonderful link studied at the University of Amsterdam not visible to the naked eye. Conservators and extraordinary woman can only be done and received her doctorate in 1943 from were able to reveal the illegible area of the by continuing her interests. It is our great the University of Utrecht. She conducted dipinto using an ultraviolet light source, pleasure that, from September 2006 at the archaeological investigations at the sites of enabling the entire inscription to be viewed American School, there will always be an Gordion and Troy, and taught at Bryn Mawr and recorded. Ione Mylonas Shear Fellow working on a College from 1949 until her retirement in The conservation team is also working dissertation on Mycenaean archaeology or 1988. During her career she advised scores on numerous other projects including the the architecture and/or archaeology of Ath- of undergraduate and graduate students, on-going treatment of fragile waterlogged ens. We can think of no more fitting tribute among them numerous School Members. wood, possible staves of a bucket, excavat- to our beloved Ione and we ask you to join Dr. Mellink was President of the Ameri- ed in 2002 and 2003; improving the stor- us in celebrating her life well lived. can Research Institute in Turkey (1988–91) age of all non-catalogued finds; and initiat- and President of the Archaeological Insti- ing a small research project to investigate — T. Leslie Shear, Jr. and Julia L. Shear tute of America (1980–84). She received the salinity of the burial environment at the AIA’s Gold Medal for Distinguished Ar- the Agora and its effect on the excavated chaeological Achievement in 1991 and the artifacts. e University of Pennsylvania Museum’s Lucy Wharton Drexel Medal for Archaeological Achievement in 1994.

23 is a digital collection of approximately 800

 images from the Sanctuary of the Eleusin-

ian Mysteries, derived from photographs by Managing Committee Member Kevin Clinton. This collection is one of the larg- est contributions to a worldwide effort to make texts and images of all ancient Greek and Latin documents on stone available on the Internet. 

   Managing Committee Member H. Alan Shapiro (Johns Hopkins University) is the Langford Eminent Scholar at Florida State University for the Spring 2006 semester, where his Classics Department colleagues include former Mellon Professor James P. News & Notes News Sickinger and Managing Committee Mem- Photo: Cathy Vanderpool bers Daniel J. Pullen and Christopher A. Thornton Staples, Director of Digital Library Research and Develop- Pfaff. ment at the University of Virginia, Corinth Excavation Director Guy Speakers at an international Lang- Sanders, and Architect James Herbst review Corinth’s data manage- ford Seminar organized by Mr. Shapiro in ment systems. February, on “Greek Self-Fashioning: Al- cibiades to Menander,” included Manag- Carol Mattusch, Chair of the ASCSA Pub- Managing Committee Member Thomas J. ing Committee Members Robert Sutton lications Committee and Professor of Art Palaima was awarded the 2004–05 Chad Jr. (Indiana University–Purdue University History at George Mason University, is the Oliver Award for Teaching Excellence in at Indianapolis), Richard Neer (University recipient of the 2006 Charles Rufus Morey the Plan II Honors Program, University of of Chicago), and Robert D. Lamberton Book Award for her book The Villa dei Pa- Texas at Austin. Among his recent teach- (Washington University) and longtime pyri at Herculaneum: Life and Afterlife of a ing activities are a Smithsonian Institute School associate Olga Palagia (Athens Sculpture Collection (with Henry Lie). The Resident Associates All-Day Seminar on University). award, given by the College Art Associa- “Decoding Mycenaean Greek Heroic Cul-  tion, annually honors an especially distin- ture,” presented this past September, and “East and West: A Conference in Honor of guished book in the history of art published a five-week Association Seminar Program Glen W. Bowersock” took place in Prince- in the English language. during Summer 2005, “War, Violence and ton, New Jersey, in April, marking the oc- Story-Making,” one of five national semi-  casion of the retirement of Mr. Bowersock nars sponsored by the Telluride Foundation The documentary NETWORK, about the (ASCSA Managing Committee Member) for gifted high school juniors. Greek antiquities trade and starring Nancy from the faculty of the School of Historical Bookidis, Assistant Director Emerita of the  Studies, Institute for Advanced Study. Corinth Excavations, received an airing on “Mysteries at Eleusis: Images of Inscrip-  February 4 in Cotsen Hall. tions,” available from Cornell University  Library (http://eleusis.library.cornell.edu/),

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