25 [2017]2[54] A SCHOLARLYJOURNALOFARCHITECTUREANDURBANPLANNING ZNANSTVENI ÈASOPISZAARHITEKTURUIURBANIZAM UDK | CODEN PORREV ISSN 1330-0652 7-12 [2017] 171-440 25 [2017]2[54] ARCHITECTURE FACULTY OF OF , UNIVERSITY FAKULTET ARHITEKTONSKI U ZAGREBU, SVEUÈILIŠTE UDC

71/72 PROSTOR POSEBNI OTISAK/ 316-327 Znanstveni prilozi Metka Sitar Melita RozmanCafuta

Scientific Papers SEPARAT through theEyesofObserver the CitySpatialIdentity Rethinking UDC 711.4(497.4Maribor)”19/20” Subject Review OFFPRINT UDK 711.4(497.4Maribor)”19/20” Pregledni znanstvenièlanak iz perspektivepromatraèa o prostornomidentitetugrada Promišljanja 316

Fig. 1 PSI points marked as black circles on city map of . The responders expose most of the points lying in the city centre, but only few points in the surrounding area. City on left river bank is more noticeable. On right river bank natural characteristic of green hinterland are depicted. Sl. 1. Uporišne toèke prostornog identiteta oznaèene su kao tamni krugovi na planu Maribora. Ispitanici su naznaèili veæinu toèaka u centru grada, a tek nekolicinu u gradskoj okolici. Na lijevoj obali rijeke uoèljiva je gradska struktura dok desnu obalu više karakterizira zeleni pojas. PROSTOR Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi 25[2017] 2[54] 317

Melita Rozman Cafuta, Metka Sitar

University of Maribor Sveuèilište u Mariboru Faculty of Civil Engineering, Transportation Engineering and Architecture Fakultet graðevinarstva, prometnog inženjerstva i arhitekture - 2000 Maribor, Smetanova 17 Slovenija - 2000 Maribor, Smetanova 17 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Subject Review Pregledni znanstveni èlanak UDC 711.4(497.4 Maribor)”19/20” UDK 711.4(497.4 Maribor)”19/20” Technical Sciences / Architecture and Urban Planning Tehnièke znanosti / Arhitektura i urbanizam 2.01.02. - Urban and Physical Planning 2.01.02. - Urbanizam i prostorno planiranje Article Received / Accepted: 25. 4. 2017. / 13. 12. 2017. Èlanak primljen / prihvaæen: 25. 4. 2017. / 13. 12. 2017.

Rethinking the City Spatial Identity through the Eyes of the Observer Promišljanja o prostornom identitetu grada iz perspektive promatraèa

city development razvoj grada decision making process proces odluèivanja mental map mentalna mapa pillars of spatial identity uporišne toèke prostornog identiteta

The article explores holistic approach of understanding that the concept of the Rad istražuje holistièki pristup konceptu grada koji nadilazi materijalnu stvar- city is not only material reality, it is also a mental structure that results subjec- nost i predstavlja mentalni konstrukt kao rezultat subjektivne percepcije. Per- tive perception. Environmental perception differs during day and night. An cepcija okoliša razlièita je danju i noæu. Provedeno je empirijsko istraživanje empirical research was conducted, based on analytical method of mental map- utemeljeno na analitièkoj metodi mentalnog mapiranja. Toèke koje se naj- ping. The most often noticed points are pillars of city spatial identity. Their èešæe percipiraju predstavljaju uporišne toèke prostornog identiteta grada. importance increases with occurrence frequency. Njihova važnost poveæava se s uèestalošæu pojavljivanja. PROSTOR 318 2[54] 25[2017] 316-327 M. ROZMAN CAFUTA, M. SITAR Rethinking the City Spatial Identity… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi

INTRODUCTION ic base. What about less known cities; cities with weak economic base and low infrastruc- UVOD ture level? How to seek for their spatial op- portunities? How to define which places used to be rearranged? Which places deserve to be set as priority? How can be ensured durable good living conditions to all (humans, ani- mals, and plants) as highest priority? Accord- ing to Veziliæ Strmo et al.5 sustainable reno- vation is not just reduced to care for the envi- ronment, but it involves cultural, social, economic, and institutional aspect of renova- tion process. Proposals for a set of comple- mentary economic acceptable and cost effec- tive interventions, designed for the external areas, should be without disrupting the au- thentic character of the building.6 We believe that the possible solution lies in providing high quality spatial organisation that corresponds to lifestyles which contrib- ute spatial recognition and spatial identity. Places should be designed for people. Bur- den7 recommends creating sense of place, connecting people to nature, to be authentic and to offer diversity. Knox8 argues that ”a good urban design fosters positive sense of place which is usually socially constructed, as in ordinary places, which do not have physical settings with important landmarks, the social construction of place is especially An urban environment can be understood important”. A good walking infrastructure as a system that covers many different spa- and people using it for their daily activities tial interests. In order to cover them all, there may contribute to increased attractiveness of are numerous, more or less successful, spa- a place and development of its image, this tial arrangements which are interconnected. directly influence the quality of life.9 Cities and urban areas are still the most in- teresting places to live in. They are genera- On the other hand Gehl10 present a probabil- tors of ”creativity, innovation and economic istic approach to understand how spatial per- growth”.1 Social development is a complex ception influences behaviour. He argued that concept that covers a wide range of values, through design it is possible to influence how creating potential positive effects on local many people use open space, how long indi- communities and individuals.2 Environmental vidual activities last, and which activity types subjugation necessary for modern living pat- can develop. Carmona et al.11 believe that the terns is the reason for studying public space crux of Gehl’s argument is that, in poor-qual- development possibilities. Outdoor arrange- ity public spaces, only strictly necessary ac- ments are important because of aesthetic ap- pearance, personal safety, the safety of prop- 1 Jelinèiæ et al., 2015 erty, and traffic safety. Good environmental 2 Domsiæ, 2015 design represents satisfaction of socio-psy- 3 Rozman Cafuta, 2015 chological needs and improves living and 4 Pegan et al., 2014 3 working conditions. 5 Veziliæ Strmo et al., 2014 A starting point of the presented contribution 6 Veršiæ et al., 2015 is the awareness that a city is not a constant 7 Burden, 2000 form. Urban development is guided by so- 8 Knox, 2005 cial progress and technological capabilities. 9 Farkiæ et al., 2015 Changes cover the conditions of space use 10 Gehl, 2001: 11-14 and they are global, regional or local. Accord- 11 Carmona et al., 2003: 107 ing to Pegan et. al.4 they are perceived in size 12 Rozman Cafuta, 2014 13 Maiello et al., 2011; Mori et al., 2012; Mori et al., of the affected areas, their speed and fre- 2015 quency, and their predictability in time and 14 Williams, 2010 space. It is not difficult to adapt to changes in 15 Rozman Cafuta, 2015 a way to ensure good spatial arrangements 16 Planners are decision-makers who make any decision of those cities with large and varied econom- regard to city. PROSTOR Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Rethinking the City Spatial Identity… M. ROZMAN CAFUTA, M. SITAR 316-327 25[2017] 2[54] 319

tivities occur. In higher-quality public spaces, ners operate in accordance with the princi- necessary activities take place with approxi- ples of good practice. Their priorities are aes- mately the same frequency − although peo- thetically functional, technological, econom- ple choose to spend longer doing them − but, ic, legal, and environmental. On the other more importantly, a wide range of optional hand, users’ environmental perceptions are (social) activities also tend to occur. always subjective because they rely on indi- vidual responses.19 Their observation is de- Urban surfaces are always used by many us- pendent upon the individual’s sex, age, time, ers at the same time, by drivers, cyclists, pe- experience, and culture. Their priorities are destrians, and residents. Each group has psychologically-, sociologically-, and aes- their own spatial needs.12 The environment thetically- conditioned. should go along with it and create a good personal feeling. To ensure satisfied users The article focuses on the spatial aspect of environmental circumstances should be ad- urban environment. Users play an important justed. How to achieve it? We have to know role. It is essential to know how they sense how different stakeholders see, perceive, the city. Their environmental perceptions re- and experience their environment in every- flect their spatial priorities. Some points in day life. Technical criteria of environment can the city are, for users, particularly important. be measured, but the citizen good feeling In presented research they are named Pillars cannot be measured in the same way. As- of Spatial Identity [PSI points]. Spatial iden- sessing the level of convergence between tity is reflection of what users see and feel. planners and users can be helpful in building PSI points are in the domain of users. Deci- a consensus.13 sion maker should follow their expressed Urban development is often characterized needs.20 If PSI points are not internalized, as being split on ”technical” and ”social” spatial purpose is not reached. For decision grounds.14 Research, practice, and expertise makers some points may seem trivial, for us- tend to coalesce around either the scientific ers they are importance carrier. Therefore it and technological advances that need to be is necessary to identify the points that make made or around social change, largely the city distinctive. couched in terms of behaviour, economic, or PSI points often have specific characteristics governance shifts. The key to successful ur- that differentiate them from surroundings. ban space development is allocation of re- They are distinguished by good visibility, sources forwarded through different branch- good accessibility, transportation network in- es of decision-makers. To achieve interaction volvement, high usage frequency, high quali- between urban space and its users, it is nec- ty of spatial arrangement, integration in tour- essary to understand how users perceive their environment.15 ist routes, higher property and rental values, etc. They should undergo special environ- There are perceptual differences between mental care. Presented methodological ap- two interest groups: planners16 and users17. proach helps in solving current societal chal- Planners experience the environment differ- lenges: how to recognize the most prosper- ently than other social groups, but their deci- ous points and areas that contribute most to sions about resource allocation have a great the spatial identity of the city. Where it is nec- impact. This level has often been defined as essary and it pays to invest in spatial develop- the objective because it involves physically ment, especially if resources are limited? hard measures or expert judgments.18 Plan- The research concentrates on scientific ap- proach based on analytical method of mental 17 Users are inhabitants, visitors, actors, tourists, and 21 all who use city any way. mapping as assessment tool. There is a ten- dency to answer all raised questions using 18 Fornara et. al., 2010 the following hypothesis: 19 Fornara et. al., 2010 20 Pocock and Hudson [1978, cit. by Poliè, 2002: 52- (1) Spatial identity of the city is users’ mental 53] speak about three modes of planning participation: (1) image22 reflection. PSI point’s importance in- Planner as a leader; his conception of the city is crucial, creases with the mental map occurrence fre- users just follow him; (2) planner as imitator; planner re- quency. sponds and adapts to the users’ needs; (3) planner – user interaction; it is a dialogue between the planner’s vision (2) Spatial identity of the city depends on and user’s preferences. time. Users’ environmental perception of PSI 21 A mental map, as an output of mental mapping, is a points is different during day and night time. person’s point-of-view perception of their area of interac- tion. The creation of a mental map relies on memory as For decision makers recognition of PSI points opposed to being copied from a pre-existing map or image [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_mapping]. is strategic advantage. It enables influencing the city development and rearranging specif- 22 A mental image or mental picture is the representa- tion in a person’s mind of the physical world outside of ic locations to be appropriate for various ac- that person [Eysenck, 2012]. tivities in long time period. PROSTOR 320 2[54] 25[2017] 316-327 M. ROZMAN CAFUTA, M. SITAR Rethinking the City Spatial Identity… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi

SPACE AND PLACE COGNITIVE EXPERIENCE the idea of the space.31 First studies have THROUGH MENTAL MAPPING shown that equal to actual space, our space perception can be articulated, evaluated and KOGNITIVNO ISKUSTVO PROSTORA categorized.32 Tolman was the first who intro- I MJESTA KROZ MENTALNO MAPIRANJE duced the idea of cognitive mapping when doing the experiment involving rats and maz- Environmental perception is a complex pro- es.33 With his behavioural approach, he was a cess, in which we collect and organize re- pioneer of spatial psychology. For Downs and ceived information. Through this process it is Stea34 cognitive mapping may be defined as possible to be aware of our relative spatial a process composed of a series of psycho- position in relation to existing boundaries. It logical transformations by which an individu- has an impact on individual impressions, al acquires, codes, stores, recalls, and de- ability of environment identification, orienta- codes information about the relative loca- tion ability, sense of safety, and ability to rec- tions and attributes of phenomena in their ognize spatial order or spatial segmentation. As such it is important for spatial develop- everyday spatial environment. Cognitive ment of a city. According to Canter23 space mapping is the mental structuring process concept is based on individual cognitive ex- leading to the creation of a cognitive map. perience and designated by the composite Cognitive map is the key to understand the conceptual system. We are informed about a process of environmental sensing. Obtained place through ”what behaviour is associated knowledge enable: identifying the identity of with, or is anticipated to be housed in it, what objects or whole area, and determine the dis- physical parameters of the settings are, and tance between various points and patterns. the description, or conceptions, which peo- Such comprehensive spatial visualization ple hold of their behaviour in that physical enables everyday movement, route planning, 24 environment”. Existing and recognized nat- understanding the route descriptions and ural and historic values within a city district map reading. In more general terms, a cogni- play an important role in maintaining and 25 tive map may be defined as ”an overall men- creation of the recognizable city image. A tal image or representation of the space and place is set with a specific physical location, layout of a setting”.35 symbolic meanings, and activities taking place in it. It is humans’ cognitive experience Cognitive maps have been studied in various of the material world and offers a concrete fields, such as psychology, behavioural geog- visual metaphor. Space defines a cognitive raphy, architecture, landscape architecture, image of a specific location, like any human urban planning and more.36 As a conse- performance that includes physical and men- quence, these mental models are often re- tal links between an observed location and ferred to, variously, as cognitive maps37 or its surrounding.26 The message of space ulti- mental maps38 for example. A cognitive map is mately depended on individual interpretation a spatial representation of the outside world decomposing and recomposing its cryptic that is kept within the mind, until an actual meanings.27 manifestation (usually, a drawing) of this per- Eyesight provides the largest amount of in- ceived knowledge is generated, a mental formation to explain what happens around map. Cognitive mapping is the implicit, men- us. Visual perception dominates over other tal mapping the explicit part of the same pro- perception modes such as: hearing, smell, cess. In most cases, a cognitive map exists taste, and type. We are supplied with a lot of independently of a mental map, a researches information, e.g., distance, colours, shapes, textures, and contrasts. Vision gives us two 28 23 Canter, 1977: 158 thirds of all environmental information. 24 Canter, 1977: 159 Sometimes the environment provides us with 25 Popoviæ et al., 2016 more information than we can accept. We se- 26 Canter, 1977: 22-26 lect only those messages that are important 27 Šerman, 1997 and useful for us, but we accept only as much 28 Gregory, 1998 29 30 as we can process. Poliè et al. consider 29 Gifford, 1997: 22 that every approach that reveals the image of 30 Poliè et al., 2004 an environment in people’s minds in all its 31 Evans, 1980; Liben et al., 1981; Lynch, 1960 variety, contributes to our knowledge of hu- 32 Golledge, 1978; Lynch, 1960; Stevens, Coupe, 1978 man-environment interactions. Urban space 33 A rat was placed in a cross shaped maze and allowed provides the most diverse experiences. Space to explore it. After this initial exploration, the rat was pla- perception depends on the individual’s abili- ced at one arm of the cross and food was placed at the next arm to the immediate right. The rat was conditioned ty, geographical characteristics of specific to this layout and learned to turn right at the intersection environment, social conditions, gender and in order to get to the food. When placed at different arms age of user. of the cross maze however, the rat still went in the correct direction to obtain the food because of the initial mental In the late sixties and seventies began study- map it had created of the maze. [Tolman, 1948] ing the relationship between the reality and 34 Downs, Stea, 1973: 8-26 PROSTOR Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Rethinking the City Spatial Identity… M. ROZMAN CAFUTA, M. SITAR 316-327 25[2017] 2[54] 321

covering just cognitive maps remained limit- acting part of the environment and not just ed to theoretical considerations.39 passive receiver. That is clearly reflected in his environmental picture. Therefore, found For example, Lynch40 and Cullen41 upgraded Milgram48 in his map interpretation not only initial knowledge from planning theory to those components that are actually con- planning practise. They broke down city tained in the environment, but also those structure in a sequence of images that helps components associated with the experience us to adapt. For Cullen42 the city is like a puz- and expectations of the place. Even Gould’s49 zle of contrast like: open and closed, tense mental maps showed the popularity of vari- and relaxed, light and dark. It exist the aware- ous locations, multi-dimensional distances ness to move in or out of certain area. The scaling and emotional techniques projection. place is perceived as being ”here” and Gifford50 gave on the basis of Lynch’s analy- ”there.” Similarly according to Lynch43, city sis concrete instructions to create a readable structure represents a basis that helps hu- urban structure. Signs should mark major mans in perception and spatial orientation. decision-making points in the road system. For him, a concept of urban landscape is not Their visibility should be increased. Main only a material reality, it is also a mental roads should be matched with functional city structure that results subjective perception. districts boundaries and they should empha- Lynch44 divides urban space into individual size edges. City districts need notable ob- components like: points, lines, surfaces, and jects that serve as a good signs. If we have volumes. The hierarchy, size, and visual rec- homogeneous area, we have to create it. ognition are important. He also noticed five key elements of high recognition value that Mental mapping constantly developed over makes reading spatial order possible. These the years. Today it has a great theoretical and are paths, edges, districts, nodes, and land- practical potential to understand human en- marks. Paths are linear elements along which vironmental exchange. It comprises a subjec- the observers move. For many observers, tive awareness of the environment and pro- they are dominant elements in space percep- vides an insight into an individual’s environ- tion. Edges are linear elements that appear mental perception and evaluation. Nowadays as a dividing line between two areas. Dis- mental map refers to a practice mostly done tricts are closed spatial units, as well as areas by urban theorists. City dwellers draw a map, of concentration or dispersion. Nodes are from memory, of their city or the place they strategic spots allowing entrance from all live. This allows the theorist to get a sense of possible directions. Landmarks are more or which parts of the city or dwelling are more less exposed unique objects in the area. substantial or imaginable. Similar use of mental map is also applied in presented re- Lynch45 has left significant impact on urban search in order to identify specific points of planning theory in the field of city forms and interest [PSI points], that have great poten- its manifestation identity. His structural anal- tial for the development of micro locations as ysis enables spatial order reading. Later this well as broader urban areas. technique was also used by others. Downs in Stea46 regarded cognitive maps as an indi- vidual environmental image that is the result DETERMINATION OF PSI POINTS: of cognitive mapping containing positional CASE STUDY (where) and no positional (what) informa- tion. Evans47 notes that the observer is inter- ODREÐIVANJE UPORIŠNIH TOÈAKA PROSTORNOG IDENTITETA: STUDIJA SLUÈAJA 35 Arthur, Passini, 1992 36 Kitchin, 1994 In order to show the usefulness and appropri- 37 The term is mostely used by spatial psychologist. ateness of mental mapping technique as a 38 The term is mostely used by behavioral geographist base for determining the PSI points, empirical and urban theorists. research was conducted based on the descrip- 39 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_map tive and causal experimental method of em- 40 Lynch, 1962 pirical research. Spatial impression was used 41 Cullen, 1973 as one of the key elements of environmental 42 Cullen, 1971: 182-187 sensing. Architecture seeks visibility. It is at- 43 Lynch, 1962 tempts to give sensible form to the moods, 44 Lynch, 1960 feelings, and rhythms of functional life.51 Most 45 Lynch, 1960: 47-83 places are not such deliberate creations. They 46 Downs, Stea, 1973 are built primarily to satisfy practical needs for 47 Evans, 1980 local inhabitants and outsiders. 48 Milgram, 1992 49 Gould, 1975 The experiment based on memorized draw- 50 Gifford, 1997: 30-37 ing of city map and landmarks within it. We 51 Tuan, 2011: 164-166 assumed that users’ spatial perception dif- PROSTOR 322 2[54] 25[2017] 316-327 M. ROZMAN CAFUTA, M. SITAR Rethinking the City Spatial Identity… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi

Map of day-time city Map of night-time city

PSI ID: 1, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 26, 28, 33 PSI ID: 1, 7, 14, 15, 19, 20, 26, 27, 29, 34, 38

Fig. 2 A mental map of Maribor city during the day-time fers during time period. The research focus vision make Maribor increasingly recogniza- and night-time (graphical output of person 1): Both was on space perception difference during ble in the wider region, which is otherwise maps have different drawing style. The first map has elements arranged along the corridors (paths). Both day and night-time. Form and colour are per- defined by larger cities such as , of the river banks are included. Night-time city map ceived by the light. A boundary between light and Zagreb.54 City centre on left river is focused on city centre. Noticed elements are and dark is the most powerful contrast which bank is a string of squares in the old heart of arranged as bright spots on dark background. defines relation between buildings and open historical centre, churches, monuments and Sl. 2. Mentalna mapa Maribora tijekom dana i noæi (grafièki prikaz osobe 1): Obje mape izvedene su space. This fact satisfies the modified condi- historical facades. Right river bank has pri- razlièitim stilovima crtanja. Prva mapa ima elemente tions criterion. If spatial structure remains marily dwelling and industrial function. To- organizirane duž koridora (putova). Obje obale rijeke unchanged, illumination intensity can be day the spatial development of the city is de- su ukljuèene. Mapa grada noæu prikazuje centar grada. Uoèljivi elementi su prezentirani kao svijetle stimulus that ensure a pleasant feeling of termined by the following factors: structural toèke na tamnoj podlozi. open and build environment. Because we are and economic changes, increased population seeking for those locations with a great po- mobility, proximity to regional highway hub, tential for our wellbeing, both sunlight and the population prosperity, increasing de- artificial light are equal important perception mands for healthy environment, a higher lev- factors. Wellbeing still remains abstract char- el of environmental protection, cultural herit- acteristic, based on the individual physiologi- age protection and strengthening regional cal need. function of the city.55 The experiment was conducted during the STATISTICAL DATA COMPLIANCE time interval from May 2013 until June 2014 OF CITY SPATIAL PERCEPTION based on a sample of 200 respondents, 100 DURING DAY AND NIGHT men and 100 women, aged between 18 and 34 years old. All participants were students STATISTIÈKI PODACI O USKLAÐENOSTI at the in Slovenia. Re- PROSTORNE PERCEPCIJE GRADA spondents were asked to imagine the city. DANJU I NOÆU Within 20 minutes they were asked to put it down twice, once for the day-time city and Obtained mental maps were analysed ac- once for the night-time city. cording to the included or excluded elements (points). When processing the results, 42 For research location, city of Maribor has PSI points, more or less frequently detect- been chosen. Maribor52 is the second-largest ed, were exposed like: streets, squares, city in Slovenia with about 96,000 inhabit- open green areas, morphological features, ants in 2015.53 It is the largest city of the tra- architectural attractions of individual build- ditional region of Lower Styria and the seat of ings, unique urban equipment, and more the City Municipality of Maribor. The city pre- (Table I). serves its awareness of its exceptional natu- ral and geographical position. It rests among the slopes of Piramida and hills and 52 After the Second World War, Maribor made good use Mestni vrh (City peak) to the north, and of of its proximity to Austria and its workforce, and develo- ped into a major transit- and cultural centre of northern southern side of the Alps, Pekrska gorca, and Slovenia [Maribor, 2017]. When Slovenia seceded from Pohorje. The River leaves behind its al- Yugoslavia in 1991, the loss of the Yugoslav market seve- pine character here, growing calm as it enters rely strained the city’s economy, which was based on he- the flat Pannonian plan. The Drava as a divid- avy industry. Slovenian entrance in the in 2004 and joining the Schengen treaty have influenced the ing line in the city has become an important city development, but the economic circumstances remai- focus of urban ambience. Its aspiration and ned difficult. The economic situation of Maribor worsened PROSTOR Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Rethinking the City Spatial Identity… M. ROZMAN CAFUTA, M. SITAR 316-327 25[2017] 2[54] 323

Map of day-time city Map of night-time city

PSI ID: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 10, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 28, 31 PSI ID: 1, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19

The results show that the respondents ex- The results in the Table II show that individu- Fig. 3 A mental map of Maribor city during pose most of the points lying in the city cen- al PSI points appear different often. The im- the day-time and night-time (graphical output of person 2): Both maps are drawn in ground plan, tre but only few points in the surrounding portance of PSI points increases with their with a focus on river Drava left bank and emphasized area. Such a point distribution confirms the frequency of repetition on mental maps. Dur- road network. In contrast to day-time city map, assumption that city centre is most noticea- ing the day the most often noticed points are night-time city map covers buildings as compact ble and therefore the most often depicted. river Drava (160 times), Main Bridge (133 urban structure. Sl. 3. Mentalna mapa Maribora tijekom dana i noæi Green hinterland is not so noticeable or it is times), Tito’s Bridge (92 times), A.M. Slomšek (grafièki prikaz osobe 2): Obje mape su crtane not considered as part of the city. Maps of re- Square (92 times), Shopping centre Europark u tlocrtu s lijevom obalom Drave u središtu spondents vary in the following categories: (87 times), (84 times) and so on. i naglašenom cestovnom mrežom. Za razliku od mape grada danju, mapa grada noæu pokriva  drawing projection (top view drawing, per- During the night the most often noticed loca- zgrade kao kompaktnu gradsku strukturu. spective view drawing, a combination of the tions are river Drava (147 times), Main Bridge two projections); (115 times), Shopping centre Europark (87 times), Main Square (84 times), Tito’s Bridge  area size shown on the map (area of the (84 times), A.M. Slomšek Square (73 times). historical centre, city on the left river bank, It can be concluded, that some locations are city on the left and right river bank); in the group of the most often noticed ones,  displayed elements (individual objects, nearly in everyone’s mind, regardless of the linear elements, elements as points arranged time section. Therefore, these points are the at the both sides of linear elements), and most prosperous urban areas with the great  number of appeared elements. developing potential. They are strong pillars After completing a graphic analysis of the of spatial identity and as such they justify 400 examples of mental maps (200 maps of special environmental care and a strategic day-time city and 200 maps of the night-time advantage over other points in the city. city), the data were statistically processed Hypothesis one is confirmed. Spatial identity and analysed using programme SPSS Win- of the city is users’ mental image reflection. dows. Methods of descriptive statistics (fre- Respondents have memorized and drawn quency numerical analysis and percentages) points by themselves. Already every point and inferential statistics (χ2-test) were used. that appears on respondents’ mental map is It was found that individual items appear spatial identity carrier [PSI point]. Its occur- with varying degrees of frequency. Table II rence frequency is importance criterion. PSI shows frequencies, percentages and the re- points importance increase with occurrence sults of χ2-test for the occurrence of individu- frequency. al elements of the space on city maps for day- Some PSI points have different occurrence time and night-time. frequency on day-time and night-time mental map. Spatial identity of the city is not con- again with a global economic crisis combined with the Eu- stant. On average, mental maps of night-time ropean sovereign-debt crisis. During the year 2012 Mari- city has fewer elements than mental maps of bor was one of two European Capitals of Culture and Euro- pean Youth Capital the following year [Maribor, 2017]. But day-time city. At night fewer objects was no- an opportunity for a new economic start and new identity ticed and categorized as PSI point. But there was not used. are also some exceptions. Some PSI points 53 Maribor, 2017 are noticed more often at night, like: 7 (Leon 54 Maribor Center, 2012: 25 Štukelj Square), 22 (Slovenian National The- 55 Municipality Maribor, 2017 atre), 30 (Hall Štuk), 31 (Main Bus station), 34 PROSTOR 324 2[54] 25[2017] 316-327 M. ROZMAN CAFUTA, M. SITAR Rethinking the City Spatial Identity… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi

(Movie Theatre Kolosej), and 38 (Plague just not possible to transfer them to another Table I Numbering [ID] and identifying PSI points Monument). territory. Different spatial identities as well Tabl. I. Numeracija i identifikacija uporišnih toèaka as different environments do not always re- prostornog identiteta The results of χ2-test confirm that spatial identity of the city depends on time. In the spond in the same way. Using shown ap- ID Pillar of Spatial Identity [PSI] majority of cases we reach a statistically proach it is possible to construct spatial iden- 1. River Drava characteristic difference in the incidence of tity that is individually adapted to the city. Not only to Maribor as shown in present con- 2. Gosposka Street PSI points between day and night at the sta- tistically significant level p<0,05. This proves tribution, but for any other city in the world. 3. Poštna Street that Users’ environmental perception of PSI Every point that appears on user’s mental 4. Street Kneza Koclja points is different during day and night time. map is spatial identity carrier named Pillar of 5. Krekova Street The conformation of hypothesis two is pro- spatial identity [PSI point]. Occurrence fre- vided. quency is criterion of importance. More often 6. Koroška Street noticed PSI points have higher importance. 7. Leon Štukelj Square CONCLUSION They must undergo special environmental 8. Castle Square care. PSI points are for users and planners ZAKLJUÈAK particularly important. For users PSI points 9. Main Square make sense of place. For planners they are an 10. A.M. Slomšek Square People form their image of the city along the ways they commonly use. A picture is evolv- important starting point in spatial planning 11. Square of Liberty ing from known against unknown space. It and in preparation of spatial documents, es- pecially by developing the urban plan of the 12. Lent, Historical City Centre depends on: individual role and position, city. Maribor city has currently an outdated 13. City Park Maribor sex, age, time, culture and spatial experi- ence. Mental map reflect individual abstract urban plan. Its makeover and updates are in 14. Ski slope Mariborsko Pohorje and generalised image of the environment. progress. 15. Piramida, Kalvarija, Pekrska gorca Graphics are introduced by expectations, After research analytical work it is confirmed 16. Studenci Footbridge views and symbolism. Therefore, such maps that spatial identity of the city is users’ men- are incomplete, distorted, highly simplified, tal image reflection. PSI point’s importance 17. Main Bridge but still useful. increases with the mental map occurrence 18. Tito’s Bridge Obtained graphical results reflect a subjec- frequency, but users environmental percep- 19. Koroška Bridge tive mental image that reflects spatial idea of tion is different during day and night time. The most frequent noticed locations are the 20. University Medical Centre individual thinking mode. It is assumed that respondents draw maps according to the fol- most prosperous urban areas. Summarizing 21. University lowing scheme: first, they draw all areas of obtain results, it can be realized, that from 22. Slovenian National Theatre everyday errands, then all pleasing or not amount of 43 PSI points, 36 were different evaluated by day and by night. It is possible 23. Town Hall pleasing areas were added, in the end they added all detected spatial attractions, even if to say, that modified spatial circumstances 24. Main Post Office they are not located close to their move- effect the perception and utilization of urban 25. Market ments. Parts of the city remain undetected. It space. Spatial identity of the city depends on time. Both hypotheses are confirmed. 26. Football is a place that individuals don't know, or it is not important enough to draw it. City of tomorrow strikes a balance among so- 27. Shopping Centre Europark Mental mapping successful developed over cial, environmental and economic needs. It is 28. Medical Faculty the years. Nowadays it has a great theoretical very important to plan the best possible spa- 29. Shopping Centre City and practical potential to understand human tial interventions. Human well-being is the 30 Hall Štuk environmental exchange. Presented research highest priority. Proposed scientific approach is a contribution to existing scientific work of should become a good practise to find out 31. Main Bus Station Lynch56, Cullen57, Gifford58, Gould59, Milgram60 the best possible locations or point worth to 32. Main Rail Station and others about sensing, using and develop- be invested in. Recognition the importance of 33. Shopping Centre Qulandia ing urban space. In some uses, mostly prac- PSI points enables leading the development ticed by urban theorists, city inhabitants draw of the city to be sufficient for various de- 34. Movie Theatre Kolosej a map, from memory, of their city or the place mands in specific time. 35. University Library Maribor they live. This allows the theorist to get a Obtained research results: (1) new definition 36. Student Hostel sense of which parts of the city or dwelling are of Pillars of spatial identity [PSI points] set more substantial or imaginable. This lends it- 37. Monument NOB for the most characteristic and prosperous self to a decisive idea of how well urban plan- urban areas, (2) the use of already known 38. Plague Monument ning has been conducted. method of mental mapping for new purpose 39. Monument A.M. Slomšek The idea to use mental map to identify city (to identify PSI points), and (3) hypotheses 40. Others spatial identity, and on the basis of this to de- 41. Radar termine the most prosperous urban areas or 56 Lynch, 1960; Lynch, 1962 points, is an upgrade to existed scientific 57 Cullen, 1948 42. Engineering Faculties work on environmental analysis. Often small- 58 Gifford, 1997 43. Franciscan Church er cities tend to copy successful models not 59 Gould, 1975 bearing in mind that most of the cases it is 60 Milgram, 1992 PROSTOR Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Rethinking the City Spatial Identity… M. ROZMAN CAFUTA, M. SITAR 316-327 25[2017] 2[54] 325

Table II Frequencies, percentages and the results of χ2-test for the occurrence of PSI points on mental maps for day-time and night-time city Tabl. II. Uèestalost, postoci i rezultati χ2-testa za utvrðivanje pojavnosti uporišnih toèaka prostornog identiteta na mentalnim mapama grada tijekom dana i tijekom noæi

f (day) f (night) f (day) f (night) f (day) f (night) PSI-ID χ2 p PSI-ID χ2 p PSI-ID χ2 p f % f % f % f % f % f % 160 147 47 37 43 34 1. 33,269 0,000 16. 37,747 0,000 31. 33,811 0,000 80,0 73,5 23,5 18,5 21,5 17,0 24 14 133 115 45 27 2. 20,585 0,000 17. 42553 0,000 32. 34,918 0,000 12,0 7,0 66,5 57,5 22,5 13,5 25 17 92 84 10 4 3. 4,858 0,000 18. 34,253 0,000 33. 3,437 0,064 12,5 8,5 46,0 42 5.0 2,0 3 0 68 56 50 54 4. not relevant 19. 35,651 0,000 34. 28,446 0,000 1,5 0,0 34,0 28 25,0 27,0 1 0 51 34 4 0 5. not relevant 20. 49,742 0,000 35. not relevant 0,5 0,0 25,5 17,0 2.0 0,0 26 19 70 52 20 12 6. 10,552 0,001 21. 32,241 0,000 36. 7,723 0,000 13,0 9,5 35,0 26,0 10,0 6,0 41 52 25 26 21 8 7. 24,281 0,000 22. 9,120 0,003 37. 6,464 0,011 20,5 26,0 12,5 13,0 10,0 4,0 26 19 25 16 20 26 8. 21,926 0,000 23. 5,590 0,018 38. 14,324 0.000 13,0 9,5 12,5 8,0 10,0 13,0 84 84 15 8 1 0 9. 29528 0,000 24. 10,811 0,001 39. not relevant 42,0 42,0 7,5 4,0 0,5 0,0 85 73 12 5 63 59 10. 35,223 0,000 25. 10,551 0,001 40. 6,126 0,013 42,5 36,5 6,0 2,5 31,5 29,5 8 7 55 37 1 1 11. 0,302 0,582 26. 19,491 0,000 41. not relevant 4,0 3,5 27,5 18,5 0,5 0,5 58 42 87 87 50 22 12. 14,115 0,000 27. 44,380 0,000 42. 15,322 0,000 29,0 21 43,5 43,5 25,0 11,0 58 17 29 23 28 17 13. 15,607 0,000 28. 2,814 0,092 43. 16,730 0,000 29,0 8,5 14,5 11,5 14,0 8,5 29 19 25 25 14. 8,573 0,014 29. 14,426 0,000 14,5 9,5 12,5 12,5 54 35 26 29 15. 27.674 0,000 30. 37319 0,000 27,0 17,5 13,0 14,5

f – frequencies; f % – percentages; χ2-test for the occurrence of individual elements; p – significance confirmation are original scientific contribu- with other observation purpose is a topic for tions presented in this paper. Proposed sci- future research. It is also recommended to entific approach is useful in decision making expand the research to different geographic and urban planning process. Of course, other cultural and religious areas. fields of development such as economy, ecol- ogy and legislation, should also be consid- [Translated by authors; proofread by Ameri- ered. Mental mapping on different locations can Journal Experts (AJE), Durham, NC, USA] PROSTOR 326 2[54] 25[2017] 316-327 M. ROZMAN CAFUTA, M. SITAR Rethinking the City Spatial Identity… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Bibliography Literatura

1. Arthur, P.; Passini, R. (1992), Wayfinding: 18. Kitchin, R.M. (1994), Cognitive maps: what are 34. Šerman, K. (1997), O bîti i prostoru − Behrens i People, Signs, and Architecture, Hill Ryerson, they and why study them?, ”Journal of Envi- Loos, ”Prostor”, 5 (2 /14/): 201-238, Zagreb Toronto ronmental Psychology”, 14 (1): 1-19, Amster- 35. Tuan, Y.F. (2011), Space and Place: The perspec- 2. Burden, D. (2000), Streets and Sidewalks, Peo- dam, Netherlands tive of Experience, University of Minnesota ple and Cars: The Citizen’s Guide to Traffic Cal- 19. Knox, L.P. (2005), Creating Ordinary Places: Press, Minneapolis, USA ming, Local Govt. Commission Ctr for Livable Slow Cities in a Fast World, ”Journal of Urban 36. Veršiæ, Z.; Muraj, I.; Binièki, M. (2015), Model Communities, Sacramento CA Design”, 10 (1): 1-11, Oxfordshire, UK ugraðene najamne zgrade zagrebaèkog donjo- 3. Canter, D. (1977), The Psychology of Place, Ar- 20. Liben, L.S.; Patterson, A.H.; Newcombe, N. gradskog bloka; Analiza u svrhu poboljšanja chitectural Press, London, UK (1981), Spatial Representation and Behavior energetske uèinkovitosti, „Prostor”, 23 (2 /50/): 4. Carmona, M.; Heath, T.; Oc, T.; Tiesdell, S. Across the Life Span, Academic Press, New 236-249, Zagreb (2003), Public places − Urban Spaces: The Di- York, USA 37. Veziliæ Strmo, N.; Senjak, I.; Štulhofer, A. mension of Urban Design, Architectural Press, 21. Lynch, K. (1960), Image of the city, Institute of (2014), Održivost postojeæe stambene izgradnje Oxford, UK Technology, Cambridge, USA i moguænosti procjene, „Prostor”, 22 (1 /47/): 5. Cullen, G. (1973), The Concise Townscape, Ar- 22. Lynch, K. (1962), Site Planning, The MIT Press, 122-133, Zagreb chitectural Press, London, UK Cambridge, MA, USA 38. Williams, K. (2010), Sustainable Cities: Rese- 6. Domšiæ, L. (2015), Attitudes and perceptions of 23. Maiello, A.; Battaglia, M.; Daddi, T.; Frey, M. arch and practice challenges, ”Int. J. Urban Su- stain. Dev.”, 1: 128-133, Oxfordshire, UK young local residents about the social impacts (2011), Urban sustainability and knowledge: The- of the špancirfest festival in Varaždin, ”Informa- oretical Heterogeneity and need of a transdisci- tologia”, 48 (3-4): 185-197, Zagreb [retrieved plinary framework. A tale of four towns, ”Futu- from http://hrcak.srce.hr/151674] res”, 43: 1164-1174, Amsterdam, Netherlands 7. Downs, R.M.; Stea, D. (1973), Image and Envi- 24. Maribor Center: Contemporary guide to Mari- ronment: cognitive mapping and spatial beha- bor's old town center and its surroundings vior, Aldine, Chicago, USA (2012), [ed. Pogaèar, K.], Založba Pivec, Mari- 8. Evans, G.W. (1980), Environmental Cognition, bor, Slovenia ”Psychological Bulletin”, 88: 259-287, Washing- 25. Milgram, S. (1992), The individual in a social Sources ton DC, USA world, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA 9. Eysenck, M.W. (2012). Fundamentals of cogni- 26. Mori, K.; Fujii, T.; Yamashita, T.; Mimura, Y.; Izvori tion, 2nd ed., Psychology Press, New York, USA Uchiyama, Y.; Hayashi, K. (2015), Visualization 10. Farkiæ, J.; Periæ, D.; Lesjak, M.; Petelin, M. of a City Sustainability Index (CSI): Towards (2015), Urban walking: perspectives of locals Transdisciplinary Approaches Involving Multi- and tourists, ”Geographica Pannonica”, 19 (4): ple Stakeholders, ”Sustainability”, 7: 12402- 212-222, Novi Sad 12424, Basel, Switzerland Document Source 11. Fornara, F.; Bonaiuto, M.; Bonnes, M. (2010), 27. Mori, K.; Christodoulou, A. (2012), Review of Dokumentacijski izvor Cross-Validation of Abbreviated Perceived Resi- Sustainability Indices and Indicators: Towards a dential Environment Quality (PREQ) and Neigh- New City Sustainability Index (CSI), ”Environ. 1. Topographic map of Maribor city (2017), Služba bourhood Attachment (NA) Indicators, ”Envi- Impact Assess. Rev”, 32: 94-106, Amsterdam, za geografski informacijski sistem in obdelavo ronmental Behaviour”, 42: 171-196, Thousand Netherlands podatkov, Maribor, Slovenia Oaks, California, USA 28. Pegan, S.; Petroviæ Krajnik, L. (2014), Metoda 12. Gehl, J. (2001), Life between Buildings: Using planiranja stupnjevanoga prostornog razvoja, Public Space, 5th ed., The Danisch Architectural „Prostor”, 22 (1 /47/): 62-73, Zagreb Press, Copenhagen, Denmark 29. Poliè, M. [ed.] (2002), Doumevanje okolja. Internet sources 13. Gifford, R. (1997), Environmental Psychology: Spoznavni zemljevid Slovenije, Znanstveni Internetski izvori principles and practice, Allyn and Bacon, Bo- inštitut Filozofske fakultete: 15-54, Ljubljana ston, USA 30. Poliè, M.; Repovš, G. (2004), Cognitive map of 1. Maribor, https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maribor 14. Golledge, R.G. (1978), Learning about urban Slovenia: Spatial representations and iden- [12.4.2017.] environments, in: Timing Space and Spacing tity, ”Psychol. Sci.”, 46: 65-88, Thousand Oaks, 2. Municipality Maribor, www.maribor.si/podroc- Time, Vol. I: Making Sense of Time [eds. Carl- California je.aspx?id=219 [19.6.2017.] stein, T.; Parkes, D.; Thrift, N.], Edward 31. Popoviæ, S.G.; Lipovac, N.; Vlahoviæ, S. (2016), 3. Mental mapping, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki Arnold: 76-98, London, UK Planning and Creating Place Identity for Pod- /Mental_mapping [19.6.2017.] 15. Gould, P. (1975), People in information space: gorica as Observed Through Historic Urban 4. Cognitive map, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ the mental maps and information surfaces of Planning, ”Prostor”, 24 (1 /51/): 62-73, Zagreb Cognitive_map [19.6.2017.] Sweden, Lund, Gleerup 32. Rozman Cafuta, M. (2014), Visual Perception 16. Gregory, R.L. (1998), Eye and Brain, The Psy- and Evaluation of Artificial Night Light in Urban chology of Seeing, Oxford University Press, Open Areas, ”Informatologia”, 47 (4): 257-263, Oxford, UK Zagreb Illustration and Table Sources 17. Jelinèiæ, D.A.; Vukiæ, F. (2015), Creative Indu- 33. Rozman Cafuta, M. (2015), Open Space Evalua- Izvori ilustracija i tablica stries as Carriers of Urban Identity and Drivers tion Methodology and Three Dimensions Eva- of Development: From Directional Towards Par- luation Model as a Base for Sustainable Deve- Fig. 1 Cartographic background: Topographic ticipative Branding, ”Annales”, 25 (3): 527-536, lopment Tracking, ”Sustainability”, 7 (10): map of Maribor city, 2017 Koper 13690-13712, Basel, Switzerland Tables I, II Authors PROSTOR Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Rethinking the City Spatial Identity… M. ROZMAN CAFUTA, M. SITAR 316-327 25[2017] 2[54] 327 Summary Sažetak

Promišljanja o prostornom identitetu grada iz perspektive promatraèa

Gradovi i urbana podruèja najzanimljivija su mjesta Istraživanje je provedeno na lokaciji grada Maribo- poznavanje važnosti uporišnih toèaka prostornog za život. Potreba za prilagoðavanjem okoliša mo- ra, drugoga najveæega slovenskog grada koji ima identiteta omoguæava upravljanje razvojem grada dernim obrascima života poticaj je istraživanju raz- važnu ulogu kao regionalni centar. kako bi se zadovoljile razne potrebe. Predloženi vojnih moguænosti javnog prostora. Polazište ovo- Dobiveni grafièki rezultati odražavaju subjektivnu znanstveni pristup trebao bi postati dobra praksa u ga doprinosa takvom tipu istraživanju jest u shva- mentalnu sliku, koja pak odražava prostornu ideju pronalaženju onih lokacija koje zaslužuju preure- æanju da grad nije nepromjenjiva struktura. Urbani individualnog naèina razmišljanja. Zamisao da se ðenje i investicije. razvoj rezultat je napretka društva i tehnoloških iskoristi mentalna mapa kako bi se identificirao Nakon analitièkog istraživanja na kognitivnim ma- moguænosti. Grad buduænosti treba uskladiti dru- prostorni identitet grada i na toj osnovi odrede naj- pama potvrðeno je da prostorni identitet grada štvene, okolišne i ekonomske potrebe. Osobito je razvijenija urbana podruèja ili punktovi - predstav- predstavlja odraz mentalne slike korisnika. Važ- važno planirati najbolje naèine prostornih interven- lja nadogradnju postojeæih znanstvenih istraživa- nost uporišnih toèaka prostornog identiteta pove- cija jer je dobrobit ljudi od najveæe važnosti. Grado- nja o okolišu. Korištenjem ovoga pristupa moguæe æava se u odnosu na uèestalo pojavljivanje na men- vi se mijenjaju u prostoru i vremenu. Promijenjene je konstruirati prostorni identitet koji je individual- talnoj mapi, ali korisnici imaju drukèiju percepciju okolnosti ne odnose se samo na materijalnu stvar- no prilagoðen gradu, i to ne samo Mariboru, kako okoliša tijekom dana ili tijekom noæi. Najèešæe per- nost, veæ su one mentalni konstrukti koji proistjeèu je to u ovome istraživanju, veæ bilo kojemu drugom cipirane lokacije jesu najprosperitetnija gradska iz subjektivne percepcije. Veliki gradovi s raznoli- gradu na svijetu. podruèja. Analiza dobivenih rezultata pokazuje da kom gospodarskom osnovom nemaju prevelikih Svaka toèka koja se pojavljuje na mentalnoj mapi od ukupno 43 uporišne toèke prostornog identi- teškoæa u prilagoðavanju promjenama na naèin korisnika nosilac je prostornog identiteta i stoga je teta, 36 ih je ocjenjivano drukèije tijekom dana ne- koji bi omoguæio kvalitetno ureðenje prostora. No nazvana „uporišna toèka prostornog identiteta”. goli tijekom noæi. Može se reæi da modificirane pro- problemi se javljaju kod manjih gradova sa slabije Ta uporišta èesto imaju specifiène karakteristike storne okolnosti utjeèu na percepciju i korištenje razvijenim gospodarstvom i infrastrukturom. Vje- koje ih razlikuju od okolnih prostora, kao što su: urbanoga prostora. Prostorni identitet grada ovisi rujemo da bi moguæe rješenje moglo biti u osigura- dobra vidljivost, pristupaènost, integriranost u pro- o vremenu. vanju kvalitetne prostorne organizacije koja bi od- metnu mrežu, velika frekvencija korištenja, kvali- Dobiveni rezultati istraživanja: (1) nova definicija govarala životnom stilu koji bi pridonio prostor- tetno ureðenje prostora, integriranost u turistièke uporišnih toèaka prostornog identiteta za najtipiè- nom prepoznavanju i prostornom identitetu. pravce, više cijene nekretnina ili prostora za iz- nija i najprosperitetnija urbana podruèja, (2) kori- Èlanak se bavi prostornim aspektom urbanog oko- najmljivanje itd. Važan je kriterij zasigurno frekven- štenje veæ poznate metode mentalnog mapira- liša. Korisnici prostora tu imaju važnu ulogu. Izu- cija korištenja. nja za nove potrebe (identificiranje uporišnih toèa- zetno je važno znati na koji naèin oni osjeæaju grad. Najèešæe percipirane uporišne toèke prostornog ka) i (3) potvrda hipoteza predstavlja originalan Njihove percepcije okoliša odražavaju njihove pro- identiteta imaju veæu važnost. Pri svakom odlu- znanstveni doprinos. Predloženi znanstveni pri- storne prioritete. Prostorni identitet je odraz onoga èivanju o njima mora se voditi posebna pažnja. stup koristan je u procesima odluèivanja i urbano- što korisnici vide i osjeæaju. Neka su mjesta u gra- Stoga su one od osobite važnosti za korisnike i ga planiranja. du za korisnike iznimno važna. Ona su stoga u sre- struènjake koji se bave urbanizmom i prostornim Mentalno mapiranje na drugim lokacijama i s druk- dištu istraživanja. planiranjem. Za korisnike one predstavljaju smisao èijim ciljevima može biti tema buduæih istraživa- Ovo se istraživanje bavi znanstvenim pristupom nekoga mjesta. Za struènjake one su važno pola- nja. Preporuèljivo je proširiti istraživanje na razli- utemeljenim u analitièkoj metodi mentalnog mapi- zište u prostornom planiranju i pripremi prostorne èita geografska, kulturna i religijska podruèja. ranja na uzorku od 200 ispitanika koji su dobili dokumentacije, osobito pri izradi urbanistièkog Kako bi se dobila holistièka slika grada, takoðer zadatak da zamisle grad i u 20 minuta nacrtaju 2 plana nekoga grada. Maribor trenutaèno ima zasta- je potrebno proširiti istraživanje i na druga po- karte grada: jednu koja bi prikazala grad tijekom rio urbanistièki plan pa je stoga u tijeku njegova druèja razvoja, kao što su ekonomija, ekologija i dana i drugu koja bi ga prikazala tijekom noæi. revizija radi osuvremenjivanja i poboljšanja. Pre- zakonodavstvo.

Biographies Biografije

MELITA ROZMAN CAFUTA received her Ph.D. in land- Dr.sc. MELITA ROZMAN CAFUTA doktorirala je u po- scape architecture at the Biotechnical Faculty, Uni- druèju krajobrazne arhitekture na Biotehnièkom versity of Ljubljana. She is Assistant Professor at fakultetu Sveuèilišta u Ljubljani. Zaposlena je kao the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Transportation En- docentica na Fakultetu graðevinarstva, prometnog gineering and Architecture, University of Maribor. inženjerstva i arhitekture na Sveuèilištu u Mariboru. Her research field is sustainable spatial planning U svojim istraživanjima ponajviše se bavi održivim and spatial perception. prostornim planiranjem i prostornom percepcijom. METKA SITAR received her Ph.D. in architecture at Dr.sc. METKA SITAR doktorirala je u podruèju arhi- the Faculty of Architecture, Graz University of Tech- tekture na Arhitektonskom fakultetu Tehnièkog nology, Austria. She is Associate Professor at the sveuèilišta u Grazu, Austrija. Izvanredna je profe- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Transportation Engi- sorica na Fakultetu graðevinarstva, prometnog in- neering and Architecture, University of Maribor. ženjerstva i arhitekture na Sveuèilištu u Mariboru. She is involved in national and EU research pro- Sudjeluje u domaæim i europskim istraživaèkim grammes and projects in fields of urban and spatial programima i projektima u podruèjima urbanizma planning [COST, Interreg, ESPON, RePus, RETINA, i prostornog planiranja [COST, Interreg, ESPON, COST TUD]. RePus, RETINA, COST TUD].